of tium, having inveighed against the
arrogance
of
Constantinople.
Constantinople.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
In Caucasian countries, destroying some of the most
Spain and on the opposite coast of Africa, part of famous temples of the Magi, on his way through
the Greek dominions was conquered by the West- Albania (Dághestán), along the Caspian Sea. His
Gothic king, Sisibut, in 616, and the remaining motive in approaching the Caucasus was probably
part by king Suinthila, in 624. These calamities, to put himself into communication with Ziebei,
however, were trifling in comparison with those the khan of the Khazars, with whom he after-
inflicted upon the empire by the inroads and con- wards concluded a very advantageous alliance. The
quests of the Persians. The war which broke out Khazars were masters of the steppes north of the
in A. D. 603 between the emperor Phocas and the Caucasus as far as the Don and the Ural. Joined
Persian king Chosroës or Khosrew II. , was still by the Colchians and other Caucasian nations, he
raging, and to the conquest of Mesopotamia and directed his attacks against the northern part of
parts of Arminia, the king added, in the beginning Media, and he penetrated probably as far, and
of the reign of Heraclius, all Syria and Palaestine. perhaps beyond, the present Persian capital, Ispa-
Sarbar, the Persian general, conquered and pillaged han. He then returned to the Caucasus, but
Jerusalem in A. D. 615, and sent the holy lance, as before taking up his winter-quarters, he was
his noblest trophy, to his master at Ctesiphon. In attacked by the main army of the Persians com-
A. D. 616, Sarbar took and plundered Alexandria, manded by Chosroës in person, who, however,
conquered Egypt, and penetrated as far as Abys- suffered a total defeat. Ilaving been informed
sinia ; the export of corn from Egypt to Constan- that Chosroës meditated another expedition against
tinople was interrupted, and famine soon began to Constantinople, which would be commanded by
increase the sufferings of the capital. Having been Sarbar, Heraclius descended, in 625, into Mesopo-
urged by a Greek officer to abandon Egypt as a tamia, and from thence went into Cilicia in order
country of which the Persians could only keep to fall upon the rear of the Persians, if Sarbar
transient possession, the proud victor pointed out a should venture to penetrate into Asia Minor with
lofty column in Alexandria, and said, “I shall a Greek army at his back. In order to drive the
leave Egypt after you have swallowed that co- emperor before him, Sarbar attacked him on the
lumn ! ” During this year, another Persian army river Sarus, now Síhún. A terrible conflict took
!
overran Asia Minor, laid siege to Chalcedon, oppo- place ; the Persians were routed with great slaughter,
site Constantinople, and took it, in A. D. 616. and Heraclius gained the entire devotion of his
The Greeks, however, reconquered it a few years soldiers, not only for having led them to a decisive
afterwards. Heraclius made an attempt to enter victory, but also for the most splendid proofs of
into negotiations with Chosroës, but his ambassa- personal courage: on the bridge of the Sarus he
dors were thrown into prison, where they were slew a giant-like Persian, whom nobody dared to
afterwards put to death. It seems that Heraclius meet in single combat. Sarbar hurried into Persia,
remained unshaken in the midst of all these tem- and Heraclius once more marched into Pontus.
pests: he kept his eye upon Persia; he organised During this year Chosroës concluded an alliance
and increased his means, and when at last the time with the Avars: they had been on friendly terms
was come when he thought himself able to keep with the emperor since the year 620, but they now
the field, he took the command of his troops in listened to the proposals of the Persian, and in
person, against the persuasion of bis courtiers, and 626 they descended into Thrace, laying siege to
astonished the world by a series of campaigns Constantinople, while Sarbar with a powerful army
worthy of comparison with those of the most con- advanced from Persia, and took up his former
summate generals of all times. “ Since the days quarters on the Asiatic shore of the Bosporus.
of Scipio and Hannibal,” says Gibbon, “no bolder Heraclius was then encamped on the lower Halys.
enterprise has been attempted than that which Every body expected he would fly to the relief of
Heraclius achieved for the deliverance of the his capital ; but he did just the contrary. He
empire. "
despatched his son Theodore with an army against
Heraclius spent a whole year in disciplining a Sais, the lieutenant of Chosroës, who invaded
host of Greeks and barbarians into a compact Mesopotamia, and he himself, with the main body,
army. In 622 he embarked them on vessels lying took up a position in the Caucasus, taking no notice
in the Bosporus, and made sail for Cilicia. He of Sarbar and the Avars. His plan was admirable,
pitched his camp in the plain of Issus, and occupied and crowned with complete success. In the Cau-
the Pylae Ciliciae and the other passes of the casus he was joined by the khan Ziebel, with whom
Taurus and Anti-Taurus that lead into the plain he had just concluded an offensive and defensive
round the corner of the gulf of Iskénderun, between alliance, and who now hastened to his assistance
Mount Taurus and Mount Amanus. He was soon with a powerful army of Khazars. The khan with
surrounded by a Persian army, but defeated it in a his main army invaded Media ; Heraclius, with
decisive battle, and, in spite of repeated attacks, his Greeks and 50,000 Khazarian auxiliaries, at-
fought his way across the Taurus and Anti-Taurus tacked Assyria ; and Constantinople stood firmly
into the province of Pontus. There his army took against its assailants. As neither of the besiegers
up its winter-quarters. He himself returned to had ships, they could not effect a junction, and thus
Constantinople, and in the spring of 623 sailed with the Avars withdrew, after having sustained several
another army, small but select, to Trebizond. This severe defeats, and Sarbar amused himself with
campaign and those of the following years led to besieging Chalcedon, thus running the risk of being
great results: the campaign of 624, however, is cut off from Persia : for in the following year, 627,
full of obscurities. Heraclius crossed Armenia, Heraclius made an irresistible attack against the very
and soon was in sight of Gandzaca, now Tauris, heart of the Persian empire. He crossed the Great
which yielded to him after a short siege, Chosroës Zab, and encamped on the ruins of Nineveh. Rha-
being unable or unwilling to defend it, although he zates, the Persian general, took up a fortified position
3
## p. 405 (#421) ############################################
HERACLIUS.
405
HERAS.
near the junction of the Little Zab and the Tigris. religion. In spite of this insult the emperor con-
There be was attacked and routed by the emperor, descended to conclude a treaty of friendship with
in the month of December, 627, and an immense the prophet. A small town, however, on the frontier
booty remained in the hands of the victors. A of Syria was plundered by some Arabs, and this
few days afterwards Heraclius took Dastagerd or trifling circumstance was the signal of a general war,
Artemita, not far from Ctesiphon, which was the which Mohammed feared all the less as the Greek
favourite residence of Chosroës, and the numerous empire was exhausted through the long wars with
palaces of the king in the neighbourhood of that the Persiang. The war was continued by Moham-
town were likewise taken and plundered. The med's successors, Abubekr and Omar; and before
booty was so great as to baffle description, though Heraclius died, Syria, Palaestine, and Jerusalem,
we must not believe the Arabic historians when Mesopotamia and Egypt, were annexed to the
they say that in the treasury of Dastagerd the dominion of the Khalifs. Heraclius did not com-
king used annually to deposit the greater part of mand his armies, as he had done with so much
the income of the empire, which amounted to two success against Chosroës, but spent his days in
hundred millions of pounds sterling, and that the pleasures and theological controversies in his palace
Greek emperor found in the treasury a thousand at Constantinople. The motives of his inactivity are
chests full of diamonds and other precious stones. unknown to us, and we are inclined to nscribe the
Chosroës fled to Seleuceia, and thence into the in- misfortunes of the last ten years of his reign to
terior of Persia. The only army left to him was bodily sufferings and debility, the consequence of
that of Sarbar, and he sent messengers to Chalce his numerous campaigns and of the
many wounds
don to urge his immediate return. The messengers which he had received in his daring exploits, rather
were intercepted, but Heraclius ordered them to be than to some mental derangement, or to that sort
released, taking care, however, to substitute an- of character which has been given him by modem
other letter for that written by the king, in which historians, who represent him as possessing a mix-
it was said that the king was victorious on all ture of energy and laziness of such an extraordinary
sides, and that Sarbar might continue the siege of description as to be bardly consistent with the
Chalcedon.
organisation of the human mind. So long as there
The protracted absence of Sarbar in such a is no positive evidence of the most unequivocal
critical moment was certain proof of high treason character, no man, and still less a great man,
in the eyes of the Persian king, and a confident ought to be declared either a madman or a fool.
officer was despatched into the camp of Chalcedon, Heraclius died on the 11th of March (February),
bearing an order to the second in command, direct- A. D. 641, and was succeeded by his eldest son,
ing him to kill Sarbar. The despatch fell into Heraclius, called Constantine III. , whom he had
Sarbar's hands: he inserted after his name those | by his first wife, Eudoxia : he left another son,
of four hundred of the principal officers, who seeing Heracleonas, by his second wife, Martina. A
their lives in danger, agreed with the proposition colossal statue of Heraclius was shown at Barletto
of their commander to conclude a separate peace in Apulia so late as the end of the fifteenth cen-
with the Greeks. Deprived of his only army and tury. (Theophan. p. 250, &c. , ed. Paris ; Nicephor.
his best general, Chosroës was unable to oppose p. 4, &c. , ed. Paris ; Cedrenus, p. 407, ed. Paris ;
resistance to a new attack of Heraclius upon the Chronicon Alexandrinum; Zonar. vol. i. p. 82,
heart of Persia. He filed to the East, abandoning &c. , ed. Paris; Manasses, p. 75, &c. ; Glycas, p.
the West to the victorious Greeks ; but the loyalty 270, &c. , ed. Paris. )
[W. P. )
of his subjects ceased with his victories, and HERACLIUS II. (CONSTANTINUS III. )
Chosroës became the victim of a rebellion headed HE'RACON ('Hpákwv), an officer in the service
by his own son, Siroes, by whom he was put to of Alexander, who, together with Cleander and
death in the month of February, A. D. 628. In the Sitalces, succeeded to the command of the army in
following month of March a peace was concluded Media, which had previously been under the orders
between Heraclius and Siroes, in consequence of of Parmenion, when the latter was put to death by
which the ancient limits of the two empires were order of Alexander, B. C. 330. In common with
restored, and the holy cross was given back to many others of the Macedonian governors, he per-
the Christians. It was presented to the holy se mitted himself many excesses during the absence
pulcbre by Heraclius himself in A. D. 629. Pre- of Alexander in the remote provinces of the East:
vious to this, however, the emperor celebrated his among others he plundered a temple at Susa, noted
victories by a triumphal entrance into Constan- for its wealth, on which charge he was put to death
tinople: the blessings of his subjects followed him by Alexander after his return from India, B. C.
wherever he went, and his fame spread over the 325. (Arrian, Anab. vi. 27. 88 8, 12 ; Curt.
world from Europe to the remotest corners of India. x. 1. )
(E. H. B. )
Ambassadors from that country, from the Frankish HÉRA'GORAS ('Hpayopas), a Greek historian
king, Dagobert, and many other eastern and west of uncertain date. A work of his, called Meyapıké,
eru princes, came to Constantinople to congratulate is quoted by Eudocia (p. 440), and by the scholiast
the emperor on his having overthrown the here-
on Apollonius Rhodius (i. 211), who calls him
ditary enemy of the Roman empire.
Hesagoras.
[E. E. )
The glory acquired by Heraclius was of short HÈRAS (*Hpas), a physician of Cappadocia,
duration. The provinces reconquered from the who lived after Heracleides of Tarentum (Galen,
Persians he was deprived of for ever by the Arabs. De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. v. 6, vol. xiii. p.
Our space does not allow us to give more than a 812), and before Andromachus (Galen, De Com-
short sketch of the long and bloody war tbat gave pos. Medicam. sec. Loc. vi. 9, vol. xii. p. 989), and
a new religion and a new master to the East. therefore probably in the first century B. C.
On his way to Jerusalem in A. D. 629, Heraclius wrote some works on pharmacy, which are rery
received at Édessa an ambassador of Mohammed, frequently quoted by Galen, but of which nothing
who summoned the emperor to adopt the new but a few fragments remain. His prescriptions and
He
DD 3
## p. 406 (#422) ############################################
406
HERDONIUS.
HERENNIA GENS.
99
kom. 44
as reizes
be
11:33
HERES
skete
3
quoted also by other ancient medical writers, and and Herdonius and nearly all his followers were
he may perhaps be the physician mentioned by slain, after a desperate and protracted resistance.
Martial (Epigr. vi. 78. 3). See C. G. Kühn, (Liv. iii. 15—19; Dionys. x. 14-17. ) The ex-
Additam. ad Elench. Medic. Vet. a J. A. Fabric. ploit of Herdonius, although much misrepresented
in “ Bibl. Gracca ” exhibitum.
[W. A. G. ) | by both Livy and Dionysius, and probably by the
HE'RCULES. [HERACLES. ]
annalists whom they consulted, throws considerable
HERCUʼLIUS ('Epkoúdws), praefectus prae- light on the political history of Rome in the first
torio Illyrici, A. D. 408—412, is probably the century of the republic. It is amply narrated by
Herculius to whom one of the letters of Chrysostom Niebuhr (Hist. of Rome, vol. ii. pp. 293–296),
is addressed. It is in answer to a letter from and analysed by Arnold (llist. of Rome, vol. i. c.
Herculius to Chrysostom, and expresses Chrysos xi. note 11. )
(W. B. D. ]
tom's appreciation of the affection of Herculius for HERDO'NIUS, TURNUS, of Aricia in La-
him, which was“ known by all the city," i. e.
of tium, having inveighed against the arrogance of
Constantinople. The letter was written during Tarquin the Proud, and warned his countrymen
Chrysostom's exile, a. D. 404–407. (Chrysostoin, against putting trust in him, Tarquin accused
Opera, vol. iii. p. 859, ed. Paris, 1834, &c. ; Cod. him of plotting his death. Witnesses were sub-
Theod. 11. tit. 17. & 4; tit. 22. 5; 12. tit. 1. $orned, and weapons were conveyed by treacherous
172; 15. tit. 1. § 49. )
(J. C. M. ] slaves into the house where Herdonius lodged.
HERCUʻLIUS MAXIMIA'NUS. [MAXI His guilt was therefore inferred, and Herdonius
MIANUS. ]
was condemned by the great assembly of the La-
HERCYNA ("Epruva), a divinity of the lower ting, and drowned in the Aqua Ferentina (Liv.
world, respecting whom the following tradition is i. 50, 51; Dionys. iv. 45–48. ) The latter his
related. She was a daughter of Trophonius, and torian relates the story with some differences, and
once while she was playing with Cora, the daughter makes Herdonius a native of Corioli. (W. B. D. ]
of Demeter in the grove of Trophonius, near Leba- HE'REAS ('Hpéas), an historical writer, a na-
deia in Bocotia, she let a goose fly away, which she tive of Megarı, quoted by Plutarch (Thes. 20, 32,
carried in her hand. The bird flew into a cave, Sol. 10. )
(C. P. M. ]
and concealed itself under a block of stone. When HERENNIA ETRUSCILLA. [ETRUS-
Cora pulled the bird forth from its hiding place, a cilla. )
well gushed forth from under the stone, which was HEREN'NIA GENS, originally Samnite (Liv.
called Hercyna. On the bank of the rivulet a ix. 3 ; Appian, Sumnit. 4. & 3), and by the Sam-
temple was afterwards erected, with the statue of nite invasion established in Campania (Liv. iv, 37,
a maiden carrying a goose in her hand ; and in the vii. 38, xxxix. 13), became at a later period a
cave there were two statues with staves surrounded plebeian house at Rome. (Cic. Brut. 45, ad Att.
by serpents, Trophonius and Hercyna, resembling i. 18, 19; Sall. Hist. ii. ap. Gell. x, 20; Liv.
the statues of Asclepius and Hygeia. (Paus. ix. xxiii. 43. ) The Herennii were a family of rank in
39. & 2. ) Hercyna founded the worship of Deme Italy. They were the hereditary patrons of the
ter at Lebadeia, who hence received the surname of Marii. (Plut. Mar. 5. ) Herennius was a leading
Hercyna. (Lycoph. 153, with the note of Tzetzes. ) senator of Nola in Campania (Liv. xxiii. 43); and
Hercyna was worshipped at Lebadeia in common M. Herennius was decurio of Pompeii about B. C.
with Zeus, and sacrifices were offered to both in 63. (Plin. H. N. ii. 51. ) From a coin (see be-
common. (Liv. xlv. 27. )
(L. S. ] low), from the cognomen Siculus (Val. Max, ix.
HERDO'NIUS, AP'PIUS, a Sabine chieftain, 12. '$ 6), and the settlement of an Herennius at
who, in 2. c. 460, during the disturbances that Leptis as a merchant (Cic. in Verr. i. 5, v. 59),
preceded tne Terentilian law at Rome, with a band one branch at least of the family seems to have
of outlaws and slaves, made himself master of the been engaged in commerce (Macrob. Sat. iii. 6;
capitol. The enterprise was so well planned and Serv. ad Aen. viii. 363), especially in the Sicilian
conducted, that the first intimation of it to the and African trade, and in the purchase and ex-
people of Rome was the war-shout and trumpets of portation of the silphium — ferula Tingitana
the invaders from the summit of the capitoline hill. (Sprengel, Rei Herbar. p. 84), from Cyrene. (Plin.
Herdonius was most probably in league with a H. N. xix. 3. ) The Herennii appear for the first
section of the patrician party, and especially with time in the Fasti, B. C. 93.
Under the empire
the Fabian house, one of whose members, Kaeso they held various provincial and military offices
Fabius, had recently been exiled for his violence (Joseph. Antiq. xviji. 16; Tac. Hist. iv. 19; Dion
in the comitia. Without some connivance within Cass. lxvii. 13; Plin. Ep. vii. 33); and the wife
the city, the exploit of Herdonius seems incredible. of the Emperor Decius (A. D. 249) was Herennia
At the head of at least 4000 men (Liv. iii. 15; Etruscilla. ( ETRUSCILLA ; Etruscus. ] The cog-
Dionys. x. 14), he dropped down the Tiber, passed nomens which occur under the republic are Bal-
unhailed under the walls of Rome, and through the bus, Bassus, CERRINIUS, PONTIUS, and SICULUS.
Carmental gate, which, although from a religious As the surnames of Balbus, Bassus, and Cerrinius,
feeling (Liv. ii. 49; Ov. Fasti, ii. 201), it was have been omitted under these names, they are
always open, was certainly not usually unguarded, placed under the gentile name.
and ascended the clivus capitolinus by a peopled For the cognomens under the empire, see the
street, the vicus jugalis. Herdonius proclaimed alphabetical list on p. 408.
freedom to slaves who should join him, abolition of In the Herennian, as in other families of Sabel-
debts, and defence of the plebs from their oppres- lian origin, a peculiarity in the system of names is
But his ottirs attracted neither bond nor free to be noted. To the family or paternal name was
man, and his demand that the exiles should be re-added that of the mother or wife. Thus the son of
called was equally disregarded. His success indeed Cerrinius and Minia Paculla (Liv. xxxix. 13) is
was confined to the capture of the citadel. On the Minius Cerrinius, who, by marriage with an ble
fourth day from his entry the capitol was re-taken, rennia, becomes Herennius Cerrinius. The son
HERE
w Seapolis
ITE. fro
SOLASKAN
2. HELINNI
Parka Wizi
Baada Para
main in the
me to the pas
HDESSIA GES
der kom. p. 5. )
4. L GTAV
startare
1
eru. Tren He
Hetente terra
Богв.
aanikan
his deisende
la Porta Tri
## p. 407 (#423) ############################################
HERENNIUS.
407
HERENNIUS.
MERENAI
COIN OP HERENNLA GENS,
of the emperor Decius and Herennia Etruscilla was | temple legend. (Masurius Sabinus, Memorial. ii.
styled Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius. There ap. Macrob. Sat. iii. 6; Serv. ad Aen. viii. 363. )
was both assumption and deposition of names in The latter, indeed, calls the pious merchant M.
this system. Thus Minius Cerrinius dropped the Octavius Eserninus, but his version of the story is
former of his appellations when he took that of substantially the same with that in Macrobius.
Herennius. (Comp. Göttling, Staatsverfassung der 5. C. HERENNIUS, was the hereditary patron
Röm. p. 5, &c. )
(W. B.
Spain and on the opposite coast of Africa, part of famous temples of the Magi, on his way through
the Greek dominions was conquered by the West- Albania (Dághestán), along the Caspian Sea. His
Gothic king, Sisibut, in 616, and the remaining motive in approaching the Caucasus was probably
part by king Suinthila, in 624. These calamities, to put himself into communication with Ziebei,
however, were trifling in comparison with those the khan of the Khazars, with whom he after-
inflicted upon the empire by the inroads and con- wards concluded a very advantageous alliance. The
quests of the Persians. The war which broke out Khazars were masters of the steppes north of the
in A. D. 603 between the emperor Phocas and the Caucasus as far as the Don and the Ural. Joined
Persian king Chosroës or Khosrew II. , was still by the Colchians and other Caucasian nations, he
raging, and to the conquest of Mesopotamia and directed his attacks against the northern part of
parts of Arminia, the king added, in the beginning Media, and he penetrated probably as far, and
of the reign of Heraclius, all Syria and Palaestine. perhaps beyond, the present Persian capital, Ispa-
Sarbar, the Persian general, conquered and pillaged han. He then returned to the Caucasus, but
Jerusalem in A. D. 615, and sent the holy lance, as before taking up his winter-quarters, he was
his noblest trophy, to his master at Ctesiphon. In attacked by the main army of the Persians com-
A. D. 616, Sarbar took and plundered Alexandria, manded by Chosroës in person, who, however,
conquered Egypt, and penetrated as far as Abys- suffered a total defeat. Ilaving been informed
sinia ; the export of corn from Egypt to Constan- that Chosroës meditated another expedition against
tinople was interrupted, and famine soon began to Constantinople, which would be commanded by
increase the sufferings of the capital. Having been Sarbar, Heraclius descended, in 625, into Mesopo-
urged by a Greek officer to abandon Egypt as a tamia, and from thence went into Cilicia in order
country of which the Persians could only keep to fall upon the rear of the Persians, if Sarbar
transient possession, the proud victor pointed out a should venture to penetrate into Asia Minor with
lofty column in Alexandria, and said, “I shall a Greek army at his back. In order to drive the
leave Egypt after you have swallowed that co- emperor before him, Sarbar attacked him on the
lumn ! ” During this year, another Persian army river Sarus, now Síhún. A terrible conflict took
!
overran Asia Minor, laid siege to Chalcedon, oppo- place ; the Persians were routed with great slaughter,
site Constantinople, and took it, in A. D. 616. and Heraclius gained the entire devotion of his
The Greeks, however, reconquered it a few years soldiers, not only for having led them to a decisive
afterwards. Heraclius made an attempt to enter victory, but also for the most splendid proofs of
into negotiations with Chosroës, but his ambassa- personal courage: on the bridge of the Sarus he
dors were thrown into prison, where they were slew a giant-like Persian, whom nobody dared to
afterwards put to death. It seems that Heraclius meet in single combat. Sarbar hurried into Persia,
remained unshaken in the midst of all these tem- and Heraclius once more marched into Pontus.
pests: he kept his eye upon Persia; he organised During this year Chosroës concluded an alliance
and increased his means, and when at last the time with the Avars: they had been on friendly terms
was come when he thought himself able to keep with the emperor since the year 620, but they now
the field, he took the command of his troops in listened to the proposals of the Persian, and in
person, against the persuasion of bis courtiers, and 626 they descended into Thrace, laying siege to
astonished the world by a series of campaigns Constantinople, while Sarbar with a powerful army
worthy of comparison with those of the most con- advanced from Persia, and took up his former
summate generals of all times. “ Since the days quarters on the Asiatic shore of the Bosporus.
of Scipio and Hannibal,” says Gibbon, “no bolder Heraclius was then encamped on the lower Halys.
enterprise has been attempted than that which Every body expected he would fly to the relief of
Heraclius achieved for the deliverance of the his capital ; but he did just the contrary. He
empire. "
despatched his son Theodore with an army against
Heraclius spent a whole year in disciplining a Sais, the lieutenant of Chosroës, who invaded
host of Greeks and barbarians into a compact Mesopotamia, and he himself, with the main body,
army. In 622 he embarked them on vessels lying took up a position in the Caucasus, taking no notice
in the Bosporus, and made sail for Cilicia. He of Sarbar and the Avars. His plan was admirable,
pitched his camp in the plain of Issus, and occupied and crowned with complete success. In the Cau-
the Pylae Ciliciae and the other passes of the casus he was joined by the khan Ziebel, with whom
Taurus and Anti-Taurus that lead into the plain he had just concluded an offensive and defensive
round the corner of the gulf of Iskénderun, between alliance, and who now hastened to his assistance
Mount Taurus and Mount Amanus. He was soon with a powerful army of Khazars. The khan with
surrounded by a Persian army, but defeated it in a his main army invaded Media ; Heraclius, with
decisive battle, and, in spite of repeated attacks, his Greeks and 50,000 Khazarian auxiliaries, at-
fought his way across the Taurus and Anti-Taurus tacked Assyria ; and Constantinople stood firmly
into the province of Pontus. There his army took against its assailants. As neither of the besiegers
up its winter-quarters. He himself returned to had ships, they could not effect a junction, and thus
Constantinople, and in the spring of 623 sailed with the Avars withdrew, after having sustained several
another army, small but select, to Trebizond. This severe defeats, and Sarbar amused himself with
campaign and those of the following years led to besieging Chalcedon, thus running the risk of being
great results: the campaign of 624, however, is cut off from Persia : for in the following year, 627,
full of obscurities. Heraclius crossed Armenia, Heraclius made an irresistible attack against the very
and soon was in sight of Gandzaca, now Tauris, heart of the Persian empire. He crossed the Great
which yielded to him after a short siege, Chosroës Zab, and encamped on the ruins of Nineveh. Rha-
being unable or unwilling to defend it, although he zates, the Persian general, took up a fortified position
3
## p. 405 (#421) ############################################
HERACLIUS.
405
HERAS.
near the junction of the Little Zab and the Tigris. religion. In spite of this insult the emperor con-
There be was attacked and routed by the emperor, descended to conclude a treaty of friendship with
in the month of December, 627, and an immense the prophet. A small town, however, on the frontier
booty remained in the hands of the victors. A of Syria was plundered by some Arabs, and this
few days afterwards Heraclius took Dastagerd or trifling circumstance was the signal of a general war,
Artemita, not far from Ctesiphon, which was the which Mohammed feared all the less as the Greek
favourite residence of Chosroës, and the numerous empire was exhausted through the long wars with
palaces of the king in the neighbourhood of that the Persiang. The war was continued by Moham-
town were likewise taken and plundered. The med's successors, Abubekr and Omar; and before
booty was so great as to baffle description, though Heraclius died, Syria, Palaestine, and Jerusalem,
we must not believe the Arabic historians when Mesopotamia and Egypt, were annexed to the
they say that in the treasury of Dastagerd the dominion of the Khalifs. Heraclius did not com-
king used annually to deposit the greater part of mand his armies, as he had done with so much
the income of the empire, which amounted to two success against Chosroës, but spent his days in
hundred millions of pounds sterling, and that the pleasures and theological controversies in his palace
Greek emperor found in the treasury a thousand at Constantinople. The motives of his inactivity are
chests full of diamonds and other precious stones. unknown to us, and we are inclined to nscribe the
Chosroës fled to Seleuceia, and thence into the in- misfortunes of the last ten years of his reign to
terior of Persia. The only army left to him was bodily sufferings and debility, the consequence of
that of Sarbar, and he sent messengers to Chalce his numerous campaigns and of the
many wounds
don to urge his immediate return. The messengers which he had received in his daring exploits, rather
were intercepted, but Heraclius ordered them to be than to some mental derangement, or to that sort
released, taking care, however, to substitute an- of character which has been given him by modem
other letter for that written by the king, in which historians, who represent him as possessing a mix-
it was said that the king was victorious on all ture of energy and laziness of such an extraordinary
sides, and that Sarbar might continue the siege of description as to be bardly consistent with the
Chalcedon.
organisation of the human mind. So long as there
The protracted absence of Sarbar in such a is no positive evidence of the most unequivocal
critical moment was certain proof of high treason character, no man, and still less a great man,
in the eyes of the Persian king, and a confident ought to be declared either a madman or a fool.
officer was despatched into the camp of Chalcedon, Heraclius died on the 11th of March (February),
bearing an order to the second in command, direct- A. D. 641, and was succeeded by his eldest son,
ing him to kill Sarbar. The despatch fell into Heraclius, called Constantine III. , whom he had
Sarbar's hands: he inserted after his name those | by his first wife, Eudoxia : he left another son,
of four hundred of the principal officers, who seeing Heracleonas, by his second wife, Martina. A
their lives in danger, agreed with the proposition colossal statue of Heraclius was shown at Barletto
of their commander to conclude a separate peace in Apulia so late as the end of the fifteenth cen-
with the Greeks. Deprived of his only army and tury. (Theophan. p. 250, &c. , ed. Paris ; Nicephor.
his best general, Chosroës was unable to oppose p. 4, &c. , ed. Paris ; Cedrenus, p. 407, ed. Paris ;
resistance to a new attack of Heraclius upon the Chronicon Alexandrinum; Zonar. vol. i. p. 82,
heart of Persia. He filed to the East, abandoning &c. , ed. Paris; Manasses, p. 75, &c. ; Glycas, p.
the West to the victorious Greeks ; but the loyalty 270, &c. , ed. Paris. )
[W. P. )
of his subjects ceased with his victories, and HERACLIUS II. (CONSTANTINUS III. )
Chosroës became the victim of a rebellion headed HE'RACON ('Hpákwv), an officer in the service
by his own son, Siroes, by whom he was put to of Alexander, who, together with Cleander and
death in the month of February, A. D. 628. In the Sitalces, succeeded to the command of the army in
following month of March a peace was concluded Media, which had previously been under the orders
between Heraclius and Siroes, in consequence of of Parmenion, when the latter was put to death by
which the ancient limits of the two empires were order of Alexander, B. C. 330. In common with
restored, and the holy cross was given back to many others of the Macedonian governors, he per-
the Christians. It was presented to the holy se mitted himself many excesses during the absence
pulcbre by Heraclius himself in A. D. 629. Pre- of Alexander in the remote provinces of the East:
vious to this, however, the emperor celebrated his among others he plundered a temple at Susa, noted
victories by a triumphal entrance into Constan- for its wealth, on which charge he was put to death
tinople: the blessings of his subjects followed him by Alexander after his return from India, B. C.
wherever he went, and his fame spread over the 325. (Arrian, Anab. vi. 27. 88 8, 12 ; Curt.
world from Europe to the remotest corners of India. x. 1. )
(E. H. B. )
Ambassadors from that country, from the Frankish HÉRA'GORAS ('Hpayopas), a Greek historian
king, Dagobert, and many other eastern and west of uncertain date. A work of his, called Meyapıké,
eru princes, came to Constantinople to congratulate is quoted by Eudocia (p. 440), and by the scholiast
the emperor on his having overthrown the here-
on Apollonius Rhodius (i. 211), who calls him
ditary enemy of the Roman empire.
Hesagoras.
[E. E. )
The glory acquired by Heraclius was of short HÈRAS (*Hpas), a physician of Cappadocia,
duration. The provinces reconquered from the who lived after Heracleides of Tarentum (Galen,
Persians he was deprived of for ever by the Arabs. De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. v. 6, vol. xiii. p.
Our space does not allow us to give more than a 812), and before Andromachus (Galen, De Com-
short sketch of the long and bloody war tbat gave pos. Medicam. sec. Loc. vi. 9, vol. xii. p. 989), and
a new religion and a new master to the East. therefore probably in the first century B. C.
On his way to Jerusalem in A. D. 629, Heraclius wrote some works on pharmacy, which are rery
received at Édessa an ambassador of Mohammed, frequently quoted by Galen, but of which nothing
who summoned the emperor to adopt the new but a few fragments remain. His prescriptions and
He
DD 3
## p. 406 (#422) ############################################
406
HERDONIUS.
HERENNIA GENS.
99
kom. 44
as reizes
be
11:33
HERES
skete
3
quoted also by other ancient medical writers, and and Herdonius and nearly all his followers were
he may perhaps be the physician mentioned by slain, after a desperate and protracted resistance.
Martial (Epigr. vi. 78. 3). See C. G. Kühn, (Liv. iii. 15—19; Dionys. x. 14-17. ) The ex-
Additam. ad Elench. Medic. Vet. a J. A. Fabric. ploit of Herdonius, although much misrepresented
in “ Bibl. Gracca ” exhibitum.
[W. A. G. ) | by both Livy and Dionysius, and probably by the
HE'RCULES. [HERACLES. ]
annalists whom they consulted, throws considerable
HERCUʼLIUS ('Epkoúdws), praefectus prae- light on the political history of Rome in the first
torio Illyrici, A. D. 408—412, is probably the century of the republic. It is amply narrated by
Herculius to whom one of the letters of Chrysostom Niebuhr (Hist. of Rome, vol. ii. pp. 293–296),
is addressed. It is in answer to a letter from and analysed by Arnold (llist. of Rome, vol. i. c.
Herculius to Chrysostom, and expresses Chrysos xi. note 11. )
(W. B. D. ]
tom's appreciation of the affection of Herculius for HERDO'NIUS, TURNUS, of Aricia in La-
him, which was“ known by all the city," i. e.
of tium, having inveighed against the arrogance of
Constantinople. The letter was written during Tarquin the Proud, and warned his countrymen
Chrysostom's exile, a. D. 404–407. (Chrysostoin, against putting trust in him, Tarquin accused
Opera, vol. iii. p. 859, ed. Paris, 1834, &c. ; Cod. him of plotting his death. Witnesses were sub-
Theod. 11. tit. 17. & 4; tit. 22. 5; 12. tit. 1. $orned, and weapons were conveyed by treacherous
172; 15. tit. 1. § 49. )
(J. C. M. ] slaves into the house where Herdonius lodged.
HERCUʻLIUS MAXIMIA'NUS. [MAXI His guilt was therefore inferred, and Herdonius
MIANUS. ]
was condemned by the great assembly of the La-
HERCYNA ("Epruva), a divinity of the lower ting, and drowned in the Aqua Ferentina (Liv.
world, respecting whom the following tradition is i. 50, 51; Dionys. iv. 45–48. ) The latter his
related. She was a daughter of Trophonius, and torian relates the story with some differences, and
once while she was playing with Cora, the daughter makes Herdonius a native of Corioli. (W. B. D. ]
of Demeter in the grove of Trophonius, near Leba- HE'REAS ('Hpéas), an historical writer, a na-
deia in Bocotia, she let a goose fly away, which she tive of Megarı, quoted by Plutarch (Thes. 20, 32,
carried in her hand. The bird flew into a cave, Sol. 10. )
(C. P. M. ]
and concealed itself under a block of stone. When HERENNIA ETRUSCILLA. [ETRUS-
Cora pulled the bird forth from its hiding place, a cilla. )
well gushed forth from under the stone, which was HEREN'NIA GENS, originally Samnite (Liv.
called Hercyna. On the bank of the rivulet a ix. 3 ; Appian, Sumnit. 4. & 3), and by the Sam-
temple was afterwards erected, with the statue of nite invasion established in Campania (Liv. iv, 37,
a maiden carrying a goose in her hand ; and in the vii. 38, xxxix. 13), became at a later period a
cave there were two statues with staves surrounded plebeian house at Rome. (Cic. Brut. 45, ad Att.
by serpents, Trophonius and Hercyna, resembling i. 18, 19; Sall. Hist. ii. ap. Gell. x, 20; Liv.
the statues of Asclepius and Hygeia. (Paus. ix. xxiii. 43. ) The Herennii were a family of rank in
39. & 2. ) Hercyna founded the worship of Deme Italy. They were the hereditary patrons of the
ter at Lebadeia, who hence received the surname of Marii. (Plut. Mar. 5. ) Herennius was a leading
Hercyna. (Lycoph. 153, with the note of Tzetzes. ) senator of Nola in Campania (Liv. xxiii. 43); and
Hercyna was worshipped at Lebadeia in common M. Herennius was decurio of Pompeii about B. C.
with Zeus, and sacrifices were offered to both in 63. (Plin. H. N. ii. 51. ) From a coin (see be-
common. (Liv. xlv. 27. )
(L. S. ] low), from the cognomen Siculus (Val. Max, ix.
HERDO'NIUS, AP'PIUS, a Sabine chieftain, 12. '$ 6), and the settlement of an Herennius at
who, in 2. c. 460, during the disturbances that Leptis as a merchant (Cic. in Verr. i. 5, v. 59),
preceded tne Terentilian law at Rome, with a band one branch at least of the family seems to have
of outlaws and slaves, made himself master of the been engaged in commerce (Macrob. Sat. iii. 6;
capitol. The enterprise was so well planned and Serv. ad Aen. viii. 363), especially in the Sicilian
conducted, that the first intimation of it to the and African trade, and in the purchase and ex-
people of Rome was the war-shout and trumpets of portation of the silphium — ferula Tingitana
the invaders from the summit of the capitoline hill. (Sprengel, Rei Herbar. p. 84), from Cyrene. (Plin.
Herdonius was most probably in league with a H. N. xix. 3. ) The Herennii appear for the first
section of the patrician party, and especially with time in the Fasti, B. C. 93.
Under the empire
the Fabian house, one of whose members, Kaeso they held various provincial and military offices
Fabius, had recently been exiled for his violence (Joseph. Antiq. xviji. 16; Tac. Hist. iv. 19; Dion
in the comitia. Without some connivance within Cass. lxvii. 13; Plin. Ep. vii. 33); and the wife
the city, the exploit of Herdonius seems incredible. of the Emperor Decius (A. D. 249) was Herennia
At the head of at least 4000 men (Liv. iii. 15; Etruscilla. ( ETRUSCILLA ; Etruscus. ] The cog-
Dionys. x. 14), he dropped down the Tiber, passed nomens which occur under the republic are Bal-
unhailed under the walls of Rome, and through the bus, Bassus, CERRINIUS, PONTIUS, and SICULUS.
Carmental gate, which, although from a religious As the surnames of Balbus, Bassus, and Cerrinius,
feeling (Liv. ii. 49; Ov. Fasti, ii. 201), it was have been omitted under these names, they are
always open, was certainly not usually unguarded, placed under the gentile name.
and ascended the clivus capitolinus by a peopled For the cognomens under the empire, see the
street, the vicus jugalis. Herdonius proclaimed alphabetical list on p. 408.
freedom to slaves who should join him, abolition of In the Herennian, as in other families of Sabel-
debts, and defence of the plebs from their oppres- lian origin, a peculiarity in the system of names is
But his ottirs attracted neither bond nor free to be noted. To the family or paternal name was
man, and his demand that the exiles should be re-added that of the mother or wife. Thus the son of
called was equally disregarded. His success indeed Cerrinius and Minia Paculla (Liv. xxxix. 13) is
was confined to the capture of the citadel. On the Minius Cerrinius, who, by marriage with an ble
fourth day from his entry the capitol was re-taken, rennia, becomes Herennius Cerrinius. The son
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## p. 407 (#423) ############################################
HERENNIUS.
407
HERENNIUS.
MERENAI
COIN OP HERENNLA GENS,
of the emperor Decius and Herennia Etruscilla was | temple legend. (Masurius Sabinus, Memorial. ii.
styled Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius. There ap. Macrob. Sat. iii. 6; Serv. ad Aen. viii. 363. )
was both assumption and deposition of names in The latter, indeed, calls the pious merchant M.
this system. Thus Minius Cerrinius dropped the Octavius Eserninus, but his version of the story is
former of his appellations when he took that of substantially the same with that in Macrobius.
Herennius. (Comp. Göttling, Staatsverfassung der 5. C. HERENNIUS, was the hereditary patron
Röm. p. 5, &c. )
(W. B.
