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s Ennius furnishes one instance of the Latin plural ES short--" Virgint'
nam sibi quisque domes Pomanu' rapit sas. " Cicero is said to furnish
another in the following line--" Obruitur Procyon ; emergunt alites una. "
Arat. Phten. 472. But Ernesti reads--" Obruitur Procyon,- emergunt
elite lapsu E terris volucres. " The line from Ovid, Ep. 10, 86. in which
tigres is said to occur with a short final quantity, is given by Burmatm as
follows: " Quis sett, an huec sxvas tigriaas insula habet ? The common
reading is, " Quit scit an hcec scevas insula tigres habet? Of which he
observes, " Duo sunt qua in hoc versu offendunt. Prima quod Jjatine
haud dicitur, Quis scit an habet j deinde quod posteriorem in tigres corri.
pit. "--Dr. Carey prefers reading tigris, a Greek form; ny^is being formed
by syncope from rtyyts, and remaining short.
t Dr. Carey seems inclined to consider the ES, in every one of these ex-
cepted nouns, as in reality short, or common. His reasons for this opinion
are these, viz. that abies, aries, paries, sonipes, (supposing them to have
the ES short) could not hare been introduced into heroic verse without a
license of some kind--that instances of pes and its compounds are found
with the ES short in Ausonius and Prudentius, authorized besides by the
testimony of the grammarian Probus, who asserts that they are properly
khort--and that Ceres also has the final syllable short in the following line
if Unethius, Cons. Phil. 3, metr. 1.
" Ut nova fruge gravis Certs eat. "
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? FINAL SYLLABLES.
Idem. Creditor: ipse aries etiam nunc vellera siccat.
Mart. Hie farcta premitur angulo Ceres omni.
Manil. Desuper Auriga dexter pes imminet astro.
Horat. Omniamagnaloquens: modo sit mihi mensa tripeset.
Virg. Siat sonipes, acfrana ferox gpumantia mandit.
Exception II. --Es, in the present tense of the verb Sum,
is also short, together with its compounds, Potes, abes, ades,
obes, firodes," Sec. --likewise the preposition flenes.
Virg. Quisquis es, amissos hinc jam obliviscere Graios.
Idem. Tu potes unanimos armare in prodia fratres.
Ovid. Nunc ades o captis, fiava Minerva meis.
Idem. Et penes Augustos patria tutelq manebit.
Exception III. --ES is likewise short in Greek neuters;
as Cacoei/ies, hiftfiomanes; and in Greek nominatives and
vocatives plural of the third declension, from nouns which
increase in the genitive singular, but which do not form that
case in EOS; as Tritones, Arcades, Troes, Amazones,
Troades, JEneades, Italides, JVere'ides.
Juv. Scribendi cacoethes, et agro in enrde senescit.
Stat. Armigeri Tritones eunt, scopulosaque cete.
Virg. Ambo Jlorentes atatibus, Arcades ambo.
Idem. Pulsant, et piciis bellantur Amaztm. es armis.
Stat. Vos quoque caruleum, diva Nere'idest agmen.
But nominatives and vocatives plural in ES, of Greek
nouns forming the genitive singular in EOS, are long; as,
H<? reses, crises, fi/irases, metamozfl/ioses, &c. v
u Vossius maintains lliat Et (thou eatest) is long, being a contraction
from litis. Carey insisis that no such contraction could )iossibly have taken
place, since if it "had been effected by a syncope of the Iti, the, E would
still remain short, as in the original word ; or if only the I was at first struck
out, leaving Ed's to be afterwards softened into Ji'i, in that case the third
person, syncopated in the same maimer, would he Ed't, E't, not Est: and
even then it would be difficult to say how the imperative Es, found in
Plautus, Mil. 3, 1, 82. could be formed from Eile or from Edits. He sup-
poses, on the contrary, that Es, (thou art,) and Es, (thou eatest,) were
originallv the same word, and that when the Bomans employed the phrase,
" Est pattem" they spoke elliptically, viz. " He exists by means o/bread,"
the accusative being governed by a preposition understood, as in " Oramina
pastus," . /En. 2. 471. ---i'his is certainly a very ingenious hypothesis, but at
the same time rather far-fetched. --Vossius has the authority of Servius in
his f avour, JEn. 4, 66. and 5, 683. --If Carey's opinion be adopted, Es (thou
eatest) must of course be short.
v Because answering to the termination its in Greek; 33 a-iettut,
rut, &c. *
E2 ?
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? i-li FINAL SYLLABLES'
FINAL IS AND YS.
Corrifiies IS et YS. Plurales excifle casus.
Gils, Sis, Vis verbum ac nomen, Nollsyae, Velisgw,
Audls cum sociis, quorum et genitivus in INIS,
ENTISi>>e, awf. ITIS longum, firoducito semfier.
RIS conjunctivum mos est variare fioetis.
IS and YS* final are for the most part short; as Dulcis,
lafiis, bis, amabis, bibis, Thetis, Tethys, Itys, Cafiys.
Horat. Dulcis inexpertis cultura potentis amici.
Tibul. Fac, lapis his scriptus stet super ossa notis.
Luc. Ante bis exactum quam Cynthia conderet orhem.
Mart. Et bibis immundam, cum cane, promts aquam.
Ovid. Tethys et extremo stepe recepta loco est.
Virg. At Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti.
Exception I. --All plural cases ending in IS have that
syllable long; as Musis, dominis, viris, nobis, vobis, qttif'
(or quels) for quibus;; Omnis, urbis, -fiartis, for Omneis;
urbeis, Jiarteis, (i. e. omnea, urbes, fiartes. ")
Mart. Carmiiia quod scribis, Musis et Apolline nulla.
Virg. Attulit ipse viris optatum casus honor em.
Mart. Inducenda rota est: dus nobis utile munus.
Virg. Quis ante ora patrum, Trcjx sub nmnibus altis.
Idem. Non omnis arbustajuvant humilesque myriccc.
Idem. Adde tot egregias urbis operumque laborem.
Exception W. --Fis, audis, and the termination IS in the
second person singular of all other verbs of the fourth con-
jugiaton--Glis, vis whether noun or verb--Velis and sfs,?
with their compounds, as guamvis, nolis, malts, adsis, fios-
sis7---and Gratis (formed by crasis from gratiis)--have the
IS long.
I YS final in Latin, corresponds to the final us in Greek, which is for
the most part short.
y If we adopt the principle of contraction, as contended for by Vossius
ami Busby, and which has been already frequently alluded to, we may
pronounce fis, and the termination IS in the second person singular of
. verbs of the fourth conjugation, contracted forms. --With regard to the
noun ? '/fs, it obtains its long quantity by derivation; coming, according to
Vossius, from ? ytMtoC) an old . ^Eolic form for tXs/oc--The noun vis, in
like manner, is from the Greek if, which is long, with the digarama pre-
. 6x1 d--. Sis is formed by crasis from sies. The old forms, siem, siet, occur
iu Plautus, Amph. Vrol. 57. and Asin. 2. 2. 81.
t 1<< Juvenal, 5,, 10. some read />>ss<<>>with a short quantity. Roperii
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? FINAL SYLLABLES.
55
Horat. Lenior et meliorfis, accedence senectd ?
Mart. JVescis, heu ! nescis domint e fastidia Roma.
Idem. H&c tibi si vis est, si mentis tanta fiotestas.
Idem. Bellus homo, et magnus, vis idem, Cotta, videri.
Idem. Esse velis, oro, serus conviva Tonantis.
Horat. Cum sis, et firavt seexum stomacheris ob unguem.
Prop. Quamvis tile sua lassus requiescat avend.
Virg. Adsis o Tegeae favens: oleeque Minerva.
Phaedr. Gratis anhelans, multa agendo nil agens.
Exception III. --IS final is long in those nouns which
form their genitives in ENTIS, INIS, or ITIS, with the
penultima long ; as Simois, Salamis, Samnis, lis. -
Ovid. Hac ibat Simois ; h<sc est Sigeia tellus.
Lucil. Samnis in ludo ac rudibus cuivis satis asfier.
Horat. Grammatici certant, et adhuc subjudice lis est.
Exception IV. --RIS, in the preterite and future of the
subjunctive, is common. (See page 33. )
Exception V. --YS final is long in such contracted plu-
rals as Erinnys for Erinnyes, or Erinnyas. The following
line of Seneca (CEdip. 644. ) shows the use of the word, al-
though it cannot be made any proof of the quantity :--
Et mecum Erinnys fironubas thalami traham.
FINAL OS.
Vult OS firoduci. Compos breviatur, et Impos,
Osque ossis: Graium neutralia jungito, ut Argos;
Et quot in OS Latie Jlccluntur mote secundte,
Scrifita fier O (parvum): fiatrios quibus adde Pelasgo>>.
t)S final is for the most part long; as Dominds, virds,
fiuerds, labos, custds, 6s (oris,) Minds, Athds, herds, Andro-
gen.
Virg. Inter se coiisse viros, et cernere ferro.
Prop. Differat in fiuerds ista trofieta suos.
however condemns this reading, and substitutes possit. So in Ovid, Ep. 12,
71. needs is said to occur with the final syllable short, but erroneously. It
appears neither in the edition of . Heinsius, nor in that of Burmann. The
latter merely mentions it in a note, as a reading which is in direct violation
of the metre.
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? "56
FINAL SYLLABLES.
Avien. Labos et dim conditorum diligcns.
Idem. Partus in terras us inclinabat honcstum.
Petron. Hie, quem eernis, At/ids, immissis fiervius undis.
Virg. Androgeos offert nobis, soeia agmina credens.
Ex-ception I. --OS is short in Comfids, imfids, ds (a bone),
and its compound exos.
Ovid. Insequere, et voti fiostmodo comfios eris.
Seven. Necnon c stagnis cessanlibus exos hirudo.
Exception II. --OS is likewise short in Greek words
written with an O (micron); as Ilius, Tyros, Argos, Palla-
. lds, Tethyos.
Ovid. Tum, cum tristis erat, defensa est llios armis.
Luc. Et Tyros instabilis, firetiosaque murice Sidon.
Ovid. Caruia quot baccas Pallados arbor habet.
Claud. Tethyos alternte rejluas calcavit arenas.
finaL us.
US Ireve jionatur. Produc monosyllaba, quteque
Casibus incrcscunt longis ; et nomina quartte, ?
lixcefitis numeri recto quintoque firioris.
Producas conjiata a Ucui, contraclaque Grieca
In recto ac fialrio, ac venerandum nomen IESUS.
US final is for the most part short; as Taurus, fiectus,
bonus, omnibus, amamus, intus ; together with the nomina-
tive and vocative singular, and dative and ablative plural, of
the fourth declension ; as mantis, fructiis, domus, fiortubw.
Ovid. Temfiore ruricola fxatiensfit taurus aratri.
Idem. Et gelidu? n subito frigore fiectus erat.
Idem. Tu bonus hortator, tu duxque- comesque fuisti.
Prop. Hie manus heroum filacitis ut constitit oris.
Virg. 0 fiatria . ' o divum domus Ilium, et inclyta beUo.
Ovid. Portubus exierant, et moverat aura rudentes.
Exception I. -- Monosyllables in US are long; as Jits,
jius,filus, thus.
Pedo. Sed rigidum'jus est et inevitabile mortis.
Horat. Proscriftti Regis Rufiili fius atque venenum.
Mart. Mmi hortos ; filus est: instrue tut minus est.
Horat. Angulus illeferet fiifier et thus ocyus uvd.
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? FINAL SYLLABLES'.
57
Exception II. --US is long in nouns which increase in
the genitive with the penultima long; as Virtus, virtutis;
lellus, telluris; servitus, servilutis ; fialus, fialudis. *
Horat. Virtus indigno non committenda fioette.
Pris. Divitias magnas hie tellus ifisa ministrat.
Phaedr. Brevi docebo. Servitus obnoxia,
Virg. Cocyti, tarddque fialus inamabilis undd.
Exception III. --US is also long in the genitive singular,
and the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural, of the
fourth declension; as, gen. sing. Manus; nom. acC. and
voc. plur. manus. '0
Pedo. Scilicet immunis si luctiis una fuisset.
Ovid. Sint vultus hilares, simque quod ante fui.
Sil. Portus tequoreis sueta insignire tropais.
Exception IV. --US is likewise long in the compounds
of not/5 (forming the genitive in PODIS or PODOS), as
Trifiiis, (Ediftus, fiolyfius; and also in all such Greek words
as are written in the original with the diphthong OT2, of
whatever case they may be ; as, nominative, Panthus, Ama-
t/ius, Pessinus ; genitive, Safifihus, Didus, Clius.
Sen. Hie (Edifiiis JEgea tranabit freta.
Virg. Panthus Othryades, arcis Phcebique sacerdos.
Idem. Est Amathiis, est ceisa mihi Pafihos, atque Cythera.
Varro. Didiis atque suum misceri sanguine sanguen.
The sacred name IESUS (in Greek IHSOTS) is Included
in this exception, and has the US long.
a Horace, A. P. 65. furnishes a solitary instance of palUs with the final
syllable short. Bentley proposes a different reading. The line however
is retained unaltered by tiesner, who considers it an instance of poetic li-
cense. Both Serviua and Piiscian allude to this line of Horace, and refer
to a similar license, in the word tell&s, by MartianusCnpella, and in senectus,
by Cornelius Galius.
b The genitive singular, and nominative, accusative, and vocative plural,
of the fourth declension, are contracted forms. The old genitive of this
declension ended in wVs, as fructuin, mamt'is, Stc. contracted into fntct&s,
mantis. So in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural, J'ructues,
fructdi; ma7iues,marits, inc.
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? ( 58 )
SECT. XXII.
FINAL SYLLABLE OF A VERSE.
Syllaba cujusvis erit ultima carminis ancefis.
THE final syllable of every verse (except the Anapaestic
and the Ionic a minore) may be either long or short, at the
option . of the poet; that is, a long syllable may be used to
close a verse, though the measure require one that is short,
and a short syllable may be used though the measure require
one that is long. Thus, in the first of the following lines,
the long syllable RJ? is made to stand in place of a short,
and in the second, the short syllable QUE stands in lieu of
a long. 0
Horat. Jam satis terris nivis atgue diR? .
Virg. Aresae, S/iiogue, Thaliaque, CymodoceQWE.
c There are two opinions respecting the final syllable of a verse, one, that
it is common, the other, th:>t it is necessarily long on account of the pause
or suspension of the voice, which usually follows it in pronunciation. E have
i^iven the former in the text, as being the one most generally followed.
The principle on which it depends, is not that the syllable in question un-
dergoes any actual change of quantity, but simply that by reason of its posi-
tion at the end of the line, and the interruption which the metre lliere sus-
tains, the same strictness is not required as in other syllables differently
situated; and the real quantity of the syllabic becomes so comparativelv
Unimportant, that the poet has the license, of which we are treating, allowed
him. The remarks of Hermann (litem. Doctr. Metr. 1, 9 ) are fully to the
point. " Quura in numeris tempore omnia certa esse :ic definita debeant,
" facile intelligitur, in numerisipsis nihil usqnam posse aneeps esse; itmjue
" si quse invtniuntur ancipites syllabic, i. e. qu;e breves sil t qmmi longie
f< esse debeant, vel longie quum debeant breves esse, ea% quod ad numerum
" attinet, pro talibus numerari, quales debeant esse, etsi non sint tales. Id
" autem nemo non videt sic tantuiu fieri posse, si qui sint in numeris loci
" in quibus pravitas ista mensural nihil aut. pnrum offensionis haheat. Hujus-
" modi loci duo sunt. Units est in Anacrusi ex una brevi syllaba, Alter est
" in fine ordinis, ubi qnoniam nihil sequilur, quod terminnm ponat crtum,
" ac potins pausa qugednm succedit, pariter delilescit mensura; pravitas.
" Utide vel brevis syllaba longas locum tenere potest, vel longa pro brevi
" esse. "--Pot' the opposite doctrine, sue Clarke's note on Iliad, A. 51.
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? ( 59 )
SECT. XXIII.
REMARKS ON THE QUANTITY OF THE PENULT OF WORDS.
1. PATRONYMICS in IDES orADES usually shorten
the penult; as Priamides, Atlantiades, Sec. Unless they
come from nouns in eus ; as Pelides, Tydides, 8cc. d
2. Patronymics and similar words in AIS, EIS, ITIS,
OIS, OTIS, INE, and ONE, commonly lengthen the pe-
nult ; as Achais, Ptolemais, Chryseis, JEneis, Memfihilis,
Latdis, Icaridtis, JVerine, Arisione. Except Thebais and
Phocais; and Nereis, which is common.
3. Adjectives in ACUS, ICUS, IDUS, ajnd IMUS, for
the most part shorten the penult; as JEgyfitiacw, academi-
cus, lefiidus, legitimus ; also superlatives, asforti&simus, &c.
Except ofiticus, amicus, afiricus, fiudicus, mendicus, fiosti-
cus, fidus, infidus, (but ficrfidus, of fier $s\& fides, is short,)
bimus, yuadrimus, fiatrimus, matrimus, opimus; and two
superlatives, imus, firimus.
4. Adjectives in EMUS have the penult long; as fios-
tremus.
5. Adjectives in ALIS, ANUS, ARUS, IRUS, IVUS,
ORUS, OSUS, UDUS, URUS, and UTUS, lengthen the
d In a paper on " Greek patronymics," published in the European Ma-
gazine for August, 1817, Dr. Carey, in remarking on the patronymics
AT^fifm, n>>x</<f>>? , &c. and their corresponding Latin forms, (which he
? writes with EI instead of the long I alone, as) Mreides, Peleides, observes,
" I conceive, that wherever, in Greek or Latin poetry, we find one of those
patronymics in sucli a position as to allow the alternative of one long syllable
or two short, we are, if not bound, at least authorized, to pronounce the EI
as two distinct syllables; thus producing, in each of the following instances,
a dactyl, instead of the spondee, which is produced by the ordinary mode
of pronunciation; ex. gr.
KitiiSni ts <<v*f unfjMV, *<<i tits A^iKKnt.
Atrftdan, Priamumque, et sxvum ambubus Achillem.
Thus also, instead of spondaic lines in the following instances, (Iliad, B. 9.
and P. 191. )
E\8a>v ei; kkitdii AyafttfAiwof ATgiiJao
Oi wgor/ xtrTU esgov KAvra. Ttv%tx XlttM'if&o
we should have verbs of the regular form, with the dactyl in the fifth place:
and the same remark applies to Hhmiuvo.