thus belongs to the stock of the conquering Teutons-Danes, EnglIsh-w~o
tookover
Dublin and whom Dublin is likely to resent.
re-joyce-a-burgess
The derivation from Alice was pointed by the identification of the hero of Haveth Childers Everywhere with, though without his talent for semantic exegesis, Humpty Dumpty himself:
Humptydump Dublin squeaks through his norse, Humptydump Dublin hath a horrible vorse
And with all his kinks english
Plus his irismanx brogues
Humptydump Dublin's grandada of all rogues.
It was in an honoured English tradition-puns, portmanteau-words, teasing mystifications-but there were times when it seemed to go too far. How about all those names of rivers flashing like fish through the prose of babbling, bubbling, deloothering, giddygaddy, granny- rna, gossipaceous Anna Livia, water and woman?
Tell me the trent of it while I'm lathering hail out of Denis Florence MacCarthy's combies.
Is there irwell a lord of the manor or a knight of the shire at strike . . . ? . . . tapting a flank and tipting a jutty and palling in ana pietaring out
and clyding by on her eas! way.
Not where the Finn fits into the Mourne, not where the Nare takes lieve afBloem, not where the Braye divarts the Farer, nat where the May changez her minds twixt Cullin and Conn tween Cunn and Collin?
Moreover, the portmanteau-words of 'Jabberwocky' play fair. Forms like 'brillig' and 'slithy' resolve themselves into simple
,86
English, but Joyce knows more languages than Alice (whose dream- poem, after all, 'Jabberwocky' really is) and his puns and portman- teaux seem to be the thin end of a wedge that, driven into English, will cause it to crack, collapse, and be capable of being put together again only under the auspices of UNO. Joyce's language is a weird sort of pan-European, Eurish (I thank Michael Frayn for that term) with Asiatic loan-words added. Pun-European, rather. 'If one knows many foreign languages well, it is difficult to keep them out of the pun-mixer. Not that any average reader would cavil at 'silvamoon- lake', where 'silva' is not only 'silver' but a Roman wood. But one needs a sliver of Slav to cope with Anna Livia's soothing words to her crying son (almost at the end of Finnegans Wake): 'Muy malinchily malchick! ' This is evidently a sleepy deformation of ,My cold and melancholy male chick' but it is also the Russian 'Mory maiJenki malchik'- 'my little boy'.
How far can word-play legitimately go? The foreign language I . know best is Malay, and were I writing a new Finnegans Wake, I might be tempted to produce a sentence like 'Lanky Suky! Seidlitz! Bear rna stout in! ' One has a dream-sensation of a headachy Negro or Scot calling his wife or servant for a seidlitz powder followed by a bottle of stout, but at the same time the caller is stating that he is now thoroughly settled in Malaya (Langkasuka-the old Indian name for the country; 'seidlitz' pronounced 'settlers'; bermastautin- Malay for a settler). Would Joyce be pleased with that? Probably not with the clumsiness, but he would approve the attempt at widening the linguistic resources available for the punning technique. His aim, as we shall see, is the creation ofa universal myth, to which all cultures and languages are relevant (Chinese would have to be soft-pedalled, though, since it is a tongue incapable of admitting puns). If we do not catch all the references, even on a twentieth reading, that does not matter: the references are there, waiting for when we shall
understand them. Finnegans Wake, like Eliot's The Waste Land, is a terminus for the author-all the trains of his learning end up there- but it is also a starting-point for the reader: catch this slow train for Upanishad country; this express goes to German metaphysics; here is the special for the Book ofKells. We must not attempt to under- stand everything at once: that way madness lies. But Finnegans Wake hides in its word-playa very great amount of world culture, as well as Dublin street-cries, music-hall songs, cowheel, tripe, and best- sellers, and it waits on our becoming as erudite as Joyce himself.
I Plust not, anywhere in this part of my book, give the impression 187
? ? ? ! 'he Man-made MOllnfain
that Finnegans Wake is a humourless monster crammed with learning and merely seasoned with a few puns. It is always funny where it is not touching and inspiring, and it is provocative ofloud laughter just as is Ulysses (Nora Joyce heard that laughter constantly comin~ out of her near-blind hard-working husband's work-in-progress- room). The book has already revivified language for us, so that we all accept 'c\applause', the 'abnihilisation of the etym' (which means, optimistically, the re-creation of meaning out of nothing), 'In the name of the former and of the latter and of their holocaust. Allmen' and a host of other felicities. The play extends beyond mere words and embraces music: A. D. and B. C. -the whole of history- are reduced to a tinkling tune; Shaun, one of Anna Livia's sons, has a GBD pipe in his face or FACE, thus turning himself into a treble stave. A ghastly sequence of world-history ends with a mar- ginal drawing of dry bones and a nose with fingers put to it. The initial of the hero, Earwicker, falls on its back or claws the ground with its three feet. Aona Livia Plurabelle is turned into an ALP. Fancy knows no limits.
A giant disports itself with all learning and all language, a terribly
irreverent giant. But no man writes a book of six hundred and
twenty-eight pages (especially a man with Joyce's lack of sight, wealth and encouragement) for the sake of pure play and sheer irreverence. The technique is in the service ofsomething important, and we must now consider what that something important is. Alice again gives us our first clue. Her two books were all about dreams, and so is Finnegans Wake-or rather it depicts one great dream, the dream which is life ('Ever drifting down the stream-Lingering in the golden gleam-Life,what is it but a dream? ': Lewis Carroll's
epilogue is also an epigraph). In dreams we are released from the limitations of the spatio-temporal world. That world insists on one event following another and on keeping identities distinct, so that A cannot occupy the same bit of time-space as B; nor can A ever become B. But a dream permits Jonathan Swift to be also the Tristram that fell in love with Iseult and, at one and the same time, Parnell. A dream permits one's wife to become confused with one's daughter. In a dream Napoleon can defeat Wellingron, and in the year A. D. II32 at that. Dreams represent, however feebly, the world we all yearn for, a world of infinite plasticity.
To represent a dream convincingly, one needs a plastic language, a language in which two objects or persons can subsist in one and the same word. More than that, one requires a technique for killing the
188
! ime-element ~hat resides in all language. I say, in waking language, My ~orpse Will eventually fertilise the earth and help the crops to grow, and that spatial process loses. Its quality of miracle (from death comes hfe) because of the d! lutlOn caused by the time-bound verb and adverb. Joyce throws the whole structure overboard uses Simple metathesis: 'corpse' becomes 'cropse'. Could anythi~gbe more beautIful or legitimate? At the same time a dream is not to be regarded as primarily a revealer of identities which the space-time world (that world of phenomenon, not ultimate truth) seeks to hide from us. We hve primarily in a waking world, and we cannot be
expected to understand everything that takes place in the world of dream. Hence dream-language must often deliberately conceal things frem us: It must appear to us as strange, almost gibberish-a non- stop babble. which throws up images of the non-time-space-world -only mterffilttently. In reading Fi1tnegans Wake, we are sometimes ~hocked by a sudden appearance of what looks like waking sense, as m some of the. footnotes to the long chapter that seems to satirise scholarly leammg: 'All the world loves a big gleaming jelly'-a fair enough teleV1SlOn commemal slogan; 'Real life behind the flood- 11ghts as shown by the best exponents of a royal divorce. ' It is a rehef to find that dream-logic kills the waking sense: we refer to the words ofthe text which these footnotes seem to gloss and find nothing but nonsense. The word 'brandnewburgher' in the text is defined in the footnotes as 'A viking vernacular expression still used in the Summe:hill distri~: for a jerryhatted man of forty who puts two ~ngers m. to hiS bOllmg soupplate and licks them in turn to find out If there IS enough mushroom catsup in the mutton broth. ' We would hke more word-play there, more of the look of nonsense. We becom~ used to the mad idiom as we become used to the dark- either m sleep or at the cinema-and to blink one's eyes in the light of a sentence capable of orthodox grammatical analysis (even if the total sense has httle to do With the real world) is somewhat painful. L. "t us have more of 'Tomley. The grown man. A butcher szewched him the bloughs and braches. I'm chary to see P. Shuter. '
Joyce, ~owever, in planning his work, did much of it in the light. It IS shocking :0see how much of the early drafts of Work in Progress m. a~es pedestnan sense. Here is the first version of part of the Anna L,VIa Plurabelle chapter, as published in Navire d'Argent, '925:
~e;l me, ~ell me, how could ~he cam through all h~r fellows, the dare- devil. Lmki~g one ~nd knockmg the next and polhng m and petering out and clydmg by in the eastway. Who was the first that ever burst?
189
Big Night Music
? The Man-made Mountain
Big Night Music
Someone it was, whoever you are. Tinker, tailor, soldier, sailor, Paul Pry or polishman. That's the thing I always want to know.
Two years later, in transition, it had become
Ten me, tell me, how could she cam through all her fellows, the neckar she was, the diveline? Linking one and knocking the next, tapping a flank and tipping a jutty and palling in and petering out and clyding by on her eastway. Wai-whou was the first that ever burst? Someone he was, whoever they were, in a tactic attack or in single combat. Tinker, tailor, soldier, sailor, Paul Pryor polishman. That's the thing I always want to know.
The following year it had thickened to
Tell rIle tell me how cam she carolin through all her fellows, the neckar she was the diveli~e? Linking one and knocking the next, tapting a flank and tipting a jutty and palling in and pietaring out and cIyding by on her eastway. Waiwhou was the first thurever burst? Someone he was, whuebra they were, in a tactic attack. or in single c? mbat. ~inker, titar, souldrer,
salor, Pieman Peace or Pohstaman. That s the thmg I always want to know.
In the final version the thickening has gone further and, since Joyce never lived to prepare a revised edition, furthest:
Tell me tell me how cam she camlin through all her fellows, the neckar she was the diveli~e? Casting her perils before our swains from Fonte-in- Monte to Tidingtown ~nd from Tidin~to~ til~avet. Linkin~ OI~e and knocking the next, taptmg a flank and tlptmg a JUt! )' and pallmg m and pietaring out and cIyding by on her eastway. Watwhou was the first thurever burst? Someone he was, whuebra they wete, in a tactic attack or in single combat. Tinker, tilar, souldrer, salor, Pieman Peace or Polistaman. That's the thing I'm elwys on edge to esk.
That final sentence, you will agree, is a great improvement on the
first draft (retained, you will notice, in the next two versions), but I cannot help feeling that Joyce might have been happier if he had been able to revise 'in a tactic attack or in single combat'-painfully naked! - to something like 'in a tackstick tattack or in sinful wombat'.
We accept the language of dream, then, and the author's laying on of thicker and thicker blankets of dark (with holes in to let in a little light), but now we must ask what the dream is about. Life, yes, . but whose life? The answer IS: the hfe of the whole human race-Ill a word history. Stephen Dedalus, like Bloom, was oppressed by that night;"are from which he was trying to awake: is he now submitting to the nightmare, settling down to a long sleep the better to be frightened by it? No, because he has rejected Mr Deasy's vision of history as a long line of events leading to the emergence of God.
Time remains the enemy; history must be spatialised. How? By
seeing it as a circle, a wheel perpetually turning, the same events recurring again and again. In that 'Nestor' episode of Ulysses there is a reference to Vico Road, Dalkey, and it is the Italian historio- grapher, Giovanni Battista Vico (1668-1744), who shows the way to the wheel.
Joyce took to the 'roundheaded Neapolitan', and was particularly interested in the fact that he seemed to have feared thunderstorms, just like himself. 'It is almost unknown to the male Italians I have met', he said. Thunder plays a big part in the scheme of history presented in the Scienza Nuova: it starts off, a terrible voice of God, each of the four segments into which Vico divides his circle-the theocratic age, the aristocratic age, the democratic age, the ricorso or retnrn to the beginning again. It is the thunder which drives men to change their social organisations (they run into shelters, which foster the building of communities, to escape from it). Language is an attempt to present in human vocables the noise which the thunder makes. Thunder-which is only heard, like God, as a noise from the street in Urysses-becomes part ofthe very fabric ofthe sound-stream that is Finnegans Wake.
Joyce did not borrow from Vico's theory consistently. It fired his imagination; he especially liked Vico's insistence on the importance of mythology and etymology in the interpretation of history and his granting to mere events a ? secondary role. But he did not take the cyclical theory as chronologically true: it was rather in the field of the human psyche that the awareness of repetition and retnrn could be best exploited. Joyce's pseudo-Viconian pattern starts off with the cult of the giant, the colossal hero who is too big to be true. When he dies, he can all too easily wake again, but he must be kept asleep so that the truly human ruler can come along-the father- . figure who has a wife and begets sons and daughters. A son will debase the doctrines of the father, leading a so-called people's state which has the elements of decay in it because the ancient laws which make for stability have been ill-remembered or falsely interpreted. There has to be a ricorso-a retnin to the rule of the gigantic hero, and the cycle starts all over again, for ever and ever, allmen. In
Joyce, the thunder is not so much the voice of God as the noise of a fall-the fall of the primal hero, the fall of man-and its dynamic charges the wheel and makes it turn. All history (at least, as it ap- pears in a dream) is the story? of falling and-through the force of that fall which makes the wheel go round-retnrning. Time as we
190 191
:?
? 1
? ? The Man-made Mountain
Big Night Music
the book as Kevin and Jerry, but they sustain major roles throughout the dream mainly as Shem and Shaun).
The dreamer Joyce dreams of a Saturday night in which-between
rumbustious carousal and Sabbath peace-Earwicker is dreaming in
bed, his wife beside him. The five of the family have to act the whole of human history in dream, and this is a difficult task, necessitating a great deal of doubling, trebling and so on to the figure rI. But support is obtainable from the bar-help and the cleaning-woman, and even a picture on the wall-the Archangel Michael quelling Satan-will assist with the mythology. The four corners of the bed
can be Matthew, Mark, Luke and John (fused into Mamalujo), and
a. calendar could originate the seven rainbow girls, the twenty-eight
gIrls who follow Issy, and the ponderous twelve who (like the twelve
contnbutors to Our Exagmination round His Factification for? In- camination of Work in Progress) give judgement in -ation-ending polysyllables. And, of course, these characters can have their origin III some of the pub-customers. Human history, this bed thy centre IS, these walls thy sphere.
Alice is the centre of her dreams, but she originates none of the action: she is the driven, not the driver. Earwicker has to have a deep unconscious motive for re-enacting man's perpetual fall and resur- rection -an in-built guilt which starts history off and keeps the wheel turnmg. T. his g~iltis never far to seek in a man who, himself ageing, has an agemg WIfe and a nubile daughter. He seeks his youth again, he looks for the wife he once courted. An incestuous longing for his daughter is a pathetic attempt to remain loyal to his wife while
indulging the last spurt of desire for a body comely and sweet as cmnamon. This longing is too terrible to be revealed nakedly in dreams: it becomes a sin as vague as Adam's-something that was done in a park, the guilt of it making HCE (the initials are more Important than the name) indulge in Freudian self-defence, usually WIth a stutter. It identifies him with all guilty lovers, from Tristram t~ Parnell, and even with the great god-giant Finnegan, whose pre-
hls;orIC fall stIll has the whole world (Dublin, that is) rumbling. It
IS tIme for us to meet Finnegan. Mter all, this is his wake.
193
know it from the calendars and the history-books has no place here. If we want a perpetual patient current, underlying all the thumping falls and painfur resurrections of man, we had best look for It ~n woman, who carries sin (Eve) but does not herself sm (the V1rgI~ Mary) who is spatial and solid but also fluid, renewed as a nver IS renew~d, and not through the thunderous dynamism. of a fall. As for dates in our dream-history, let these have very lIttle chrono- logical significance. The big year of Finnegans Wake is II32. Falling bodies (we are back with Leopold Bloom) drop at the speed of 32 feet per second per second; I I is the figure of return-we have finished counting on our ten fingers and must start all. over ag~m: 32 is for Adam and Parnell and Humpty Dumpty. II IS. for domg what the king's horses and men could not do, what the Insh people did not wish to do and what Christ alone was able to do. But, m a dream where Chri~tjoins the other dead and resurrected gods, it is left to woman to gather the broken fragments of the eg~ and, 'sunny side up with care' transmit them to the next generatIOn, enablmg old Parhumptyada~-myportmanteau-name, no. tJoyce's-to live on, through met him pike hoses, in the flesh and spmt ~fothers.
Soon we Qlust plunge into thIS dream of hIstory Wlt~ great tea-or- whiskey-or-Guinness-fortified couiage. But a very pertment questIOn now is: who, in Finnegans Wake, dreams the dream? The obvIOUS answer is: Joyce himself, since only Joyce knows all that Joyce knows. Similarly, those briefer summer and wmter dreams are dreamed by Lewis Carroll. But Carroll has Alice as hIS dreamer-wlthm-the- dream while he dreams on the outside. Joyce must have his dreamer, too. N~wFinnegans Wake is ceasing to be merely hist? ry ridden on a cycle'doWll a road of portmanteau-word cobbles; It IS becommg a
novel. bl' .
joyce's hero is a common ~an, lik~ Bloom: He is a pu lc~n In Chapelizod, a suburb of DublIn, a~d hIS name IS Humphrey Chlmp- den Earwicker. This is no very Insh name, and we learn, through the devious mists of dream-language, that Earwicker is in fact a foreiguer, just like Bloom. But he is ~ota Jew: his race is Scandi- navian and his religion Protestant ChrIstIan. He .
thus belongs to the stock of the conquering Teutons-Danes, EnglIsh-w~o tookover Dublin and whom Dublin is likely to resent. Because he IS a forelguer he is turned-by a malevolent xenophobic citizenr! -into all fOreI~n- ers; host of an inn, he is the uneasy guest of a City. He has a w~fe, Anna and three children-Isabel (or Issy, or Izzy) and boy-tWIns whos~ real names are never made clear (they appear at the end of
192
f,
? ? ? 2: Bygmester Finnegan
A LARGE NUMBER OF THE LITERATE, INCLUDING CRITICS AND literary historians, insist on punctuating Joyce's title for him, be- lieving that-through inadvertency or ignorance-he left out an apos- trophe in Finnegans. Their pedantry destroys a pregnant ambiguity. Finnegans Wake fuses two opposed notions-the wake, or funeral feast, of Finnegan; the waking up of all Finnegans. In the very name Finnegan the whole of Vico's ricorso is summed up: we finish (fin, fine, finn) and we start egan or again.
There is, however, a piece of folk-literature called 'Finnegan's Wake', complete with apostrophe-an Irish-American comic song that goes like this:
His friends assembled at his wake. Missus Finnegan called out for lunch:
And first they laid in tay and cake,
Then pipes and tobaccy and whiskey punch.
Miss Biddy Moriarty began to cry:
'Such a purty corpse did yez ever see? Arrah, Tim rnavourneen, an' why did ye die? '
'Hold yer gob,' sez Judy Magee.
Then Peggy O'Connor took up the job.
'Arrah, Biddy,' sez she, eyer wrong, I'm sure. '
But Biddy gave her a belt in the gob
And laid her sprawling on the flure. Each side in war did soon engage;
'Twas woman to woman and man to man;
Shillelah law was all the rage
And a bloody ruction soon began.
Mickey Maloney raised his head,
When a gallon o f whiskey flew at him j
It missed and, falling on the bed, The liquor scattered over Tim.
'Och, he revives! See how he raises! ' And Timothy, jumping up from bed,
Sez, 'Whirl your liquor around like bIazes- Souls to the devil! D'ye think I'm dead? '
. Chorus:
Whack! Hurroo! - now dance t o your partner!
Welt the flure, your trotters shake; Isn't it the truth I've told ye,
Lots of fun at Finnegan's wake?
Joyce, writing one of the most difficult books of all time, at least bases it on very lowly material. He takes his theme of death and resurrection from a vaudeville song and, working out his theme, makes more references to popular art than to the best that has ever been thought and said. This is in conformity with the dream- maker's technique of building his elaborate structures out of shreds and patches (who ever dreamt through even a page of The Critique of Pure Reason I), but it is also the consummation of that fateful cocoa-session in NO. 7 Eccles Street. Joyce has committed himself to the exaltation of the common man, whose timeless saga Finnegans Wake is. Deathless heroes and resurrected gods float through the b? ok to the tunes of street-songs, fourth-form parodies of prayers, b,ts of scandal out of the Sunday papers. Whatever Fmnegans Wake may be, it is not a highbrow book. Or rather its highbrow elements float on the top like tea-leaves: the brew is all.
'95
194
Tim Finnegan lived in Walker Street,
An Irish gintleman, mighty odd.
He'd a bit of a brogue, so neat and sweet,
And to rise in the world, Tim carried a hod.
But Tim had a sort of tippling way: With a love of liquor Tim was born,
And to help him through his work each day,
Took a drop of the creature every morn.
Chorus:
Whack! Hurrool-now dance to your partner! Welt the flure, your trottrers shake;
Isn't it the truth I've told ye,
Lots of fun at Finnegan's wake?
One morning Tim was rather full,
His head felt heavy and it made him shake. He fell from the ladder and broke his skul~
So they carried him home, his corpse to wake. They tied him up in a nice clean sheet,
Aud laid him out upon the bed, Wid a gallon of whiskey at his feet,
And a barrel of porter at his head.
Bygmester Finnegan
? ? ? ? ? The Man-made Mountain
Bygmester Finnegan
The very term 'wake' is a suggestive one to a word-loving artist,
containing as it does the opposed theses ofdeath and life. In essence, Finnegans Wake is all about what happens while Finnegan lies, life suspended, on the bed, the twelve mourners all about him. In the great dream he is, inevitably, transmuted from a mere drunken bricklayer to an archetypal builder of ancient civilisations, whose fall is so loud that it becomes Vico's thunderclap (always easily recog- nisable as a word of exactly one hundred letters), who is identifiable with Ibsen's Masterbuilder (Bygmester in Dano-Norwegian), with the legendary Irish giant Finn MacCool, who was fifteen cubits high, and with Joyce's own mythical hero, HCE. This last identification may seem confusing: after all, Earwicker is supposed to replace Finnegan as a new heroic type-the family man as opposed to the fabulous giant. But we must constantly remember how small our cast is, and Earwicker, as father of the acting troupe, must take all the heavy parts.
Finnegan's fall, acted by HCE, opens the book, but only after Joyce has swiftly presented the story's main themes and symbols (as he presented all the musical subjects of the 'Sirens' episode in
Ulysses before actually striking up his fugue). Let us gulp back all our apprehensions and wade into this opening:
riverrun, past Eve an~ Ad~m's, fro1J0 swer. ve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by a commodlUs VICUS of reclrculatlOD back to Howth Castle and
Environs.
Sir Tristram, violer d'amores, fr'over the short sea, had passencore
rearrived from North Armorica on this side the scraggy isthmus of Europe Minor to wielderfight his-penisolate war: nor had topsawyer's rocks by the stream Oconee exaggerated themse1se to Lau~ens County's. gorgios while they went doublin their mumper all the t1~e: nor aVOlce from afi. re bellowsed mishe mishe to tauftauf thuartpeatnck: nor yet, though vems- soon after had a kidscad buttended a bland old isaac: not yet, though all's fair in va~essy were sosie sesthers wroth with twone nathandjoe. Rot a peck of pa's m~lt had Jhem or Shen brewed by arclight and rory end to
the regginbrow was to be seen ringsome on ttIe aquaface.
Difficult? Oh yes, difficult. But a certain difficulty is the small price
we must pay for excitement, richness, originality. And we must learn
to smile rather than frown: this is the world of 'Jabberwocky'. But
the dream is not Alice's. We are dreaming a mature dream, remem-
bering the past of mankind and the primal guilt that histoty hides but reveals. Yet the dream is a joke, as life itself may be.
That first sentence is the only one of the whole book that begins without a capital letter. Joyce tells us why in the word 'vicus' (Latin
196
for Vico) and also in 'recirculation'. We are not beginning; we are resuming. History ~s a circle, as Vico taught, and we have entered it in the middle of a sentence. If we want the start of that sentence, we have to look at the last line of the book, where we find 'A way a lone a last a loved a long the'-no full stop. Ideally, then, having finished the book we have to turn back again to the first page and ride with the cycle once more. Time may have a stop but history's wheel is in perpetual motion.
Joyce sets his book in Dublin. 'Eve and Adam's' refers primarily to Adam and Eve's Church, but it also implies the mythical begin- ning of human life: we are in the giant age of fable. The running river is the Liffey-Anna Livia-but also, as we shall learn, eternal woman. 'Howth Castle and Environs' is the first sounding of the HCE chord, one which, in many transformations, will hold us down to our hero throughout the book. The castle on Howth Head was built by a Sir Almeric Tristram (not the Tristram of the Arthurian legend, though we must accept a dream-identification of the two): it stands, as Finn MacCool stood, on the headland, vainly resisting invasion. HCE is both fortification and invader (as the true Dubliner is both Celt and Teuton).
Then we meet our double Tristram, though here in the aspect of guilty love. 'Violer d'amores' means both the musical instrument called the viola d'amore (suggesting minstrelsy and ideal love) and the violation of love and trust: Tristram came to Ireland to take Iseult to Cornwall, a bride for his uncle King Mark, but fell in love with her himself: we have been given two guilt-myths already in four lines-Adam and Tristram, both of whom fell through sin. 'Fr'over' is an archaic form of 'from over', but it suggests 'rover'. 'Passencore' starts off like 'passenger', though its main meaning (the French pas encore) is 'not yet'. 'Rearrived' means what it says: these events, like all the events of history, recur perpetually. 'Armorica' is Brittany but also America: the old world and the new subsist side by side in Joyce's mythology, and, by the stream Oconee in Laurens County, Georgia, there stands (check this with any gazetteer) another city of Dublin. As the Viconian cycle turns and turns, showing the essential impulses of history to be always the same, so any new world must re-enact the history of the old. Indeed, the new world is the old, Lawrence's County being the old Dublin by virtue of the name of its bishop-Lawrence O'Toole-at the time of the English invasion of Henry II, as also the name-change to Lawrence that Tristram (castle-builder, not lover of Iseult) effected when he
'97
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settled in Dublin. 'Topsawyer' refers us to 'Mark Twain-a second
King Mark, famous in the new world? as well as to To? , Saw;:er and Huckleberry Finn (a brotherly pm). Note Joyc~s spellmg of 'Georgia' as 'gorgios'- 'gorges', yes, as also the gtpsy word f~r 'young' (a young Dublin built across the seas), but also the author s own son Giorgio (though noW he calls hImself George). Joyce can never keep his family out, and why should he? World h,story IS family history, dreamt in a bedroom. Did he not first meet Nora Barnacle when she was a chambermaid in Finn's Hotel? Is not HCE
a sort ofJohn Joyce, roaring father? Are not Shem and ~haun(Jam~s
and John) really the two antithetical brothers James ( Sunny JIm)
and Stanislaus ('Brother John') Joyce? .
Anyway, in 'doublin their mumpe~all the time' we. rec~gn~sethe spirit of growth, the perpetual bmldmg of new Dublms. Wlelder- fight' is wielding a weapon in battle but also fightmg agam and agam (German wieder as in AufWiedersehn). What kmd of fightmg? The 'penisolate' war can be one fought with the pems(the vIgorously randy Shaun-type brother) or with the pen in isolatlOn (that wIll do for Shem, the solitary artist); also it can refer to the Penmsular War
and the opposition of Wellington (Irish general) to Napoleon (foreigner, would-be invader, a kind of HCE). But let us not forget that we are dealing with early history: 'avoice from afire bellow~ed mishe mishe to tauftauf thuartpeatrick'. That voice IS God's saymg 'I am' twice in old Erse-it is also 5t Bridget's saying 'I am . a Christian" St Patrick is Ireland herself, the peat-rick; St Germam- cus, St P;trick's tutor, appropriately say~ 'Baptis~ baptise' (,tauf- tauf') in German. Soon we are led to the BIble. A kidscad buttended a bland old isaac. ' We should now be learmng the trIck of expandmg
such dream-compression into straight narrative. Jacob ~whose name' suggests James, or Shem) showed ~rtist's cunmng m dis- guising himself, the cadet but also cad, as hIS elder brother Esa,: by means of a kidskin thus dupmg h,S bland-bhnd old father Isaac mto giving him his ble;sing. (Here too, if we want ~im,we can ~nd,Isa~c Butt, whom Parnell trickily ousted from the IrIsh leadershIp. ) Sosle sesthers wroth' near-disguises Susannah, Esther and Ruth-all loved
by older men, as HCE loves Issy-but also brings i~ a :efere~ce to Swift's love for Stella and Vanessa (heralded by vemssoon, de- veloped further in 'all's fair i,: va~essy'). ,HCE is S. wift, fath~r-type desiring daughter-type, earnmg wroth: SWIft hlmsdf IS twone nathandjoe'-Nathan and Joseph (unYleldmg to sexual Importunltles of an unlawful kind) in one, anagrammatlsed Jonathan. We end WIth
198
Bygmester Finnegan
Shem and Shaun, the eternal brothers whom we shall meet in extenso later, now become a trio-Jhem and Shen: Shem, Ham and Japhet-superseding their father Noah, brewing under God's covenant-the 'regginbrow' or rainbow. The Teutonic motif, appro- prIate to the Scandinavian invader HCE, is there-Regenbogen-as also in 'ringsome' -circlewise, the cycle of God's promise, matching the cycle of his thunder.
The compression is extreme in these opening paragtaphs, but we
would be wrong to unravel everything at once. The deeper references
are there if we want them, but the general theme of the book floats, in something like sunlight, on the surface of the 'aquaface'. We are concerned with the cycle of history-the things that have both hap- pened and not yet happened -and with a Dublin that is everyplace. In this Dublin, the one in America as the one in Ireland, there is a father who is eternal rock with a castle on it, driven to a guilty fall by unlawful love of a younger woman, a girl, a daughter. In him there are two opposing elements, his sons. As the duality of God the Father and God the Son calls into being a third element to make a trinity, so these two sons can appear as a trio. Woman appears in two aspects-mother Eve and daughter Iseultor Stella or Vanessa or Ruth or Susannah or Esther (Stella's real name was Esther Johnson; Vanessa's real name was Esther Vanhomrigh-watch out for this latter surname, too). The two aspects are fused in the image of a river which, old with the accumulations of the life of a city, dies by mingling itself with the sea; clouds from the sea move in to the river's source, so that death is a kind of renewal of life: the fall of the rain is woman's fall, life-giving. As for man's fall, Finnegan's fall, that thunder brings no rain.
As time means nothing in Joyce's universal Dublin-centred chronicle, we must not be puzzled if, in the account of Finnegan's fall that now follows, we anticipate a great deal of the story of HCE. The fall itself is all falls, and its thunder sounds in many languages. It is mythical (Finnegan has a 'humptyhillhead') and it is yesterday ('wallstrait' echoes a financial crash in the thirties). What caused the fall we cannot exactly say, but drink brought Tim Finnegan low in the song, and Joyce's Finnegan is a sort of wine-god: 'Comeday morffi and, 0, you're vine! Sendday's eve and, ah, you're vinegar! ' A sexual sin is imposed on him by HCE himself ('Haroun Childeric Eggeberth') ana he has HCE's own guilty stutter ('Bygmester Finnegan, of the Stuttering Hand' . . . 'oftwhile balbulous' -and it was Balbus, whose name means 'Stutterer', who was always building
199
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a wall). The fall takes place prehistorically, but also at the time when the Pope, the Englishman Nicholas Breakspear,. granted the,rule of I r e l a n d t o H e n r y I I . H e n c e F i n n e g a n ' s b m l d m g h a s larro~s o'toolers clittering up and tombles a'buckets clottenng down- Lawrence O'Toole, a rising prelate; Thomas it Becket, a falhng one.
Dead Finnegan, really sleeping Finnegan, is mourned by twelve citizens but the feast is to be no mere matter of fish and ale and bread, {hough these are spread on the table: it is the flesh of the god himself that is to be sacramentally devoured. But, before thIS can happen, we are made to see the body of Finnegan as part of the Irish landscape. He is the giant Finn MacCool asleep. H,s he~d IS the Hill of Howth his feet are near Earwicker's pub at Chapehzod (or Iseult's chapel). His fall, we hear, hastaken ~lacein Dublin's Phoenix Park-a sort of Eden whc;:re a notOrIOUS pohtH::al murder was to herald Ireland's phoenix-resurrection. But this same park saw the fall of HCE whose vaaue sin involved two girls (his wife and daugh-
ter in disguise) and w:s witnessed by thr~esoldiers ,(his t~osons as a Ham-Shem-Japhet trio). But the mentIOn of sold,ers bnngs usto the theme of conflict. The bloody ructions that were to wake TIm Finnegan are swollen into a panorama of war in general. We go to the Wellington Memorial in Phoenix Park and are shown round It by an old woman (the eternal ageing wife who preserves fragments from the past as she gathers the smashed bits of the body of her dead lord, Humpty Dumpty, for transmission to the future). The Insh- man 'Willingdone', the battle of Waterloo, a couple? f c~valrymares who turn into female camp-followers and the two gIrlS m the park- these symbolise the conflict in HCE's sinning soul, but they also suggest how wafS are merely a vast projection of :amtlv confh~t.
The father aware of his failing sexual powers, WIll want to kill
younger m~n' the younger men -quarrel between themselves. We are brought b~ckto HCE's bedroom with the sound 'Tip'-a branch tapping on the window. History is here an~ now:
We leave the museum and, in the open alr ag. am, see . how the ? ld woman, eternal widow, has been transformed mto a blrd, peckmg up fragments of the past (and particularly of the smashed body of the dead hero) to feed us in the future:
How bootifull and how truetowife of her, when streng~y forebidden, to steal our historic presents from the past postprophetlca~s so as to will make us all lardy heirs and ladymaidesses of a pretty nIce kettle of
huit.
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Bygmester FinneglUl
But we are concerned with Dublin-'Dyoublong? ' (Yes, we do. This is everybody's eternal city. ) 'Hush! Caution! Echoland! ' (There he is again - HCE. ) What we need is a guidebook, and we find one written by 'Mammon Lujius'- Mamalujo- Matthew, Mark, Luke andJohn, chroniclers of the past, four bedposts who look inward to the sleep of history, not outward to the emergent future. 'Four things . . . ne'er saIl fail', they say, 'til heathersmoke and cloudweed Eire's ile sail pall. ' These four things are a humped old man (Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker); 'a shce on a puir old wobban' (Anna Livia Plurabelle, ALP, river, ageing wife), 'an auburn mayde, o'brine a'bride, to be desarted' (their daughter) and 'a penn no weightier nor a polepost' (the two sons-Shem with his pen and Shaun, who can write no word oftruth but can at least, like a postman, deliver it). These four eternals (Shem and Shaun are one, twin yolks of the father-egg) are then seen emerging at various phases of mock-
history: A. D. I I 3 2 produced the father; A. D. 566 the mother (a
woman is half a man). There is a pause, and then history goes round,
only backwards (history is only a wheel): A. D. 566 brought the daughter and A. D. I I32 the two sons Primas and Caddy-the man of action ('Primas was a santryman and drilled all decent people') and the poet ('Caddy went to Winehouse and wrote 0 peace a farce').
We look up from the book at the land again, and here is prehistoric Dublin. The two brothers seem to merge into a pair of comic primi- tive men, one the native Celt Mutt and the other the Scandinavian invader Jute. It is evident that there is a good deal of stuttering HCE in the latter: 'What a hauhauhauhaudibble thing, to be cause! ' But some play is made with the word 'hesitancy', and we recognise a reference to those forged letters with which Piggot tried to incrimi- nate Parnell (Piggot spelled the above word as 'hesitency' and thus trapped himself). 'Hasateney? ' says Mutt and also, to remind us of one of Parnell's reincarnations, 'hence, cool at ebb' (HCE). Jute, though, says 'Hasitancy'. Even in Ireland's prehistory the seeds of Ireland's later sorrows (the invader, the betrayal of the redeemer)
are being sown.
But there is another theme of treachery to be stated and developed. Joyce takes the historical character of Grace O'Malley who called at Howth Castle for a night's lodging and, because the family was at dinner, was refused entrance. In revenge she kidnapped the son of the Earl of Howth and kept him until the Earl promised never again to close the doors of the castle at mealtimes. Joyce makes the Earl
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into a Scandinavian-'Jarl van Hoother', a sort of HCE-and gives him two sons, Tristopher and Hilary, who are shown 'kickaheeling their dummy on the oil cloth flure of his homerigh, castle and earthenhouse' (HCE, also the father of Swift's Vanessa). The dum- my seems to be their sister, forbidden fruit the dream keeps shape- less and anonymous, especially as ('Dare!
Humptydump Dublin squeaks through his norse, Humptydump Dublin hath a horrible vorse
And with all his kinks english
Plus his irismanx brogues
Humptydump Dublin's grandada of all rogues.
It was in an honoured English tradition-puns, portmanteau-words, teasing mystifications-but there were times when it seemed to go too far. How about all those names of rivers flashing like fish through the prose of babbling, bubbling, deloothering, giddygaddy, granny- rna, gossipaceous Anna Livia, water and woman?
Tell me the trent of it while I'm lathering hail out of Denis Florence MacCarthy's combies.
Is there irwell a lord of the manor or a knight of the shire at strike . . . ? . . . tapting a flank and tipting a jutty and palling in ana pietaring out
and clyding by on her eas! way.
Not where the Finn fits into the Mourne, not where the Nare takes lieve afBloem, not where the Braye divarts the Farer, nat where the May changez her minds twixt Cullin and Conn tween Cunn and Collin?
Moreover, the portmanteau-words of 'Jabberwocky' play fair. Forms like 'brillig' and 'slithy' resolve themselves into simple
,86
English, but Joyce knows more languages than Alice (whose dream- poem, after all, 'Jabberwocky' really is) and his puns and portman- teaux seem to be the thin end of a wedge that, driven into English, will cause it to crack, collapse, and be capable of being put together again only under the auspices of UNO. Joyce's language is a weird sort of pan-European, Eurish (I thank Michael Frayn for that term) with Asiatic loan-words added. Pun-European, rather. 'If one knows many foreign languages well, it is difficult to keep them out of the pun-mixer. Not that any average reader would cavil at 'silvamoon- lake', where 'silva' is not only 'silver' but a Roman wood. But one needs a sliver of Slav to cope with Anna Livia's soothing words to her crying son (almost at the end of Finnegans Wake): 'Muy malinchily malchick! ' This is evidently a sleepy deformation of ,My cold and melancholy male chick' but it is also the Russian 'Mory maiJenki malchik'- 'my little boy'.
How far can word-play legitimately go? The foreign language I . know best is Malay, and were I writing a new Finnegans Wake, I might be tempted to produce a sentence like 'Lanky Suky! Seidlitz! Bear rna stout in! ' One has a dream-sensation of a headachy Negro or Scot calling his wife or servant for a seidlitz powder followed by a bottle of stout, but at the same time the caller is stating that he is now thoroughly settled in Malaya (Langkasuka-the old Indian name for the country; 'seidlitz' pronounced 'settlers'; bermastautin- Malay for a settler). Would Joyce be pleased with that? Probably not with the clumsiness, but he would approve the attempt at widening the linguistic resources available for the punning technique. His aim, as we shall see, is the creation ofa universal myth, to which all cultures and languages are relevant (Chinese would have to be soft-pedalled, though, since it is a tongue incapable of admitting puns). If we do not catch all the references, even on a twentieth reading, that does not matter: the references are there, waiting for when we shall
understand them. Finnegans Wake, like Eliot's The Waste Land, is a terminus for the author-all the trains of his learning end up there- but it is also a starting-point for the reader: catch this slow train for Upanishad country; this express goes to German metaphysics; here is the special for the Book ofKells. We must not attempt to under- stand everything at once: that way madness lies. But Finnegans Wake hides in its word-playa very great amount of world culture, as well as Dublin street-cries, music-hall songs, cowheel, tripe, and best- sellers, and it waits on our becoming as erudite as Joyce himself.
I Plust not, anywhere in this part of my book, give the impression 187
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that Finnegans Wake is a humourless monster crammed with learning and merely seasoned with a few puns. It is always funny where it is not touching and inspiring, and it is provocative ofloud laughter just as is Ulysses (Nora Joyce heard that laughter constantly comin~ out of her near-blind hard-working husband's work-in-progress- room). The book has already revivified language for us, so that we all accept 'c\applause', the 'abnihilisation of the etym' (which means, optimistically, the re-creation of meaning out of nothing), 'In the name of the former and of the latter and of their holocaust. Allmen' and a host of other felicities. The play extends beyond mere words and embraces music: A. D. and B. C. -the whole of history- are reduced to a tinkling tune; Shaun, one of Anna Livia's sons, has a GBD pipe in his face or FACE, thus turning himself into a treble stave. A ghastly sequence of world-history ends with a mar- ginal drawing of dry bones and a nose with fingers put to it. The initial of the hero, Earwicker, falls on its back or claws the ground with its three feet. Aona Livia Plurabelle is turned into an ALP. Fancy knows no limits.
A giant disports itself with all learning and all language, a terribly
irreverent giant. But no man writes a book of six hundred and
twenty-eight pages (especially a man with Joyce's lack of sight, wealth and encouragement) for the sake of pure play and sheer irreverence. The technique is in the service ofsomething important, and we must now consider what that something important is. Alice again gives us our first clue. Her two books were all about dreams, and so is Finnegans Wake-or rather it depicts one great dream, the dream which is life ('Ever drifting down the stream-Lingering in the golden gleam-Life,what is it but a dream? ': Lewis Carroll's
epilogue is also an epigraph). In dreams we are released from the limitations of the spatio-temporal world. That world insists on one event following another and on keeping identities distinct, so that A cannot occupy the same bit of time-space as B; nor can A ever become B. But a dream permits Jonathan Swift to be also the Tristram that fell in love with Iseult and, at one and the same time, Parnell. A dream permits one's wife to become confused with one's daughter. In a dream Napoleon can defeat Wellingron, and in the year A. D. II32 at that. Dreams represent, however feebly, the world we all yearn for, a world of infinite plasticity.
To represent a dream convincingly, one needs a plastic language, a language in which two objects or persons can subsist in one and the same word. More than that, one requires a technique for killing the
188
! ime-element ~hat resides in all language. I say, in waking language, My ~orpse Will eventually fertilise the earth and help the crops to grow, and that spatial process loses. Its quality of miracle (from death comes hfe) because of the d! lutlOn caused by the time-bound verb and adverb. Joyce throws the whole structure overboard uses Simple metathesis: 'corpse' becomes 'cropse'. Could anythi~gbe more beautIful or legitimate? At the same time a dream is not to be regarded as primarily a revealer of identities which the space-time world (that world of phenomenon, not ultimate truth) seeks to hide from us. We hve primarily in a waking world, and we cannot be
expected to understand everything that takes place in the world of dream. Hence dream-language must often deliberately conceal things frem us: It must appear to us as strange, almost gibberish-a non- stop babble. which throws up images of the non-time-space-world -only mterffilttently. In reading Fi1tnegans Wake, we are sometimes ~hocked by a sudden appearance of what looks like waking sense, as m some of the. footnotes to the long chapter that seems to satirise scholarly leammg: 'All the world loves a big gleaming jelly'-a fair enough teleV1SlOn commemal slogan; 'Real life behind the flood- 11ghts as shown by the best exponents of a royal divorce. ' It is a rehef to find that dream-logic kills the waking sense: we refer to the words ofthe text which these footnotes seem to gloss and find nothing but nonsense. The word 'brandnewburgher' in the text is defined in the footnotes as 'A viking vernacular expression still used in the Summe:hill distri~: for a jerryhatted man of forty who puts two ~ngers m. to hiS bOllmg soupplate and licks them in turn to find out If there IS enough mushroom catsup in the mutton broth. ' We would hke more word-play there, more of the look of nonsense. We becom~ used to the mad idiom as we become used to the dark- either m sleep or at the cinema-and to blink one's eyes in the light of a sentence capable of orthodox grammatical analysis (even if the total sense has httle to do With the real world) is somewhat painful. L. "t us have more of 'Tomley. The grown man. A butcher szewched him the bloughs and braches. I'm chary to see P. Shuter. '
Joyce, ~owever, in planning his work, did much of it in the light. It IS shocking :0see how much of the early drafts of Work in Progress m. a~es pedestnan sense. Here is the first version of part of the Anna L,VIa Plurabelle chapter, as published in Navire d'Argent, '925:
~e;l me, ~ell me, how could ~he cam through all h~r fellows, the dare- devil. Lmki~g one ~nd knockmg the next and polhng m and petering out and clydmg by in the eastway. Who was the first that ever burst?
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Big Night Music
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Big Night Music
Someone it was, whoever you are. Tinker, tailor, soldier, sailor, Paul Pry or polishman. That's the thing I always want to know.
Two years later, in transition, it had become
Ten me, tell me, how could she cam through all her fellows, the neckar she was, the diveline? Linking one and knocking the next, tapping a flank and tipping a jutty and palling in and petering out and clyding by on her eastway. Wai-whou was the first that ever burst? Someone he was, whoever they were, in a tactic attack or in single combat. Tinker, tailor, soldier, sailor, Paul Pryor polishman. That's the thing I always want to know.
The following year it had thickened to
Tell rIle tell me how cam she carolin through all her fellows, the neckar she was the diveli~e? Linking one and knocking the next, tapting a flank and tipting a jutty and palling in and pietaring out and cIyding by on her eastway. Waiwhou was the first thurever burst? Someone he was, whuebra they were, in a tactic attack. or in single c? mbat. ~inker, titar, souldrer,
salor, Pieman Peace or Pohstaman. That s the thmg I always want to know.
In the final version the thickening has gone further and, since Joyce never lived to prepare a revised edition, furthest:
Tell me tell me how cam she camlin through all her fellows, the neckar she was the diveli~e? Casting her perils before our swains from Fonte-in- Monte to Tidingtown ~nd from Tidin~to~ til~avet. Linkin~ OI~e and knocking the next, taptmg a flank and tlptmg a JUt! )' and pallmg m and pietaring out and cIyding by on her eastway. Watwhou was the first thurever burst? Someone he was, whuebra they wete, in a tactic attack or in single combat. Tinker, tilar, souldrer, salor, Pieman Peace or Polistaman. That's the thing I'm elwys on edge to esk.
That final sentence, you will agree, is a great improvement on the
first draft (retained, you will notice, in the next two versions), but I cannot help feeling that Joyce might have been happier if he had been able to revise 'in a tactic attack or in single combat'-painfully naked! - to something like 'in a tackstick tattack or in sinful wombat'.
We accept the language of dream, then, and the author's laying on of thicker and thicker blankets of dark (with holes in to let in a little light), but now we must ask what the dream is about. Life, yes, . but whose life? The answer IS: the hfe of the whole human race-Ill a word history. Stephen Dedalus, like Bloom, was oppressed by that night;"are from which he was trying to awake: is he now submitting to the nightmare, settling down to a long sleep the better to be frightened by it? No, because he has rejected Mr Deasy's vision of history as a long line of events leading to the emergence of God.
Time remains the enemy; history must be spatialised. How? By
seeing it as a circle, a wheel perpetually turning, the same events recurring again and again. In that 'Nestor' episode of Ulysses there is a reference to Vico Road, Dalkey, and it is the Italian historio- grapher, Giovanni Battista Vico (1668-1744), who shows the way to the wheel.
Joyce took to the 'roundheaded Neapolitan', and was particularly interested in the fact that he seemed to have feared thunderstorms, just like himself. 'It is almost unknown to the male Italians I have met', he said. Thunder plays a big part in the scheme of history presented in the Scienza Nuova: it starts off, a terrible voice of God, each of the four segments into which Vico divides his circle-the theocratic age, the aristocratic age, the democratic age, the ricorso or retnrn to the beginning again. It is the thunder which drives men to change their social organisations (they run into shelters, which foster the building of communities, to escape from it). Language is an attempt to present in human vocables the noise which the thunder makes. Thunder-which is only heard, like God, as a noise from the street in Urysses-becomes part ofthe very fabric ofthe sound-stream that is Finnegans Wake.
Joyce did not borrow from Vico's theory consistently. It fired his imagination; he especially liked Vico's insistence on the importance of mythology and etymology in the interpretation of history and his granting to mere events a ? secondary role. But he did not take the cyclical theory as chronologically true: it was rather in the field of the human psyche that the awareness of repetition and retnrn could be best exploited. Joyce's pseudo-Viconian pattern starts off with the cult of the giant, the colossal hero who is too big to be true. When he dies, he can all too easily wake again, but he must be kept asleep so that the truly human ruler can come along-the father- . figure who has a wife and begets sons and daughters. A son will debase the doctrines of the father, leading a so-called people's state which has the elements of decay in it because the ancient laws which make for stability have been ill-remembered or falsely interpreted. There has to be a ricorso-a retnin to the rule of the gigantic hero, and the cycle starts all over again, for ever and ever, allmen. In
Joyce, the thunder is not so much the voice of God as the noise of a fall-the fall of the primal hero, the fall of man-and its dynamic charges the wheel and makes it turn. All history (at least, as it ap- pears in a dream) is the story? of falling and-through the force of that fall which makes the wheel go round-retnrning. Time as we
190 191
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Big Night Music
the book as Kevin and Jerry, but they sustain major roles throughout the dream mainly as Shem and Shaun).
The dreamer Joyce dreams of a Saturday night in which-between
rumbustious carousal and Sabbath peace-Earwicker is dreaming in
bed, his wife beside him. The five of the family have to act the whole of human history in dream, and this is a difficult task, necessitating a great deal of doubling, trebling and so on to the figure rI. But support is obtainable from the bar-help and the cleaning-woman, and even a picture on the wall-the Archangel Michael quelling Satan-will assist with the mythology. The four corners of the bed
can be Matthew, Mark, Luke and John (fused into Mamalujo), and
a. calendar could originate the seven rainbow girls, the twenty-eight
gIrls who follow Issy, and the ponderous twelve who (like the twelve
contnbutors to Our Exagmination round His Factification for? In- camination of Work in Progress) give judgement in -ation-ending polysyllables. And, of course, these characters can have their origin III some of the pub-customers. Human history, this bed thy centre IS, these walls thy sphere.
Alice is the centre of her dreams, but she originates none of the action: she is the driven, not the driver. Earwicker has to have a deep unconscious motive for re-enacting man's perpetual fall and resur- rection -an in-built guilt which starts history off and keeps the wheel turnmg. T. his g~iltis never far to seek in a man who, himself ageing, has an agemg WIfe and a nubile daughter. He seeks his youth again, he looks for the wife he once courted. An incestuous longing for his daughter is a pathetic attempt to remain loyal to his wife while
indulging the last spurt of desire for a body comely and sweet as cmnamon. This longing is too terrible to be revealed nakedly in dreams: it becomes a sin as vague as Adam's-something that was done in a park, the guilt of it making HCE (the initials are more Important than the name) indulge in Freudian self-defence, usually WIth a stutter. It identifies him with all guilty lovers, from Tristram t~ Parnell, and even with the great god-giant Finnegan, whose pre-
hls;orIC fall stIll has the whole world (Dublin, that is) rumbling. It
IS tIme for us to meet Finnegan. Mter all, this is his wake.
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know it from the calendars and the history-books has no place here. If we want a perpetual patient current, underlying all the thumping falls and painfur resurrections of man, we had best look for It ~n woman, who carries sin (Eve) but does not herself sm (the V1rgI~ Mary) who is spatial and solid but also fluid, renewed as a nver IS renew~d, and not through the thunderous dynamism. of a fall. As for dates in our dream-history, let these have very lIttle chrono- logical significance. The big year of Finnegans Wake is II32. Falling bodies (we are back with Leopold Bloom) drop at the speed of 32 feet per second per second; I I is the figure of return-we have finished counting on our ten fingers and must start all. over ag~m: 32 is for Adam and Parnell and Humpty Dumpty. II IS. for domg what the king's horses and men could not do, what the Insh people did not wish to do and what Christ alone was able to do. But, m a dream where Chri~tjoins the other dead and resurrected gods, it is left to woman to gather the broken fragments of the eg~ and, 'sunny side up with care' transmit them to the next generatIOn, enablmg old Parhumptyada~-myportmanteau-name, no. tJoyce's-to live on, through met him pike hoses, in the flesh and spmt ~fothers.
Soon we Qlust plunge into thIS dream of hIstory Wlt~ great tea-or- whiskey-or-Guinness-fortified couiage. But a very pertment questIOn now is: who, in Finnegans Wake, dreams the dream? The obvIOUS answer is: Joyce himself, since only Joyce knows all that Joyce knows. Similarly, those briefer summer and wmter dreams are dreamed by Lewis Carroll. But Carroll has Alice as hIS dreamer-wlthm-the- dream while he dreams on the outside. Joyce must have his dreamer, too. N~wFinnegans Wake is ceasing to be merely hist? ry ridden on a cycle'doWll a road of portmanteau-word cobbles; It IS becommg a
novel. bl' .
joyce's hero is a common ~an, lik~ Bloom: He is a pu lc~n In Chapelizod, a suburb of DublIn, a~d hIS name IS Humphrey Chlmp- den Earwicker. This is no very Insh name, and we learn, through the devious mists of dream-language, that Earwicker is in fact a foreiguer, just like Bloom. But he is ~ota Jew: his race is Scandi- navian and his religion Protestant ChrIstIan. He .
thus belongs to the stock of the conquering Teutons-Danes, EnglIsh-w~o tookover Dublin and whom Dublin is likely to resent. Because he IS a forelguer he is turned-by a malevolent xenophobic citizenr! -into all fOreI~n- ers; host of an inn, he is the uneasy guest of a City. He has a w~fe, Anna and three children-Isabel (or Issy, or Izzy) and boy-tWIns whos~ real names are never made clear (they appear at the end of
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f,
? ? ? 2: Bygmester Finnegan
A LARGE NUMBER OF THE LITERATE, INCLUDING CRITICS AND literary historians, insist on punctuating Joyce's title for him, be- lieving that-through inadvertency or ignorance-he left out an apos- trophe in Finnegans. Their pedantry destroys a pregnant ambiguity. Finnegans Wake fuses two opposed notions-the wake, or funeral feast, of Finnegan; the waking up of all Finnegans. In the very name Finnegan the whole of Vico's ricorso is summed up: we finish (fin, fine, finn) and we start egan or again.
There is, however, a piece of folk-literature called 'Finnegan's Wake', complete with apostrophe-an Irish-American comic song that goes like this:
His friends assembled at his wake. Missus Finnegan called out for lunch:
And first they laid in tay and cake,
Then pipes and tobaccy and whiskey punch.
Miss Biddy Moriarty began to cry:
'Such a purty corpse did yez ever see? Arrah, Tim rnavourneen, an' why did ye die? '
'Hold yer gob,' sez Judy Magee.
Then Peggy O'Connor took up the job.
'Arrah, Biddy,' sez she, eyer wrong, I'm sure. '
But Biddy gave her a belt in the gob
And laid her sprawling on the flure. Each side in war did soon engage;
'Twas woman to woman and man to man;
Shillelah law was all the rage
And a bloody ruction soon began.
Mickey Maloney raised his head,
When a gallon o f whiskey flew at him j
It missed and, falling on the bed, The liquor scattered over Tim.
'Och, he revives! See how he raises! ' And Timothy, jumping up from bed,
Sez, 'Whirl your liquor around like bIazes- Souls to the devil! D'ye think I'm dead? '
. Chorus:
Whack! Hurroo! - now dance t o your partner!
Welt the flure, your trotters shake; Isn't it the truth I've told ye,
Lots of fun at Finnegan's wake?
Joyce, writing one of the most difficult books of all time, at least bases it on very lowly material. He takes his theme of death and resurrection from a vaudeville song and, working out his theme, makes more references to popular art than to the best that has ever been thought and said. This is in conformity with the dream- maker's technique of building his elaborate structures out of shreds and patches (who ever dreamt through even a page of The Critique of Pure Reason I), but it is also the consummation of that fateful cocoa-session in NO. 7 Eccles Street. Joyce has committed himself to the exaltation of the common man, whose timeless saga Finnegans Wake is. Deathless heroes and resurrected gods float through the b? ok to the tunes of street-songs, fourth-form parodies of prayers, b,ts of scandal out of the Sunday papers. Whatever Fmnegans Wake may be, it is not a highbrow book. Or rather its highbrow elements float on the top like tea-leaves: the brew is all.
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Tim Finnegan lived in Walker Street,
An Irish gintleman, mighty odd.
He'd a bit of a brogue, so neat and sweet,
And to rise in the world, Tim carried a hod.
But Tim had a sort of tippling way: With a love of liquor Tim was born,
And to help him through his work each day,
Took a drop of the creature every morn.
Chorus:
Whack! Hurrool-now dance to your partner! Welt the flure, your trottrers shake;
Isn't it the truth I've told ye,
Lots of fun at Finnegan's wake?
One morning Tim was rather full,
His head felt heavy and it made him shake. He fell from the ladder and broke his skul~
So they carried him home, his corpse to wake. They tied him up in a nice clean sheet,
Aud laid him out upon the bed, Wid a gallon of whiskey at his feet,
And a barrel of porter at his head.
Bygmester Finnegan
? ? ? ? ? The Man-made Mountain
Bygmester Finnegan
The very term 'wake' is a suggestive one to a word-loving artist,
containing as it does the opposed theses ofdeath and life. In essence, Finnegans Wake is all about what happens while Finnegan lies, life suspended, on the bed, the twelve mourners all about him. In the great dream he is, inevitably, transmuted from a mere drunken bricklayer to an archetypal builder of ancient civilisations, whose fall is so loud that it becomes Vico's thunderclap (always easily recog- nisable as a word of exactly one hundred letters), who is identifiable with Ibsen's Masterbuilder (Bygmester in Dano-Norwegian), with the legendary Irish giant Finn MacCool, who was fifteen cubits high, and with Joyce's own mythical hero, HCE. This last identification may seem confusing: after all, Earwicker is supposed to replace Finnegan as a new heroic type-the family man as opposed to the fabulous giant. But we must constantly remember how small our cast is, and Earwicker, as father of the acting troupe, must take all the heavy parts.
Finnegan's fall, acted by HCE, opens the book, but only after Joyce has swiftly presented the story's main themes and symbols (as he presented all the musical subjects of the 'Sirens' episode in
Ulysses before actually striking up his fugue). Let us gulp back all our apprehensions and wade into this opening:
riverrun, past Eve an~ Ad~m's, fro1J0 swer. ve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by a commodlUs VICUS of reclrculatlOD back to Howth Castle and
Environs.
Sir Tristram, violer d'amores, fr'over the short sea, had passencore
rearrived from North Armorica on this side the scraggy isthmus of Europe Minor to wielderfight his-penisolate war: nor had topsawyer's rocks by the stream Oconee exaggerated themse1se to Lau~ens County's. gorgios while they went doublin their mumper all the t1~e: nor aVOlce from afi. re bellowsed mishe mishe to tauftauf thuartpeatnck: nor yet, though vems- soon after had a kidscad buttended a bland old isaac: not yet, though all's fair in va~essy were sosie sesthers wroth with twone nathandjoe. Rot a peck of pa's m~lt had Jhem or Shen brewed by arclight and rory end to
the regginbrow was to be seen ringsome on ttIe aquaface.
Difficult? Oh yes, difficult. But a certain difficulty is the small price
we must pay for excitement, richness, originality. And we must learn
to smile rather than frown: this is the world of 'Jabberwocky'. But
the dream is not Alice's. We are dreaming a mature dream, remem-
bering the past of mankind and the primal guilt that histoty hides but reveals. Yet the dream is a joke, as life itself may be.
That first sentence is the only one of the whole book that begins without a capital letter. Joyce tells us why in the word 'vicus' (Latin
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for Vico) and also in 'recirculation'. We are not beginning; we are resuming. History ~s a circle, as Vico taught, and we have entered it in the middle of a sentence. If we want the start of that sentence, we have to look at the last line of the book, where we find 'A way a lone a last a loved a long the'-no full stop. Ideally, then, having finished the book we have to turn back again to the first page and ride with the cycle once more. Time may have a stop but history's wheel is in perpetual motion.
Joyce sets his book in Dublin. 'Eve and Adam's' refers primarily to Adam and Eve's Church, but it also implies the mythical begin- ning of human life: we are in the giant age of fable. The running river is the Liffey-Anna Livia-but also, as we shall learn, eternal woman. 'Howth Castle and Environs' is the first sounding of the HCE chord, one which, in many transformations, will hold us down to our hero throughout the book. The castle on Howth Head was built by a Sir Almeric Tristram (not the Tristram of the Arthurian legend, though we must accept a dream-identification of the two): it stands, as Finn MacCool stood, on the headland, vainly resisting invasion. HCE is both fortification and invader (as the true Dubliner is both Celt and Teuton).
Then we meet our double Tristram, though here in the aspect of guilty love. 'Violer d'amores' means both the musical instrument called the viola d'amore (suggesting minstrelsy and ideal love) and the violation of love and trust: Tristram came to Ireland to take Iseult to Cornwall, a bride for his uncle King Mark, but fell in love with her himself: we have been given two guilt-myths already in four lines-Adam and Tristram, both of whom fell through sin. 'Fr'over' is an archaic form of 'from over', but it suggests 'rover'. 'Passencore' starts off like 'passenger', though its main meaning (the French pas encore) is 'not yet'. 'Rearrived' means what it says: these events, like all the events of history, recur perpetually. 'Armorica' is Brittany but also America: the old world and the new subsist side by side in Joyce's mythology, and, by the stream Oconee in Laurens County, Georgia, there stands (check this with any gazetteer) another city of Dublin. As the Viconian cycle turns and turns, showing the essential impulses of history to be always the same, so any new world must re-enact the history of the old. Indeed, the new world is the old, Lawrence's County being the old Dublin by virtue of the name of its bishop-Lawrence O'Toole-at the time of the English invasion of Henry II, as also the name-change to Lawrence that Tristram (castle-builder, not lover of Iseult) effected when he
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? ? The Man-made Mountain
settled in Dublin. 'Topsawyer' refers us to 'Mark Twain-a second
King Mark, famous in the new world? as well as to To? , Saw;:er and Huckleberry Finn (a brotherly pm). Note Joyc~s spellmg of 'Georgia' as 'gorgios'- 'gorges', yes, as also the gtpsy word f~r 'young' (a young Dublin built across the seas), but also the author s own son Giorgio (though noW he calls hImself George). Joyce can never keep his family out, and why should he? World h,story IS family history, dreamt in a bedroom. Did he not first meet Nora Barnacle when she was a chambermaid in Finn's Hotel? Is not HCE
a sort ofJohn Joyce, roaring father? Are not Shem and ~haun(Jam~s
and John) really the two antithetical brothers James ( Sunny JIm)
and Stanislaus ('Brother John') Joyce? .
Anyway, in 'doublin their mumpe~all the time' we. rec~gn~sethe spirit of growth, the perpetual bmldmg of new Dublms. Wlelder- fight' is wielding a weapon in battle but also fightmg agam and agam (German wieder as in AufWiedersehn). What kmd of fightmg? The 'penisolate' war can be one fought with the pems(the vIgorously randy Shaun-type brother) or with the pen in isolatlOn (that wIll do for Shem, the solitary artist); also it can refer to the Penmsular War
and the opposition of Wellington (Irish general) to Napoleon (foreigner, would-be invader, a kind of HCE). But let us not forget that we are dealing with early history: 'avoice from afire bellow~ed mishe mishe to tauftauf thuartpeatrick'. That voice IS God's saymg 'I am' twice in old Erse-it is also 5t Bridget's saying 'I am . a Christian" St Patrick is Ireland herself, the peat-rick; St Germam- cus, St P;trick's tutor, appropriately say~ 'Baptis~ baptise' (,tauf- tauf') in German. Soon we are led to the BIble. A kidscad buttended a bland old isaac. ' We should now be learmng the trIck of expandmg
such dream-compression into straight narrative. Jacob ~whose name' suggests James, or Shem) showed ~rtist's cunmng m dis- guising himself, the cadet but also cad, as hIS elder brother Esa,: by means of a kidskin thus dupmg h,S bland-bhnd old father Isaac mto giving him his ble;sing. (Here too, if we want ~im,we can ~nd,Isa~c Butt, whom Parnell trickily ousted from the IrIsh leadershIp. ) Sosle sesthers wroth' near-disguises Susannah, Esther and Ruth-all loved
by older men, as HCE loves Issy-but also brings i~ a :efere~ce to Swift's love for Stella and Vanessa (heralded by vemssoon, de- veloped further in 'all's fair i,: va~essy'). ,HCE is S. wift, fath~r-type desiring daughter-type, earnmg wroth: SWIft hlmsdf IS twone nathandjoe'-Nathan and Joseph (unYleldmg to sexual Importunltles of an unlawful kind) in one, anagrammatlsed Jonathan. We end WIth
198
Bygmester Finnegan
Shem and Shaun, the eternal brothers whom we shall meet in extenso later, now become a trio-Jhem and Shen: Shem, Ham and Japhet-superseding their father Noah, brewing under God's covenant-the 'regginbrow' or rainbow. The Teutonic motif, appro- prIate to the Scandinavian invader HCE, is there-Regenbogen-as also in 'ringsome' -circlewise, the cycle of God's promise, matching the cycle of his thunder.
The compression is extreme in these opening paragtaphs, but we
would be wrong to unravel everything at once. The deeper references
are there if we want them, but the general theme of the book floats, in something like sunlight, on the surface of the 'aquaface'. We are concerned with the cycle of history-the things that have both hap- pened and not yet happened -and with a Dublin that is everyplace. In this Dublin, the one in America as the one in Ireland, there is a father who is eternal rock with a castle on it, driven to a guilty fall by unlawful love of a younger woman, a girl, a daughter. In him there are two opposing elements, his sons. As the duality of God the Father and God the Son calls into being a third element to make a trinity, so these two sons can appear as a trio. Woman appears in two aspects-mother Eve and daughter Iseultor Stella or Vanessa or Ruth or Susannah or Esther (Stella's real name was Esther Johnson; Vanessa's real name was Esther Vanhomrigh-watch out for this latter surname, too). The two aspects are fused in the image of a river which, old with the accumulations of the life of a city, dies by mingling itself with the sea; clouds from the sea move in to the river's source, so that death is a kind of renewal of life: the fall of the rain is woman's fall, life-giving. As for man's fall, Finnegan's fall, that thunder brings no rain.
As time means nothing in Joyce's universal Dublin-centred chronicle, we must not be puzzled if, in the account of Finnegan's fall that now follows, we anticipate a great deal of the story of HCE. The fall itself is all falls, and its thunder sounds in many languages. It is mythical (Finnegan has a 'humptyhillhead') and it is yesterday ('wallstrait' echoes a financial crash in the thirties). What caused the fall we cannot exactly say, but drink brought Tim Finnegan low in the song, and Joyce's Finnegan is a sort of wine-god: 'Comeday morffi and, 0, you're vine! Sendday's eve and, ah, you're vinegar! ' A sexual sin is imposed on him by HCE himself ('Haroun Childeric Eggeberth') ana he has HCE's own guilty stutter ('Bygmester Finnegan, of the Stuttering Hand' . . . 'oftwhile balbulous' -and it was Balbus, whose name means 'Stutterer', who was always building
199
? ? The Man-made Mountain
a wall). The fall takes place prehistorically, but also at the time when the Pope, the Englishman Nicholas Breakspear,. granted the,rule of I r e l a n d t o H e n r y I I . H e n c e F i n n e g a n ' s b m l d m g h a s larro~s o'toolers clittering up and tombles a'buckets clottenng down- Lawrence O'Toole, a rising prelate; Thomas it Becket, a falhng one.
Dead Finnegan, really sleeping Finnegan, is mourned by twelve citizens but the feast is to be no mere matter of fish and ale and bread, {hough these are spread on the table: it is the flesh of the god himself that is to be sacramentally devoured. But, before thIS can happen, we are made to see the body of Finnegan as part of the Irish landscape. He is the giant Finn MacCool asleep. H,s he~d IS the Hill of Howth his feet are near Earwicker's pub at Chapehzod (or Iseult's chapel). His fall, we hear, hastaken ~lacein Dublin's Phoenix Park-a sort of Eden whc;:re a notOrIOUS pohtH::al murder was to herald Ireland's phoenix-resurrection. But this same park saw the fall of HCE whose vaaue sin involved two girls (his wife and daugh-
ter in disguise) and w:s witnessed by thr~esoldiers ,(his t~osons as a Ham-Shem-Japhet trio). But the mentIOn of sold,ers bnngs usto the theme of conflict. The bloody ructions that were to wake TIm Finnegan are swollen into a panorama of war in general. We go to the Wellington Memorial in Phoenix Park and are shown round It by an old woman (the eternal ageing wife who preserves fragments from the past as she gathers the smashed bits of the body of her dead lord, Humpty Dumpty, for transmission to the future). The Insh- man 'Willingdone', the battle of Waterloo, a couple? f c~valrymares who turn into female camp-followers and the two gIrlS m the park- these symbolise the conflict in HCE's sinning soul, but they also suggest how wafS are merely a vast projection of :amtlv confh~t.
The father aware of his failing sexual powers, WIll want to kill
younger m~n' the younger men -quarrel between themselves. We are brought b~ckto HCE's bedroom with the sound 'Tip'-a branch tapping on the window. History is here an~ now:
We leave the museum and, in the open alr ag. am, see . how the ? ld woman, eternal widow, has been transformed mto a blrd, peckmg up fragments of the past (and particularly of the smashed body of the dead hero) to feed us in the future:
How bootifull and how truetowife of her, when streng~y forebidden, to steal our historic presents from the past postprophetlca~s so as to will make us all lardy heirs and ladymaidesses of a pretty nIce kettle of
huit.
200
Bygmester FinneglUl
But we are concerned with Dublin-'Dyoublong? ' (Yes, we do. This is everybody's eternal city. ) 'Hush! Caution! Echoland! ' (There he is again - HCE. ) What we need is a guidebook, and we find one written by 'Mammon Lujius'- Mamalujo- Matthew, Mark, Luke andJohn, chroniclers of the past, four bedposts who look inward to the sleep of history, not outward to the emergent future. 'Four things . . . ne'er saIl fail', they say, 'til heathersmoke and cloudweed Eire's ile sail pall. ' These four things are a humped old man (Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker); 'a shce on a puir old wobban' (Anna Livia Plurabelle, ALP, river, ageing wife), 'an auburn mayde, o'brine a'bride, to be desarted' (their daughter) and 'a penn no weightier nor a polepost' (the two sons-Shem with his pen and Shaun, who can write no word oftruth but can at least, like a postman, deliver it). These four eternals (Shem and Shaun are one, twin yolks of the father-egg) are then seen emerging at various phases of mock-
history: A. D. I I 3 2 produced the father; A. D. 566 the mother (a
woman is half a man). There is a pause, and then history goes round,
only backwards (history is only a wheel): A. D. 566 brought the daughter and A. D. I I32 the two sons Primas and Caddy-the man of action ('Primas was a santryman and drilled all decent people') and the poet ('Caddy went to Winehouse and wrote 0 peace a farce').
We look up from the book at the land again, and here is prehistoric Dublin. The two brothers seem to merge into a pair of comic primi- tive men, one the native Celt Mutt and the other the Scandinavian invader Jute. It is evident that there is a good deal of stuttering HCE in the latter: 'What a hauhauhauhaudibble thing, to be cause! ' But some play is made with the word 'hesitancy', and we recognise a reference to those forged letters with which Piggot tried to incrimi- nate Parnell (Piggot spelled the above word as 'hesitency' and thus trapped himself). 'Hasateney? ' says Mutt and also, to remind us of one of Parnell's reincarnations, 'hence, cool at ebb' (HCE). Jute, though, says 'Hasitancy'. Even in Ireland's prehistory the seeds of Ireland's later sorrows (the invader, the betrayal of the redeemer)
are being sown.
But there is another theme of treachery to be stated and developed. Joyce takes the historical character of Grace O'Malley who called at Howth Castle for a night's lodging and, because the family was at dinner, was refused entrance. In revenge she kidnapped the son of the Earl of Howth and kept him until the Earl promised never again to close the doors of the castle at mealtimes. Joyce makes the Earl
20I
? ? ? The Man-made Mountain
into a Scandinavian-'Jarl van Hoother', a sort of HCE-and gives him two sons, Tristopher and Hilary, who are shown 'kickaheeling their dummy on the oil cloth flure of his homerigh, castle and earthenhouse' (HCE, also the father of Swift's Vanessa). The dum- my seems to be their sister, forbidden fruit the dream keeps shape- less and anonymous, especially as ('Dare!
