No More Learning

114. )
[E. E. ]
that he was the author of the plan, though the LYCON (Aúkww), the name of two mythical
words of Pausanias (viii. 27, ix. 14. ) would seem personages, one, a son of Hippocoon, was killed by
to ascribe the origination of it to Epaminondas. Heracles (Apollod. iii. 10. $ 5; Hippocoon), and
(Comp. Arist. Pol. ii. 2, ed. Bekk. ; Xen. Hell. vi. the other a Trojan. (Hom. Il. xvi. 335. ) (L. S. ]
5. § 6, &c. ) In B. c. 369 Lycomedes was general LYCON (Auswv), historical. 1. An orator
of the Arcadians and defeated, near Orchomenus, and demagogue at Athens, was one of the three
the forces of the Lacedaemonians under Polytropus. accusers of Socrates and prepared the case against
(Xen. Hell. vi. 5. § 14 ; Diod. xv. 62. ) In the him. According to Stallbaum, Lycon was one of
following year we find symptoms of a rising jea- the ten regular advocates (ouvyopoi) employed
lousy towards Thebes on the part of the Arcadians, by the state to conduct public prosecutions ;
owing in great measure to the suggestions and ex- but there seems to be no authority for this state-
hortations of Lycomedes, who reminded his coun- ment. When the Athenians repented of their
trymen of their ancient descent as the children of condemnation of Socrates, they put Melitus to
the soil, of their numbers, their high military qua- death and banished Anytus and Lycon. (Plat.
lifications, and of the fact that their support was Apol. p. 23, e ; Stallb. ad loc. ; Ding. Laërt. ii.
quite as important to Thebes as it had been to 38, 39, 43 ; Menag. ad loc. ) The Lycon, who is
Lacedaemon ; and it is possible that the spirit thus mentioned by Aristophanes (Vesp. 1301) as a
roused and fostered in Arcadia may have shortened drunken brawler, has been identified by some with
the stay of Epaminondas in the Peloponnesus on the accuser of Socrates (Stallb. l. c. ; Kühner, and
this his second invasion of it. The vigour exhibited | Xen. Mem. i. 1. $ 1); and, if we may believe the
in consequence by the Arcadians under Lycomedes scholiast on Plato (Apol. l. c. ), the latter was also
and the successes they met with are mentioned by the same person as the husband of the notoriously
Xenophon and Diodorus, the latter of whom how- profligate Rhodia, satirized by Eupolis. From the
ever places these events a year too soon. Thus it same authority we learn that he was an Ionian by
was in B. c. 369, according to him, that Lycomedes descent, belonged to the demus of Thoricus, and
marched against Pellene in Laconia, and, having was noted for his poverty by Cratinus in the Autim,
taken it, made slaves of the inhabitants and ravaged |(Arist. Lysistr. 270 ; Schol. ad loc. ; Schn. Praef.
the country. (Xen. Hell. vii
. 1. $$ 23, &c. ; Diod. ad Xen. Anab. p. xxxii ; Meineke, Fragm. Com.
xv. 67 ; Wess. ad loc. ) The same spirit of inde Graec. vol. i. p. 117, ii. pp. 131, 441, 442, 515,
pendence was again manifested by Lycomedes in 535. )
B. C. 367, at the congress held at Thebes after the 2. A Syracusan, who, when the Zacynthian
return of the Greek envoys from Susa ; for when assassins had entered the house of Dion unarmed,
the rescript of Artaxerxes II. (in every way favour- and were in want of a weapon to despatch him,
able to Thebes) had been read, and the Thebans handed a dagger to one of them through the win-
required the deputies of the other states to swear dow, B. C. 353. (Plut. Dion, 57 ; Diod. xvi. 31;
compliance with it, Lycomedes declared that the Com. Nep. Dion, 9. )
congress ought not to have been assembled at 3. An admiral of Antigonus, king of Asia, was
Thebes at all, but wherever the war was. To this sent by him, in B. C. 313, to the aid of Callatia in
the Thebans answered angrily that he was intro- Moesia, against Lysimachus, from whom it had
ducing discord to the destruction of the alliance, revolted, and who was besieging it. Lycon, how-
and Lycomedes then withdrew from the congress ever, appears to have effected nothing. (Diod. xix.
with his colleagues. (Xen. Hell. vii. 1. $ 39. ) In 73. )
B. C. 366, the loss of Oropus having exasperated 4. Of Scarphea, a comic actor, who, while per-
the Athenians against their allies, who had with forming on one occasion before Alexander the
held their aid when it was most needed, Lycomedes Great, inserted in a speech of the comedy a line
took advantage of the feeling to propose an alliance asking the king for ten talents. Alexander laughed
between Athens and Arcadia. The proposal was and gave them to him. (Plut. Alex. 29, de Aler.
at first unfavourably received by the Athenians, as Fort. ii. 2 ; Athen. xii. p. 539, a. ) The Lycon,


## p. 847 (#863) ############################################

LYCOPHRON.
847
LYCOPHRON.
whose convivial qualities are extolled in his epitaph | Periander, her father Procles, tyrant of Epidaurus,
by Phalaecus, was probably the same person ; and asked her two sons, while staying at his court, if
perhaps also the play of Antiphanes, called “Ly- they knew who had slain their mother. This
con," had reference to him. (Anth. Grucc. vol. i. rankled in the mind of Lycophron, and, on bis re-
p. 210, vii. p. 246, ed. Jacobs; Meineke, Fragm. turn to Corinth, he refused to hold any communi-
Com. Gracc. vol. i. p. 327, iï. p. 80. ) [E. E. ] cation with his father. Periander drove him from
LYCON (Aúkwv), literary. 1. A Pythagorean his house, and forbade any one to receive him or
philosopher. (lanıblich. Vit. Pyth. 36. )
address him under the penalty of the confiscation
2. Of Iasos, wrote upon Pythagoras. (Ath. ii. of a certain sum to the service of Apollo ; but the
p. 47, a, p. 69, c. , X. 418, f. ; Diog. Laërt. v. 69. ) misery to which he was thus reduced had no effect
it is not clear whether he was the same person as on Lycophron's resolution, and even his father's
the Pythagorean mentioned by Eusebius (Praep. cntrcaties, that he would recede from his obstinacy
Erang. xv. 2), as a contemporary and a calum- and return home, called forth from him only the
niator of Aristotle.
remark that Periander, by speaking to him, had
3. Of Troas, a distinguished Peripatetic philo- subjected himself to the threatened penalty. Peri-
sopher, who was the son of Astyanax, and the ander then sent him away to Corcyra ; but, when
disciple of Straton, whom he succeeded as the head he was himself advanced in years, he summoned
of the Peripatetic school, in the 127th Olympiad, i him back to Corinth to succeed to the tyranny,
B. C. 272 ; and he held that post for more than seeing that Cypselus, his elder son, was unfit to
forty-four years. He resided at Pergamus, under hold it from deficiency of understanding. The
the patronage of Attalus and Eumenes, from whom summons was disregarded, and, notwithstanding a
Antigonus Gonatas of Macedonia in vain sought second message to the same effect, conveyed by
to entice him (the old reading in the text of Lycophron's sister, and backed by her earnest en-
Laërtius was Antiochus). On several occasions treaties, he persisted in refusing to return to
his counsel was of great service to the Athenians. Corinth as long as his father was there. Periander
He was celebrated for his eloquence (comp. Cic.
then offered to withdraw to Corcyra, if Lycophron
de Fin. v. 5), and for his skill in educating boys. would come home and take the government. To
He paid great attention to the body as well as to this he assented; but the Corcyraeans, not wishing
the niind, and, constantly practising athletic exer- to have Periander among them, put Lycophron to
cises, was exceedingly healthy and robust. Never- death, probably about B. c. 586. (Herod. iii. 50
theless, he died of gout at the age of 74. He was -53; Diog. Laërt. i. 94, 95 ; comp. Paus. ii.
a bitter rival of Hieronymus the peripatetic. 28. )
Among the writings of Lycon was probably a 2. A Corinthian general, was slain in a battle
work on Characters (similar to the work of Theo with the Athenians, who had made a descent on
phrastus), a fragment of which is preserved by the Corinthian coast, under Nicias, in B. C. 425.
Rutilius Lupus (de Fig. ii. 7), though the title of (Thuc. iv. 43, 44 ; Plut. Nic. 6. )
the book is not mentioned by any ancient writer. 3. An Athenian, son of one Lycurgus, and father
It appears from Cicero (Tusc. Disp. iii. 32) and of Lycurgus the orator. The language of the author
Clement of Alexandria (Strom. ii. p. 497), that he of the Lives of the Ten Orators is such as to leave
wrote on the boundaries of good and evil (De it doubtful whether it was Lycophron or his father
Finibus). A work of his on the nature of animals Lycurgus who was put to death by the thirty
is quoted by Appuleius (A pol. p. 42). In his will, tyrants. (Paus. i. 29 ; Pseudo-Plut. Vit. X. Orai.
as preserved by Diogenes Laërtius, there is a re- Lyc. ad init. ; Clint. F. H. sub anno 337. )
ference to his writings, but no mention of their 4. A citizen of Pherae, where he put down the
titles.
government of the nobles and established a tyranny.
Diogenes states, that on account of his sweet Aiming further at making himself master of the
eloquence, his name was often written raúkwv. whole of Thessaly, he overthrew in a battle, with
The fact appears to be that the guttural was origi- great slaughter (B. C. 404), the Larissaeans and
nally a part of the word. (Diog. Laërt. F. 65 others of the Thessalians, who opposed him, adhe-
74; Ruhnken, ad Rutil. Lup. 1. c. , Opusc, vol. i. rents, no doubt, of the Aleuadae. (Xen. Hell, ii. 3.
p. 393 ; Jonsius, Script. Hist. Philos. vol. iv. p. $ 4. ) Schneider (ad Xen. l. c. ) conjectures that
340 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. p. 851, vol. iii. p. the troops and money obtained in the preceding
498. )
[P. S. ] year by Aristippus of Larissa from Cyrus the
LYCOʻPEUS (AUKWEÚS), a son of Agrios, and Younger were intended to resist the attempts of
uncle of Tydeus, by whom he was slain. (A pollod. Lycophron (Xen. Anab. i. 1. $ 10). In B. c. 395,
i. 8. $ 6; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 971. ) (L. S. ] | Medius of Larissa, probably the head of the Aleu-
LYCOPHONTES (Aukodóvons), a son of Au- adae, was engaged in war with Lycophron, who
tophonus, a Theban, who, in conjunction with was assisted by Sparta, while Medius received
Macon, lay in ambush, with 50 men, against Ty- succours from the opposite confederacy of Greek
deus, but was slain by him. (Hom. Il. iv. 395. ) states, which enabled him to take Pharsalus.
There is also a Trojan of this name. (Hom. Il. (Diod. xiv. 82. ) Of the manner and period of
viii. 275. )
(L. S. ) Lycophron's death we know nothing. He was
LYCOPHRON (Auroopwv), a son of Mastor, probably the father of Jason of Pherae.
who had been obliged to quit his native place 5. A son, apparently, of Jason, and one of the
Cythera, on account of a murder he had committed. brothers of Thebe, wife of Alexander, the tyrant
He accompanied the Telamonian Ajax against of Pherae, in whose murder he took part together
Troy, where he was slain by Hector. (Hom. I. with his sister and his two brothers, Tisiphonus
xy. 130, &c. )
IL. S. ] and Peitholaus. On Alexander's death the power
LY'COPHRON (Aukóopwv). 1. The younger appears to have been wielded mainly by Tisiphonus,
son of Periander, tyrant of Corinth, by his wife though Diodorus says that he and Lycophron
Lyside or Melissa Melissa having been killed by I made themselves joint-tyrants, with the aid of a


## p. 848 (#864) ############################################

848
LYCOPHRON.
LYCORTAS.
mercenary force, and maintained their ascendancy | 133). He is said to have been a very skilful com-
by cruelty and violence. (Xen. Hell. vi. 4. Ⓡ 37 ; poser of anagrams, of which he wrote several in
Con. Narr. 50 ; Diod. xvi. 14 ; Plut. Pel. 35 ; honour of Ptolemy and Arsinoë.
Clint. F. H. vol. ii. App. Ch. 15. ) In B. c. 352, The only one of his poems which has come down
by which time it seems that Tisiphonus was dead, to us is the Cassandra or Alexandra. This is
Philip of Macedon, on the application of the neither a tragedy nor an epic poem, but a long
Aleuadae and their party, advanced into Thessaly iambic monologue of 1474 verses, in which Cas-
against Lycophron, who was now chief ruler. The sandra is made to prophesy the fall of Troy, the
latter was aided by the Phocians, at first under adventures of the Grecian and Trojan heroes, with
Phayllus, without success, and then with better numerous other mythological and historical events,
fortune under Onomarchus, who defeated Philip in going back as early as the Argonauts, the Amazons,
two battles and drove him back into Macedonia ; and the fables of lo and Europa, and ending with
but soon after Philip entered Thessaly again, and Alexander the Great.
The work has no pre
Onomarchus, having also returned from Bocotia to tensions to poetical merit. It is simply a cumbrous
the assistance of Lycophron, was defeated and store of traditional learning. Its obscurity is pro-
slain. Lycophron, and his brother Peitholaus, verbial. Suidas calls it OKOTEIVòv toinua, and its
being now left without resource, surrendered author himself obtained the epithet oxoteivós. Its
Phere to Philip and withdrew from Thessaly with stores of learning and its obscurity alike excited
2000 mercenaries to join their Phocian allies under the efforts of the ancient grammarians, several of
Playllus. An antithetic srcasm, quoted by Aris- whom wrote commentaries on the poem : among
totle, seems to imply that they did not give their them were Thcon, Dection, and Orus. The only
services for nothing. In the hostilities between one of these works which survives, is the Scholia
Sparta and Megalopolis, in this same year (B. C. of Isaac and John Tzetzes, which are far more
35:2), we find among the forces of the former 150 valuable than the poem itself.
of the Thessalian cavalry, who had been driven out A question has been raised respecting the iden-
from Phcrae with Lycophron and Peitholaus. tity of Lycophron the tragedian and Lycophron
(Diod. xvi. 35-37, 39 ; Paus. x. 2 ; Just. viii. the author of the Cassandra. From some lines of
2 ; Dem. Olynth. ii. p. 22 ; Isocr. Phil. p.