, mentioned in a Latin
inscription
as having
Tissaphernes of his designs, and was prepared to i been the physician of Livia, the wife of Drusus
## p.
Tissaphernes of his designs, and was prepared to i been the physician of Livia, the wife of Drusus
## p.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
pp.
262, 263.
) Much light would be thrown
1. Xenophon's Cyaxares is the son of Astyages; on the subject if the date of Cyrus's birth could be
Dareius the Mede is the son of Ahasuerus. Now, fixt; but this is impossible. Dinon says, that he
it is almost beyond a doubt that Ahasuerus is the was seventy at his death ; but this is improbable
Hebrew form of the Persian name or title which for various reasons, and Herodotus evidently con-
the Greeks called Xerxes, and Cyaxares seems to sidered him much younger.
be simply the form of the same word used in the None but the sacred writers mention the edict
Median dialect. Cyaxares, the son of Phraortes, of Cyrus for the return of the Jews. A motive
is called Ahasuerus in Tobit xiv. 15. It is granted for that step may be perhaps found in what Hero-
that this argument is not decisive, but, so far as it dotus says about his designs on Egypt. The very
goes, it is against the identification.
remarkable prophecy relating to the destruction of
2. After the taking of Babylon, Dareius the Babylon and the restoration of the Jews by Cyrus
Mede receives the kingdom, and exercises all the is in Isaiah xliv. xlv. , besides other important
functions of royalty, with great power and splen- passages in Isaiah and Jeremiah, which predict
dour, evidently at Babylon. But in Xenophon the fall of Babylon without mentioning the name
it is Cyrus who does this, and Cyaxares nerer of Cyrus, and the corresponding history is in the
comes near Babylon at all after its capture, but books of Daniel, Ezra, and 2 Chron. xxxvi. 22,
remains in Media, totally eclipsed and almost su- 23. The language of the proclamation of Cyrus,
perseded by Cyrus. There are other arguments as recorded both in Ezra i. 2 and Chron. xxxvi.
which seem to shew clearly that, whoever Dareius 22, seems to countenance the idea that he was
the Mede may have been (a point difficult enough acquainted, as he might easily be through Daniel,
to decide), he was not the Cyaxares of Xenophon. with the prophecy of Isaiah. “The Lord God of
The matter cannot be further discussed here, but heaven. . . hath charged me to build hin an house
the result of a most careful examination of it is, at Jerusalem, which is in Judah” (compare Isaiah
that in some important points the statements of xliv. 28, xlv. 13); but beyond this one point there is
Xenophon cannot be reconciled with those of nothing to sustain the notion of Hales and others,
Daniel; and that a much more probable explana- that Cyrus was more than an unconscious instru-
tion is, that Dareius was a noble Median, who held ment in accomplishing the designs of Providence.
the sovereignty as the viceroy of Cyrus, until the The contrary is intimated in Isaiah xlv. 5.
latter found it convenient to fix his court at Baby-
In the East Cyrus was long regarded as the
lon ; and there are some indications on which a greatest hero of antiquity, and hence the fables by
conjecture might be founded that this viceroy which his history is obscured. The Persians remeni-
was Astyages. It is quite natural that the year bered him as a father (Herod. iii. 89, 100), and
in which Cyrus began to reign in person at Baby- | his fane passed, through the Greeks, to the Euro-
lon should be reckoned (as it is by the Hebrew peans, and the classical writers abound with allu-
writers) the first year of his reign over the whole sions to him. His sepulchre at Pasargadae was
empire. This view is confirmed by the fact, that visited by Alexander the Great. (Arrian, vi. 29 ;
in the prophecies of the destruction of Babylon it Plut. diex. 69. ) Pasargadae is said to have been
is Cyrus, and not any Median king, that is spoken built on the spot where Cyrus placed his camp
of. Regarding this difficulty, then, as capable of when he defeated Astyages, and in its immediate
being explained, it remains that Xenophon's state- neighbourhood the city of Persepolis grew up.
ment about Cyaxares II. is entirely unsupported. The tomb of Cyrus has perished, but his name is
Xenophon seems to have introduced Cyaxares found on monuments at Murghab, north of Perse-
simply as a foil to set off the virtues of Cyrus. polis, which place, indeed, some antiquarians tako
## p. 924 (#944) ############################################
924
CYRUS.
CYRUS.
for Pasargadae. (IIerodotus, lib. i. ; Ctesias, ed. | mect him. The numbers of the two armies aro
Lion; Xenophon, Cyropaedcia ; Diodorus ; Justin; variously stated. Artaxerxes had from 400. 000
Sirabo; and other ancient authors; Clinton, Fast. to a million of men ; Cyrus had about 100,000
Dell. i. ii. supplements; Heeren, Iileen (Asiatiche Asiatics and 13,000 Grecks. The battle was at
scurches); Schlosser, Univ. Geschich. d. alt. Welt; first altogether in favour of Cyrus. His Greek
Hockh, Vet. Ved, ei Pers. Alonum. ) [P. S. ] troops on the right routed the Asiatics who were
CYRUS, THE YOUNGER, the second of the four opposed to them; and he himself pressed forward
sons of Dareius Nothus, king of Persia, and of Pa- in the centre against his brother, and had even
fysatis, was appointed by his father commander (ka- wounded him, when he was killed by one of the
pavos or otpathyós) of the maritime parts of Asia king's body-guard. Aruxcrxes caused his head
Minor, and satrap of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia. and right hand to be struck off, and sought to
(B. C. 407. ) He carried with him a large sum of have it believed that Cyrus had fallen by his
money to aid the Lacedaemonians in the Pelopon- hand. Parysatis took a cruel revenge on the
nesian war, and by the address of Lysander he was suspected slayers and mutilators of her son. The
induced to help them even more than his father details of the expedition of Cyrus and of the
had commissioned him to do. The bluntness of events which followed his death may be read in
Cillicratidas caused him to withdraw his aid, but Xenophon's Anabusis. This attempi of an ambi-
on the return of Lysander to the command it was tious young prince to usurp his brother's throne
renewed with the greatest liberality. (Callicra- led ultimately to the greatest resulis, for by it
TIDAS; LYSANDER; TissAPHERNES. ] There is the path into the centre of the Persian empire
no doubt that Cyrus was already meditating the was laid open to the Greeks, and the way was
attempt to succeed his father on the throne of prepared for the conquests of Alexander. The
Persia, and that he sought through Lysander to character of Cyrus is drawn by Xenophon in the
provide for aid from Sparta. Cyrus, indeed, be- brightest colours. It is enough to say that his
trayed his anıbitious spirit, by putting to death ambition was gilded by all those brilliant qualities
tivo Persians of the blood royal, for not observing in which win men's hearts.
his presence a usage which was only due to the (Xenophon, llellen. i. 4, 5, ii. 1, jii. 1, Anab.
king. It was probably for this reason, and not i. , Cyrop. viii. 8. § 3, O con. iv. 16, 18, 21;
only on account of his own ill health, that Dareius Ctesias, Persica, i. 44, 49, Fr. li. , lii. , liii. , liv. ,
summoned Cyrus to his presence. (B. C. 405. ) Be | lvii. , ed. Lion; ap. Phot. p. 42, b. 10, 43, b. 10,
fore leaving Sardis, Cyrus sent for Lysander and 44, a. 14, ed. Bekker; Isocr. Panath. 39 ; Plut.
assigned to him his revenues for the prosecution of Lys. 4, 9; Artur. 3, 6, 13–17; Diod. xij. 70,
the war.
He then went to his father, attended | 104, xiv. 6, 11, 12, 19, 20, 22. ) [P. S. ]
by a body of 500 Greek mercenaries, and taking CYRUS, a rhetorician, of uncertain age, is the
with himn Tissaphernes, nominally as a mark of author of a work Tepi Alaoopas stáoewy in the
honour, but really for fear of what he might do in Aldine collection of the Greek orators, reprinted,
his absence. He arrived in Media just in time to more correctly, in Walz's Greek Orators, viii. p.
witness his father's death and the accession of his 386, &c. Fabricius suspects that the anonymous
elder brother, Artaxerxes Mnemon (R. C. 404), work entitled Mpobaríuata 'PnTopinà eis Etdoels
though his mother, Parysatis, whose favourite son was written by the same person. (Fabric. Bibl.
Cyrus was, had endeavoured to persuade Dareius to Graec. vi. pp. 102, 128 ; Walz, l. c. ; Wester-
appoint him as his successor, on the ground that he mann, Geschichte der Griech. Bercutsamkeit, S
had been born after, but his brother Artaxerxes 101. )
[P. S. ]
before, the accession of Dareius. This attempt, of CYRUS(Kúpos), the name of several physicians.
course, excited the jealousy of Artaxerxes, which 1. Cyrus (called also in some editions Syrus), a
was further enflamed by information from Tissa- native of Alexandria, who lived in the fifth cen-
pheres, that Cyrus was plotting against his life. tury after Christ. He was first a physician and
Artaxerxes, therefore, arrested his brother and philosopher, and afterwards became a monk. He
condemned him to death; but, on the intercession is said to have been an eloquent man, and to have
of Parysatis, he spared his life and sent him back written against Nestorius. (S. Gennadius, de
to his satrapy: Cyrus now gave himself up to the Illustr. l'ir. c. 81. )
design of dethroning his brother. By his affability 2. A physician at Edessa, one of whose medi-
and by presents, he endeavoured to corrupt those cines is quoted by Aëtius (ii. 2. 91, p. 292), and
of the Persians who past between the court of who attained the dignity of Archiater. He must
Artaxerxes and his own; but he relied chiefly on have lived between the second and fifth centuries
a force of Greek mercenaries, which he raised on aſter Christ, as the office of Archiater was first
the pretext that he was in danger from the hostility conferred on Andromachus, the physician of Nero.
of Tissaphernes. When his preparations were (Dict. of Ant. s. r. Archiater. )
complete, he commenced his expedition against 3. A physician, probably of Lampsacus, son of
Babylon, giving out, howerer, eren to his own Apollonius, who obtained the dignity of Archiater.
soldiers, that he was only marching against the He is mentioned in a Greek inscription found at
robbers of Pisidia. When the Greeks learnt his Lampsacus, as having, besides many other acts of
real purpose, they found that they were too far liberality, presented to the senate one thousand
committed to him to draw back. He set out from Attic drachmae, i. e. (reckoning the drachma to
Sardis in the spring of B. C. 401, and, having be worth nine pence three farthings) forty pounds,
marched through Phrygia and Cilicia, entered twelve shillings, and six pence. (Spon, Miscellan.
Syria through the celebrated passes near Issus, Eruulit. Antiquit. p. 142, quoted by Fabric. Bill.
crossed the Euphrates at Thapsacus, and marched Gruec. rol. xiii. p. 134, ed. vet. )
down the river to the plain of Cunaxa, 500 stadia 4. A physician at Rome in the first century
from Babylon. Artaxerxes had been informed by B. C.
, mentioned in a Latin inscription as having
Tissaphernes of his designs, and was prepared to i been the physician of Livia, the wife of Drusus
## p. 925 (#945) ############################################
CYRUS.
925
CYZICUS.
Carsar, who afterwards married the emperor | drawn up by Sergius, in which he clearly stated
Augustus. (Spon, quoted by Fabric. I. c. ) that there was but one will in Christ. This was
5. Cyrus, St. , was a native of Alexandria, where subscribed by Cyrus, a circumstance that served to
he practised medicine gratuitously and with great confirm its truth in the eyes of many. ('yrus died
reputation. He was a Christian, and took crery A. D. 610. Besides the Libellus Satisfactionis, he
opportunity of endeavouring to convert his patients wrote three letters to Sergius, patriarch of Con-
from paganism. During the persecution of Dio-stantinople, which are still extant. Both are print-
clerian hic fled to Arabia, where he was said to cd in the Concilia, vol. vi. (Cave, llistor. Literar.
heid diseases not so much by his medicines as by rol. i. ; Murdock's Mosheim, vol. i. ; Gucrike's
miraculous powers. lle was put to death with Handbuch, vol. i. ; Gieseler's Teat-booli, by Cun-
many tortures by the command of the prefect ningham, rol. i. )
[S. D. )
Syrianus, in company with several other martyrs, CYRUS, THEODORUS PRODROMUS.
A. D. 300; and his remains were carried to Rome, [THEODORI'S. )
and there buried. This memory is celebrated on CYTHIERA, CYTHEREIA, CYTHE'RIAS
the thirty-first of January both by the Romish (Kuonpa, Kutépeia, Kvenpiás), different forms of a
and Greek churches. (icu Sancior. ; Menolog. surname of Aphrodite, derived from the town of
Graecor. ; Bzorius, Nomencl. Sunctor. Professione Cythera in Cretc, or from the island of Cytherah,
Medicor. ; C. B. Carpzovius, De Medicis ab Eccles. where the goddess was said to have first landed,
pro Sanctis habitis. )
(W. A. G. ] and where she had a celebrated temple. (Hom.
CYRUS, an architect, who lived at Rome at Od, viii. 288; Herod. i. 105; Paus, üi. 23. Ól;
the time of Cicero, and died on the same day with Anacr. v. 9; Horat. Carm. i. 4. 5. ) (L. S. )
Clodius, B. C. 52. (Cic. ad Fam. vii. 14, ad Att. CYTHERIS, a celebrated courtezan of the
ii. 3, ad Qu. Fr. ii. 21, pro Milon. 17. ) [L. U. ] time of Cicero, Antony, and Gallus. She was
CYRUS, Christians. 1. An Egyptian, be- originally the freedwoman and mistress of Volum-
longing to the fifth century, afterwards bishop nius Eutrapelus, and subsequently she became
of Smyrna, according to the testimony of Theo connected in the same capacity with Antony, and
phanes. llis poetical talents procured him the with Gallus the poet, to whom, however, she did
favour of the empress Eudocia. Under Theo- not remain faithful. Gallus mentioned her in his
dosius the Younger he filled the office of go-poems under the name of Lycoris, by which name
vernor of the praetorium, and exarch of the city she is spoken of also by the Scholiast Cruquius on
of Constantinople. When Eudocia withdrew to Horace. (Sat. i. 2. 55, 10. 77 ; comp. Serv. ud
Jerusalem, A. D. 445, he fell under the emperor's Virg. Eclog. x. l; Cic. Phil. ii. 24, ad Att. x. 10,
displeasure. This led to his retirement from civil 16, ad Fuin. ix. 26; Plut. Ant. 9; Plin. H. N.
offices and his joining the clerical order. It is the viii. 16. )
[L. S. ]
express testimony of Theophanes that, by order of CYTHE'RIUS PHILOʻXENUS. [Philos-
Theodosius, he was made bishop of Smyrna. After ENUS. )
he was elevated to the episcopal dignity, he is CYTHE’RIUS PTOLEMAEUS. [ProLE-
said to have delivered a discourse to the people on MAEL'S. )
Christinas day, in which he betrayed gross igno- CYTISSO’RUS (Kurioowpos), a son of Phrixus
rance of divine things. He lived till the time of and Chalciope or lophossa. (Apollod. i. 9. & 1;
the emperor Leo. Suidas says, that on his retire-Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. ii. 1123, 1149. ) [L. S. ]
ment from civil authority he became éHIOKOTOS CY'ZICUS (KÚtikos), a son of Aeneus and
TWv iepwv év Kotvaela tris opulas; but whether Aenete, the daughter of Eusorus. (Apollon. Rhod.
this means bishop of Cotyaeia in Phrygia is uncer- | i. 918; Val. Flacc. iii. 3. ) According to others,
tain. It is not known whether he wrote any | he was himself a son of Eusorus, and others again
thing. (Care, Histor. Literar. vol. i. ; Suidas, s. r. ) make him a son of Apollo by Stilbe. (Hygin. Fab.
2. An Egyptian bishop belonging to the serenth 16; Conon, Narrat. 41; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod.
century. He was first bishop of Phasis a. D. 620, l. c. ) He was king of the Doliones at Cyzicus on
and afterwards patriarch of Alexandria, A. D. 630-| the Propontis. In compliance with an oracle he
640. It was owing to the favour of Heraclius, received the Argonauts kindly, when they landed
the emperor, that he was appointed over the latter in his dominion. When, after their departure,
place. "In 633 he attempted to make peace be- they were cast back upon the shore by a storm
tween the Theodosians or Severians and the Ca- and landed again at night-time, they were mistaken
tholics, and for that purpose held a synod at Alex. by the Doliones for a hostile people, and a struggle
andria, in wbich he proposed a Libellus Satisfac- ensued, in which Cyzicus was slain by Heracles or
tionis in nine chapters. This treatise was to be Jason. On the next morning the mistake was
subscribed by the Theodosians, and then they discovered, and the Argonauts mourned for three
were to be admitted into the bosom of the church. days with the Doliones over the death of their
But the seventh chapter favoured the Monotholite king, and celebrated funeral games in his honour.
heresy, and led to much disputation. In 638, (Apollod. i. 9. § 18 ; Conon, Narrat. 4), who gives
Heraclius published an Ecthesis or formula of faith a different account. )
(L. S. )
## p. 926 (#946) ############################################
926
DACTYLI.
DAEDALUS.
Minos) from Phrygia, and as having discovered
the iron in mount Berecynthus. (Diod. v. 64;
D.
Cic. de Nat. Deor. ii. 16. ) With regard to the
real nature of the Dactyls, they seem to be no
DABAR, the son of Massugrada, of the family more than the mythical representatives of the dis-
of Masinissa, but whose father was the son of a coverers of iron and of the art of smelting metals
concubine, was an intimate friend of Bocchus, the with the aid of fire, for the importance of this art
king of Mauretania, by whom he was sent to is sufficiently great for the ancients to ascribe its
Sulla to negotiate the peace which ended in the invention to supernatural beings. The original
surrender of Jugurtha. Dabar was afterwards notion of the Dactyls was afterwards extended,
present at the interview between Bocchus and and they are said to have discovered various
Sulla. (Sall.
1. Xenophon's Cyaxares is the son of Astyages; on the subject if the date of Cyrus's birth could be
Dareius the Mede is the son of Ahasuerus. Now, fixt; but this is impossible. Dinon says, that he
it is almost beyond a doubt that Ahasuerus is the was seventy at his death ; but this is improbable
Hebrew form of the Persian name or title which for various reasons, and Herodotus evidently con-
the Greeks called Xerxes, and Cyaxares seems to sidered him much younger.
be simply the form of the same word used in the None but the sacred writers mention the edict
Median dialect. Cyaxares, the son of Phraortes, of Cyrus for the return of the Jews. A motive
is called Ahasuerus in Tobit xiv. 15. It is granted for that step may be perhaps found in what Hero-
that this argument is not decisive, but, so far as it dotus says about his designs on Egypt. The very
goes, it is against the identification.
remarkable prophecy relating to the destruction of
2. After the taking of Babylon, Dareius the Babylon and the restoration of the Jews by Cyrus
Mede receives the kingdom, and exercises all the is in Isaiah xliv. xlv. , besides other important
functions of royalty, with great power and splen- passages in Isaiah and Jeremiah, which predict
dour, evidently at Babylon. But in Xenophon the fall of Babylon without mentioning the name
it is Cyrus who does this, and Cyaxares nerer of Cyrus, and the corresponding history is in the
comes near Babylon at all after its capture, but books of Daniel, Ezra, and 2 Chron. xxxvi. 22,
remains in Media, totally eclipsed and almost su- 23. The language of the proclamation of Cyrus,
perseded by Cyrus. There are other arguments as recorded both in Ezra i. 2 and Chron. xxxvi.
which seem to shew clearly that, whoever Dareius 22, seems to countenance the idea that he was
the Mede may have been (a point difficult enough acquainted, as he might easily be through Daniel,
to decide), he was not the Cyaxares of Xenophon. with the prophecy of Isaiah. “The Lord God of
The matter cannot be further discussed here, but heaven. . . hath charged me to build hin an house
the result of a most careful examination of it is, at Jerusalem, which is in Judah” (compare Isaiah
that in some important points the statements of xliv. 28, xlv. 13); but beyond this one point there is
Xenophon cannot be reconciled with those of nothing to sustain the notion of Hales and others,
Daniel; and that a much more probable explana- that Cyrus was more than an unconscious instru-
tion is, that Dareius was a noble Median, who held ment in accomplishing the designs of Providence.
the sovereignty as the viceroy of Cyrus, until the The contrary is intimated in Isaiah xlv. 5.
latter found it convenient to fix his court at Baby-
In the East Cyrus was long regarded as the
lon ; and there are some indications on which a greatest hero of antiquity, and hence the fables by
conjecture might be founded that this viceroy which his history is obscured. The Persians remeni-
was Astyages. It is quite natural that the year bered him as a father (Herod. iii. 89, 100), and
in which Cyrus began to reign in person at Baby- | his fane passed, through the Greeks, to the Euro-
lon should be reckoned (as it is by the Hebrew peans, and the classical writers abound with allu-
writers) the first year of his reign over the whole sions to him. His sepulchre at Pasargadae was
empire. This view is confirmed by the fact, that visited by Alexander the Great. (Arrian, vi. 29 ;
in the prophecies of the destruction of Babylon it Plut. diex. 69. ) Pasargadae is said to have been
is Cyrus, and not any Median king, that is spoken built on the spot where Cyrus placed his camp
of. Regarding this difficulty, then, as capable of when he defeated Astyages, and in its immediate
being explained, it remains that Xenophon's state- neighbourhood the city of Persepolis grew up.
ment about Cyaxares II. is entirely unsupported. The tomb of Cyrus has perished, but his name is
Xenophon seems to have introduced Cyaxares found on monuments at Murghab, north of Perse-
simply as a foil to set off the virtues of Cyrus. polis, which place, indeed, some antiquarians tako
## p. 924 (#944) ############################################
924
CYRUS.
CYRUS.
for Pasargadae. (IIerodotus, lib. i. ; Ctesias, ed. | mect him. The numbers of the two armies aro
Lion; Xenophon, Cyropaedcia ; Diodorus ; Justin; variously stated. Artaxerxes had from 400. 000
Sirabo; and other ancient authors; Clinton, Fast. to a million of men ; Cyrus had about 100,000
Dell. i. ii. supplements; Heeren, Iileen (Asiatiche Asiatics and 13,000 Grecks. The battle was at
scurches); Schlosser, Univ. Geschich. d. alt. Welt; first altogether in favour of Cyrus. His Greek
Hockh, Vet. Ved, ei Pers. Alonum. ) [P. S. ] troops on the right routed the Asiatics who were
CYRUS, THE YOUNGER, the second of the four opposed to them; and he himself pressed forward
sons of Dareius Nothus, king of Persia, and of Pa- in the centre against his brother, and had even
fysatis, was appointed by his father commander (ka- wounded him, when he was killed by one of the
pavos or otpathyós) of the maritime parts of Asia king's body-guard. Aruxcrxes caused his head
Minor, and satrap of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia. and right hand to be struck off, and sought to
(B. C. 407. ) He carried with him a large sum of have it believed that Cyrus had fallen by his
money to aid the Lacedaemonians in the Pelopon- hand. Parysatis took a cruel revenge on the
nesian war, and by the address of Lysander he was suspected slayers and mutilators of her son. The
induced to help them even more than his father details of the expedition of Cyrus and of the
had commissioned him to do. The bluntness of events which followed his death may be read in
Cillicratidas caused him to withdraw his aid, but Xenophon's Anabusis. This attempi of an ambi-
on the return of Lysander to the command it was tious young prince to usurp his brother's throne
renewed with the greatest liberality. (Callicra- led ultimately to the greatest resulis, for by it
TIDAS; LYSANDER; TissAPHERNES. ] There is the path into the centre of the Persian empire
no doubt that Cyrus was already meditating the was laid open to the Greeks, and the way was
attempt to succeed his father on the throne of prepared for the conquests of Alexander. The
Persia, and that he sought through Lysander to character of Cyrus is drawn by Xenophon in the
provide for aid from Sparta. Cyrus, indeed, be- brightest colours. It is enough to say that his
trayed his anıbitious spirit, by putting to death ambition was gilded by all those brilliant qualities
tivo Persians of the blood royal, for not observing in which win men's hearts.
his presence a usage which was only due to the (Xenophon, llellen. i. 4, 5, ii. 1, jii. 1, Anab.
king. It was probably for this reason, and not i. , Cyrop. viii. 8. § 3, O con. iv. 16, 18, 21;
only on account of his own ill health, that Dareius Ctesias, Persica, i. 44, 49, Fr. li. , lii. , liii. , liv. ,
summoned Cyrus to his presence. (B. C. 405. ) Be | lvii. , ed. Lion; ap. Phot. p. 42, b. 10, 43, b. 10,
fore leaving Sardis, Cyrus sent for Lysander and 44, a. 14, ed. Bekker; Isocr. Panath. 39 ; Plut.
assigned to him his revenues for the prosecution of Lys. 4, 9; Artur. 3, 6, 13–17; Diod. xij. 70,
the war.
He then went to his father, attended | 104, xiv. 6, 11, 12, 19, 20, 22. ) [P. S. ]
by a body of 500 Greek mercenaries, and taking CYRUS, a rhetorician, of uncertain age, is the
with himn Tissaphernes, nominally as a mark of author of a work Tepi Alaoopas stáoewy in the
honour, but really for fear of what he might do in Aldine collection of the Greek orators, reprinted,
his absence. He arrived in Media just in time to more correctly, in Walz's Greek Orators, viii. p.
witness his father's death and the accession of his 386, &c. Fabricius suspects that the anonymous
elder brother, Artaxerxes Mnemon (R. C. 404), work entitled Mpobaríuata 'PnTopinà eis Etdoels
though his mother, Parysatis, whose favourite son was written by the same person. (Fabric. Bibl.
Cyrus was, had endeavoured to persuade Dareius to Graec. vi. pp. 102, 128 ; Walz, l. c. ; Wester-
appoint him as his successor, on the ground that he mann, Geschichte der Griech. Bercutsamkeit, S
had been born after, but his brother Artaxerxes 101. )
[P. S. ]
before, the accession of Dareius. This attempt, of CYRUS(Kúpos), the name of several physicians.
course, excited the jealousy of Artaxerxes, which 1. Cyrus (called also in some editions Syrus), a
was further enflamed by information from Tissa- native of Alexandria, who lived in the fifth cen-
pheres, that Cyrus was plotting against his life. tury after Christ. He was first a physician and
Artaxerxes, therefore, arrested his brother and philosopher, and afterwards became a monk. He
condemned him to death; but, on the intercession is said to have been an eloquent man, and to have
of Parysatis, he spared his life and sent him back written against Nestorius. (S. Gennadius, de
to his satrapy: Cyrus now gave himself up to the Illustr. l'ir. c. 81. )
design of dethroning his brother. By his affability 2. A physician at Edessa, one of whose medi-
and by presents, he endeavoured to corrupt those cines is quoted by Aëtius (ii. 2. 91, p. 292), and
of the Persians who past between the court of who attained the dignity of Archiater. He must
Artaxerxes and his own; but he relied chiefly on have lived between the second and fifth centuries
a force of Greek mercenaries, which he raised on aſter Christ, as the office of Archiater was first
the pretext that he was in danger from the hostility conferred on Andromachus, the physician of Nero.
of Tissaphernes. When his preparations were (Dict. of Ant. s. r. Archiater. )
complete, he commenced his expedition against 3. A physician, probably of Lampsacus, son of
Babylon, giving out, howerer, eren to his own Apollonius, who obtained the dignity of Archiater.
soldiers, that he was only marching against the He is mentioned in a Greek inscription found at
robbers of Pisidia. When the Greeks learnt his Lampsacus, as having, besides many other acts of
real purpose, they found that they were too far liberality, presented to the senate one thousand
committed to him to draw back. He set out from Attic drachmae, i. e. (reckoning the drachma to
Sardis in the spring of B. C. 401, and, having be worth nine pence three farthings) forty pounds,
marched through Phrygia and Cilicia, entered twelve shillings, and six pence. (Spon, Miscellan.
Syria through the celebrated passes near Issus, Eruulit. Antiquit. p. 142, quoted by Fabric. Bill.
crossed the Euphrates at Thapsacus, and marched Gruec. rol. xiii. p. 134, ed. vet. )
down the river to the plain of Cunaxa, 500 stadia 4. A physician at Rome in the first century
from Babylon. Artaxerxes had been informed by B. C.
, mentioned in a Latin inscription as having
Tissaphernes of his designs, and was prepared to i been the physician of Livia, the wife of Drusus
## p. 925 (#945) ############################################
CYRUS.
925
CYZICUS.
Carsar, who afterwards married the emperor | drawn up by Sergius, in which he clearly stated
Augustus. (Spon, quoted by Fabric. I. c. ) that there was but one will in Christ. This was
5. Cyrus, St. , was a native of Alexandria, where subscribed by Cyrus, a circumstance that served to
he practised medicine gratuitously and with great confirm its truth in the eyes of many. ('yrus died
reputation. He was a Christian, and took crery A. D. 610. Besides the Libellus Satisfactionis, he
opportunity of endeavouring to convert his patients wrote three letters to Sergius, patriarch of Con-
from paganism. During the persecution of Dio-stantinople, which are still extant. Both are print-
clerian hic fled to Arabia, where he was said to cd in the Concilia, vol. vi. (Cave, llistor. Literar.
heid diseases not so much by his medicines as by rol. i. ; Murdock's Mosheim, vol. i. ; Gucrike's
miraculous powers. lle was put to death with Handbuch, vol. i. ; Gieseler's Teat-booli, by Cun-
many tortures by the command of the prefect ningham, rol. i. )
[S. D. )
Syrianus, in company with several other martyrs, CYRUS, THEODORUS PRODROMUS.
A. D. 300; and his remains were carried to Rome, [THEODORI'S. )
and there buried. This memory is celebrated on CYTHIERA, CYTHEREIA, CYTHE'RIAS
the thirty-first of January both by the Romish (Kuonpa, Kutépeia, Kvenpiás), different forms of a
and Greek churches. (icu Sancior. ; Menolog. surname of Aphrodite, derived from the town of
Graecor. ; Bzorius, Nomencl. Sunctor. Professione Cythera in Cretc, or from the island of Cytherah,
Medicor. ; C. B. Carpzovius, De Medicis ab Eccles. where the goddess was said to have first landed,
pro Sanctis habitis. )
(W. A. G. ] and where she had a celebrated temple. (Hom.
CYRUS, an architect, who lived at Rome at Od, viii. 288; Herod. i. 105; Paus, üi. 23. Ól;
the time of Cicero, and died on the same day with Anacr. v. 9; Horat. Carm. i. 4. 5. ) (L. S. )
Clodius, B. C. 52. (Cic. ad Fam. vii. 14, ad Att. CYTHERIS, a celebrated courtezan of the
ii. 3, ad Qu. Fr. ii. 21, pro Milon. 17. ) [L. U. ] time of Cicero, Antony, and Gallus. She was
CYRUS, Christians. 1. An Egyptian, be- originally the freedwoman and mistress of Volum-
longing to the fifth century, afterwards bishop nius Eutrapelus, and subsequently she became
of Smyrna, according to the testimony of Theo connected in the same capacity with Antony, and
phanes. llis poetical talents procured him the with Gallus the poet, to whom, however, she did
favour of the empress Eudocia. Under Theo- not remain faithful. Gallus mentioned her in his
dosius the Younger he filled the office of go-poems under the name of Lycoris, by which name
vernor of the praetorium, and exarch of the city she is spoken of also by the Scholiast Cruquius on
of Constantinople. When Eudocia withdrew to Horace. (Sat. i. 2. 55, 10. 77 ; comp. Serv. ud
Jerusalem, A. D. 445, he fell under the emperor's Virg. Eclog. x. l; Cic. Phil. ii. 24, ad Att. x. 10,
displeasure. This led to his retirement from civil 16, ad Fuin. ix. 26; Plut. Ant. 9; Plin. H. N.
offices and his joining the clerical order. It is the viii. 16. )
[L. S. ]
express testimony of Theophanes that, by order of CYTHE'RIUS PHILOʻXENUS. [Philos-
Theodosius, he was made bishop of Smyrna. After ENUS. )
he was elevated to the episcopal dignity, he is CYTHE’RIUS PTOLEMAEUS. [ProLE-
said to have delivered a discourse to the people on MAEL'S. )
Christinas day, in which he betrayed gross igno- CYTISSO’RUS (Kurioowpos), a son of Phrixus
rance of divine things. He lived till the time of and Chalciope or lophossa. (Apollod. i. 9. & 1;
the emperor Leo. Suidas says, that on his retire-Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. ii. 1123, 1149. ) [L. S. ]
ment from civil authority he became éHIOKOTOS CY'ZICUS (KÚtikos), a son of Aeneus and
TWv iepwv év Kotvaela tris opulas; but whether Aenete, the daughter of Eusorus. (Apollon. Rhod.
this means bishop of Cotyaeia in Phrygia is uncer- | i. 918; Val. Flacc. iii. 3. ) According to others,
tain. It is not known whether he wrote any | he was himself a son of Eusorus, and others again
thing. (Care, Histor. Literar. vol. i. ; Suidas, s. r. ) make him a son of Apollo by Stilbe. (Hygin. Fab.
2. An Egyptian bishop belonging to the serenth 16; Conon, Narrat. 41; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod.
century. He was first bishop of Phasis a. D. 620, l. c. ) He was king of the Doliones at Cyzicus on
and afterwards patriarch of Alexandria, A. D. 630-| the Propontis. In compliance with an oracle he
640. It was owing to the favour of Heraclius, received the Argonauts kindly, when they landed
the emperor, that he was appointed over the latter in his dominion. When, after their departure,
place. "In 633 he attempted to make peace be- they were cast back upon the shore by a storm
tween the Theodosians or Severians and the Ca- and landed again at night-time, they were mistaken
tholics, and for that purpose held a synod at Alex. by the Doliones for a hostile people, and a struggle
andria, in wbich he proposed a Libellus Satisfac- ensued, in which Cyzicus was slain by Heracles or
tionis in nine chapters. This treatise was to be Jason. On the next morning the mistake was
subscribed by the Theodosians, and then they discovered, and the Argonauts mourned for three
were to be admitted into the bosom of the church. days with the Doliones over the death of their
But the seventh chapter favoured the Monotholite king, and celebrated funeral games in his honour.
heresy, and led to much disputation. In 638, (Apollod. i. 9. § 18 ; Conon, Narrat. 4), who gives
Heraclius published an Ecthesis or formula of faith a different account. )
(L. S. )
## p. 926 (#946) ############################################
926
DACTYLI.
DAEDALUS.
Minos) from Phrygia, and as having discovered
the iron in mount Berecynthus. (Diod. v. 64;
D.
Cic. de Nat. Deor. ii. 16. ) With regard to the
real nature of the Dactyls, they seem to be no
DABAR, the son of Massugrada, of the family more than the mythical representatives of the dis-
of Masinissa, but whose father was the son of a coverers of iron and of the art of smelting metals
concubine, was an intimate friend of Bocchus, the with the aid of fire, for the importance of this art
king of Mauretania, by whom he was sent to is sufficiently great for the ancients to ascribe its
Sulla to negotiate the peace which ended in the invention to supernatural beings. The original
surrender of Jugurtha. Dabar was afterwards notion of the Dactyls was afterwards extended,
present at the interview between Bocchus and and they are said to have discovered various
Sulla. (Sall.
