He wrote a introduced by Sophocles, some scholars understand
work on Asia, in 10 books, and one on Europe, Vitruvius to mean merely, that Agatharchus con-
in 49 books; a geographical work on the Ery- structed a stage.
work on Asia, in 10 books, and one on Europe, Vitruvius to mean merely, that Agatharchus con-
in 49 books; a geographical work on the Ery- structed a stage.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
the attitude of the figure it is clear, that the statue
527. There are two other Agapeti mentioned in represents not a gladiator, but a warrior contend-
a Council held by Mennas at this time at Con- ing with a mounted combatant. Thiersch conjec-
stantinople, who were Archimandrites, or Abbots. tures that it was intended to represent Achilles
Agapetus was tutor to Justinian, and, on the ac- fighting with Penthesilea. The only record that
cession of the latter to the empire, addressed to we have of this artist is the inscription on the
bim Admonitions on the Duty of a Prince, in pedestal of the statue ; nor are there any data for
72 Sections, the initial letters of which form the ascertaining the age in which he lived, except the
dedication (έκθεσις κεφαλαίων παραινετικών σχε style of art displayed in the work itself, which
Olaodeioa). The repute in which this work was competent judges think cannot have been produced
held appears from its common title, viz. the Royal earlier than the fourth century, B. C.
Sections (σχέδη βασιλικά). It was published, It is not quite clear whether the Agasias, who is
with a Latin version, by Zach. Callierg. 8vo. , Ven. mentioned as the father of Heraclides, was the
1509, afterwards by J. Brunon, 8vo. , Lips. 1669, same as the author of the Borghese statue, or a
Gröbel, 8vo. , Lips. 1733, and in Gallandi's Biblia different person.
theca, vol. xi. p. 255, &c. , Ven. 1766, after the There was another sculptor of the same name,
edition of Bandurius (Benedictine). It was trans- also an Ephesian, the son of Menophilus. He is
lated into French by Louis XIII. , 8vo. Par. 1612, mentioned in a Greek inscription, from which it
and by Th. Payneil into English, 12mo. , Lond. appears that be exercised his art in Delos while
1550.
(A. J. C. ] that island was under the Roman sway ; probably
AGAPE'TUS (Ayamntós), an ancient Greek somewhere about 100, B. C (Thiersch, Epochen d.
physician, whose remedy for the gout is mentioned bild. Kunst, p. 130 ; Müller, Arch. d. Kunst,
with approbation by Alexander Trallianus (xi. p. 155. )
(C. P. M. ]
p. 303) and Paulus Aegineta. (iii. 78, p. 497, vii. AGASICLES, AGESICLES or HEGESICLES
11, p. 661. ) He probably lived between the third ('Αγασικλής, 'Αγησικλής, Ηγησικλής), a king of
and sixth centuries after Christ, or certainly not Spartan the thirteenth of the line of Procles. Ho
later, as Alexander Trallianus, by whom he is was contemporary with the Agid Leon, and suc-
quoted, is supposed to have flourished about the ceeded his father Archidamus I. , probably about
beginning of the sixth century. [W. A. G. ] B. C. 590 or 600. During his reign the Lacedae-
AGA'PIUS ('AgyámiOs), an ancient physician of monians carried on an unsuccessful war against
Alexandria, who taught and practised medicine at Tegea but prospered in their other wars. (Herod.
Byzantium with great success and reputation, and i. 65; Paus. iii. 7. $ 6, 3. §. 5. ) (C. P. M. ]
acquired immense riches. Of his date it can only AGA'STHENES ('Ayaolévns), a son of Au-
be determined, that he must have lived before the geias, whom he succeeded in the kingdom of Elis
end of the fifth century after Christ, as Damascius He had a son, Polyxenus, who occurs among the
(from whom Photius, Biblioth. cod. 242, and Suidas suitors of Helen. (Hom. II. ï. 624; Paus. v. 3.
have taken their account of him) lived about $ 4; Apollod. ii. 10. $ 8. )
(L. S. )
that time.
(W. A. G. ] AGATHA'NGELUS, the son of Callistratus
- AGARISTA ('Ayaplotn). 1. The daughter of wrote the life of Gregory of Armenia in Greek,
Cleisthenes, tyrant of Sicyon, whom her father which is printed in the Acta Sanctorum, vol. viii.
promised to give in marriage to the best of the p. 320. There are manuscripts of it in the public
Greeks. Suitors came to Sicyon from all parts of libraries both of Paris and Florence. The time at
(i reece, and among others Megacles, the son of which Agathangelus lived is unknown. (Fabric.
Alcmacon, from Athens. After they bad been Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 232, xi. p. 554. )
detained at Sicyon for a whole year, during which AGATHAGE'TUS ('Ayatáyntos), a Rhodian,
a
## p. 61 (#81) ##############################################
AGATHARCHUS.
61
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AGATHARCHIDES.
who recommended his state to espouse the side of | was acquainted with the language of the Aethio-
the Romans at the beginning of the war between pians (de Rubr. M. p. 46), and appears to have
Rome and Perseus, B. c. 171. (Polyb. xxvii. 6. been the first who discovered the true cause of the
$ 3, xxviii. 2. $ 3. )
yearly inundations of the Nile. (Diod. i. 41. )
AGATHA'RCHIDES ('Agalapxions), An Agatharchides, of Samos, is mentioned by
AGATHARCHUS ('AgdBapxos), a Greek gram- Plutarch, as the author of a work on Persia, and
marian, born at Cnidos. He was brought up by one repl alowe. Fabricius, however, conjectures
a man of the name of Cinnaeus ; was, as Strabo that the true reading is Agathyrsides, not Aga-
(xvi
. p. 779) informs us, attached to the Peripa- tharcbides. (Dodwell in Hudson's Geogr. Script. Gr.
ietic school of philosophy, and wrote several Minores; Clinton, Fasti Hell. iii. p. 535. ) [C. P. M. )
historical and geographical works. In his youth There is a curious observation by Agatharchidee
he held the situation of secretary and reader to preserved by Plutarch (Sympos. viii. 9. § 3), of
Heraclides Lembus, who (according to Suidas) the species of worm called Filaria Medinensis, or
lived in the reign of Ptolemy Philometor. This Guinea Worm, which is the earliest account of
king died B. C. 146. He himself informs us (in it that is to be met with. See Justus Weihe,
his work on the Erythraean Sea), that he was sub De Filar. Medin. Comment. , Berol. 1832, 8vo. ,
sequently guardian to one of the kings of Egypt and especially the very learned work by G. H.
during his minority. This was no doubt one of Welschius, De Vena Medinensi, C. , August.
the two sons of Ptolemy Physcon. Dodwell en- | Vindel. 1674, 4to.
(W. A. G. )
deavours to shew that it was the younger son,
AGATHARCHUS ('Ayáðapxos), a Syracusan,
Alexander, and objects to Soter, that he reigned who was placed by the Syracusans over a fleet of
conjointly with his mother. This, however, was twelve ships in B. C. 413, to visit their allies and
the case with Alexander likewise. Wesseling harass the Athenians. He was afterwards, in the
and Clinton think the elder brother to be the one same year, one of the Syracusan commanders in
meant as Soter II. was more likely to have been a the decisive battle fought in the harbour of Syra-
minor on his accession in B. c. 117, than Alexan- cuse. (Thuc. vii. 25, 70; Diod. xiii. 13. )
der in B. Co 107, ten years after their father's AGATHARCHUS ('Agábapxos), an Athenian
death. Moreover Dodwell's date would leave too artist, said by Vitruvius (Praef. au lib. vii. ) to
short an interval between the publication of Aga have invented scene-painting, and to have painted
tharchides's work on the Erythraean Sea (about a scene (scenam fecit) for a tragedy which Aeschylus
B. a 113), and the work of Artemidorus. exhibited. As this appears to contradict Aristotle's
An enumeration of the works of Agatharchides assertion (Poët. 4. & 16), that scene-painting was
is given by Photius (Cod. 213).
He wrote a introduced by Sophocles, some scholars understand
work on Asia, in 10 books, and one on Europe, Vitruvius to mean merely, that Agatharchus con-
in 49 books; a geographical work on the Ery- structed a stage. (Compare Hor. Ep. ad Pis. 279 :
thraean Sea, in 5 books, of the first and fifth et modicis instravit pulpita tigis. ) But the context
books of which Photius gives an abstract; an shews clearly that perspective painting must be
epitome of the last mentioned work; a treatise on meant, for Vitruvius goes on to say, that Democritus
the Troglodytae, in 5 books; an epitome of the and Anaxagoras, carrying out the principles laid
Aúdn of Antimachus; an epitome of the works of down in the treatise of Agatharchus, wrote on the
those who had written repl rîs ouvaywynis bar same subject, shewing how, in drawing, the lines
wao lw doeuwv; an historical work, from the ought to be made to correspond, according to a na-
12th and 30th books of which Athenaeus quotes tural proportion, to the figure which would be traced
(xii. p. 527, b. vi. p. 251, f. ); and a treatise on out on an imaginary intervening plane by a pencil
the intercourse of friends. The first three of of rays proceeding from the eye, as a fixed point
these only had been read by Photius. Agathar- of sight, to the several points of the object viewed.
chides composed his work on the Erythraean Sea, It was probably not till towards the end of
as he tells us himself, in his old age (p. 14, ed. Aeschylus's career that scene-painting was intro-
Huds. ), in the reign probably of Ptolemy Soter II. duced, and not till the time of Sophocles that it
It appears to have contained a great deal of valu- was generally made use of ; which may account
able matter. In the first book was a discussion for what Aristotle says.
respecting the origin of the name. In the fifth There was another Greek painter of the name
he described the mode of life amongst the Sabaeans of Agatharchus, who was a native of the island of
in Arabia, and the Ichthyophagi, or fish-eaters, Samos, and the son of Eudemus. He was a con-
the way in which elephants were caught by the temporary of Alcibiades and Zeuxis. We have no
elephant-eaters, and the mode of working the gold definite accounts respecting his perforinances, but
mines in the mountains of Egypt, near the Red he does not appear to have been an artist of much
Sea His account of the Ichthyophagi and of the merit: he prided himself chiefly on the ease and
mode of working the gold mines, has been copied rapidity with which he finished his works. (Plat.
by Diodorus. (iii. 12–18. ) Amongst other ex- Perid. 13. ) Plutarch ( Alcib. 16) and Andocides at
traordinary animals he mentions the camelopard, greater length (in Alcib. p. 31. 15) tell an anecdote
which was found in the country of the Troglo of Alcibiades having inveigled Agatharchus to his
dytae, and the rhinoceros.
house and kept him there for more than three
Agatharchides wrote in the Attic dialect. His months in strict durance, compelling him to adorn
style, according to Photius, was dignified and per- it with his pencil. The speech of Andocides above
spicuous, and abounded in sententious passages, referred to seems to bave been delivered after the
which inspired a favourable opinion of his judg- destruction of Melos (B. C. 416) and be! ore the
In the composition of his speeches he was expedition to Sicily (B. c. 415); so that from the
an imitator of Thucydides, whom he equalled in above data the age of Agatharchus may be accu-
dignity and excelled in clearness. His rhetorical rately fixed. Some scholars (as Bentley, Böttiger,
talents also are highly praised by Photius. He and Meyer) have supposed him to be the same as
Sich
ced
o is
the
$
ment.
## p. 62 (#82) ##############################################
62
AGATHIAS.
AGATHIAS
1
1
1
!
1
i
.
I
the contemporary of Aeschylus, who, however, with great success the profession of an advocate,
must have preceded him by a good half century. though only for the sake of a livelihood, his fa-
(Müller, Arch. d. Kunst, p. 88. ) [C. P. M. ] vourite occupation being the study of ancient
AGATHE’MERUS ('Agaonuepos), the son of poetry (Hist. iii. 1); and he paid particular atten-
Orthon, and the author of a small geographical tion to history. His profession of a lawyer was
work in two books, entitled tñis yewypapias ÚTO- the cause of his surname EXOQOTIKÓS (Suidas, s. o.
τυπώσεις εν επιτομή (« A Sketch of Geography | 'Αγαθίας), which word signited an advocate in the
in epitome"), addressed to his pupil Philon. His time of Agathias. Niebuhr (Vita Agath. in ed.
age cannot be fixed with much certainty, but he | Bonn. p. xv. ) believes, that he died during the
is supposed to have lived about the beginning of reign of Tiberius Thrax, a short time before the
the third century after Christ. He lived after death of this emperor and the accession of Mauri-
Ptolemy, whom he often quotes, and before the tius in 582, at the age of only 44 or 45 years.
foundation of Constantinople on the site of Byzan- Agathias, who was a Christian (Epir. 3, 5, and
tium in A. D. 328, as he mentions only the old especially 4), enjoyed during his life the esteem of
city Byzantium. (ii. 14. ) Wendelin has attempt- several great and distinguished men of his time,
ed to shew that he wrote in the beginning of the such as Theodorus the decurio, Paulus Silentiarius,
third century, from the statement he gives of the Eutychianus the younger, and Macedonius the ex-
distance of the tropic from the equator; but Dod- consul. He shewed them bis gratitude by dedicnt-
well, who thinks he lived nearer the time of ing to them several of his literary productions, and
Ptolemy, contends that the calculation cannot be be paid particular homage to Paulus Silentiarius,
depended on. From his speaking of Albion ev the son of Cyrus Florus, who was descended from
OTPATÓTeda loputau, it has been thought that he an old and illustrious family. (Hist. v. 9. )
wrote not very long after the erection of the wall Agathias is the author of the following works:
of Severus. This is probably true, but the language 1. A apviaxá, a collection of small love poems
is scarcely definite enough to establish the point. divided into nine books; the poems are written in
His work consists chiefly of extracts from hexametres. Nothing is extant of this collection,
Ptolemy and other earlier writers. From a com- which the author calls a juvenile essay. (Agath.
parison with Pliny, it appears that Artemidorus, Prooemium, p. 6, ed. Bonn. ; p. 4, Par. ; p. 6, Ven. )
of whose work a sort of compendium is contained 2. Kúkios, an anthology containing poems of
in the first book, was one of his main authorities. early writers and of several of his contemporaries,
He gives a short account of the various forms chiefly of such as were his protectors, among whom
assigned to the earth by earlier writers, treats of were Paulus Silentiarius and Macedonius. This
the divisions of the earth, seas, and islands, the collection was divided into seven books, but nothing
winds, and the length and shortness of the days, of it is extant except the introduction, which was
and then lays down the most important distances written by Agathias himself. However, 108 epi-
on the inhabited part of the earth, reckoned in grams, which were in circulation either before he
stadia. The surname Agathemerus frequently collected his Kúkdos, or which he composed at a
occurs in inscriptions. (Dodwell in Hudson's Geo Later period, have come down to us. The last
graph. Scriptores Gr. Minores; Ukert, Geogr. der seven and several others of these epigrams are ge
Griechen u. Römer, pt. i. div. I. p. 236. ) (C. P. M. ) nerally attributed to other writers, such as Paulus
AGATHE’MERUS, CLAUDIUS (Rtavolos Silentiarius, &c. The epigrams are contained in
'Agatńuepos), an ancient Greek physician, who the Anthologia Graeca (iv. p. 3, ed. Jacobs), and
lived in the first century after Christ. He was in the editions of the historical work of Agathias.
born at Lacedaemon, and was a pupil of the philo Joseph Scaliger, Janus Douza, and Bonaventura
sopher Cornutus, in whose house he became ac- Vulcanius, have translated the greater part of
quainted with the poet Persius about A. D. 50. them into Latin. The epigrams were written and
(Psendo-Sueton. vita Persü. ) In the old editions published after the Aadviaká.
of Suetonius he is called Agaternus, a mistake 3. Αγαθίου Σχολαστικού Μυριναίου Ιστορίων Ε.
which was first corrected by Reinesius (Syntagma“ Agathiae Scholastici Myrinensis Historiarum
Inscript. Antiq. p. 610), from the epitaph upon Libri V. " This is his principai work. It con-
him and his wife, Myrtale, which is preserved tains the history from 553—558 h. D. , a short
in the Marmora Oxoniensia and the Greek An- penod, but remarkable for the important events
thology, vol. iii. p. 381. § 224, ed. Tauchn. with which it is filled up. The first book contains
The apparent anomaly of a Roman praenomen the conquest of Italy by Narses over the Goths,
being given to a Greek, may be accounted for and the first contests between the Greeks and the
by the fact which we learn from Suetonius Franks; the second book contains the continua-
(Tiber. 6), that the Spartans were the hereditary tion of these contests, the description of the great
clients of the Claudia Gens. (C. G. Kühn, Ad earthquake of 554, and the beginning of the war
ditam. ad Elench. Medic. Vet. a J. A. Fabricio, in between the Greeks and the Persiaus ; the third
“Biblioth. Graeca" exhibit. ) (W. A. G. ] and the fourth books contain the continuation of
AGATHIAS ('Agadías), the son of Mamno- this war until the first peace in 536; the fifth
nius, a rhetorician, was born, as it seems, in 536 book relates the second great earthquake of 557,
or 537 A. D. (Hist. ii. 16, and Vita Agathiae in ed. the rebuilding of St. Sophia by Justinian, the
Bonn. p. xiv. ), at Myrina, a town at the mouth of plague, the exploits of Belisarius over the Huns
the river Pythicus in Aeolia (Agathiae Prooemium, and other barbarians in 558, and it finishes
p. 9, ed. Bonn. ; p. 5, Par. ; p. 7, Ven. ), and reabruptly with the 25th chapter.
ceived his education in Alexandria, where he Agathias, after having related that he had
studied literature. In 554 he went to Constanti- abandoned his poetical occupation for more serious
nople (Hist. ii. 16), where his father then most studies (Proocmium, ed. Bonn. pp. 6, 7; Par. p. 4;
probably resided, and studied for several years the Ven. p. 6), tells us that several distinguished men
Roman law. (Epigr. 4. ) He afterward exercised l bad suggested to him the idea of writing the history
1
## p. 63 (#83) ##############################################
AGATHOCLES.
63
:
AGATHINUS.
of his time, and he adds, that he had undertaken | known, but they were probably nearly the same
the tank especially on the advice of Eutychianus. as those of the Eclectici. (Dict. of Ant. s. r.
527. There are two other Agapeti mentioned in represents not a gladiator, but a warrior contend-
a Council held by Mennas at this time at Con- ing with a mounted combatant. Thiersch conjec-
stantinople, who were Archimandrites, or Abbots. tures that it was intended to represent Achilles
Agapetus was tutor to Justinian, and, on the ac- fighting with Penthesilea. The only record that
cession of the latter to the empire, addressed to we have of this artist is the inscription on the
bim Admonitions on the Duty of a Prince, in pedestal of the statue ; nor are there any data for
72 Sections, the initial letters of which form the ascertaining the age in which he lived, except the
dedication (έκθεσις κεφαλαίων παραινετικών σχε style of art displayed in the work itself, which
Olaodeioa). The repute in which this work was competent judges think cannot have been produced
held appears from its common title, viz. the Royal earlier than the fourth century, B. C.
Sections (σχέδη βασιλικά). It was published, It is not quite clear whether the Agasias, who is
with a Latin version, by Zach. Callierg. 8vo. , Ven. mentioned as the father of Heraclides, was the
1509, afterwards by J. Brunon, 8vo. , Lips. 1669, same as the author of the Borghese statue, or a
Gröbel, 8vo. , Lips. 1733, and in Gallandi's Biblia different person.
theca, vol. xi. p. 255, &c. , Ven. 1766, after the There was another sculptor of the same name,
edition of Bandurius (Benedictine). It was trans- also an Ephesian, the son of Menophilus. He is
lated into French by Louis XIII. , 8vo. Par. 1612, mentioned in a Greek inscription, from which it
and by Th. Payneil into English, 12mo. , Lond. appears that be exercised his art in Delos while
1550.
(A. J. C. ] that island was under the Roman sway ; probably
AGAPE'TUS (Ayamntós), an ancient Greek somewhere about 100, B. C (Thiersch, Epochen d.
physician, whose remedy for the gout is mentioned bild. Kunst, p. 130 ; Müller, Arch. d. Kunst,
with approbation by Alexander Trallianus (xi. p. 155. )
(C. P. M. ]
p. 303) and Paulus Aegineta. (iii. 78, p. 497, vii. AGASICLES, AGESICLES or HEGESICLES
11, p. 661. ) He probably lived between the third ('Αγασικλής, 'Αγησικλής, Ηγησικλής), a king of
and sixth centuries after Christ, or certainly not Spartan the thirteenth of the line of Procles. Ho
later, as Alexander Trallianus, by whom he is was contemporary with the Agid Leon, and suc-
quoted, is supposed to have flourished about the ceeded his father Archidamus I. , probably about
beginning of the sixth century. [W. A. G. ] B. C. 590 or 600. During his reign the Lacedae-
AGA'PIUS ('AgyámiOs), an ancient physician of monians carried on an unsuccessful war against
Alexandria, who taught and practised medicine at Tegea but prospered in their other wars. (Herod.
Byzantium with great success and reputation, and i. 65; Paus. iii. 7. $ 6, 3. §. 5. ) (C. P. M. ]
acquired immense riches. Of his date it can only AGA'STHENES ('Ayaolévns), a son of Au-
be determined, that he must have lived before the geias, whom he succeeded in the kingdom of Elis
end of the fifth century after Christ, as Damascius He had a son, Polyxenus, who occurs among the
(from whom Photius, Biblioth. cod. 242, and Suidas suitors of Helen. (Hom. II. ï. 624; Paus. v. 3.
have taken their account of him) lived about $ 4; Apollod. ii. 10. $ 8. )
(L. S. )
that time.
(W. A. G. ] AGATHA'NGELUS, the son of Callistratus
- AGARISTA ('Ayaplotn). 1. The daughter of wrote the life of Gregory of Armenia in Greek,
Cleisthenes, tyrant of Sicyon, whom her father which is printed in the Acta Sanctorum, vol. viii.
promised to give in marriage to the best of the p. 320. There are manuscripts of it in the public
Greeks. Suitors came to Sicyon from all parts of libraries both of Paris and Florence. The time at
(i reece, and among others Megacles, the son of which Agathangelus lived is unknown. (Fabric.
Alcmacon, from Athens. After they bad been Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 232, xi. p. 554. )
detained at Sicyon for a whole year, during which AGATHAGE'TUS ('Ayatáyntos), a Rhodian,
a
## p. 61 (#81) ##############################################
AGATHARCHUS.
61
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3, b,
alor
of Art
quentis
Anh
unded
UL 8
of the
crved
$52
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for
AGATHARCHIDES.
who recommended his state to espouse the side of | was acquainted with the language of the Aethio-
the Romans at the beginning of the war between pians (de Rubr. M. p. 46), and appears to have
Rome and Perseus, B. c. 171. (Polyb. xxvii. 6. been the first who discovered the true cause of the
$ 3, xxviii. 2. $ 3. )
yearly inundations of the Nile. (Diod. i. 41. )
AGATHA'RCHIDES ('Agalapxions), An Agatharchides, of Samos, is mentioned by
AGATHARCHUS ('AgdBapxos), a Greek gram- Plutarch, as the author of a work on Persia, and
marian, born at Cnidos. He was brought up by one repl alowe. Fabricius, however, conjectures
a man of the name of Cinnaeus ; was, as Strabo that the true reading is Agathyrsides, not Aga-
(xvi
. p. 779) informs us, attached to the Peripa- tharcbides. (Dodwell in Hudson's Geogr. Script. Gr.
ietic school of philosophy, and wrote several Minores; Clinton, Fasti Hell. iii. p. 535. ) [C. P. M. )
historical and geographical works. In his youth There is a curious observation by Agatharchidee
he held the situation of secretary and reader to preserved by Plutarch (Sympos. viii. 9. § 3), of
Heraclides Lembus, who (according to Suidas) the species of worm called Filaria Medinensis, or
lived in the reign of Ptolemy Philometor. This Guinea Worm, which is the earliest account of
king died B. C. 146. He himself informs us (in it that is to be met with. See Justus Weihe,
his work on the Erythraean Sea), that he was sub De Filar. Medin. Comment. , Berol. 1832, 8vo. ,
sequently guardian to one of the kings of Egypt and especially the very learned work by G. H.
during his minority. This was no doubt one of Welschius, De Vena Medinensi, C. , August.
the two sons of Ptolemy Physcon. Dodwell en- | Vindel. 1674, 4to.
(W. A. G. )
deavours to shew that it was the younger son,
AGATHARCHUS ('Ayáðapxos), a Syracusan,
Alexander, and objects to Soter, that he reigned who was placed by the Syracusans over a fleet of
conjointly with his mother. This, however, was twelve ships in B. C. 413, to visit their allies and
the case with Alexander likewise. Wesseling harass the Athenians. He was afterwards, in the
and Clinton think the elder brother to be the one same year, one of the Syracusan commanders in
meant as Soter II. was more likely to have been a the decisive battle fought in the harbour of Syra-
minor on his accession in B. c. 117, than Alexan- cuse. (Thuc. vii. 25, 70; Diod. xiii. 13. )
der in B. Co 107, ten years after their father's AGATHARCHUS ('Agábapxos), an Athenian
death. Moreover Dodwell's date would leave too artist, said by Vitruvius (Praef. au lib. vii. ) to
short an interval between the publication of Aga have invented scene-painting, and to have painted
tharchides's work on the Erythraean Sea (about a scene (scenam fecit) for a tragedy which Aeschylus
B. a 113), and the work of Artemidorus. exhibited. As this appears to contradict Aristotle's
An enumeration of the works of Agatharchides assertion (Poët. 4. & 16), that scene-painting was
is given by Photius (Cod. 213).
He wrote a introduced by Sophocles, some scholars understand
work on Asia, in 10 books, and one on Europe, Vitruvius to mean merely, that Agatharchus con-
in 49 books; a geographical work on the Ery- structed a stage. (Compare Hor. Ep. ad Pis. 279 :
thraean Sea, in 5 books, of the first and fifth et modicis instravit pulpita tigis. ) But the context
books of which Photius gives an abstract; an shews clearly that perspective painting must be
epitome of the last mentioned work; a treatise on meant, for Vitruvius goes on to say, that Democritus
the Troglodytae, in 5 books; an epitome of the and Anaxagoras, carrying out the principles laid
Aúdn of Antimachus; an epitome of the works of down in the treatise of Agatharchus, wrote on the
those who had written repl rîs ouvaywynis bar same subject, shewing how, in drawing, the lines
wao lw doeuwv; an historical work, from the ought to be made to correspond, according to a na-
12th and 30th books of which Athenaeus quotes tural proportion, to the figure which would be traced
(xii. p. 527, b. vi. p. 251, f. ); and a treatise on out on an imaginary intervening plane by a pencil
the intercourse of friends. The first three of of rays proceeding from the eye, as a fixed point
these only had been read by Photius. Agathar- of sight, to the several points of the object viewed.
chides composed his work on the Erythraean Sea, It was probably not till towards the end of
as he tells us himself, in his old age (p. 14, ed. Aeschylus's career that scene-painting was intro-
Huds. ), in the reign probably of Ptolemy Soter II. duced, and not till the time of Sophocles that it
It appears to have contained a great deal of valu- was generally made use of ; which may account
able matter. In the first book was a discussion for what Aristotle says.
respecting the origin of the name. In the fifth There was another Greek painter of the name
he described the mode of life amongst the Sabaeans of Agatharchus, who was a native of the island of
in Arabia, and the Ichthyophagi, or fish-eaters, Samos, and the son of Eudemus. He was a con-
the way in which elephants were caught by the temporary of Alcibiades and Zeuxis. We have no
elephant-eaters, and the mode of working the gold definite accounts respecting his perforinances, but
mines in the mountains of Egypt, near the Red he does not appear to have been an artist of much
Sea His account of the Ichthyophagi and of the merit: he prided himself chiefly on the ease and
mode of working the gold mines, has been copied rapidity with which he finished his works. (Plat.
by Diodorus. (iii. 12–18. ) Amongst other ex- Perid. 13. ) Plutarch ( Alcib. 16) and Andocides at
traordinary animals he mentions the camelopard, greater length (in Alcib. p. 31. 15) tell an anecdote
which was found in the country of the Troglo of Alcibiades having inveigled Agatharchus to his
dytae, and the rhinoceros.
house and kept him there for more than three
Agatharchides wrote in the Attic dialect. His months in strict durance, compelling him to adorn
style, according to Photius, was dignified and per- it with his pencil. The speech of Andocides above
spicuous, and abounded in sententious passages, referred to seems to bave been delivered after the
which inspired a favourable opinion of his judg- destruction of Melos (B. C. 416) and be! ore the
In the composition of his speeches he was expedition to Sicily (B. c. 415); so that from the
an imitator of Thucydides, whom he equalled in above data the age of Agatharchus may be accu-
dignity and excelled in clearness. His rhetorical rately fixed. Some scholars (as Bentley, Böttiger,
talents also are highly praised by Photius. He and Meyer) have supposed him to be the same as
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## p. 62 (#82) ##############################################
62
AGATHIAS.
AGATHIAS
1
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I
the contemporary of Aeschylus, who, however, with great success the profession of an advocate,
must have preceded him by a good half century. though only for the sake of a livelihood, his fa-
(Müller, Arch. d. Kunst, p. 88. ) [C. P. M. ] vourite occupation being the study of ancient
AGATHE’MERUS ('Agaonuepos), the son of poetry (Hist. iii. 1); and he paid particular atten-
Orthon, and the author of a small geographical tion to history. His profession of a lawyer was
work in two books, entitled tñis yewypapias ÚTO- the cause of his surname EXOQOTIKÓS (Suidas, s. o.
τυπώσεις εν επιτομή (« A Sketch of Geography | 'Αγαθίας), which word signited an advocate in the
in epitome"), addressed to his pupil Philon. His time of Agathias. Niebuhr (Vita Agath. in ed.
age cannot be fixed with much certainty, but he | Bonn. p. xv. ) believes, that he died during the
is supposed to have lived about the beginning of reign of Tiberius Thrax, a short time before the
the third century after Christ. He lived after death of this emperor and the accession of Mauri-
Ptolemy, whom he often quotes, and before the tius in 582, at the age of only 44 or 45 years.
foundation of Constantinople on the site of Byzan- Agathias, who was a Christian (Epir. 3, 5, and
tium in A. D. 328, as he mentions only the old especially 4), enjoyed during his life the esteem of
city Byzantium. (ii. 14. ) Wendelin has attempt- several great and distinguished men of his time,
ed to shew that he wrote in the beginning of the such as Theodorus the decurio, Paulus Silentiarius,
third century, from the statement he gives of the Eutychianus the younger, and Macedonius the ex-
distance of the tropic from the equator; but Dod- consul. He shewed them bis gratitude by dedicnt-
well, who thinks he lived nearer the time of ing to them several of his literary productions, and
Ptolemy, contends that the calculation cannot be be paid particular homage to Paulus Silentiarius,
depended on. From his speaking of Albion ev the son of Cyrus Florus, who was descended from
OTPATÓTeda loputau, it has been thought that he an old and illustrious family. (Hist. v. 9. )
wrote not very long after the erection of the wall Agathias is the author of the following works:
of Severus. This is probably true, but the language 1. A apviaxá, a collection of small love poems
is scarcely definite enough to establish the point. divided into nine books; the poems are written in
His work consists chiefly of extracts from hexametres. Nothing is extant of this collection,
Ptolemy and other earlier writers. From a com- which the author calls a juvenile essay. (Agath.
parison with Pliny, it appears that Artemidorus, Prooemium, p. 6, ed. Bonn. ; p. 4, Par. ; p. 6, Ven. )
of whose work a sort of compendium is contained 2. Kúkios, an anthology containing poems of
in the first book, was one of his main authorities. early writers and of several of his contemporaries,
He gives a short account of the various forms chiefly of such as were his protectors, among whom
assigned to the earth by earlier writers, treats of were Paulus Silentiarius and Macedonius. This
the divisions of the earth, seas, and islands, the collection was divided into seven books, but nothing
winds, and the length and shortness of the days, of it is extant except the introduction, which was
and then lays down the most important distances written by Agathias himself. However, 108 epi-
on the inhabited part of the earth, reckoned in grams, which were in circulation either before he
stadia. The surname Agathemerus frequently collected his Kúkdos, or which he composed at a
occurs in inscriptions. (Dodwell in Hudson's Geo Later period, have come down to us. The last
graph. Scriptores Gr. Minores; Ukert, Geogr. der seven and several others of these epigrams are ge
Griechen u. Römer, pt. i. div. I. p. 236. ) (C. P. M. ) nerally attributed to other writers, such as Paulus
AGATHE’MERUS, CLAUDIUS (Rtavolos Silentiarius, &c. The epigrams are contained in
'Agatńuepos), an ancient Greek physician, who the Anthologia Graeca (iv. p. 3, ed. Jacobs), and
lived in the first century after Christ. He was in the editions of the historical work of Agathias.
born at Lacedaemon, and was a pupil of the philo Joseph Scaliger, Janus Douza, and Bonaventura
sopher Cornutus, in whose house he became ac- Vulcanius, have translated the greater part of
quainted with the poet Persius about A. D. 50. them into Latin. The epigrams were written and
(Psendo-Sueton. vita Persü. ) In the old editions published after the Aadviaká.
of Suetonius he is called Agaternus, a mistake 3. Αγαθίου Σχολαστικού Μυριναίου Ιστορίων Ε.
which was first corrected by Reinesius (Syntagma“ Agathiae Scholastici Myrinensis Historiarum
Inscript. Antiq. p. 610), from the epitaph upon Libri V. " This is his principai work. It con-
him and his wife, Myrtale, which is preserved tains the history from 553—558 h. D. , a short
in the Marmora Oxoniensia and the Greek An- penod, but remarkable for the important events
thology, vol. iii. p. 381. § 224, ed. Tauchn. with which it is filled up. The first book contains
The apparent anomaly of a Roman praenomen the conquest of Italy by Narses over the Goths,
being given to a Greek, may be accounted for and the first contests between the Greeks and the
by the fact which we learn from Suetonius Franks; the second book contains the continua-
(Tiber. 6), that the Spartans were the hereditary tion of these contests, the description of the great
clients of the Claudia Gens. (C. G. Kühn, Ad earthquake of 554, and the beginning of the war
ditam. ad Elench. Medic. Vet. a J. A. Fabricio, in between the Greeks and the Persiaus ; the third
“Biblioth. Graeca" exhibit. ) (W. A. G. ] and the fourth books contain the continuation of
AGATHIAS ('Agadías), the son of Mamno- this war until the first peace in 536; the fifth
nius, a rhetorician, was born, as it seems, in 536 book relates the second great earthquake of 557,
or 537 A. D. (Hist. ii. 16, and Vita Agathiae in ed. the rebuilding of St. Sophia by Justinian, the
Bonn. p. xiv. ), at Myrina, a town at the mouth of plague, the exploits of Belisarius over the Huns
the river Pythicus in Aeolia (Agathiae Prooemium, and other barbarians in 558, and it finishes
p. 9, ed. Bonn. ; p. 5, Par. ; p. 7, Ven. ), and reabruptly with the 25th chapter.
ceived his education in Alexandria, where he Agathias, after having related that he had
studied literature. In 554 he went to Constanti- abandoned his poetical occupation for more serious
nople (Hist. ii. 16), where his father then most studies (Proocmium, ed. Bonn. pp. 6, 7; Par. p. 4;
probably resided, and studied for several years the Ven. p. 6), tells us that several distinguished men
Roman law. (Epigr. 4. ) He afterward exercised l bad suggested to him the idea of writing the history
1
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AGATHOCLES.
63
:
AGATHINUS.
of his time, and he adds, that he had undertaken | known, but they were probably nearly the same
the tank especially on the advice of Eutychianus. as those of the Eclectici. (Dict. of Ant. s. r.
