)
Leuthold, Heinrich (loit'öld).
Leuthold, Heinrich (loit'öld).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
, on (The
Condition of Labor) (1891), and that to « The
English People on Church Unity) (1895).
He is author of a small volume of lyrics in
Latin : Lyric Poems (Carmina] of Leo XIII. ,
Supreme Pontiff) (1883).
Leo, Heinrich. A German historian; born
at Rudolstadt, March 19, 1799; died at Halle,
April 24, 1878. He was appointed professor of
history in the University of Halle, 1830. In
early life he was in religion a rationalist, and
in political faith a radical; but later he be-
came a conservative and an obscurantist. ”
His principal works are: (History of the Ital-
ian States) (5 vols. , 1829); (History of the Ne.
therlands) (2 vols. , 1832); (Natural History of the
State) (1833); (Text-Book of Universal History!
(6 vols. , 1835-44); (Anglo-Saxon Glossary) (2
vols. , 1872).
## p. 337 (#353) ############################################
LEO AFRICANUS- LE ROUX
337
(
(
Leo Africanus (lē'o af"rē-kā'nus), properly
Alhassan ibn Mohammed Alwazzan. A Moor-
ish traveler and geographer. About 1517 he
was captured by pirates while returning from
Egypt after extended travels in northern and
central Africa, Arabia, Syria, etc. Ultimately
he was presented as a slave to Leo X. , who
assigned him a pension. He wrote a Descrip-
tion of Africa) which for a long time was al-
most the only authority, especially on the Sou-
dan. He also wrote a (Tractate on the Lives
of Arab Philosophers.
Leon, Luis de. See Ponce de Leon.
Leonowens, Anna Harriette Crawford. A
noted educator and prose-writer ; born in Caer-
narvon, Wales, Nov. 5, 1834. In 1863 she was
appointed governess in the family of the King
of Siam. She was four years in the King's
household at Bangkok, acting as secretary to
the King and instructor to the royal family.
The present King of Siam was educated by
her. She came to the United States in 1867 ;
opened a school in New York to prepare teach-
ers in the kindergarten system. She has pub-
lished: (The English Governess at the Court
of Siam' (1870); “The Romance of the Harem)
(1872); and Life and Travels in India) (1884).
Leopardi, Giacomo, Count (lā-7-par'dē). A
celebrated Italian poet; born at Recanati in
Tuscany, June 29, 1798; died at Naples, June
14, 1837. His family, though noble, was poor,
and he acquired a knowledge of the classics
and of literature almost unaided in his father's
library Before he was 18 he had produced a
Latin translation (with commentary) of Por-
phyrius's "Life of Plotinus); a treatise on
Some Roman Rhetoricians) of the second
century, and a History of Astronomy, both
in Latin ; and an (Essay on the Popular Errors
of the Ancients,' in Italian, citing over 400
authors. His subsequent works were: (Ode
to Italy) (1818); (Ode on the Monument to
Dante) (1819); (Ode to Cardinal Mai on the
Discovery of Cicero's Tractate on The State)
(1820); Brutus the Younger) (1823), an ode,
and "Comparison of the Sentiments of Brutus
the Younger, and of Theophrastus, when in
the Face of Death, in which two works
his pessimistic views first had formal expres-
sion ; ( Verses, a collection of his miscellane-
ous poems (1826); Moral Opuscules) (1827),
mostly observations, in dialogue form, on eth-
ical questions. The Broom-Flower, (Sylvia,
and “The Night Song,' are his most celebrated
poems. He left unpublished at his death a
volume of Thoughts. *
Leopold, Karl Gustaf af (lē'ō-põld). A
Swedish poet; born at Stockholm, Nov. 23, 1756;
died there, Nov. 9, 1829. He was for a long
time a kind of literary dictator, and was the
chief representative in Sweden of the French
school of classicism. He attempted all forms
of poetry save the epic. Of his tragedies the
best-known are "Odin) (1790), for which Gus.
tavus III. presented him a crown of laurel
from Virgil's tomb; and (Virginia) (1802).
Lepsius, Karl Richard (lep'sē-ös). A dis-
tinguished German Egyptologist; born at Naum-
burg, Dec. 23, 1810; died at Berlin, July 10,
1884. While pursuing his studies in Paris he
wrote three disquisitions, which won prizes of
the Academy: Palæography as a Means of
Linguistic Research) (1834); (Kinship of the
Semitic, Indian, Ethiopian, Old Persian, and
Old Egyptian Alphabets); (Origin and Rela-
tionship of Numerical Terms in the Indo-Ger.
manic, Semitic, and Coptic Languages. In his
celebrated (Letter to Mr. Rossellini on the
Hieroglyphic Alphabet) (1837), he propounded
a scientific theory of hieroglyphic writing. His
translation of the Book of the Dead) was
published in 1842. That year he visited Egypt,
and for four years studied its monuments; the
results of his researches and those of his asso-
ciates are contained in the magnificent Mon-
uments of Egypt and Ethiopia) (12 vols. , 1849-
60). Besides numerous memoirs addressed to
the Academy of Berlin and other learned
societies, he wrote for the general public (Let-
ters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Sinaitic
Peninsula) (1852).
Le Queux, William (lė-kė). An English
novelist; born in London, 18. He has writ-
ten : (The Great War in England in 1897) (9th
ed. 1895); Zoraida; “Stolen Souls); "Guilty
Bonds); (Strange Tales of a Nihilist); and
( The Eye of Istar) (1897).
Lermontov, Michail Yuryevitch (ler'mon-
tov). A celebrated Russian poet; born at Mos-
cow, Oct. 15, 1814; died July 27, 1841. He was
an officer in the Imperial Guards in 1837, when,
in a passionate poem, he gave vent to his in-
dignation over the death of Pushkin. The
poem, (The Poet's Death,' gave offense at court,
and Lermontov was relegated to the Cauca-
sus, there to serve as ensign in a dragoon regi-
ment. He is at his best in lyric and narra-
tive poetry. The most noteworthy of his rather
Byronesque epics are : (The Novice); (Ismail
Bey'; Valerik); (The Dæmon. His fine
novel, (A Hero of Our Time) led to a duel in
which he fell.
Leroux, Pierre (lė-rö'). A French socialist
philosopher; born at Paris, 1797; died there,
April 12, 1871. He was for a while an adher.
ent of Saint-Simon, but afterward developed a
humanitarian or socialistic system of his own.
Its principles are expounded in Equality)
(1838); Refutation of Eclecticism); Human-
ity) (2 vols. , 1840). After the Coup d'Etat he
was proscribed, and took up his residence in
the island of Jersey: there he pursued agri-
cultural experiments, and wrote a philosophical
poem, “The Beach of Samarez) (1864).
Le Roux (R. C. Henri), known as Hugues.
A French journalist and novelist; born in
Havre, in 1860. In early life he was con-
nected with the Political and Literary Review,
and subsequently succeeded Jules Claretie as
writer of the Paris chronique in the Temps.
He is author of a series of popular romances,
including Médéric and Lisée) and (One of
22
## p. 338 (#354) ############################################
338
LEROY-BEAULIEU - L'ESPINASSE
Us) (1886); (Souls in Agony) (1888); “The Pa-
risian Inferno) (1888); (All for Honor) (1892).
His miscellaneous works are : (In the Sahara)
(1891); "On Board a Yacht: Portugal, Spain,
etc. ) (1891); two translations from the Russian;
etc.
Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole (lé-rwä' bo-lyė). A
French historian; born at Lisieux, 1842. He
became professor of modern history in the Free
School of Political Sciences, 1881. His princi-
pal work, written after extensive travels in
Russia, is (The Empire of the Tsars and the
Russians) (3 vols. , 1881-89). Among his other
writings are : (A Russian Statesman: Nikolas
Milutin) (1884); France, Russia, and Europe)
(1888); Revolution and Liberalism' (1890);
(The Papacy, Socialism, and Democracy' (1893).
Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre Paul. A French
economist; born at Saumur, Maine-et-Loire,
Dec. 9, 1843. He is opposed to socialism, and
is very conservative in his views. His works
include <The Labor Question in the Nineteenth
Century) (1871), «The Modern State and its
Functions) (2d ed. 1891), and others. He is
the founder and editor of L'Economiste Fran-
çais.
Le Sage, Alain René (lė-sazh'). A celebrated
French novelist and dramatist; born at Sarzeau,
near Vannes, May 8, 1668; died at Boulogne-
sur-Mer, Nov. 17, 1747. He abandoned law for
literature, with scant success till 1707, when
the comedy Crispin his Master's Rival) was
received with high public favor; as was “Tur-
caret) the following year. The latter - a sat-
ire on the financiers, trading classes, and nobil-
ity -- is one of the best comedies in French
literature ; every character is drawn with sharp
individuality. His novels (The Devil on Two
Sticks) (1707) and (Gil Blas) (1717), were
suggested by Spanish originals; but he owes
them nothing beyond suggestion. As author
of "Gil Blas) he is the parent and pattern of
Fielding and Smollett. Of his other romances
in the same general vein may be mentioned
(The Bachelor of Salamanca) and (The Life
and Adventures of M. de Beauchène. ) **
Lescure, Mathurin François Adolphe de
(lā-kür'). A French littérateur and historian;
born at Bretenoux (Lot), in 1833; died at
Clamart (Seine), May 6, 1892. Successively
attached to the Ministry of State and the Sen-
ate, he acquired a unique reputation by a series
of essays and monographs on the Revolutionary
and other periods in French history. Among
more than forty publications are: (Confessions
of the Abbess de Chelles) (1863); Marie
Antoinette and her Family) (1865); Mary
Stuart) (1871); (Illustrious Mothers) (1881);
(Love under the Terror) (1882); (Rivarol and
French Society during the Revolution and
Emigration (1883), his best work, crowned by
the Academy; (Châteaubriand) (1892); and
numerous memoirs.
Leskov, Nikolai Semyonovitch (les’kov).
A Russian novelist; born in the government
of Orel, Feb. 16, 1831 ; died in St. Petersburg,
March 5, 1895. His first story, No Way Out”
(1865), is a powerful delineation of Russian
society, and is tinged with radicalism and ni-
hilism. In the novel (The Clergy) he portrays
the life of the priesthood; in (To the Knife)
he describes in detail the schisms and factions
of the intellectual world of Russia. He has
also written many tales based on ancient
legends.
Lesley, John. A Scotch historian; born
Sept. 29, 1527 ; died in Brussels, Belgium, May
31, 1596. A stanch friend of Mary Queen of
Scots, he was implicated in the project for her
marriage to the Duke of Norfolk, and in the
consequent rebellion in the north of England,
and was imprisoned in the Tower. On his
release he crossed to the Continent, and sub-
sequently became bishop of Coutances in Nor-
mandy. His chief production is a history of
Scotland (published at Rome, 1578), in ten
books, seven in Latin and the last three in
Scotch dialect.
Leslie, Charles Robert. An English painter
and writer on art; born in London, Oct. 19,
1794; died there, May 5, 1859. He was brought
to America by his parents in 1799, but return-
ing to England (1811), studied art under Alls-
ton and West. For a brief period he was
instructor in art at West Point, N. Y. , and
later professor of painting at the Royal Aca-
demy (1848–52). His published works include:
Memoirs of John Constable (1845); Hand-
book for Young Painters) (1855), an enlarged
edition of his Royal Academy lectures; and
a Life of Reynolds) (completed by Taylor,
1865).
Leslie, Eliza. An American prose-writer;
born in Philadelphia, Nov. 16, 1787; died in
Gloucester, N. J. , Jan. 2, 1858. Her father
was a personal friend of Franklin, Jefferson,
and other eminent men of his time. Her first
successful work was a cookery book; she after-
ward adopted literature as a profession, and
edited The Gift, which attained great popu-
larity. Her published works include: Pencil
Sketches) (1833-37); (House Book) (1840);
"Ladies' Receipt Book) (1848); and (Behaviour
Book) (1853).
Lespès, Léo (les-pās'). A French story-teller;
born at Bouchain, June 18, 1815; died at Paris,
April 29, 1875. He wrote for the minor Paris
newspapers, under the signature “Timothy
Trimm," a number of short stories, which were re-
ceived with extraordinary popular favor. He
founded the Petit Journal (1862), which imme-
diately reached the then unexampled circulation
of 200,000 copies. Among his stories, which were
frequently republished, are: (Stories in Pink
and Black) (1842); Mysteries of the Grand
Opera) (1843); (A Story to Make You Shudder);
Physiology of Champagne) (1866); (Walks
about Paris) (1867).
L'Espinasse, Julie de (les-pē-näs'). A French
letter-writer; born at Lyons, about 1732; died
-
## p. 339 (#355) ############################################
LESSEPS - LEVER
339
at Paris, May 23, 1776. Her drawing-room was
a place of assembly for the fashion and wit of
Paris. Her Letters) (2 vols. , 1809), and "Un-
published Letters) (2 vols. , 1877), are of interest
more as reflecting the writer's passionate sen-
sibility and enthusiasm than for their literary
exceilence.
Lesseps, Ferdinand, Vicomte de (les-eps).
A French diplomat and engineer; born at
Versailles, Nov. 19, 1805; died Dec. 7, 1894. He
was employed several years in the French
consular and diplomatic service. In 1854, on
the invitation of Said Pasha, he visited Egypt
to study the problem of canalizing the Isthmus
of Suez: the results of his studies were stated
in a memoir, Piercing the Isthmus of Suez. )
He was made chief director of the works in
1856. The canal was opened to traffic Aug.
15, 1869. He published (1875-81) five volumes
of Letters, Journals, and Documents Relating
to the Suez Canal”; and in 1887, 'Recollections
of 40 Years. His attempt to pierce the Isth-
mus of Panama resulted in failure, and in
numberless discussions and papers, none of
which have been embodied in a book.
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (les'ing). A
great German poet, and the foremost critic of
German literature ; born at Kamenz in Upper
Lusatia, Jan. 22, 1729; died at Brunswick, Feb.
15, 1781. Among his writings are: (The Young
Savant,' a comedy (1750); (Trifles,' a collection
of his lyric poems (1751); (Rehabilitations)
(1751) — redeeming from obloquy the name and
fame of sundry historical personages; Miss
Sara Sampson (1755), a tragedy ; (The Free-
Thinker,' (The Jews, (The Woman-Hater)
(1755), comedies; Pope a Metaphysician ! )
(1755); "Letters on Literature (1758); Philo-
tas,' a prose tragedy (1759); "Laocoon: on the
Boundaries of Painting and Poetry, Part i.
(1766),- the second part was never written;
Minna von Barnhelm, a comedy (1767); An-
tiquarian Letters) (1768); Emilia Galotti, a
tragedy (1772); Nathan the Wise) (1779);
« Education of the Human Race) (1780); (Ernst
and Falk) (1780). *
Lester, Charles Edwards. An American
prose-writer; born in Griswold, Conn. , 1815;
died in Detroit, Mich. , 1890. Among his works
are: (The Glory and Shame of England' (2
vols. , 1841); (Artists in America) (1846); "Life
and Public Services of Charles Sumner) (1874);
History of the United States, Considered in
Five Great Periods) (2 vols. , 1883).
Lesueur, Daniel. See Loiseau.
Lethbridge, Roper, Sir. An English states-
man, scholar, and author; born in 1840. He
was for many years prominent in educational
and political movements in India, as professor
in the Bengal Educational Department, and
subsequently as Political Agent and Press Com-
missioner under Lord Lytton's viceroyalty,
Among his works are: A Short Manual of
the History of India) (1881); (High Educa-
tion in India! : A History of Bengal); and the
articles on 'Feudatory States) in the Imperial
Gazetteer of India, In 1890 he was created
Knight Commander of the Indian Empire.
Letronne, Jean Antoine (le-tron'). A French
archæologist; born at Paris, Jan. 2, 1787; died
there, Dec. 14, 1848. He is distinguished chiefly
for his studies in numismatics and inscriptions.
Among his writings are: (Topography of Syra-
cuse) (1813); (Fragments of Hero of Alexan.
dria) (1816); (Valuings of Greek and Roman
Coins) (1817); (Materials to Serve for a His.
tory of the Christian Religion (1833); (The
Vocal Statue of Memnon (1833); (Collection
of Greek and Latin Inscriptions from Egypt)
(1842-48).
Leuckart, Rudolf (loik'ärt). A German zo-
ölogist; born at Helmstedt, Oct. 7, 1822. He
was appointed professor of zoology at Giessen
in 1855, and of zoology and zoötomy at Leip-
sic in 1869. His studies were chiefly made in
the field of lower and lowest forms of animal
life, - zoophytes, sponges, insects, parasites.
Among his writings are treatises on (Trichina
Spiralis (1860); (Tapeworms); 'Parthenogene.
sis of Insects); (Anatomy of Bees.
)
Leuthold, Heinrich (loit'öld). A German.
Swiss poet; born at Wetzikon, Switzerland,
Aug. 9, 1827; died near Zürich, July 1, 1879.
With Geibel he made translations of French
poetry: 'Five Books of French Lyrism (1862).
A volume of original verse, Poems) (1879),
showed him to be a gifted poet, possessing per-
fect mastery of artistic form. The author died
insane while his volume was going through the
press.
Leva, Giuseppe de (lā'vä). An Italian
writer of history; born at Zara in Dalmatia,
1821. Among his works are: Life of Cardi.
nal G. Contarini); Giulio della Rovere);
(Giovanni Grimani); (Documentary History of
Charles V. in his Relation to Italy) (4 vols. ,
1863-81).
Levasseur, Pierre Émile (lė-vas-ėr'). A
French political economist ; born at Paris, Dec.
8, 1828. He is author of Public Moneys among
the Romans) (1854); (The Gold Question
(1858); (The Laboring Classes of France from
Cæsar's Time to the Revolution' (2 vols. , 1859);
the same continued to 1867 (2 vols. ); (The
French Population (1889-91, 3 vols. ), an im-
portant work; France and her Colonies) (1893).
Levay, Joseph (lev'ā). A Hungarian poet;
born at Sajo Szent-Peter, Nov. 18, 1825. Be-
sides poems in eulogy of Kazinczy, Paloczy,
Deák, etc. , and translations of parts of Shakes-
peare's plays and of Burns's songs, he wrote:
Songs of Memory) (1850); Poems) (1850);
(New Poems) (1856). In his songs he always
strikes the chord of national and popular senti-
ment.
Lever, Charles (James). An Irish novelist;
born at Dublin, Aug. 31, 1806; died at Trieste,
June 1, 1872. He wrote : "Confessions of Harry
Lorrequer) (1841); "Charles O'Malley) (1841);
(Arthur O'Leary) (1844); Jack Hinton the
>
## p. 340 (#356) ############################################
340
LEVERRIER-LEWIS
)
Guardsman) (1844); (Tom Burke of Ours)
(1844); (The O'Donoghue) (1845); (Con Cre-
gan) (1849); (Roland Cashel (1850); (The
Daltons, or Three Roads in Life) (1852); (The
Dodd Family Abroad) (1854); (The Fortunes
of Glencore) (1857); Davenport Dunn' (1859);
(Barrington' (1863); "Luttrell of Arran) (1865);
(Sir Brooke Fosbrooke) (1866); (The Bram-
leighs of Bishop's Folly) (1868); (Lord Kil-
gobbin) (1872). *
Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph (lė-vā-ryā').
A celebrated French astronomer; born at St.
LÔ, March 11, 1811; died at Paris, Sept. 23,
1877. Till 1837 his studies were wholly in the
department of chemistry ; in that year he was
appointed teacher of astronomy in the Poly-
technic School. In 1839 he attained rank among
the foremost astronomers by two memoirs pre-
sented to the Academy on (Secular Perturba-
tions of the Planetary System. He then
studied the movements of Mercury and Uranus,
and was led to infer the existence of a planet
beyond Uranus : the inference was proved true
by the finding of the hypothetical planet (Nep-
tune) by Galle. His theories and tables of the
several planets are given in the (Annals of the
Paris Observatory. "
Levertin, Oscar. A Swedish poet; born at
Stockholm, 1862. He first wrote some stories
after the manner of the “realists, but they
had little success. Breaking then with realism,
he indulged his bent toward romance and mys-
ticism in his poems' Legends and Tales) (1891),
and New Poems) (1894). He is at the head
of the younger lyric poets of Sweden. In his
work (Gustavus III. as a Dramatist) (1894),
he proves himself an acute critic of 18th-century
literature.
Levien, Ilse. See Frapan.
Lewald, August (le-väld'). A German story-
teller; born at Königsberg, Prussia, Oct. 14,
1792; died at Munich, March 10, 1871. He
wrote: Aquarelles from Life) (1836); (Story
of the Theatre ) (5 vols. , 1841), autobiographical ;
(Clarinette) (3 vols. , 1863); (The Insurgent) (2
vols. , 1865); Last Travels) (1870).
Lewald, Fanny. A German novelist; born
at Königsberg, March 24, 1811; died at Dres-
den, Aug. 5, 1889. Her principal writings are:
(The Representative) (1841); (Clementine )
(1842); Diogena: Story of Iduna, Countess
H-H) (1847), a mild satire on Ida, Countess
Hahn-Hahn; Dunes and Mountain Strata)
(1851); ' Pictures of German Life) (1856); (From
Generation to Generation) (1863); "Woman :
Pro and Contra) (1870); “The Darner Family)
(1887); "Twelve Pictures from the Life) (1888).
Lewes, George Henry. An English historical
and miscellaneous writer; born at London,
April 18, 1817; died there, Nov. 28, 1878. Among
his writings are: (Biographical History of Phi-
losophy) (1845-46), afterward entitled History
of Philosophy from Thales to Comte) (1866);
(Life of Robespierre) (1849); (The Life and
Works of Goethe) (1855); (Seaside Studies!
(1858); (The Physiology of Common Life)
(1859); (Studies in Animal Life) (1862); (Aris-
totle: a Chapter from the History of Science)
(1864); Problems of Life and Mind' (3 vols. ,
1872-79); (The Physical Basis of Mind) (1877).
He wrote two novels, Ranthorpe) (1847), and
(Rose, Blanche, and Violet) (1848); and the
dramatic poems (Lope de Vega and Calderon)
and “The Noble Heart. *
Lewis, Alonzo. An American poet, known
as the "Lynn bard"); born in Lynn, Mass. , Aug.
28, 1794; died there, Jan. 21, 1861. He was the
author of Forest Flowers and Sea Shells,' which
reached ten editions, and History of Lynn
(1829; 2d ed. 1844). N. P. Willis spoke highly
of his poems.
Lewis, Charles Bertrand. [M. Quad. ” ]
An American journalist and humorist; born in
Liverpool, O. , 1842. He received his education
at the Michigan Agricultural College. During
the Civil War he served in the Union army.
For many years he was on the staff of the
Detroit Free Press, and since 1891 has been
connected with the New York World. He has
published : 'Quad's Odds) (1875); “Goaks and
Tears) (1875); (The Lime Kiln Club. ?
Lewis, Charlton Thomas. An American
scholar, journalist, and lawyer; born at West
Chester, Pa. , in 1834. He was professor of
mathematics and subsequently of Greek at
Troy University (1859-62), revenue commis-
sioner at Washington, D. C. , and latterly has
practiced law in New York. He wrote a 'His-
tory of Germany,' founded on D. Müller's
work, and collaborated with harles Short in
the preparation of "Harper's Latin Dictionary)
(1879), and a 'School Latin Dictionary) (1889).
Lewis, Estelle Anna Blanche Robinson.
An American dramatist; born near Baltimore,
Md. , April 1824; died in London, Nov. 24, 1880.
While a schoolgirl she translated the Eneid)
into English verse ; wrote (Forsaken'; and pub-
lished Records of the Heart' (1844), and
(Hebémah, or the Fall of Montezuma) (1864).
Her best dramatic work, “Sappho of Lesbos,
a tragedy, ran through seven editions, and was
translated into modern Greek and played at
Athens. Edgar A. Poe spoke of her as the rival
of Sappho; Lamartine called her the female
Petrarch. "
Lewis, George Cornewall, sir. An English
statesman, scholar, and critic; born at London,
April 21, 1806; died at Harpton Court, Radnor-
shire, April 13, 1863. A graduate of Christ
Church, Oxford, with high honors, he became a
lawyer, and rose almost to the top in politics,
filling three Cabinet places in rapid succession,
ending with Chancellor of the Exchequer in
1855. His immense knowledge, sagacious judg-
ment, and cool temper (he said to an excitable
colleague, “I am a vegetable and you are an
animal »), made him very influential both in
public life and in the world of critical scholar-
ship. His most enduring work is the "Enquiry
into the Credibility of Early Roman History)
## p. 341 (#357) ############################################
LEWIS- LIDNER
341
(2 vols. , 1855); mainly a criticism of Niebuhr's
assumption that there can be reliable intuitive
perceptions of historic fact without a sufficiently
tangible basis of evidence to support the test
of argument. It is also an excellent analysis
of early Roman records and legends. His books
on Grecian subjects, on the Romance languages,
on early astronomy, etc, are mines of research
and good criticism; on Egyptian subjects his
over-skepticism led him to the absurd conten-
tion that the hieroglyphics could not be de-
ciphered at all. His political writings, as On
the Use and Abuse of Political Terms) (1835),
On the Influence of Authority in Matters of
Opinion) (1849), (On the Methods of Observa-
tion and Reasoning in Politics) (2 vols. , 1852),
are clarifying but too prolix.
Lewis, Maria Theresa, Lady. An English
biographer, a descendant of the great historian
Lord Clarendon and wife of Sir George C.
Lewis; born March 8, 1803; died Nov. 9, 1865.
She wrote (Lives of the Friends and Contem-
poraries of Lord Chancellor Clarendon) (3
vols. , 1852).
Lewis, Matthew Gregory. ["Monk» Lewis. ]
An English poet; born at London, July 9, 1775;
died May 14, 1818. His first poem, Ambrosio,
or the Monk) (1795), became instantly very pop-
ular; a court decree stopped its sale for a time;
when its sale was resumed many objectionable
passages had been expunged. He next wrote a
musical drama, (The Castle Spectre (1796),
long a favorite piece on the stage. He wrote
also Journal of a West-Indian Proprietor, pub-
lished after his death.
Lewis, Tayler. An American scholar and au-
thor; born in Northumberland, N. Y. , in 1802 ;
died in Schenectady, N. Y. , May 11, 1877. Was
professor of Greek in the University of New
York in 1838, and later of Oriental literature in
Union College. He published many volumes.
Among these are: ! The Six Days of Creation
(1855); “Heroic Periods in a Nation's History)
(1866); (The Light by which We See Light)
(1875); and many addresses and reviews.
Lewis, Thomas Hayter. An English archi-
tect and author; born in London, July 9, 1818.
He was professor of architecture at University
College (1865-81), and is the author of (The
Holy Places of Jerusalem) (1888), the most
important work on the subject issued in recent
years. Besides papers relating to architecture
and antiquities in the transactions of various
societies, he has written also the articles on
architecture in the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Leybourn, William. An English mathema-
tician, a pioneer in popularizing arithmetic and
astronomy; born 1626; died about 1700. His
(Urania Practica) (1648) was the first English
treatise on astronomy; his (Panarithmologia)
(1693) the first English ready-reckoner.
Leyden John (li'den). A Scotch Oriental-
ist, poet, and author; born in Denholm, Sept.
8, 1775; died at Batavia, Java, Aug. 28, 1811.
Soon after obtaining his medical degree he
went to India, where his proficiency in Ori-
ental and especially Indo-Chinese languages
led to an appointment as professor of Hindus-
tani at Fort William College, Calcutta. He
is the author of (An Historical Account of
Discoveries in Northern and Western Africa)
(1789), an accurate and useful work for that
time; an essay on Indo-Chinese literature in
(Asiatic Researches); "Scenes of Infancy, a
poem; and a number of Scotch ballads, much
admired by Sir Walter Scott and others.
L'Hôpital, Michel de (lõ-pe-täl). A French
statesman; born at Aigueperse, 1505; died March
13, 1573. He left some elegant Latin poems,
also memoirs, discourses, and papers on juris-
prudence and political affairs; they were pub-
lished in five volumes under the title (Works
of Michel de l'Hôpital) (1824).
Libanius (li-bā'ni-us). A Greek sophist of
the fourth century; native of Antioch in Syria.
Though a heathen, he was beloved by St. Basil
and St. John Chrysostom, once his pupils. He
was a voluminous writer, and very successfully
imitated in his orations the style of Demos-
thenes; he got the nickname of the little De-
mosthenes. Of his orations 68 are extant: they
are of value for the history of his time; the
same is to be said of his (Epistles, of which
1,607 remain.
Libelt, Karol (lē'belt). A Polish miscellane-
ous writer; born at Posen, April 8, 1807; died
near Gollancz, June 9, 1875. His principal work
is Philosophy and Criticism) (5 vols. , 1845-
50). He wrote also : (Mathematical Handbook)
(2 vols. , 1844); a drama, (The Maid of Orleans)
(1847); Humor and Truth) (1848), a volume
of brief essays.
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (licht'en-
berg). A distinguished German satirical writer
and physicist; born near Darmstadt, July
1742; died at Göttingen, Feb. 24, 1799. He
gained great celebrity as a lecturer on physical
science, chiefly through the ingenious apparatus,
contrived by himself, with which he illustrated
his lectures. His being a hunchback probably
embittered his satiric disposition. The best of
his satires are those on the notorious literary
pirate Tobias Gobhard; the essay on (The
German Novel); (Timorus,' ridiculing Lava-
ter's zeal for proselytizing; and “Pronunciation
of the Wethers of Ancient Greece, aimed at
Voss's system of pronouncing Greek. His brill-
iant sayings have been collected and published
in a separate volume, Lichtenberg's Thoughts
and Maxims: Light Rays from his Works) (1871).
Lichtenstein, Ulrich von. See Ulrich von L.
Lichtwer, Magnus Gottfried (licht'văr). A
German poet; born at Wurzen, Jan. 30, 1719;
died at Halberstadt, July 6, 1783. His principal
work is Four Books of Æsopic Fables) (1748).
His didactic poem “The Right of Reason)
(1758), founded on the philosophy of Wolf, is
of little value.
Lidner, Bengt (lid'ner). A Swedish poet;
born at Göteborg (Gothenburg), March 16,
а
## p. 342 (#358) ############################################
342
LIE- LILLIE
1757; died at Stockholm, Jan. 4, 1793. He pub-
lished a volume of Fables) after the manner
of Lafontaine (1799). In 1781 he was secretary
to the Swedish envoy at Paris, and there wrote
the tragedy (Erik the Fjortonde. He lost his
secretaryship through his dissipations. He was
a highly gifted poet; but his poems were, like
his life, irregular, lacking sobriety and dignity.
The best of them are: 'Spastaras Dod (1783);
(Aret,' (1783); (Ythersta Domen'; and the op-
era Medea.
Lie, Jonas Laurits Idemil (lē). A Nor-
wegian poet; born at Eker, near Drammen,
June 11, 1833. He published a collection of his
(Poems) (1866); (The Ghost-Seer, a novel
(1870); (Pictures from Norway) (3d ed. 1880);
(Lotse and his Wife) (1874); (Fanfulla, an
Italian tale (1875); Faustina Strozzi, a lyrico-
dramatic poem (1875). Thereafter he wrote a
series of novels; among which were : ( Thomas
Ross) (1878); (Adam Schrader) (1879); (The
Commander's Daughter) (1886); (Evil Powers)
(1890). He also issued the comedies, Garbow's
Cat) (1880); and (Merry Wives) (1894). *
Lieber, Franz (lē'ber). An eminent Ameri-
can publicist; born at Berlin, Germany, March
18, 1800; died in New York, Oct. 2, 1872. He
volunteered as a soldier at 15, and was in
the battles of Ligny, Waterloo, and Namur. He
served also in the Greek war of independence,
recording his experiences in Journal in Greece)
(1823). He settled in the United States in
1827, and during the next five years was occu-
pied with the compilation of the "Encyclopædia
Americana) (13 vols. ).
Condition of Labor) (1891), and that to « The
English People on Church Unity) (1895).
He is author of a small volume of lyrics in
Latin : Lyric Poems (Carmina] of Leo XIII. ,
Supreme Pontiff) (1883).
Leo, Heinrich. A German historian; born
at Rudolstadt, March 19, 1799; died at Halle,
April 24, 1878. He was appointed professor of
history in the University of Halle, 1830. In
early life he was in religion a rationalist, and
in political faith a radical; but later he be-
came a conservative and an obscurantist. ”
His principal works are: (History of the Ital-
ian States) (5 vols. , 1829); (History of the Ne.
therlands) (2 vols. , 1832); (Natural History of the
State) (1833); (Text-Book of Universal History!
(6 vols. , 1835-44); (Anglo-Saxon Glossary) (2
vols. , 1872).
## p. 337 (#353) ############################################
LEO AFRICANUS- LE ROUX
337
(
(
Leo Africanus (lē'o af"rē-kā'nus), properly
Alhassan ibn Mohammed Alwazzan. A Moor-
ish traveler and geographer. About 1517 he
was captured by pirates while returning from
Egypt after extended travels in northern and
central Africa, Arabia, Syria, etc. Ultimately
he was presented as a slave to Leo X. , who
assigned him a pension. He wrote a Descrip-
tion of Africa) which for a long time was al-
most the only authority, especially on the Sou-
dan. He also wrote a (Tractate on the Lives
of Arab Philosophers.
Leon, Luis de. See Ponce de Leon.
Leonowens, Anna Harriette Crawford. A
noted educator and prose-writer ; born in Caer-
narvon, Wales, Nov. 5, 1834. In 1863 she was
appointed governess in the family of the King
of Siam. She was four years in the King's
household at Bangkok, acting as secretary to
the King and instructor to the royal family.
The present King of Siam was educated by
her. She came to the United States in 1867 ;
opened a school in New York to prepare teach-
ers in the kindergarten system. She has pub-
lished: (The English Governess at the Court
of Siam' (1870); “The Romance of the Harem)
(1872); and Life and Travels in India) (1884).
Leopardi, Giacomo, Count (lā-7-par'dē). A
celebrated Italian poet; born at Recanati in
Tuscany, June 29, 1798; died at Naples, June
14, 1837. His family, though noble, was poor,
and he acquired a knowledge of the classics
and of literature almost unaided in his father's
library Before he was 18 he had produced a
Latin translation (with commentary) of Por-
phyrius's "Life of Plotinus); a treatise on
Some Roman Rhetoricians) of the second
century, and a History of Astronomy, both
in Latin ; and an (Essay on the Popular Errors
of the Ancients,' in Italian, citing over 400
authors. His subsequent works were: (Ode
to Italy) (1818); (Ode on the Monument to
Dante) (1819); (Ode to Cardinal Mai on the
Discovery of Cicero's Tractate on The State)
(1820); Brutus the Younger) (1823), an ode,
and "Comparison of the Sentiments of Brutus
the Younger, and of Theophrastus, when in
the Face of Death, in which two works
his pessimistic views first had formal expres-
sion ; ( Verses, a collection of his miscellane-
ous poems (1826); Moral Opuscules) (1827),
mostly observations, in dialogue form, on eth-
ical questions. The Broom-Flower, (Sylvia,
and “The Night Song,' are his most celebrated
poems. He left unpublished at his death a
volume of Thoughts. *
Leopold, Karl Gustaf af (lē'ō-põld). A
Swedish poet; born at Stockholm, Nov. 23, 1756;
died there, Nov. 9, 1829. He was for a long
time a kind of literary dictator, and was the
chief representative in Sweden of the French
school of classicism. He attempted all forms
of poetry save the epic. Of his tragedies the
best-known are "Odin) (1790), for which Gus.
tavus III. presented him a crown of laurel
from Virgil's tomb; and (Virginia) (1802).
Lepsius, Karl Richard (lep'sē-ös). A dis-
tinguished German Egyptologist; born at Naum-
burg, Dec. 23, 1810; died at Berlin, July 10,
1884. While pursuing his studies in Paris he
wrote three disquisitions, which won prizes of
the Academy: Palæography as a Means of
Linguistic Research) (1834); (Kinship of the
Semitic, Indian, Ethiopian, Old Persian, and
Old Egyptian Alphabets); (Origin and Rela-
tionship of Numerical Terms in the Indo-Ger.
manic, Semitic, and Coptic Languages. In his
celebrated (Letter to Mr. Rossellini on the
Hieroglyphic Alphabet) (1837), he propounded
a scientific theory of hieroglyphic writing. His
translation of the Book of the Dead) was
published in 1842. That year he visited Egypt,
and for four years studied its monuments; the
results of his researches and those of his asso-
ciates are contained in the magnificent Mon-
uments of Egypt and Ethiopia) (12 vols. , 1849-
60). Besides numerous memoirs addressed to
the Academy of Berlin and other learned
societies, he wrote for the general public (Let-
ters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Sinaitic
Peninsula) (1852).
Le Queux, William (lė-kė). An English
novelist; born in London, 18. He has writ-
ten : (The Great War in England in 1897) (9th
ed. 1895); Zoraida; “Stolen Souls); "Guilty
Bonds); (Strange Tales of a Nihilist); and
( The Eye of Istar) (1897).
Lermontov, Michail Yuryevitch (ler'mon-
tov). A celebrated Russian poet; born at Mos-
cow, Oct. 15, 1814; died July 27, 1841. He was
an officer in the Imperial Guards in 1837, when,
in a passionate poem, he gave vent to his in-
dignation over the death of Pushkin. The
poem, (The Poet's Death,' gave offense at court,
and Lermontov was relegated to the Cauca-
sus, there to serve as ensign in a dragoon regi-
ment. He is at his best in lyric and narra-
tive poetry. The most noteworthy of his rather
Byronesque epics are : (The Novice); (Ismail
Bey'; Valerik); (The Dæmon. His fine
novel, (A Hero of Our Time) led to a duel in
which he fell.
Leroux, Pierre (lė-rö'). A French socialist
philosopher; born at Paris, 1797; died there,
April 12, 1871. He was for a while an adher.
ent of Saint-Simon, but afterward developed a
humanitarian or socialistic system of his own.
Its principles are expounded in Equality)
(1838); Refutation of Eclecticism); Human-
ity) (2 vols. , 1840). After the Coup d'Etat he
was proscribed, and took up his residence in
the island of Jersey: there he pursued agri-
cultural experiments, and wrote a philosophical
poem, “The Beach of Samarez) (1864).
Le Roux (R. C. Henri), known as Hugues.
A French journalist and novelist; born in
Havre, in 1860. In early life he was con-
nected with the Political and Literary Review,
and subsequently succeeded Jules Claretie as
writer of the Paris chronique in the Temps.
He is author of a series of popular romances,
including Médéric and Lisée) and (One of
22
## p. 338 (#354) ############################################
338
LEROY-BEAULIEU - L'ESPINASSE
Us) (1886); (Souls in Agony) (1888); “The Pa-
risian Inferno) (1888); (All for Honor) (1892).
His miscellaneous works are : (In the Sahara)
(1891); "On Board a Yacht: Portugal, Spain,
etc. ) (1891); two translations from the Russian;
etc.
Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole (lé-rwä' bo-lyė). A
French historian; born at Lisieux, 1842. He
became professor of modern history in the Free
School of Political Sciences, 1881. His princi-
pal work, written after extensive travels in
Russia, is (The Empire of the Tsars and the
Russians) (3 vols. , 1881-89). Among his other
writings are : (A Russian Statesman: Nikolas
Milutin) (1884); France, Russia, and Europe)
(1888); Revolution and Liberalism' (1890);
(The Papacy, Socialism, and Democracy' (1893).
Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre Paul. A French
economist; born at Saumur, Maine-et-Loire,
Dec. 9, 1843. He is opposed to socialism, and
is very conservative in his views. His works
include <The Labor Question in the Nineteenth
Century) (1871), «The Modern State and its
Functions) (2d ed. 1891), and others. He is
the founder and editor of L'Economiste Fran-
çais.
Le Sage, Alain René (lė-sazh'). A celebrated
French novelist and dramatist; born at Sarzeau,
near Vannes, May 8, 1668; died at Boulogne-
sur-Mer, Nov. 17, 1747. He abandoned law for
literature, with scant success till 1707, when
the comedy Crispin his Master's Rival) was
received with high public favor; as was “Tur-
caret) the following year. The latter - a sat-
ire on the financiers, trading classes, and nobil-
ity -- is one of the best comedies in French
literature ; every character is drawn with sharp
individuality. His novels (The Devil on Two
Sticks) (1707) and (Gil Blas) (1717), were
suggested by Spanish originals; but he owes
them nothing beyond suggestion. As author
of "Gil Blas) he is the parent and pattern of
Fielding and Smollett. Of his other romances
in the same general vein may be mentioned
(The Bachelor of Salamanca) and (The Life
and Adventures of M. de Beauchène. ) **
Lescure, Mathurin François Adolphe de
(lā-kür'). A French littérateur and historian;
born at Bretenoux (Lot), in 1833; died at
Clamart (Seine), May 6, 1892. Successively
attached to the Ministry of State and the Sen-
ate, he acquired a unique reputation by a series
of essays and monographs on the Revolutionary
and other periods in French history. Among
more than forty publications are: (Confessions
of the Abbess de Chelles) (1863); Marie
Antoinette and her Family) (1865); Mary
Stuart) (1871); (Illustrious Mothers) (1881);
(Love under the Terror) (1882); (Rivarol and
French Society during the Revolution and
Emigration (1883), his best work, crowned by
the Academy; (Châteaubriand) (1892); and
numerous memoirs.
Leskov, Nikolai Semyonovitch (les’kov).
A Russian novelist; born in the government
of Orel, Feb. 16, 1831 ; died in St. Petersburg,
March 5, 1895. His first story, No Way Out”
(1865), is a powerful delineation of Russian
society, and is tinged with radicalism and ni-
hilism. In the novel (The Clergy) he portrays
the life of the priesthood; in (To the Knife)
he describes in detail the schisms and factions
of the intellectual world of Russia. He has
also written many tales based on ancient
legends.
Lesley, John. A Scotch historian; born
Sept. 29, 1527 ; died in Brussels, Belgium, May
31, 1596. A stanch friend of Mary Queen of
Scots, he was implicated in the project for her
marriage to the Duke of Norfolk, and in the
consequent rebellion in the north of England,
and was imprisoned in the Tower. On his
release he crossed to the Continent, and sub-
sequently became bishop of Coutances in Nor-
mandy. His chief production is a history of
Scotland (published at Rome, 1578), in ten
books, seven in Latin and the last three in
Scotch dialect.
Leslie, Charles Robert. An English painter
and writer on art; born in London, Oct. 19,
1794; died there, May 5, 1859. He was brought
to America by his parents in 1799, but return-
ing to England (1811), studied art under Alls-
ton and West. For a brief period he was
instructor in art at West Point, N. Y. , and
later professor of painting at the Royal Aca-
demy (1848–52). His published works include:
Memoirs of John Constable (1845); Hand-
book for Young Painters) (1855), an enlarged
edition of his Royal Academy lectures; and
a Life of Reynolds) (completed by Taylor,
1865).
Leslie, Eliza. An American prose-writer;
born in Philadelphia, Nov. 16, 1787; died in
Gloucester, N. J. , Jan. 2, 1858. Her father
was a personal friend of Franklin, Jefferson,
and other eminent men of his time. Her first
successful work was a cookery book; she after-
ward adopted literature as a profession, and
edited The Gift, which attained great popu-
larity. Her published works include: Pencil
Sketches) (1833-37); (House Book) (1840);
"Ladies' Receipt Book) (1848); and (Behaviour
Book) (1853).
Lespès, Léo (les-pās'). A French story-teller;
born at Bouchain, June 18, 1815; died at Paris,
April 29, 1875. He wrote for the minor Paris
newspapers, under the signature “Timothy
Trimm," a number of short stories, which were re-
ceived with extraordinary popular favor. He
founded the Petit Journal (1862), which imme-
diately reached the then unexampled circulation
of 200,000 copies. Among his stories, which were
frequently republished, are: (Stories in Pink
and Black) (1842); Mysteries of the Grand
Opera) (1843); (A Story to Make You Shudder);
Physiology of Champagne) (1866); (Walks
about Paris) (1867).
L'Espinasse, Julie de (les-pē-näs'). A French
letter-writer; born at Lyons, about 1732; died
-
## p. 339 (#355) ############################################
LESSEPS - LEVER
339
at Paris, May 23, 1776. Her drawing-room was
a place of assembly for the fashion and wit of
Paris. Her Letters) (2 vols. , 1809), and "Un-
published Letters) (2 vols. , 1877), are of interest
more as reflecting the writer's passionate sen-
sibility and enthusiasm than for their literary
exceilence.
Lesseps, Ferdinand, Vicomte de (les-eps).
A French diplomat and engineer; born at
Versailles, Nov. 19, 1805; died Dec. 7, 1894. He
was employed several years in the French
consular and diplomatic service. In 1854, on
the invitation of Said Pasha, he visited Egypt
to study the problem of canalizing the Isthmus
of Suez: the results of his studies were stated
in a memoir, Piercing the Isthmus of Suez. )
He was made chief director of the works in
1856. The canal was opened to traffic Aug.
15, 1869. He published (1875-81) five volumes
of Letters, Journals, and Documents Relating
to the Suez Canal”; and in 1887, 'Recollections
of 40 Years. His attempt to pierce the Isth-
mus of Panama resulted in failure, and in
numberless discussions and papers, none of
which have been embodied in a book.
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (les'ing). A
great German poet, and the foremost critic of
German literature ; born at Kamenz in Upper
Lusatia, Jan. 22, 1729; died at Brunswick, Feb.
15, 1781. Among his writings are: (The Young
Savant,' a comedy (1750); (Trifles,' a collection
of his lyric poems (1751); (Rehabilitations)
(1751) — redeeming from obloquy the name and
fame of sundry historical personages; Miss
Sara Sampson (1755), a tragedy ; (The Free-
Thinker,' (The Jews, (The Woman-Hater)
(1755), comedies; Pope a Metaphysician ! )
(1755); "Letters on Literature (1758); Philo-
tas,' a prose tragedy (1759); "Laocoon: on the
Boundaries of Painting and Poetry, Part i.
(1766),- the second part was never written;
Minna von Barnhelm, a comedy (1767); An-
tiquarian Letters) (1768); Emilia Galotti, a
tragedy (1772); Nathan the Wise) (1779);
« Education of the Human Race) (1780); (Ernst
and Falk) (1780). *
Lester, Charles Edwards. An American
prose-writer; born in Griswold, Conn. , 1815;
died in Detroit, Mich. , 1890. Among his works
are: (The Glory and Shame of England' (2
vols. , 1841); (Artists in America) (1846); "Life
and Public Services of Charles Sumner) (1874);
History of the United States, Considered in
Five Great Periods) (2 vols. , 1883).
Lesueur, Daniel. See Loiseau.
Lethbridge, Roper, Sir. An English states-
man, scholar, and author; born in 1840. He
was for many years prominent in educational
and political movements in India, as professor
in the Bengal Educational Department, and
subsequently as Political Agent and Press Com-
missioner under Lord Lytton's viceroyalty,
Among his works are: A Short Manual of
the History of India) (1881); (High Educa-
tion in India! : A History of Bengal); and the
articles on 'Feudatory States) in the Imperial
Gazetteer of India, In 1890 he was created
Knight Commander of the Indian Empire.
Letronne, Jean Antoine (le-tron'). A French
archæologist; born at Paris, Jan. 2, 1787; died
there, Dec. 14, 1848. He is distinguished chiefly
for his studies in numismatics and inscriptions.
Among his writings are: (Topography of Syra-
cuse) (1813); (Fragments of Hero of Alexan.
dria) (1816); (Valuings of Greek and Roman
Coins) (1817); (Materials to Serve for a His.
tory of the Christian Religion (1833); (The
Vocal Statue of Memnon (1833); (Collection
of Greek and Latin Inscriptions from Egypt)
(1842-48).
Leuckart, Rudolf (loik'ärt). A German zo-
ölogist; born at Helmstedt, Oct. 7, 1822. He
was appointed professor of zoology at Giessen
in 1855, and of zoology and zoötomy at Leip-
sic in 1869. His studies were chiefly made in
the field of lower and lowest forms of animal
life, - zoophytes, sponges, insects, parasites.
Among his writings are treatises on (Trichina
Spiralis (1860); (Tapeworms); 'Parthenogene.
sis of Insects); (Anatomy of Bees.
)
Leuthold, Heinrich (loit'öld). A German.
Swiss poet; born at Wetzikon, Switzerland,
Aug. 9, 1827; died near Zürich, July 1, 1879.
With Geibel he made translations of French
poetry: 'Five Books of French Lyrism (1862).
A volume of original verse, Poems) (1879),
showed him to be a gifted poet, possessing per-
fect mastery of artistic form. The author died
insane while his volume was going through the
press.
Leva, Giuseppe de (lā'vä). An Italian
writer of history; born at Zara in Dalmatia,
1821. Among his works are: Life of Cardi.
nal G. Contarini); Giulio della Rovere);
(Giovanni Grimani); (Documentary History of
Charles V. in his Relation to Italy) (4 vols. ,
1863-81).
Levasseur, Pierre Émile (lė-vas-ėr'). A
French political economist ; born at Paris, Dec.
8, 1828. He is author of Public Moneys among
the Romans) (1854); (The Gold Question
(1858); (The Laboring Classes of France from
Cæsar's Time to the Revolution' (2 vols. , 1859);
the same continued to 1867 (2 vols. ); (The
French Population (1889-91, 3 vols. ), an im-
portant work; France and her Colonies) (1893).
Levay, Joseph (lev'ā). A Hungarian poet;
born at Sajo Szent-Peter, Nov. 18, 1825. Be-
sides poems in eulogy of Kazinczy, Paloczy,
Deák, etc. , and translations of parts of Shakes-
peare's plays and of Burns's songs, he wrote:
Songs of Memory) (1850); Poems) (1850);
(New Poems) (1856). In his songs he always
strikes the chord of national and popular senti-
ment.
Lever, Charles (James). An Irish novelist;
born at Dublin, Aug. 31, 1806; died at Trieste,
June 1, 1872. He wrote : "Confessions of Harry
Lorrequer) (1841); "Charles O'Malley) (1841);
(Arthur O'Leary) (1844); Jack Hinton the
>
## p. 340 (#356) ############################################
340
LEVERRIER-LEWIS
)
Guardsman) (1844); (Tom Burke of Ours)
(1844); (The O'Donoghue) (1845); (Con Cre-
gan) (1849); (Roland Cashel (1850); (The
Daltons, or Three Roads in Life) (1852); (The
Dodd Family Abroad) (1854); (The Fortunes
of Glencore) (1857); Davenport Dunn' (1859);
(Barrington' (1863); "Luttrell of Arran) (1865);
(Sir Brooke Fosbrooke) (1866); (The Bram-
leighs of Bishop's Folly) (1868); (Lord Kil-
gobbin) (1872). *
Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph (lė-vā-ryā').
A celebrated French astronomer; born at St.
LÔ, March 11, 1811; died at Paris, Sept. 23,
1877. Till 1837 his studies were wholly in the
department of chemistry ; in that year he was
appointed teacher of astronomy in the Poly-
technic School. In 1839 he attained rank among
the foremost astronomers by two memoirs pre-
sented to the Academy on (Secular Perturba-
tions of the Planetary System. He then
studied the movements of Mercury and Uranus,
and was led to infer the existence of a planet
beyond Uranus : the inference was proved true
by the finding of the hypothetical planet (Nep-
tune) by Galle. His theories and tables of the
several planets are given in the (Annals of the
Paris Observatory. "
Levertin, Oscar. A Swedish poet; born at
Stockholm, 1862. He first wrote some stories
after the manner of the “realists, but they
had little success. Breaking then with realism,
he indulged his bent toward romance and mys-
ticism in his poems' Legends and Tales) (1891),
and New Poems) (1894). He is at the head
of the younger lyric poets of Sweden. In his
work (Gustavus III. as a Dramatist) (1894),
he proves himself an acute critic of 18th-century
literature.
Levien, Ilse. See Frapan.
Lewald, August (le-väld'). A German story-
teller; born at Königsberg, Prussia, Oct. 14,
1792; died at Munich, March 10, 1871. He
wrote: Aquarelles from Life) (1836); (Story
of the Theatre ) (5 vols. , 1841), autobiographical ;
(Clarinette) (3 vols. , 1863); (The Insurgent) (2
vols. , 1865); Last Travels) (1870).
Lewald, Fanny. A German novelist; born
at Königsberg, March 24, 1811; died at Dres-
den, Aug. 5, 1889. Her principal writings are:
(The Representative) (1841); (Clementine )
(1842); Diogena: Story of Iduna, Countess
H-H) (1847), a mild satire on Ida, Countess
Hahn-Hahn; Dunes and Mountain Strata)
(1851); ' Pictures of German Life) (1856); (From
Generation to Generation) (1863); "Woman :
Pro and Contra) (1870); “The Darner Family)
(1887); "Twelve Pictures from the Life) (1888).
Lewes, George Henry. An English historical
and miscellaneous writer; born at London,
April 18, 1817; died there, Nov. 28, 1878. Among
his writings are: (Biographical History of Phi-
losophy) (1845-46), afterward entitled History
of Philosophy from Thales to Comte) (1866);
(Life of Robespierre) (1849); (The Life and
Works of Goethe) (1855); (Seaside Studies!
(1858); (The Physiology of Common Life)
(1859); (Studies in Animal Life) (1862); (Aris-
totle: a Chapter from the History of Science)
(1864); Problems of Life and Mind' (3 vols. ,
1872-79); (The Physical Basis of Mind) (1877).
He wrote two novels, Ranthorpe) (1847), and
(Rose, Blanche, and Violet) (1848); and the
dramatic poems (Lope de Vega and Calderon)
and “The Noble Heart. *
Lewis, Alonzo. An American poet, known
as the "Lynn bard"); born in Lynn, Mass. , Aug.
28, 1794; died there, Jan. 21, 1861. He was the
author of Forest Flowers and Sea Shells,' which
reached ten editions, and History of Lynn
(1829; 2d ed. 1844). N. P. Willis spoke highly
of his poems.
Lewis, Charles Bertrand. [M. Quad. ” ]
An American journalist and humorist; born in
Liverpool, O. , 1842. He received his education
at the Michigan Agricultural College. During
the Civil War he served in the Union army.
For many years he was on the staff of the
Detroit Free Press, and since 1891 has been
connected with the New York World. He has
published : 'Quad's Odds) (1875); “Goaks and
Tears) (1875); (The Lime Kiln Club. ?
Lewis, Charlton Thomas. An American
scholar, journalist, and lawyer; born at West
Chester, Pa. , in 1834. He was professor of
mathematics and subsequently of Greek at
Troy University (1859-62), revenue commis-
sioner at Washington, D. C. , and latterly has
practiced law in New York. He wrote a 'His-
tory of Germany,' founded on D. Müller's
work, and collaborated with harles Short in
the preparation of "Harper's Latin Dictionary)
(1879), and a 'School Latin Dictionary) (1889).
Lewis, Estelle Anna Blanche Robinson.
An American dramatist; born near Baltimore,
Md. , April 1824; died in London, Nov. 24, 1880.
While a schoolgirl she translated the Eneid)
into English verse ; wrote (Forsaken'; and pub-
lished Records of the Heart' (1844), and
(Hebémah, or the Fall of Montezuma) (1864).
Her best dramatic work, “Sappho of Lesbos,
a tragedy, ran through seven editions, and was
translated into modern Greek and played at
Athens. Edgar A. Poe spoke of her as the rival
of Sappho; Lamartine called her the female
Petrarch. "
Lewis, George Cornewall, sir. An English
statesman, scholar, and critic; born at London,
April 21, 1806; died at Harpton Court, Radnor-
shire, April 13, 1863. A graduate of Christ
Church, Oxford, with high honors, he became a
lawyer, and rose almost to the top in politics,
filling three Cabinet places in rapid succession,
ending with Chancellor of the Exchequer in
1855. His immense knowledge, sagacious judg-
ment, and cool temper (he said to an excitable
colleague, “I am a vegetable and you are an
animal »), made him very influential both in
public life and in the world of critical scholar-
ship. His most enduring work is the "Enquiry
into the Credibility of Early Roman History)
## p. 341 (#357) ############################################
LEWIS- LIDNER
341
(2 vols. , 1855); mainly a criticism of Niebuhr's
assumption that there can be reliable intuitive
perceptions of historic fact without a sufficiently
tangible basis of evidence to support the test
of argument. It is also an excellent analysis
of early Roman records and legends. His books
on Grecian subjects, on the Romance languages,
on early astronomy, etc, are mines of research
and good criticism; on Egyptian subjects his
over-skepticism led him to the absurd conten-
tion that the hieroglyphics could not be de-
ciphered at all. His political writings, as On
the Use and Abuse of Political Terms) (1835),
On the Influence of Authority in Matters of
Opinion) (1849), (On the Methods of Observa-
tion and Reasoning in Politics) (2 vols. , 1852),
are clarifying but too prolix.
Lewis, Maria Theresa, Lady. An English
biographer, a descendant of the great historian
Lord Clarendon and wife of Sir George C.
Lewis; born March 8, 1803; died Nov. 9, 1865.
She wrote (Lives of the Friends and Contem-
poraries of Lord Chancellor Clarendon) (3
vols. , 1852).
Lewis, Matthew Gregory. ["Monk» Lewis. ]
An English poet; born at London, July 9, 1775;
died May 14, 1818. His first poem, Ambrosio,
or the Monk) (1795), became instantly very pop-
ular; a court decree stopped its sale for a time;
when its sale was resumed many objectionable
passages had been expunged. He next wrote a
musical drama, (The Castle Spectre (1796),
long a favorite piece on the stage. He wrote
also Journal of a West-Indian Proprietor, pub-
lished after his death.
Lewis, Tayler. An American scholar and au-
thor; born in Northumberland, N. Y. , in 1802 ;
died in Schenectady, N. Y. , May 11, 1877. Was
professor of Greek in the University of New
York in 1838, and later of Oriental literature in
Union College. He published many volumes.
Among these are: ! The Six Days of Creation
(1855); “Heroic Periods in a Nation's History)
(1866); (The Light by which We See Light)
(1875); and many addresses and reviews.
Lewis, Thomas Hayter. An English archi-
tect and author; born in London, July 9, 1818.
He was professor of architecture at University
College (1865-81), and is the author of (The
Holy Places of Jerusalem) (1888), the most
important work on the subject issued in recent
years. Besides papers relating to architecture
and antiquities in the transactions of various
societies, he has written also the articles on
architecture in the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Leybourn, William. An English mathema-
tician, a pioneer in popularizing arithmetic and
astronomy; born 1626; died about 1700. His
(Urania Practica) (1648) was the first English
treatise on astronomy; his (Panarithmologia)
(1693) the first English ready-reckoner.
Leyden John (li'den). A Scotch Oriental-
ist, poet, and author; born in Denholm, Sept.
8, 1775; died at Batavia, Java, Aug. 28, 1811.
Soon after obtaining his medical degree he
went to India, where his proficiency in Ori-
ental and especially Indo-Chinese languages
led to an appointment as professor of Hindus-
tani at Fort William College, Calcutta. He
is the author of (An Historical Account of
Discoveries in Northern and Western Africa)
(1789), an accurate and useful work for that
time; an essay on Indo-Chinese literature in
(Asiatic Researches); "Scenes of Infancy, a
poem; and a number of Scotch ballads, much
admired by Sir Walter Scott and others.
L'Hôpital, Michel de (lõ-pe-täl). A French
statesman; born at Aigueperse, 1505; died March
13, 1573. He left some elegant Latin poems,
also memoirs, discourses, and papers on juris-
prudence and political affairs; they were pub-
lished in five volumes under the title (Works
of Michel de l'Hôpital) (1824).
Libanius (li-bā'ni-us). A Greek sophist of
the fourth century; native of Antioch in Syria.
Though a heathen, he was beloved by St. Basil
and St. John Chrysostom, once his pupils. He
was a voluminous writer, and very successfully
imitated in his orations the style of Demos-
thenes; he got the nickname of the little De-
mosthenes. Of his orations 68 are extant: they
are of value for the history of his time; the
same is to be said of his (Epistles, of which
1,607 remain.
Libelt, Karol (lē'belt). A Polish miscellane-
ous writer; born at Posen, April 8, 1807; died
near Gollancz, June 9, 1875. His principal work
is Philosophy and Criticism) (5 vols. , 1845-
50). He wrote also : (Mathematical Handbook)
(2 vols. , 1844); a drama, (The Maid of Orleans)
(1847); Humor and Truth) (1848), a volume
of brief essays.
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (licht'en-
berg). A distinguished German satirical writer
and physicist; born near Darmstadt, July
1742; died at Göttingen, Feb. 24, 1799. He
gained great celebrity as a lecturer on physical
science, chiefly through the ingenious apparatus,
contrived by himself, with which he illustrated
his lectures. His being a hunchback probably
embittered his satiric disposition. The best of
his satires are those on the notorious literary
pirate Tobias Gobhard; the essay on (The
German Novel); (Timorus,' ridiculing Lava-
ter's zeal for proselytizing; and “Pronunciation
of the Wethers of Ancient Greece, aimed at
Voss's system of pronouncing Greek. His brill-
iant sayings have been collected and published
in a separate volume, Lichtenberg's Thoughts
and Maxims: Light Rays from his Works) (1871).
Lichtenstein, Ulrich von. See Ulrich von L.
Lichtwer, Magnus Gottfried (licht'văr). A
German poet; born at Wurzen, Jan. 30, 1719;
died at Halberstadt, July 6, 1783. His principal
work is Four Books of Æsopic Fables) (1748).
His didactic poem “The Right of Reason)
(1758), founded on the philosophy of Wolf, is
of little value.
Lidner, Bengt (lid'ner). A Swedish poet;
born at Göteborg (Gothenburg), March 16,
а
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342
LIE- LILLIE
1757; died at Stockholm, Jan. 4, 1793. He pub-
lished a volume of Fables) after the manner
of Lafontaine (1799). In 1781 he was secretary
to the Swedish envoy at Paris, and there wrote
the tragedy (Erik the Fjortonde. He lost his
secretaryship through his dissipations. He was
a highly gifted poet; but his poems were, like
his life, irregular, lacking sobriety and dignity.
The best of them are: 'Spastaras Dod (1783);
(Aret,' (1783); (Ythersta Domen'; and the op-
era Medea.
Lie, Jonas Laurits Idemil (lē). A Nor-
wegian poet; born at Eker, near Drammen,
June 11, 1833. He published a collection of his
(Poems) (1866); (The Ghost-Seer, a novel
(1870); (Pictures from Norway) (3d ed. 1880);
(Lotse and his Wife) (1874); (Fanfulla, an
Italian tale (1875); Faustina Strozzi, a lyrico-
dramatic poem (1875). Thereafter he wrote a
series of novels; among which were : ( Thomas
Ross) (1878); (Adam Schrader) (1879); (The
Commander's Daughter) (1886); (Evil Powers)
(1890). He also issued the comedies, Garbow's
Cat) (1880); and (Merry Wives) (1894). *
Lieber, Franz (lē'ber). An eminent Ameri-
can publicist; born at Berlin, Germany, March
18, 1800; died in New York, Oct. 2, 1872. He
volunteered as a soldier at 15, and was in
the battles of Ligny, Waterloo, and Namur. He
served also in the Greek war of independence,
recording his experiences in Journal in Greece)
(1823). He settled in the United States in
1827, and during the next five years was occu-
pied with the compilation of the "Encyclopædia
Americana) (13 vols. ).
