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>yna, and at the foot of Mount Taurus. Slrabo says
it was built an what was called the causeway of Semir-
ings. (Strabo, 537. ) Cellariua is of opinion that
the town called Dana by Xenophon, in the Anabasis
(1, 2, 20), should be identified with Tyana (Geogr.
Aniiq. , vol. 2, p. 291), and this supposition has great
probability to recommend it. --The Greeks, always led
by a similarity of name to connect the origin of cities
? vith their fables, pretended that it owed its foundation
to Thoas, the king of the Tauric Chersonese, in Ins
pursuit thither of Pylades and Orestes. (Arrian,
Peripl. Evx. , p. 6. ) From him it was called Thoana,
and afterward Tuana. (Steph. Byz. , s. u. Tvava. )
Tyana was the native city of the impostor Apollonius.
At a later period it became the see of a Christian
bishop, and the metropolis of Cappadocia Secunda.
(Grtf- Naz. , Epist. , 33. --Id. , Oral. , 20, p. 355. )
This took place in the reign of Valens. Its capture
by the Saracens is recorded by Cedrcnus (p. 477).
The modern Kctch-histar, near the foot of the central
chain of Taurus and the Cilician Pass, is thought to
correspond to the ancient city. Captain Kinneir, in
one of his journeys, found considerable ruins here.
(Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 128, seqq. )
TYAniTis, a district in the southern part of Cappa-
docia, near the range of Taurus. Its capital was
Tyana, from which it derived its name. (Vid. Tyana. )
TYBRIS. Vid. Tiberis.
TYCHB, I. one of the Occanides. (Hesiod, Th. ,
i60. )--II. A part of the town of Syracuse. It con-
tained a temple of Fortune (Tv^), whence the name.
(Cie , Verr. , 4, 53. )
TYDEDS (two syllables), a son of CEneus, king of
Calydon. He fled from his country after the accidental
murder of one of his friends, and found a safe asylum in
the court of Adrastus, king of Argos, whose daugh-
ter, Deiphyle, he married. When Adrastus wished to
}lace his son-in-law Polynices on the throne of Thebes,
t'ydeus undertook to announce the war to Eteocles,
*ho usurped the crown. The reception he met with
jrovoked his resentment; he challenged Eteocles and
vis principal chieftains, and worsted them in conflict.
On leaving Thebes and entering upon his way home,
he fell into an ambuscade of fifty of the foe, purposely
planted to destroy him, and he slew all but one, who
was permitted to return to Thebes, to bear the tidings
if the fate of his companions. He was one of the
^even chiefs of the army of Adrastus, and during the
fheban war he signalized his valour in a marked de-
gree, and made great slaughter of the foe, till he was
it last mortally wounded by Melanippus. As he lay
expiring, Minerva hastened to him with a medicine
which she had obtained from Jupiter, and which would
make him immortal (Bacchyl. , ap. Sehol. ad Aris-
? aph. . An. , 1536); but Amphiaraus, who hated him as
a chief cause of the war, perceiving what the goddess
was about, cut off the head of Mclanippus, whom Ty-
deus, though wounded, had slain, and brought it to
him. The savage warrior opened it and devoured the
brain, and Minerva, in disgust, withheld her aid. His
remains were interred at Aiy ><. where a monument,
laid to be his, was still seen m the age of Pausanias.
(Ham. , II, 4, 365, seqq. --Apoltod. , 1, 8, 3. --JEsch. ,
Sept. C. Thcb. , 372, seqq. , ed. Scholef. --Pausan. ,
S, 18. )
TYDIDES, a patronymic of Diomedes, as son of Ty-
deus. (Virg. ,ASn. , 1, 101. --Horat. , Od. , 1, 15, 20 )
? ? 'I'vi. ns, an island in the Sinus Persicus, on the
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? T yH
TYRUS
3i<< legcndi about the Dioscuri '. n very early connexion
with I,ac. . iia. In all probability, his lameness was
only a satirical allusion u> his use of the elegiac meas-
? ire, or alternating hexameter and pentameter, the lat-
ter being shorter by a foot than the former. --Tyrtseus
came to the Lacedaemonians at a time when they were
not onlv brought into great straits from without by
the boldness of Aristomenes and the desperate cour-
age of the Messenians, b. it when tho state was also
rent with internal discord. In this condition of the
Spartan commonwealth Tyrtaeus composed the most
celebrated of his elegies, which, from its subject,
was called Eunomia, that is, "Justice" or "Good
Government" (also Politeia, or "the Constitution").
But the Eunomia was neither the only nor yet the first
elegy in which Tyrlseus stimulated the Lacedaemoni-
an. s to a bold defence against the Messenians. Ex-
hortations to bravery was the theme which this poet
look for many elegies, and wrote on it with unceasing
? pirit and ever new invention. Never was the duty
and the honour of bravery impressed on the youth of
a nation with so much beauty and force of language,
by such natural and touching motives. That these
poems breathed a truly Spartan spirit, and that the
Spartans knew how to value them, is proved by the
constant use made of them in the military expeditions.
When the Spartans were on a campaign, it was their
custom, after the evening meal, when the paean had
been sung in honour of the gods, to recite these ele-
gies. On these occasions the whole mass did not join
in the cuunt, but individuals vied with each other in
repeating the verses in a manner worthy of their sub-
ject. The successful competitor then received from
ihe wlrm. irt h or commander a larger portion of meat
than the others, a distinction suitable to the simple
taste of the Spartans. This kind of recitation was so
well adapted to the elegy, that it is highly probable that
TyrtsBus himself first published his elegies in this man-
ner. The elegies of Tyrtasus, however, were never
sun;: on the march of the army, and in the battle itself;
for these occasions a strain of another kind was com-
posed by the same poet, namely, the anapaestic march-
es. (Miiller, Hist. Gr. Lit. , p. 114, icqi]. )--"We have
several fragments remaining of the elegies of Tyrtaeus.
They are written in the Ionic dialect, though address-
ed to Dorians, and are full of enthusiastic and patriotic
feeling. The anapaestic marches, on the other hand
tin'. '. ii iro)t,e/iiaT7/pta), were written in Doric. Of these
only a single fragment has come down to us. --The
best editions of Tyrtaeus are that of Klotz, Brcma,
1764, 8vo, and that contained in Gaisford's Poetic JHi-
norei Grtzci, vol. 1, p. 429, scqq. )
TYRUS or TYROS, a very ancient city of Phosnicia,
built by the Sidonians. "The strong city of Tzor" is
mentioned in the book of Joshua (19, 29), and its situa-
tion is specified as being between *' great Zidon'1 and
Achzib. Yet learned men have contended that in
Joshua's time Tyre was not built. Homer, it has been
remarked, never speaks of Tyre, but only of Sidon;
and Josephus states that Tyre was built not above 210
years before the temple of Solomon, which would be
A. M. 2760, two hundred years after Joshua. That
there was such a city as Tyre, however, in the days
of Homer, is quite certain, seeing that, in the reign of
Solomon, there was a king of Tyre; and we appre-
hend that the Scripture text will be held a sufficient
proof of its having had an existence before the land of
? ? Canaan was conquered by the Israelites. Nor is Jo-
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? VAC
lie rubbish of Old Tyre, thirty furlongs off, that sup-
plied materials for the gigantic mole constructed by
Alexander, of 200 feet in breadth, extending all the
way from the continent to the island, a distance of three
cuarters of a mile. The sea that formerly separated
them was shallow near the shore, but towards the isl-
and it is said to have been three fathoms in depth.
The causeway has probably been enlarged by the sand
thrown up by the sea, which now covers the surface
cf the isthmus. Tyre was taken by the Macedonian
conqueror after a siege of eight months, B. C. 332,
two hundred and forty-one years after its destruction
by Nebuchadnezzar, and, consequently, about one hun-
dred and seventy after it had been rebuilt. Though
now subjugated, it was not, however, totally destroyed,
since, only thirty years after, it was an object of con-
tention to Alexander's successors. The fleet of An-
tigonus invested and blockaded it for thirteen months,
at the expiration of which it was compelled to surren-
der, and received a garrison of his troops for its de-
fence. About three years after it was invested by
Pompey in person, and, owing to a mutiny in the garri-
son, fell into his hsnds. Its history is, after this period,
identified with that of Syria. In the apostolic age it
seems to have regained some measure of its ancient
character as a trading town; and St. Paul, in touching
here on one occasion, in his way back from Macedonia,
found a number of Christian believers, with whom he
spent a week; so that the gospel must early have been
preached to the Tyrians. (Acts, 21, 3. ) Josephus,
in speaking of the city of Zabulon as of admirable
beauty, says that its houses were built like those in
Tyre, and Sidon, and Berytus. Strabo also speaks of
the loftiness and beauty of the buildings. In ecclesi-
astical history it is distinguished as the first archbishop-
ric under the patriarchate of Jerusalem. It shared the
fate of the country in the Saracen invasion in the be-
ginning of the seventh century. It was reconquered
by the crusaders in the twelfth, and formed a royal
domain of the kingdom of Jerusalem, as well as an
trchiepiscopal see. William of Tyre, the well-known
historian, an Englishman, was the first archbishop.
In 1289 it was retaken by the Saracens, the Christians
being permitted to remove with their effects. When
the sultan Selim divided Syria into pachalics, Tyre,
which had probably gone to decay with the depression
if commerce, was merged in the territory of Sidon.
In 1766 it was taken possession of by the Motoualies,
who repaired the port, and enclosed it, on the land
side, with a wall twenty feet high. The wall was
standing, but the repairs had gone to ruin, at the time
of Volney's visit (1784). He noticed, however, the
choir of the ancient church mentioned by Maundrell,
together with some columns of red granite, of a spe-
cies unknown in Syria, which Djezzar Pacha wanted
to remove to Acre, but could find no engineers able to
accomplish it. It was at that time a miserable vil-
lage: its exports consisted of a few sacks of corn and of
cotton; and the only merchant of which it could boast
was a solitary Greek, in the service of the French fac-
tory at Sidon, who could hardly gain a livelihood. It
is only within the past half century that it has
once more begun to lift up its head from the dust.
{Modern Traveller, pt. 3, p. 46, seqq. )
Tvsoros, a city of Africa Propria, not far from the
coast, below Turris Hannibalis. It is supposed to
coincide as to position with the modern el-Jem. (Plot.
--Auet. , Hist. Bell. Afr, c. 36, 76-- Plin. , 5, 4 )
? ? V.
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? TALENTINIANTJS
it j'pli; 'i that he would leave him heir of the empire,
was saluted Augustus by the multitude U Constant! -
nopie; and, having been joined by tht legions senl
against him by Valens, reduced Thrace, Bithynia, and
the Hellespont. Deserted by his followers in Phrygia,
he fled into the mountains, was taken alive, brought
bound before Valcns, and, being sentenced to be tied
by the legs to two trees that were forcibly bent to the
ground, was torn asunder by their recoil (A. D. 366).
The Alemanni defeated the Roman armies in Gaul,
killing the commanders, the counts Chanel to and Se-
verian; but were, in their turn, routed by Jovinus, the
master of the horse, with the loss of six thousand slain
and four thousand wounded.
Valens marched against
the Goths, who had assisted Procopius, and in three
years reduced them to terms of peace. He also re-
pressed the predatory incursions of the Isaurians, a
sort of mountain, robbers, and exacted hostages. The
Picts and Scots, who had ravaged Britain, were de-
feated by Count Theodosius, and their spoil retaken.
Valentinian crossed the Rhine, gained a bloody vic-
tory over the Alemanni, and fortified the Gallic fron-
tier with camps and castles. The Saxor. s, who. had
burst into Gaul, were subdued by treachery. After
their proposition of retiring from the country had been
. acceded to, they were set upon, while passing through
a valley, by troops planted in ambuscade, and cut to
pieces. A similar act of perfidy was committed against
the Quadi, who had been irritated by the placing of an
intrenched camp on their soil. Their king, Gabinius,
who was invited by the Roman general Maximin to a
banquet, was waylaid on his retiring, and murdered.
The result was a general insurrection of the Quadi,
who overran both Pannonias, and cut to pieces two
entire legions. Valenlmian crossing the Danube, and
wasting the country of the Quadi with fire and sword,
the latter sent ambassadors to sue for peace. Valen-
tinian, preparing to answer their address, in a parox-
ysm of rage bunt a vessel, and expired of the effusion
of blood (A. D. 375). The choleric and implacable
temper of Valentinian, urging him frequently to acts
? l the most atrocious injustice, is singularly irrecon-
cilable with his religious moderation. It is said that
he was about to issue an order for the magistrates of
three towns to be put to death, because one of the
ludges had directed the execution of a sentence legally
passed on a Hungarian, and only desisted from his
purpose on the expostulation of his quaestor Euprax-
ius, who reminded the "most pious of princes" that
guiltless persons, if slain, would by Christians be wor-
shipped as martyrs. It is also related, that, on a cer-
tain count complaining to him of a civil action, he sent
to execution not only the plaintiff, but the very clerks
of the court who served the notice; and that the
Christians of Milan gave the place of their interment
the name of the ? ? Tomb of the Innocents. " That he
refused to admit the challenges of judges by defend-
ants in a cause, when preferred on the ground of pri-
vxii' enmity, and that he condemned insolvent debtors
to death, are scarcely credible charges. Not destitute
of ingenuity, he invented some new weapons, and had
a turn for painting and modelling. Report describes
him as tall and muscular, with a florid complexion,
hair of a fiery colour, and gray eyes, which had a pe-
culiarly fierce expression from his always looking
askance. The body of Valentinian was conveyed to
Constantinople. In the East, another violation of that
hospitality which among barbarians is held sacred, took
? ? place in the person of Para, king of Armenia. Invi-
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? V AL
VALERIUS.
gundians, a d the Altai to sue for peace. Count Bon-
iface, however, was less forti nate in Africa, and could
not prevent Genseric, king of the Vandals, from found-
ing an empire there in 442. Valentiniau was by this
time of an age to govern for himself; but the only use
he made of his power was to commit crimes and to
disgrace himself by acts of debauchery. Aetius sub-
sequently (A. D. 451) gained a complete victory over
A tn 1. 1, in the plains of Duro-Catalaunum (Chalons),
when Valcntinian, jealous of his glory, had him sent
for. and, on a sudden, stabbed him to the heart. He
Jid not, however, long survive this cowardly act.
The following year, haying violated the wife of Petro-
uiua Maximus, a man of consular rank, the outraged
husband slew him (A. D. 455), in the thirty-sixth year
V-f his age and thirty-first of his reign, and then ascend-
ed his throne. (Hcthtringtori i Hitlory of Some, p.
160, >>eqq. -- Elton's Hilt. Roman Emperors, p. 317,
VAI. ERU LKX, I. Ac Provocationc, by P. Valerius
Publicola. (Vid. Valerius I. ) It granted to every
one the JI'HTIV of appealing from the consuls to the
people, and that no magistrate should be permitted to
punish a Roman citizen who thus appealed. This law
was afterward once and again renewed, and always
by persons of the Valerian family. (Liv. . 2, 8. -- Dion.
Hal. , 5, 19. -- Hcinccc. , Rom. Ant. , p. 246, tcqq. , ed.
Haulvid ) -- II. Another, de Debitoribus, by L. Valeri-
us Flac'us, consul A. U. O. 667. It enacted that
debtors should be discharged on paying one fourth of
their de'jts. (Veil. Palm, 2, 23. )-- III. Another,
by M. Valerius Corvinus, A U. C. 453, which con-
firmed the first Valerian law enacted by Pubticoia. --
IV. Another, called also Horatia, by L. Valerius and
M Horatius, the consuls, A. U. C. 304. It revived
the first Valerian law, which under the triumvirate had
lost its force. -- V. Another, de Magiilratibus, by P.
Valerius Publicola, A. U. C. 243. It created two
qiuestors to take care of the public treasure, which
was for the future to be kept in the temple of Saturn.
if lot, VU. PM. )
Vi. r i i:nM-s, PUR i. i us LICENIUS, a Roman, pro-
claimed emperor by the army in Rhania, of which he
was commander, A. D. 254. He had been distinguish-
ed by his virtues while in a private station, and great
expectations were consequently formed of him when
he ascended the throne. Having appointed his son
Gallienus to be his associate in the empire, he left him
to defend it against the incursions of the Goths and
Germans, and marched to the east to oppose the Per-
sian king Sapor. Valerian was defeated and taken
prisoner by the Persians, who treated him with great
? nd contemptuous cruelty. His degenerate son Galli-
enus made no effort to obtain his rnlcase, being appa-
rently more satisfied to reign alone. For many years
the Roman emperor bowed himself down, that his
body might serve as a stepping-stone to the Persian
king when he mounted on horseback: he was at last
flayed alive, and his skin, stuffed in the form of a hu-
man figure and dyed with scarlet, was preserved in a
temple in Persia. (Tret. Poll, Valerian. Vit. )
VALERIUS PUHLIDS, I. a celebrated Roman, sur-
named Publicola (vid. Publicola), and who shared
with Junius Brutus the glory of having driven out the
Tarquins and ol founding the Roman commonwealth,
B. C. 569. Brutus having fallen on the field of bat
tie, and Collatinus, the colleague of the former, having
been compelled eventually to retire from Rome in
? ? consequence of his relationship to the Tanjuin family,
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? VAit
faults, hjw over, the work is interesting both for the
history and the study of antiquity, and contains a num-
ber of little facts taken from authors whose works
have not reached us. Some critics believe, though on
no very sure grounds,that the work in question is a
? ompifalion from a larger one by the same author, and
was executed by C. Titus Probus or Julius Paris.
Others, in like manner, ascribe it to Januarius Nepo-
tianus. These three individuals are equally unknown.
--The best editions of Valerius Maximus are, that of
Vorstius, 'Berol. , 1672, 8vo; that of Torremus, Lugd.
Bat. , 1726, 4to; that of Kappius, lap*. , 1782, 8vo;
>>nd that of Hase, fan's, 1822, 3 vols. 8vo (including
Obsequens de Prodigiis), which last forms part of the
collection of Lemaire. --VI. Flaccus, a Latin poet
who flourished under Vespasian. He wrote a poem in
eight books on the Argonautic expedition, but it re-
mained unfinished on account of his premature death.
The manuscripts of this poem add to the name of Va-
lerius Flaccus that of Setinus Balbus. It has been
supposed by some critics that this last was the name
of a grammarian who made a revision of the text, or
who, perhaps, was the possessor of a remarkable man-
uscript. The birthplace of the writer is also involved
%) some doubt. It is believed by many that his native
place was Patavium, and this opinion is founded on
various passages of Martial. Others suppose that he
was born at Setia Campania, and allege the name Se-
tinus in favour of this position. The latter name, how-
ever, . has been explained above. There has come
down to us, among the epigrams of . Martial, one ad-
dressed to Valerius Flaccus, in which the former ad-
vises him to renounce poetry, and apply himself to the
studies of the bar, as affording a better means for ac-
cumulating a fortune. From this some have been led
to believe that his poetical talents were not held in
Tery high esteem by his contemporaries. Quintilian,
however, speaks of his death as a gniat loss to litera-
ture. He died A. I). 88, in the reign of Domitian.
The " Argonautics" of Valerius Flaccus are in eight
books, the last imperfect. Had the poem been com-
pleted, it is thought that it would have occupied ten or
twelve books, it is an imitation of the work of Apol-
lonius of Rhodes on tho same subject. The critics
are far from being agreed as to its merits: some tank
it next to the . (Eneid ; while others, who regard beauty
of diction as less essential than invention, assign it a
? fluch lower rank, and give the preference to the po-
ems of Statius, Lucan, and even Silius Italicus. In
truth, the " Argonautics" are clearly deficient in ori-
ginality. The principal fault of the poem is, that the
enterprise of the Argonauts, which forms the chief in-
terest of the fable, is continually lost sight of amid nu-
merous digressions and episodes. Hence the poem
wears in general a cold and monotonous appearance.
It is not, however, without beauties; . it contains de-
scriptions highly poetical, and some very ingenious
comparisons. It is remarkable that in the passages
where Valerius does not imitate Apollonius, he is far
mure elegant than in those where he copies him. His
ityle is concise and energetic, but oftentimeMobscure
ind affected. Frequently, too, he sacrifices nature to
art, and to an anxiety for displaying the stores of his
erudition. --The best editions of Valerius Flaccus are,
that of Burmann, L. Bat. , 1784, 4to; that of Hark-;,
Allenb. , 1781, 8vo; that of Wagner, Getting. , 1805,
8vo; that of Weichert, Mis. ap. Goed. , 1818, 8vo;
end that of Lemaire (forming part of hi* collection),
? ? Pant, 1824-5, 2 Tola. Svo. (Schetl, Hist. Lit. Rom. ,
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? VARRO.
var. ru
tractions and re-cnforcemcnts from Rome. On hit
subsequent return to Rome be was honourably re-
ceived, notwithstanding ms defeat; and the senate re-
turned linn thanks for his undaunted aspect after de-
feat, and for not having despaired of the common-
wealth. (Lin. , 22, 25, scqq. -- Id. , 22, 41, scqq. --
Id. , 22, 61, scqq.