He was
educated
at Athens 12.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
) He must have lived some time in
compare Wilson's Ariana, pp. 215—219; Droysen's or before the first century after Christ, and wrote
Hellenismus, ii. pp. 325, 412, 760; Raoul Rochette a work on botany.
(W. A. G. ]
Journ. des Surans, Oct. 1835. )
DI'OGAS (Alóvas), an iatrolipta (see Dict. of
With regard to the date of the revolt of Dio- Ant. s. v. ), who lived in the first or second century
dotus, it appears from Strabo and Justin to have after Christ, mentioned by Galen (de Compos. Ale-
preceded that of Arsaces in Parthin, and may there- dicam. sec. Locos, vii. 5, vol. xii. p. 101) as having
fore be referred with much probability to the latter used a medicine of Antonius Musa. (W. A. G. )
part of the reign of Antiochus II. in Syria. B. C. DIOGENEIA (Aloyévela), the name of two
261–246. (See ArsACES, p. 354, a. ] The date mythical beings. (Paus. i. 38. $ 3; Apollod. iii.
usually received is 256 B. C. , but any such precise 15. $ 1. )
(L. S. ]
determination rests only on mere conjecture.
DIO'GENES (Aloyévms), historical. 1. An
Concerning the Bactrian kings in general see ACARNANIAN. When Popillius in B. c. 170 went as
Bayer, Historia Regni Graecorum Bactriani, 4to. ambassador to the Aetolians, and several states-
Petrop. 1738 ; Lassen, Zur Geschichte der Griechis men were of opinion that Roman garrisons should
chen und Indo-Skytischen Könige in Buktrien, 8vo. be stationed in Acarnanin, Diogenes opposed their
Bonn, 1838 ; Wilson's Ariana Antiqua, 4to. advice, and succeeded in inducing Popillius not to
Lond. 1841.
(E. H. B. ] send any soldiers into Acarnania. (Polyb. xxviii. 5. )
DIO'DOTUS II. , the son and successor of the 2. A son of ARCHELAU'S, the general of Mithri-
preceding, is called by Justin Theodotus, as well dates, who fell in the battle of Chaeroneia, which
as his father. According to that author, he aban- his father lost against Sulla. (Appian, Mithrid. 49. )
doned his father's policy, and concluded a treaty 3. A CARTHAGINIAN, who succeeded Hasdrubal
with the king of Parthia, Tiridates, by which he in the command of a place called Nepheris, in
joined him against Seleucus Callinicus. (Justin. Africa, wbere he was attacked by Scipio Africanus
xli. 4. ) The total defeat of the Syrian king pro- the Younger, who however left Laelius to continue
bably secured the independence of Bactria, as well the attack, while he himself marched against Car-
as that of Parthia ; but we know nothing more of thage. However, Scipio soon returned, and after
the history of Diodotus. The commencement of a siege of twenty-two days, the place was taken:
Juis reign may be dated somewhere about 240 B. c. 70,000 persons are said to have been killed on
(Wilson's Ariana, p. 217. ) [E. H. B. ] that spot, and this victory of Scipio was the first
DIO'DOTUS (11680tos), literary. 1. Of Ery- great step towards the taking of Carthage, which
THRAE, was, according to Athenaelis (x. p. 434), had been supplied with provisions from Nepheris.
the author of eonuepiões ’Aretávopov, from which The capture of the place, moreover, broke the cou-
we may infer that he was a contemporary of Alex- rage of the Africans, who still espoused the cause
ander the Great.
of Carthage. (Appian, P’un. 126. )
2. A Greek GRAMMARIAN, who, according to Dio- 4. A person sent by OROFERVES, together with
genes Laërtius (ix. 15), commented on the writings Timotheus, as ambassador to Rome in B. c. 161, to
of Heracleitus.
carry to Rome a golden crown, and to renew the
3. A PERIPATETIC philosopher, of Sidon, is friendship and alliance with the Romans. The
mentioned only by Strabo (xvi. p. 757).
principal object of the ambassadors, however, was
4. Surnamed PETRONIUS, was the author of to support the accusation which was brought against
Anthologumena and other works. He is often re- Ariarathes; and Diogenes and his coadjutor, Mil-
ferred to by Pliny, and is the same as the physi- tiades, succeeded in their plan, and lies and calum-
cian mentioned below.
nies gained the victory, as there was no one to
3. A Stoic philosopher, who lived for many undertake the defence of Ariarathes. (Polyb.
years at Rome in the house of Cicero, who had xxxii. 20. )
known him from his childhood, and always enter- 5. Praefect of Susiana in the reign of Antio-
tained great love and respect for him. He in-chus the Great. During the rebellion of Molo he
structed Cicero, and trained and exercised his defended the art of Susa while the city itself was
intellectual powers, especially in dialectics. In his taken by the rebel. Molo ceased pushing his con-
later years, Diodotus became blind, but he never- quest further, and leaving a besieging corps behind
theless continued to occupy himself with literary him, he returned to Seleuceia. When the insurreo-
pursuits and with teaching geometry. He died in lion was at length put down by Antiochus, Dio-
Cicero's house, in B. C. 59, and left to his friend genes obtained the command of the military forces
## p. 1020 (#1040) ##########################################
1020
DIOGENES
DIOGENES.
stationed in Media. In B. c. 210, when Antiochus There were two other Cynic philosophers of this
pursued Arraces II. into llyrcanin, Dingenes was name, one in the reign of Vespasian (Dion Cass.
appointed cominander of the vanguard, and disti. xlvi. 15), and the other in the reign of Julian,
guished himself during the march. (Polyb. : 46, who praises him in one of his Epistles (35, p. 410)
48, 54, x. 29, 30. )
(L. S. ] 5. Of Cszicus. (DOGENIANUS. ]
DIO'GEXES ( Aloyévns), literary. 1. With 6. The author of a work on L'ERSIA, of which
the praenomen ANTONICS, the author of a Greek the first book is quoted by Clemens of Alexandrin.
romance, whom some critics have placed soon after (Protrept. p. 19. ) It is uncertain whether he is
the time of Alexander, while others, and with the same as thé Diogenes who is mentioned by
more probability, have placed him in the second or Parthenius (Erot. 6) as the author of a work on
ibird century after Christ. llis age was unknown Pallene.
even to Photius, who has preserved (Cod. 166) an 7. LAERTIUS. See below.
outline of his romance.
It consisted of twenty-
8. (ENOMAIS. See below.
four books, was written in the form of a dinlogue 9. A PHOENICIAN, a Peripatctic philosopher,
about travels. and bore the title of Tà utep Ootamy who lived in the time of Simplicins. (Suid. s. v.
X FLOTA. (Comp. Porphyr. l'it. Pythag. 10. ) It is perfeis. ) Whether he is the same as Diogenes
highly praised by Photius for the clearness and of Abila in Phoenicin, whom Suidas and Stephanus
gracefulness of its descriptions. The epitome pre- Byzantius (s. r. 'Abina) call a distinguished sophist,
served by Photius is printed also in the “ Corpus cannot be ascertained.
Eroticcrum Graecorum," vol. i. edited by Passow. 10. A PHRYGIAN, is described as an atheist,
2. Of APOLLONIA. See below.
but is otherwise unknown. (Aelian, 1. 11. ii. 31;
3. Surnamed the BABYLONIAN, a Stoic philoso-comp. Eustath. ad Rom. Oil. ii. 381. )
pher. He was a native of Seleuceia in Babylonia, ii. Of PTOLEMAiS in Egypt, a Stoic philoso-
from which he derived his surname in order to pher, who made ethics the basis of his philosophy.
distinguish him from other philosophers of the (Diog. Laërt. vii. 41. )
name of Diogenes.
He was educated at Athens 12. Of Rhodes, a Greek grammarian, who
under the auspices of Chrysippus, and succeeded used to hold disputations at Rhodes every seventh
Zeno of Tarsus as the head of the Stoic school at day. Tiberius once wanted to hear him; but as
Athens. The most memorable event of his life is it was not the usual day for disputing, the gran-
the part he took in the embassy which the Athe- marian bade him come again on the seventh day.
nians sent to Rome in B. C. 155, and which con- Afterwards Diogenes came to Rome, and when he
sisted of the three philosophers, Diogenes, Carne- asked permission to pay his homage, the emperor
ades, and Critolaus. These three philosophers, did not admit him, but requested him to come
during their stay at Rome, delivered their epideictic again after the lapse of seven years. (Suet. Tiber.
speeches at first in numerous private assemblies, 32. )
and afterwards also in the senate. Diogenes 13. Of SELECCEIA, an Epicurean philosopher,
pleased his audience chiefly by his sober and tem- who has frequently been confounded with Diogenes
perate mode of speaking. (Gell. vii. lt; Cic. the Babylonian, who was likewise a native of Se-
Acad. ii. 45; comp. CARNEADES and CRITOLAUS. ) | leuceia. He lived at the court of Syria, and on
According to Lucian (Macrob. 20), Diogenes died at terms of intimacy with king Alexander, the suppo-
the age of 88; and as, in Cicero's Cato Major (7), sititious son of Antiochus Epiphanes. But he
Diogenes is spoken of as deceased, he must have was put to death soon after the accession of Antio-
died previous to B. c. 151. Diogenes, who is called chus Theus, in B. c. 142. (Athen. V. p. 211. )
a great Stoic (magnus et uraris Stoicus, Cic. de Off. 14. Of Sicyox, is mentioned by Diogenes Laër-
iii. 12), seenis io hare closely followed the views tius (vi. 81) as the author of a work on Pelopon-
of his master, Chrysippus, especially on subjects of nesus.
dialectics, in which Diogenes is even said to have 15. Of Smyrna, an Eleatic philosopher, who
instructed Carneades. (Cic. Acad. ii. 30, de Orat. a disciple of Metrodorus and Protagoras.
ii. 38. ) He was the author of several works, (Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 301. )
of which, however, little more than the titles is 16. Of Tarsus, an Epicurean philosopher, who
known. 1. AlaneKTIKD) TÉXun. (Diog. Laërt. vii. is described by Strabo (xiv. p. 675) as a peison
51. ) 2. On Divination. (Cic. de Dirin. i. 3, ii. 43. ) clever in composing extempore tragedies. He was
3. On the goddess Athena, whose birth he, like the author of several works, which, however, are
Chrysippus, explained by physiological principles. lost. Among them are mentioned : 1. ’ETÍNEKTO:
(Cic. de Nui. Deur. i. 15. ) 4. Tepi Toù vñs yoxñs xolai, which was probably a collection of essays
of MuovikoŮ. (Galen. ) 5. Nepè quvñs (Diog. Laërt. or dissertations on philosophical subjects. (Diog.
vii. 55), which seems to have treated on the philo- Laëri. x. 26, with Menage's note. ) 2. An abridge-
sophy of language. 6. Thepl evreveias, or on aris- ment of the Ethics of Epicurus (@FITour) TWv 'Euro-
tocracy of birth, in several books. (Athen, iv, p. Koupov abikuv Sntnuátur), of which Diogenes
168. ) 7. Tepl vouwv, likewise in several books, Laërtius (x. 118) quotes the 12th book. 3. Tepl
the first of which is quoted in Athenaeus (xii. p. TOINTIKWV (ntnuátwv, that is, on poetical problems,
5:26; comp. Cic. de Leg. iii. 5, where Dio is a false which he endeavoured to solve, and which seem to
reading for Diogenes). There are several passages have had especial reference to the Homeric poems.
in Cicero from which we may infer that Diogenes (Diog. Laërt. vi. 81. ) Further particulars are not
wrote on other subjects also, such as on Duty, on known about him, though Gassendi (al: Vit. Epicur.
the Highest Good, and the like, but the titles of ii. 6) represents him as a disciple oi Demetrius the
those works are unknown. (Cic. de Ofi: iii. 12, 13, Laconian.
23, de Fin. iii. 10, 15; comp. C. F. Thiery, Dis- There are several more literary persons of the
sortutio de Diogene Bubylonio, Lovanii, 1830, p. name of Diogenes, concerning whom nothing is
17. &c. , and Pars poster. p. 30, dic. )
known. A list of them is given by Thiery, l. c.
4. The Cesic philosophier. See below.
p. 97, &c.
(LS. )
was
:
## p. 1021 (#1041) ##########################################
DIOGENES.
10:21
DIOGENES.
DIOGENES' APOLLONIA'TES (Aloyévns ó plainest food, and sometimes on raw meat (comp.
ATOM Awriátns), an eminent natural philosopher, Julian, Orat. vi. ), slept in porticoes or in the streei,
who lived in the fifth century B. C. He was a
and finally, according to the common story, took
native of Apollonia in Crete, his father's name was 1p his residence in a tub belonging in the Mictroum,
Apollothemis, a nd he was a pupil of Anaximenes. or temple of the Mother of the Gods. The truth
Nothing is known of the events of his life, except of this latter tale has, however, been reasonably
that he was once at Athens, and there got into disputed. The chief direct authorities for it are
trouble from some unknown cause, which is con- Seneca (Ep. 99), Lucian (Quomodo ('unscr. Hiit.
jectured to have been the supposition that his philo- ii. p. 36+), Diogenes Laërtins (vi. 23), and the
sophical opinions were dangerous to the religion of incidental allusion to it in Juvenal (xiv. 308, &c. ),
the state. (Diog. Laërt. ix. $ 57. ) He wrote a who says, alerunder testa tulit in illa magnum
work in the lonic dialect, entitled nep. Dúoews, habitutorem, and Dolia nudi non ardent Cumiei.
* On Nature," which consisted of at least two Besides these, Aristophanes (Equit. 789), speaks
books, and in which he appears to have treated of of the Athenian poor as living, during the stress of
physical science in the largest sense of the words. the Peloponnesian war, in cellars, tubs (7718ákvais),
of this work only a few short fragments remain, and similar dwellings. To these arguments is op-
prescrved by Aristotle, Diogenes Laërtius, and posed the fact, thai Plutarch, Arrian, Cicero, avd
Simplicius. The longest of these is that which is Valerius Maximus, though they speak of Diogenes
inserted by Aristotle in the third book of his lisa basking in the sun, do not allude at all to the
tory of Animals, and which contains an interesting tub; but more particularly that Epictetus (ap).
description of the origin and distribution of the Arriun. iii. 24), in giving a long and careful account
veins. The following is the account of his philoso- of his mode of life, says nothing about it. The
phical opinions given by Diogenes Laërtius :-“ lle great combatants on this subject in modern times
maintained that air was the primal element of all are, against the tub, Heumann ( Ac. Philosoph, vol.
things; that there was an infinite number of ii. p. 58), and for it, Hase, whose dissertation de
worlds, and an infinite void ; that air, densified Doliari Hubitatione Diogenis Cynici, was published
and rarified, produced the different members of the by his rival. (Paecil. vol. i. lib. iv. p. 586. ) The
universe ; that nothing was produced from nothing, story of the tub goes on to say that the Athenians
or was reduced to nothing ; that the earth was voted the repair of this earthenware habitation
round, supported in the middle, and had received when it was broken by a mischievous urchin.
its shape from the whirling round of the warm Lucian, in telling this anecdote, appeals to certain
vapours, and its concretion and hardening from spurious epistles, falsely attributed to Diogenes.
cold. " The last paragraph, which is extremely ob- In spite of his strange eccentricities, Diogenes ap-
scure in the original, has been translated according pears to have been much respected at Athens, and
to Panzerbeiter's explanation, not as being entirely to have been privileged to rebuke anything of
satisfactory, but as being the best that has hitherto which he disapproved with the utmost possible
been proposed. Diogenes also imputed to air an licence of expression. He seems to have ridiculed
intellectual energy, though without recognizing any and despised all intellectual pursuits which did
distinction between mind and matter. The frag- not directly and obviously tend 10 some immediate
ments of Diogenes have been collected and pub- practical good. He abused literary men for rend-
lished, with those of Anaxagoras, by Schorn, Bonn, ing about the evils of Ulysses, and neglecting their
1829, 8vo; and alone by Panzerbeiter, Lips. 1830, own; musicians for stringing the lyre harmoniously
Evo, with a copious dissertation on his pliilosophy. while they left their minds discordant; men of
Further information concerning him may be found science for troubling themselves about the moon
in llarles's edition of Fabricii, Biblioth. Grueca, vol.
compare Wilson's Ariana, pp. 215—219; Droysen's or before the first century after Christ, and wrote
Hellenismus, ii. pp. 325, 412, 760; Raoul Rochette a work on botany.
(W. A. G. ]
Journ. des Surans, Oct. 1835. )
DI'OGAS (Alóvas), an iatrolipta (see Dict. of
With regard to the date of the revolt of Dio- Ant. s. v. ), who lived in the first or second century
dotus, it appears from Strabo and Justin to have after Christ, mentioned by Galen (de Compos. Ale-
preceded that of Arsaces in Parthin, and may there- dicam. sec. Locos, vii. 5, vol. xii. p. 101) as having
fore be referred with much probability to the latter used a medicine of Antonius Musa. (W. A. G. )
part of the reign of Antiochus II. in Syria. B. C. DIOGENEIA (Aloyévela), the name of two
261–246. (See ArsACES, p. 354, a. ] The date mythical beings. (Paus. i. 38. $ 3; Apollod. iii.
usually received is 256 B. C. , but any such precise 15. $ 1. )
(L. S. ]
determination rests only on mere conjecture.
DIO'GENES (Aloyévms), historical. 1. An
Concerning the Bactrian kings in general see ACARNANIAN. When Popillius in B. c. 170 went as
Bayer, Historia Regni Graecorum Bactriani, 4to. ambassador to the Aetolians, and several states-
Petrop. 1738 ; Lassen, Zur Geschichte der Griechis men were of opinion that Roman garrisons should
chen und Indo-Skytischen Könige in Buktrien, 8vo. be stationed in Acarnanin, Diogenes opposed their
Bonn, 1838 ; Wilson's Ariana Antiqua, 4to. advice, and succeeded in inducing Popillius not to
Lond. 1841.
(E. H. B. ] send any soldiers into Acarnania. (Polyb. xxviii. 5. )
DIO'DOTUS II. , the son and successor of the 2. A son of ARCHELAU'S, the general of Mithri-
preceding, is called by Justin Theodotus, as well dates, who fell in the battle of Chaeroneia, which
as his father. According to that author, he aban- his father lost against Sulla. (Appian, Mithrid. 49. )
doned his father's policy, and concluded a treaty 3. A CARTHAGINIAN, who succeeded Hasdrubal
with the king of Parthia, Tiridates, by which he in the command of a place called Nepheris, in
joined him against Seleucus Callinicus. (Justin. Africa, wbere he was attacked by Scipio Africanus
xli. 4. ) The total defeat of the Syrian king pro- the Younger, who however left Laelius to continue
bably secured the independence of Bactria, as well the attack, while he himself marched against Car-
as that of Parthia ; but we know nothing more of thage. However, Scipio soon returned, and after
the history of Diodotus. The commencement of a siege of twenty-two days, the place was taken:
Juis reign may be dated somewhere about 240 B. c. 70,000 persons are said to have been killed on
(Wilson's Ariana, p. 217. ) [E. H. B. ] that spot, and this victory of Scipio was the first
DIO'DOTUS (11680tos), literary. 1. Of Ery- great step towards the taking of Carthage, which
THRAE, was, according to Athenaelis (x. p. 434), had been supplied with provisions from Nepheris.
the author of eonuepiões ’Aretávopov, from which The capture of the place, moreover, broke the cou-
we may infer that he was a contemporary of Alex- rage of the Africans, who still espoused the cause
ander the Great.
of Carthage. (Appian, P’un. 126. )
2. A Greek GRAMMARIAN, who, according to Dio- 4. A person sent by OROFERVES, together with
genes Laërtius (ix. 15), commented on the writings Timotheus, as ambassador to Rome in B. c. 161, to
of Heracleitus.
carry to Rome a golden crown, and to renew the
3. A PERIPATETIC philosopher, of Sidon, is friendship and alliance with the Romans. The
mentioned only by Strabo (xvi. p. 757).
principal object of the ambassadors, however, was
4. Surnamed PETRONIUS, was the author of to support the accusation which was brought against
Anthologumena and other works. He is often re- Ariarathes; and Diogenes and his coadjutor, Mil-
ferred to by Pliny, and is the same as the physi- tiades, succeeded in their plan, and lies and calum-
cian mentioned below.
nies gained the victory, as there was no one to
3. A Stoic philosopher, who lived for many undertake the defence of Ariarathes. (Polyb.
years at Rome in the house of Cicero, who had xxxii. 20. )
known him from his childhood, and always enter- 5. Praefect of Susiana in the reign of Antio-
tained great love and respect for him. He in-chus the Great. During the rebellion of Molo he
structed Cicero, and trained and exercised his defended the art of Susa while the city itself was
intellectual powers, especially in dialectics. In his taken by the rebel. Molo ceased pushing his con-
later years, Diodotus became blind, but he never- quest further, and leaving a besieging corps behind
theless continued to occupy himself with literary him, he returned to Seleuceia. When the insurreo-
pursuits and with teaching geometry. He died in lion was at length put down by Antiochus, Dio-
Cicero's house, in B. C. 59, and left to his friend genes obtained the command of the military forces
## p. 1020 (#1040) ##########################################
1020
DIOGENES
DIOGENES.
stationed in Media. In B. c. 210, when Antiochus There were two other Cynic philosophers of this
pursued Arraces II. into llyrcanin, Dingenes was name, one in the reign of Vespasian (Dion Cass.
appointed cominander of the vanguard, and disti. xlvi. 15), and the other in the reign of Julian,
guished himself during the march. (Polyb. : 46, who praises him in one of his Epistles (35, p. 410)
48, 54, x. 29, 30. )
(L. S. ] 5. Of Cszicus. (DOGENIANUS. ]
DIO'GEXES ( Aloyévns), literary. 1. With 6. The author of a work on L'ERSIA, of which
the praenomen ANTONICS, the author of a Greek the first book is quoted by Clemens of Alexandrin.
romance, whom some critics have placed soon after (Protrept. p. 19. ) It is uncertain whether he is
the time of Alexander, while others, and with the same as thé Diogenes who is mentioned by
more probability, have placed him in the second or Parthenius (Erot. 6) as the author of a work on
ibird century after Christ. llis age was unknown Pallene.
even to Photius, who has preserved (Cod. 166) an 7. LAERTIUS. See below.
outline of his romance.
It consisted of twenty-
8. (ENOMAIS. See below.
four books, was written in the form of a dinlogue 9. A PHOENICIAN, a Peripatctic philosopher,
about travels. and bore the title of Tà utep Ootamy who lived in the time of Simplicins. (Suid. s. v.
X FLOTA. (Comp. Porphyr. l'it. Pythag. 10. ) It is perfeis. ) Whether he is the same as Diogenes
highly praised by Photius for the clearness and of Abila in Phoenicin, whom Suidas and Stephanus
gracefulness of its descriptions. The epitome pre- Byzantius (s. r. 'Abina) call a distinguished sophist,
served by Photius is printed also in the “ Corpus cannot be ascertained.
Eroticcrum Graecorum," vol. i. edited by Passow. 10. A PHRYGIAN, is described as an atheist,
2. Of APOLLONIA. See below.
but is otherwise unknown. (Aelian, 1. 11. ii. 31;
3. Surnamed the BABYLONIAN, a Stoic philoso-comp. Eustath. ad Rom. Oil. ii. 381. )
pher. He was a native of Seleuceia in Babylonia, ii. Of PTOLEMAiS in Egypt, a Stoic philoso-
from which he derived his surname in order to pher, who made ethics the basis of his philosophy.
distinguish him from other philosophers of the (Diog. Laërt. vii. 41. )
name of Diogenes.
He was educated at Athens 12. Of Rhodes, a Greek grammarian, who
under the auspices of Chrysippus, and succeeded used to hold disputations at Rhodes every seventh
Zeno of Tarsus as the head of the Stoic school at day. Tiberius once wanted to hear him; but as
Athens. The most memorable event of his life is it was not the usual day for disputing, the gran-
the part he took in the embassy which the Athe- marian bade him come again on the seventh day.
nians sent to Rome in B. C. 155, and which con- Afterwards Diogenes came to Rome, and when he
sisted of the three philosophers, Diogenes, Carne- asked permission to pay his homage, the emperor
ades, and Critolaus. These three philosophers, did not admit him, but requested him to come
during their stay at Rome, delivered their epideictic again after the lapse of seven years. (Suet. Tiber.
speeches at first in numerous private assemblies, 32. )
and afterwards also in the senate. Diogenes 13. Of SELECCEIA, an Epicurean philosopher,
pleased his audience chiefly by his sober and tem- who has frequently been confounded with Diogenes
perate mode of speaking. (Gell. vii. lt; Cic. the Babylonian, who was likewise a native of Se-
Acad. ii. 45; comp. CARNEADES and CRITOLAUS. ) | leuceia. He lived at the court of Syria, and on
According to Lucian (Macrob. 20), Diogenes died at terms of intimacy with king Alexander, the suppo-
the age of 88; and as, in Cicero's Cato Major (7), sititious son of Antiochus Epiphanes. But he
Diogenes is spoken of as deceased, he must have was put to death soon after the accession of Antio-
died previous to B. c. 151. Diogenes, who is called chus Theus, in B. c. 142. (Athen. V. p. 211. )
a great Stoic (magnus et uraris Stoicus, Cic. de Off. 14. Of Sicyox, is mentioned by Diogenes Laër-
iii. 12), seenis io hare closely followed the views tius (vi. 81) as the author of a work on Pelopon-
of his master, Chrysippus, especially on subjects of nesus.
dialectics, in which Diogenes is even said to have 15. Of Smyrna, an Eleatic philosopher, who
instructed Carneades. (Cic. Acad. ii. 30, de Orat. a disciple of Metrodorus and Protagoras.
ii. 38. ) He was the author of several works, (Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 301. )
of which, however, little more than the titles is 16. Of Tarsus, an Epicurean philosopher, who
known. 1. AlaneKTIKD) TÉXun. (Diog. Laërt. vii. is described by Strabo (xiv. p. 675) as a peison
51. ) 2. On Divination. (Cic. de Dirin. i. 3, ii. 43. ) clever in composing extempore tragedies. He was
3. On the goddess Athena, whose birth he, like the author of several works, which, however, are
Chrysippus, explained by physiological principles. lost. Among them are mentioned : 1. ’ETÍNEKTO:
(Cic. de Nui. Deur. i. 15. ) 4. Tepi Toù vñs yoxñs xolai, which was probably a collection of essays
of MuovikoŮ. (Galen. ) 5. Nepè quvñs (Diog. Laërt. or dissertations on philosophical subjects. (Diog.
vii. 55), which seems to have treated on the philo- Laëri. x. 26, with Menage's note. ) 2. An abridge-
sophy of language. 6. Thepl evreveias, or on aris- ment of the Ethics of Epicurus (@FITour) TWv 'Euro-
tocracy of birth, in several books. (Athen, iv, p. Koupov abikuv Sntnuátur), of which Diogenes
168. ) 7. Tepl vouwv, likewise in several books, Laërtius (x. 118) quotes the 12th book. 3. Tepl
the first of which is quoted in Athenaeus (xii. p. TOINTIKWV (ntnuátwv, that is, on poetical problems,
5:26; comp. Cic. de Leg. iii. 5, where Dio is a false which he endeavoured to solve, and which seem to
reading for Diogenes). There are several passages have had especial reference to the Homeric poems.
in Cicero from which we may infer that Diogenes (Diog. Laërt. vi. 81. ) Further particulars are not
wrote on other subjects also, such as on Duty, on known about him, though Gassendi (al: Vit. Epicur.
the Highest Good, and the like, but the titles of ii. 6) represents him as a disciple oi Demetrius the
those works are unknown. (Cic. de Ofi: iii. 12, 13, Laconian.
23, de Fin. iii. 10, 15; comp. C. F. Thiery, Dis- There are several more literary persons of the
sortutio de Diogene Bubylonio, Lovanii, 1830, p. name of Diogenes, concerning whom nothing is
17. &c. , and Pars poster. p. 30, dic. )
known. A list of them is given by Thiery, l. c.
4. The Cesic philosophier. See below.
p. 97, &c.
(LS. )
was
:
## p. 1021 (#1041) ##########################################
DIOGENES.
10:21
DIOGENES.
DIOGENES' APOLLONIA'TES (Aloyévns ó plainest food, and sometimes on raw meat (comp.
ATOM Awriátns), an eminent natural philosopher, Julian, Orat. vi. ), slept in porticoes or in the streei,
who lived in the fifth century B. C. He was a
and finally, according to the common story, took
native of Apollonia in Crete, his father's name was 1p his residence in a tub belonging in the Mictroum,
Apollothemis, a nd he was a pupil of Anaximenes. or temple of the Mother of the Gods. The truth
Nothing is known of the events of his life, except of this latter tale has, however, been reasonably
that he was once at Athens, and there got into disputed. The chief direct authorities for it are
trouble from some unknown cause, which is con- Seneca (Ep. 99), Lucian (Quomodo ('unscr. Hiit.
jectured to have been the supposition that his philo- ii. p. 36+), Diogenes Laërtins (vi. 23), and the
sophical opinions were dangerous to the religion of incidental allusion to it in Juvenal (xiv. 308, &c. ),
the state. (Diog. Laërt. ix. $ 57. ) He wrote a who says, alerunder testa tulit in illa magnum
work in the lonic dialect, entitled nep. Dúoews, habitutorem, and Dolia nudi non ardent Cumiei.
* On Nature," which consisted of at least two Besides these, Aristophanes (Equit. 789), speaks
books, and in which he appears to have treated of of the Athenian poor as living, during the stress of
physical science in the largest sense of the words. the Peloponnesian war, in cellars, tubs (7718ákvais),
of this work only a few short fragments remain, and similar dwellings. To these arguments is op-
prescrved by Aristotle, Diogenes Laërtius, and posed the fact, thai Plutarch, Arrian, Cicero, avd
Simplicius. The longest of these is that which is Valerius Maximus, though they speak of Diogenes
inserted by Aristotle in the third book of his lisa basking in the sun, do not allude at all to the
tory of Animals, and which contains an interesting tub; but more particularly that Epictetus (ap).
description of the origin and distribution of the Arriun. iii. 24), in giving a long and careful account
veins. The following is the account of his philoso- of his mode of life, says nothing about it. The
phical opinions given by Diogenes Laërtius :-“ lle great combatants on this subject in modern times
maintained that air was the primal element of all are, against the tub, Heumann ( Ac. Philosoph, vol.
things; that there was an infinite number of ii. p. 58), and for it, Hase, whose dissertation de
worlds, and an infinite void ; that air, densified Doliari Hubitatione Diogenis Cynici, was published
and rarified, produced the different members of the by his rival. (Paecil. vol. i. lib. iv. p. 586. ) The
universe ; that nothing was produced from nothing, story of the tub goes on to say that the Athenians
or was reduced to nothing ; that the earth was voted the repair of this earthenware habitation
round, supported in the middle, and had received when it was broken by a mischievous urchin.
its shape from the whirling round of the warm Lucian, in telling this anecdote, appeals to certain
vapours, and its concretion and hardening from spurious epistles, falsely attributed to Diogenes.
cold. " The last paragraph, which is extremely ob- In spite of his strange eccentricities, Diogenes ap-
scure in the original, has been translated according pears to have been much respected at Athens, and
to Panzerbeiter's explanation, not as being entirely to have been privileged to rebuke anything of
satisfactory, but as being the best that has hitherto which he disapproved with the utmost possible
been proposed. Diogenes also imputed to air an licence of expression. He seems to have ridiculed
intellectual energy, though without recognizing any and despised all intellectual pursuits which did
distinction between mind and matter. The frag- not directly and obviously tend 10 some immediate
ments of Diogenes have been collected and pub- practical good. He abused literary men for rend-
lished, with those of Anaxagoras, by Schorn, Bonn, ing about the evils of Ulysses, and neglecting their
1829, 8vo; and alone by Panzerbeiter, Lips. 1830, own; musicians for stringing the lyre harmoniously
Evo, with a copious dissertation on his pliilosophy. while they left their minds discordant; men of
Further information concerning him may be found science for troubling themselves about the moon
in llarles's edition of Fabricii, Biblioth. Grueca, vol.
