)
in the flight after the battle of Delium, and was Xenophon in the Anabasis (iï.
in the flight after the battle of Delium, and was Xenophon in the Anabasis (iï.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
22.
b, 22), which in reality is different trurit Simon Karsten, Bruxellis, 1830 (Philoso-
from the doctrine ascribed to Xenophanes (p. 977, phorum Graecorum Veterum Religu. vol. i. pars
b, 3, 13, &c. p. 979. 4), or by the dinlectic de 1).
(Ch. A. B. )
velopment, with which it is pretended Xenophanes XENOPHANTUS (Eevópartos), a Rhodinn,
cannot be accredited, or by the apparent contra- sent by the Rhodians in command of a fleet to the
diction that the Deity is represented on the one Hellespont in B. c. 220. (Polyb. iv. 50. ) (C. P. M. )
hand as neither finite nor infinite, on the other XENOPHANTUS (Eevópavtos), artista. ).
(p. 977, b, 1; comp. Simpl. l. c. ) as bounded and Of Athens, a maker of fictile vases, known by the
spherical ; on the one hand, ns neither moved nor inscription EENOVANTOZ ENOIHZEN AÖHN,
unmoved, on the other (fr. iv. ) as freed from mo. round the neck of a pelice, found in n tomb nt
tion, nor by the statement of Aristotle (Mctaph. | Kertch, the ancient Panticapaeum, in the Crimen,
A, 5. p. 926, 1, 18) that Xenophanes had not and now in the Museum at St. Petersburg. The
decided whether he regarded the One as limited whole style of this vase is remarkable. The figures
or as unlimited. For to begin with tho removal upon it are partly painted red on a black ground,
of the last difficulty, - the passage of Aristotle and partly modelled in relief in the yellowish clay
rcferred to only asserts that from the doctrine of of which the vessel is made, and decorated with
Xenophanes it could not be concluded with cer- colours and gilding ; a style characteristic of the
tainty whether he had conceived of the Deity as Athenian school. (R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn,
ideal or as material, and to show this, he may have p. 63, 2d ed. )
appealed to that antinomical attempt to exclude 2. A statuary, of Thasos, the son of Charcs,
from the Deity the conditions of rest and motion, lived in the reign of Hadrian, and was sent by his
limitation, and infinity. To this attempt Xeno fellow-citizens on a mission to Athens, to dedicate
phanes may have been induced by his endeavour a statue of that emperor ; as we learn from an in-
(which exhibits itself unmistakeably in the frag- scription found at Athens, and published by Spon,
ments of his which have been preserved) to exalt Chandler, Osann, and Böckh. (Corp. Inscr. Gracc.
the idea of the Deity above the region of anthro- No. 336 ; Welcker, K’unstblatt, 1827, No. 83; R.
pomorphic definitions. That he nevertheless found Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 428, 2d ed. ) (P. S. ]
himself driven,-in what at least seemed contradic- XENO'PHILUS (Eevúpinos), a Greek officer
tion to this, to describe the self-complete Divine who was in command of the citadel at Susa, and
cssence as shut up in itself and motionless, ex- had charge of the treasures at the time that Anti-
hibits a wavering, not yet thoroughly formed tone gonus marched against the city. He maintained
of thought, for which indeed Aristotle finds fault his position long and bravely, but at last went over
with him (l. c. p. 986, b, 26). We cannot admit to Antigonus. (Diod. xix. 18, 48. ) (C. P. M. )
again, that no trace of the original epic style is to XENO'PHILUS, sculptor. (Straton. )
be found in his conclusions and propositions. Such XENOPHON (EEvoq0v), historical. 1. A
expressions as kpateiv årà un kpateiola (p. Corinthian, the son of Thessalus. He was victor at
977. 27, comp. 31, 38), Ti åtpeuelv oŬTI Kieło the Olympic games, both in the foot-race and in the
Dai (ib. 6, 16) show the contrary.
pentathlum, in the 79th Olympiad. His family
While, however, Xenophanes identified the ex- belonged to the stock of the Oligaethidae, and was
istent with the Deity, and conceived of it as the basis one of the ruling families of Corinth. Pindar's
of phenomena, he could not yet, like his successor 13th Olympic Ode celebrates his double victory.
Parmenides, who proceeded in a dialectic manner, (Böckh and Dissen on Pindar, l. c. ; Diod. xi. 70;
hold the manifold, in opposition to the one existence, Paus. iv. 24. § 5, ed. Bekker ; Athen. xiii. p.
as non-existent (comp. Arist. de Xenoph. c. c. 4, 573. )
p. 977, b. , 24); and certainly his sceptical expres- 2. An Athenian, son of Euripides, was one of
sions (fr. xiv. xv. ), which must have heightened the generals to whom Potidaea surrendered (Thuc.
Timon's preference for him, are not to be under- ii. 70). Later in the same year (B. C. 429) Xeno.
stood as Sextus Empiricus (Pyrrh. Hyp. i. 225) phon and two other generals led an expedition
and others understood them, as though he had at- against the Chalcideans and Bottiaeans, but were
tributed certainty to the conviction of the unity compelled to retreat into Potidaea. (Thuc. ii. 79. )
and eternity of the divine essence, but probability 3. A native of Aegium, the son of Menephylus,
only to the assumption respecting the plurality of a victor in the pancratium at the Olympic games,
gods and the world of phenomena. Of the scanty, mentioned by Pausanias (iv. 3. $ 13).
and in part doubtful, statements respecting his 4. A conjuror, who attracted great admiration
mode of explaining the latter (see Brandis, Hand- by his wonderful feats of legerdemain, such as mak-
buch der Geschichte der Griech. Röm. Phil. vol. i. ing fire burst forth spontaneously. Cratisthenes
p. 373, &c. ) all that deserves mention here is of Phlius was disciple. (Athen. i. p. 19, e. ;
his endeavour to establish that the surface of the Diog. Laërt. ii. 59. )
earth had gradually risen out of the sea, by appeal- 5. An Achaean, a native of Aegium. He was
ing to the shells and petrifactions of marine pro- present, on the side of the Roman general Quinctius,
ducts found on mountains and in quarries (Orig. | at the conference with king Philip, held at Nicaen,
Philos. c. 4).
B. c. 198. (Liv. xxxii. 32 ; Polyb. xvii. 1. ) Ho
Respecting the life, doctrines, and fragments of was one of the ambassadors sent to Rome after the
Xenophanes, compare Fülleborn's essay; Xeno-conference. (Polyb. xvii. 10. ) He had a son named
phanes, in his Beiträge (i. p. 59, &c. ); C. A. Alcithus. (Polyb. xxviii. 16. ) (C. P. M. ]
Brandis, Comment. Eleat. pars prima (Altonne, XE'NOPHON (Eevopwv), the Athenian, was the
VOL. IIS
tors of godless asths (It
. TE); 2
oled to the Deity uscivided och
aught regarding it that vibUt 13
Fromes every thing by mouse ove
fram motion in space (fr
. it. l. The
as in his view the animating parts
, is expressed by Aristote 16; ar
sert Emp L. ) in the words
6 glance on the shale universe, de mit
ve One" The outines of the dau
Senophanes are to be found in the E
A has come down to es in a course
1g the writings of Anistode, De in
maria e Meron, c. &c; for it
attributing it to the Calooban 13, DF
who is named in the beading of the
ting of it, or to some other parentes
i to izs, by the testimony of Service
Arist
. Phys. £ 6) without any su
, refers it to him, and speaks of it as takim
leophrastus, whether, as is licer, be toute
le treatise before him, and media in
k of Theophrastus, or as derred met
1
e
i Theophrastus which bas por cvz
According to this demonstrasica the Es
which Xenophanes sets dos as 12.
he Deity, cannot hare originated #
e or out of uniike, whether the
ied as stronger or weaker. Make
, inasın uch as his essence consists 3
be one only, and neither inite sa isa
er mored nor unmored. We are nu
2015 these conclusions to be there or less
les, as does E Zeller, who in partim
## p. 1298 (#1314) ##########################################
1298
XENOPHON.
XENOPHON.
invited to
phon led :
A C. 399.
an expedit
troops bei
the house :
The Persii
moveables
robbery, I
&$23).
not asham
Socrate
son of Gryllus, and a native of the demus Ercheia. | 401. Xenophon may have been at Athens in BQ
The time of his birth is not known, but it is ap 402, and Thucydides may have been dead then ;
proximated to by the fact mentioned in the Life of but these two facts prove nothing as to the time
Xenophon by Diogenes Laërtius, and in Strabo when the work of Thucydides was published.
(p. 403, ed. Cas. ) that Xenophon fell from his horse [THUCYDIDES.
)
in the flight after the battle of Delium, and was Xenophon in the Anabasis (iï. 1) mentions the
taken up by Socrates, the philosopher, on his circumstances under which he joined the army of
shoulders and carried a distance of several stadia. Cyrus the younger, who was preparing his expedi-
The battle of Delium was fought B. C. 424 between tion against his brother, Artaxerxes Mnemon, the
the Athenians and Boeotians (Thucyd. iv. 96), and king of Persia. Proxenus, a friend of Xenophun,
Xenophon therefore could not well have been born was already with Cyrus, and he invited Xenophon
after B. C. 444. The time of his death also is not to come to Sardis, and promised to introduce him
mentioned by any ancient writer. Lucian says to the Persian prince. Xenophon consulted his .
(Mucro. 21) that he attained to above the age of master Socrates, who advised him to consult the
ninety, and Xenophon himself in his Hellenica (vi. oracle of Delphi, for it was rather a hazardous
4. & 35) mentions the assassination of Alexander of matter for him to enter the service of Cyrus, who
Pherae which happened in B. C. 357, according to was considered to be the friend of the Lacedae-
Diodorus (xvi. 14). Between B. C. 424 and B. c. monians and the enemy of Athens. Xenophon
357, there is a period of sixty-seven years, and went to Delphi, but he did not ask the god whether
thus we have evidence of Xenophon being alire he should go or not: he probably had made up his
nearly seventy years after Socrates saved his life mind. He merely asked to what gods he should sa-
at Délium. There has been much discussion on crifice in order that he might be successful in his
the age of Xenophon at the time when he joined intended enterprise. Socrates was not satisfied
the expedition of the younger Cyrus, B. C. 401. with his pupil's mode of consulting the oracle, but
Those who would make him a young man between as he had got an answer, he told him to go ; and
twenty and thirty must reject the evidence as to Xenophon went to Sardis, which Cyrus was just
the battle of Delium. Plutarch has a story that about to leave. The real object of the expedition
Socrates saved the life of Alcibiades at Potidaea, was disguised from the Greeks in the army of
and that Alcibiades protected Socrates in the Cyrus, or at least they affected not to know what
retreat after the defeat at Delium (Alcib. 7). The it was. But Clearchus knew ; and the rest might
passage in the Anabasis (ii. 1. $ 12) in which Xe suspect. Cyrus gave out that he was going to
nophon is called reaviokos is not decisive, for in attack the Pisidians, but the direction of his march
this passage of the Anabasis the best MSS. read must bave very soon shown that he was going
“ Theopompus" instead of “ Xenophon ;” and, elsewhere. He led his forces through Asia Minor,
besides this, the term veaviokos is not used in such and over the mountains of Taurus to Tarsus in
A way as to limit it to a young man. Xenophon Cilicia. From thence be passed into Syria, crossed
seemed to Seuthes (Anab. vii. 2. $ 8) old enough to the Euphrates, and met the huge army of the
have a marriageable daughter. This question is Persians in the plain of Cunaxa, about forty miles
discussed at some length by C. W. Krüger (De from Babylon. In the affray that ensued, for it
Xenophontis Vita Quaestiones, Halle, 1822). The was not a battle, Cyrus lost his life, his barbarian
most probable conclusion seems to be that Xenophon troops were dispersed, and the Greeks were left
was not under forty at the time when he joined alone on the wide plains between the Tigris and
the army of Cyrus. The mode in which Xenophon the Euphrates. It was after the treacherous mas
introduces himself in the Anabasis (iii. l) would sacre of Clearchus and other of the Greek commanders
almost lead to the conclusion that his name ought by the Persian satrap Tissaphernes, that Xenophon
not to occur in the first two books. (Comp. Clinton, came forward. He had held no command in the
Fast. Hell, B. C. 401. )
army of Cyrus, nor had he in fact served as a
Xenophon is said to have been a pupil of Socrates soldier. In the commencement of the third book
at an early age, which is consistent with the in- of the Anabasis he states how he was called to
timacy which might have arisen from Socrates take a part in conducting the hazardous retreat.
saving his life. Philostratus states that he also Instead of attempting to return by the road by
received instruction from Prodicus of Ceos, during which they advanced, where they would have
the time that he was a prisoner in Boeotia, but found no supplies, at least till they reached the
nothing is known of this captivity of Xenophon Mediterranean, the Greek leaders conducted their
from any other authority. Photius (Biblioth. cclx. ) men along the Tigris and over the high table lands
says that Xenophon was also a pupil of Isocrates, of Armenia to Trapezus, now Trebizond, a Greek.
which may be true, though Isocrates was younger colony on the south-east coast of the Black Sea.
than Xenophon, being born in B. C. 436. A From Trapezus the troops were conducted to
story reported by Athenaeus (x. p. 427) of Chrysopolis, which is opposite to Byzantium. The
something that Xenophon said at the table of Greeks were in great distress, and some of them
Dionysius the tyrant, may probably refer to the under Xenophon entered the service of Senthes,
elder Dionysius who lived till B. c. 367; and if king of Thrace, who wanted their aid, and promised
the statement is true, Xenophon must have visited to pay for it
. The Greeks performed what they
Syracuse. Letronne (Biog. Univ. art. Xenophon), agreed to do, but Seuthes was unwilling to pay,
endeavours to show that Xenophon wrote the and it was with great difficulty that Xenophon got
Symposium and the Hiero before B. c. 401 ; but from him part of what he had promised. The
his conclusion can hardly be said to be even a description which Xenophon gives (Anub. vi. 3, &c. )
strong probability. Xenophon was the editor of of the manners of the Thracians is very curious
the History of Thucydides, but no time can be and amusing. As the Lacedaemonians under
fixed for this ; nor can we assent to Letronne's Thimbron were now at war with Tissaphernes
conclusion that he published the work before B. c. and Pharnalazus, Xenophon and his troops were
seems prol
shortly be
death dur
to be coil
Xenophon
was lead in
vii. 7. 9. 57
that his bi
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joined TI
that he w
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clusion (
and prob
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Agesila
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during pa
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Agesil. 1:
Agesilau
after he
Olympia
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by his
been sa
when he
children
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employe
friends
Anabas
lenion,
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of his o
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the year
that the
the sea
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Scillus
by Ema
in eith
!
## p. 1299 (#1315) ##########################################
XENOPHON.
1299
XENOPHON.
i at Athens in a
been deas the;
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des vas pabusted
11. l) Destions se
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enophas consulted in
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id not ask the god obecher
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to wbai gods be shoulds
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wer, be told him to fa; and
ardis, which Cyres va
real object of the erpeson
the Greeks in the card
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Ave out that he was pays
s, but the direction of bis murah
koon shown tha: he was real
d his forces through Asa Lan,
puntains of Taurus to Tasso
lenice be passed into Syria
, comed
and met the huge army of
plain of Canari, about any mis
In the affray that easted for it
le, Cyrus lost his life, his bartera
ispersed, and the Greeks verzis
de plains between the Tips and
Ali was after the treacherous the
:bus and other of the Greek comsudar
un satrap T'issaphernes, that Xesepur
d. He bad held no cumud it
invited to join the army of Thimbron, and Xeno- ſtence of banishment from Athens was repealed on
phon led them back out of Asia to join Thimbron the motion of Eubulus, but it is uncertain in what
B. C. 399. Xenophon, who was very poor, made year. In the battle of Mantineia which was fought
an expedition into the plain of the Caicus with his B. c. 362, the Spartans and the Athenians were
troops before they joined Thimbron, to plunder opposed to the Thebans, and Xenophon's two sons,
the house and property of a Persian named Asidates. Gryllus and Diodorus, fought on the side of the
The Persian, with his women, children, and all his allies. He sent them, say's Diogenes, to Athens to
moveables was seized ; and Xenophon, by this fight on behalf of the Spartans Gryllus fell in
robbery, replenished his empty pockets ( Anab. vii. the same battle in which Epaminondas lost his life.
8. 8 23). He tells the story himself as if he were From the circumstance of Xenophon's two sons
not ashamed of it.
being in the battle, Letronne assumes that the
Socrates was put to death in B. c. 399, and it decree for Xenophon's banishment must have been
seems probable that Xenophon was banished either repealed before B. c. 362, a conclusion which is far
shortly before or shortly after that event. His from being necessary. Krüger concludes for other
death during Xenophon's absence in Asia appears rensons that it was repenled before Ol. 103, that is,
to be collected from the Memorabilia (iv. 8. $ 4). before the battle of Mantineia. There is no
Xenophon was not banished at the time when he evidence that Xenophon ever returned to Athens.
was leading the troops back to Thimbron (Anab. He is said to have retired to Corinth after his
vii. 7. 8. 57), but his expression rather seems to imply expulsion from Scillus, and as we know nothing
that his banishment must have followed soon after. more, we assume that he died there. (Diog. Laërt. )
It is not certain what he was doing after the troops The Hipparchicus was written after the repeal
joined Thimbron. The assumption of Letronne. of the decree of banishment, and the treatise on
that he went to Athens is unsupported by evidence. the revenues of Athens. The events alluded to in
As we know nothing of his movements, the con- the Epilogus to the Cyropaedia (viii. 8. & 4) show
clusion ought to be that he stayed in Asia, that the Epilogus at least was written after Ól. 104.
and probably with Thimbron and his successor 3. (Diod. av. 92. ) Diogenes quotes Stesicleides as
Dercyllidas.
authority for Xenophon having died in the first
Agesilaus, the Spartan king, was commanding the year of the 105th Olympiad, or in B. C. 359. The
Lacedaemonian forces in Asia against the Persians time of his death may have been a few years later.
in B. C. 396, and Xenophon was with him at least | Compare Clinton, Fasti Hell B C. 359 ; Krüger,
during part of the campaign. When Agesilaus was de Xenophontis, &c. p. 28.
recalled B. C. 394, Xenophon accompanied him The titles of the works of Xenophon which
(Anab. v. 3. $ 6), and he was on the side of the Diogenes enumerates are the same as those which
Lacedaemonians in the battle which they fought at are now extant. He says that Xenophon wrote
Coroneia B. c. 394 against the Athenians (Plutarch, about forty books (Bubala), and that they were
Agesil. 18). It seems that he went to Sparta with variously divided, which expression and the list of
Agesilaus after the battle of Coroneia, and soon works which he gives, show that by the word
after he settled at Scillus in Eleia, not far from books he meant the several divisions or books of
Olympia, a spot of which he has given a description the larger works, and the smaller works which
in the Arabasis (v. 3. 87, &c. ). Here he was joined consist of a single book. The number of books of
by his wife Philesia and his children. It has Xenophon thus estimated is thirty-seven, which is
been said that Philesia was his second wife ; but tolerably near the number mentioned by Diogenes,
when he married her, or where, is unknown. His and shows that a division of Xenophon's works
children were educated in Sparta, or at least Age- into books existed at that time. Of the historical
silaus advised him to educate them there. (Plut writings of Xenophon, the Anabasis, or the His-
Agesil. 20. ) Xenophon was now an exile, and a tory of the Expedition of the Younger Cyrus, and of
Lacedaemonian so far as he could become one. the retreat of the Greeks, who formed part of his
His time during his long residence at Scillas was army, has immortalised his name. It is a clear
employed in hunting, writing, and entertaining his and pleasing narrative, written in a simple style,
friends ; and probably his historical writings, the free from affectation ; and it gives a great deal of
Anabasis and the Hellenica, or part of the Hel curious information on the country which was
lenica, were composed here, as Diogenes Laërtius traversed by the retreating Greeks, and on the
says. The treatise on hunting and that on the manners of the people. It was the first work
horse were probably written during this time, when which made the Greeks acquainted with some
amusement and exercise of that kind formed part portions of the Persian empire, and it showed the
of his occupation. Xenophon was at last expelled weakness of that extensive monarchy. The skir-
from his quiet retreat at Scillus by the Eleans, but mishes of the retreating Greeks with their enemies
the year is uncertain. It is a conjecture of Krüger's and the battles with some of the barbarian tribes
that the Eleans did not take Scillus before B. C. 371, are not such events as elevate the work to the
the year in which the Lacedaemonians were de- character of a military history, nor can it as such
feated by the Thebans at the battle of Leuctra. be compared with Caesar's Commentaries. Indeed
Diogenes says that the Lacedaemonians did not those passages in the Anabasis which relate di-
come to the aid of Xenophon when he was attacked rectly to the military movements of the retreating
by the Eleans, a circumstance that may lead to the army are not always clear, nor have we any evi-
probable inference that they were too busily em- dence that Xenophon did possess any military
ployed in other ways either to prevent his expulsion talent for great operations, whatever skill he may
or to reinstate him ; and this is a reason why have had as a commander of a division. The
Letronne supposes that the Eleans probably attacked | editions of the Anabasis are numerous: one of the
Scillus in B. C. 368 during the invasion of Laconica most useful editions for the mere explanation of
by Epaminondas. Xenophon's residence at Scillus the Greek text is by Krüger.
from the doctrine ascribed to Xenophanes (p. 977, phorum Graecorum Veterum Religu. vol. i. pars
b, 3, 13, &c. p. 979. 4), or by the dinlectic de 1).
(Ch. A. B. )
velopment, with which it is pretended Xenophanes XENOPHANTUS (Eevópartos), a Rhodinn,
cannot be accredited, or by the apparent contra- sent by the Rhodians in command of a fleet to the
diction that the Deity is represented on the one Hellespont in B. c. 220. (Polyb. iv. 50. ) (C. P. M. )
hand as neither finite nor infinite, on the other XENOPHANTUS (Eevópavtos), artista. ).
(p. 977, b, 1; comp. Simpl. l. c. ) as bounded and Of Athens, a maker of fictile vases, known by the
spherical ; on the one hand, ns neither moved nor inscription EENOVANTOZ ENOIHZEN AÖHN,
unmoved, on the other (fr. iv. ) as freed from mo. round the neck of a pelice, found in n tomb nt
tion, nor by the statement of Aristotle (Mctaph. | Kertch, the ancient Panticapaeum, in the Crimen,
A, 5. p. 926, 1, 18) that Xenophanes had not and now in the Museum at St. Petersburg. The
decided whether he regarded the One as limited whole style of this vase is remarkable. The figures
or as unlimited. For to begin with tho removal upon it are partly painted red on a black ground,
of the last difficulty, - the passage of Aristotle and partly modelled in relief in the yellowish clay
rcferred to only asserts that from the doctrine of of which the vessel is made, and decorated with
Xenophanes it could not be concluded with cer- colours and gilding ; a style characteristic of the
tainty whether he had conceived of the Deity as Athenian school. (R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn,
ideal or as material, and to show this, he may have p. 63, 2d ed. )
appealed to that antinomical attempt to exclude 2. A statuary, of Thasos, the son of Charcs,
from the Deity the conditions of rest and motion, lived in the reign of Hadrian, and was sent by his
limitation, and infinity. To this attempt Xeno fellow-citizens on a mission to Athens, to dedicate
phanes may have been induced by his endeavour a statue of that emperor ; as we learn from an in-
(which exhibits itself unmistakeably in the frag- scription found at Athens, and published by Spon,
ments of his which have been preserved) to exalt Chandler, Osann, and Böckh. (Corp. Inscr. Gracc.
the idea of the Deity above the region of anthro- No. 336 ; Welcker, K’unstblatt, 1827, No. 83; R.
pomorphic definitions. That he nevertheless found Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 428, 2d ed. ) (P. S. ]
himself driven,-in what at least seemed contradic- XENO'PHILUS (Eevúpinos), a Greek officer
tion to this, to describe the self-complete Divine who was in command of the citadel at Susa, and
cssence as shut up in itself and motionless, ex- had charge of the treasures at the time that Anti-
hibits a wavering, not yet thoroughly formed tone gonus marched against the city. He maintained
of thought, for which indeed Aristotle finds fault his position long and bravely, but at last went over
with him (l. c. p. 986, b, 26). We cannot admit to Antigonus. (Diod. xix. 18, 48. ) (C. P. M. )
again, that no trace of the original epic style is to XENO'PHILUS, sculptor. (Straton. )
be found in his conclusions and propositions. Such XENOPHON (EEvoq0v), historical. 1. A
expressions as kpateiv årà un kpateiola (p. Corinthian, the son of Thessalus. He was victor at
977. 27, comp. 31, 38), Ti åtpeuelv oŬTI Kieło the Olympic games, both in the foot-race and in the
Dai (ib. 6, 16) show the contrary.
pentathlum, in the 79th Olympiad. His family
While, however, Xenophanes identified the ex- belonged to the stock of the Oligaethidae, and was
istent with the Deity, and conceived of it as the basis one of the ruling families of Corinth. Pindar's
of phenomena, he could not yet, like his successor 13th Olympic Ode celebrates his double victory.
Parmenides, who proceeded in a dialectic manner, (Böckh and Dissen on Pindar, l. c. ; Diod. xi. 70;
hold the manifold, in opposition to the one existence, Paus. iv. 24. § 5, ed. Bekker ; Athen. xiii. p.
as non-existent (comp. Arist. de Xenoph. c. c. 4, 573. )
p. 977, b. , 24); and certainly his sceptical expres- 2. An Athenian, son of Euripides, was one of
sions (fr. xiv. xv. ), which must have heightened the generals to whom Potidaea surrendered (Thuc.
Timon's preference for him, are not to be under- ii. 70). Later in the same year (B. C. 429) Xeno.
stood as Sextus Empiricus (Pyrrh. Hyp. i. 225) phon and two other generals led an expedition
and others understood them, as though he had at- against the Chalcideans and Bottiaeans, but were
tributed certainty to the conviction of the unity compelled to retreat into Potidaea. (Thuc. ii. 79. )
and eternity of the divine essence, but probability 3. A native of Aegium, the son of Menephylus,
only to the assumption respecting the plurality of a victor in the pancratium at the Olympic games,
gods and the world of phenomena. Of the scanty, mentioned by Pausanias (iv. 3. $ 13).
and in part doubtful, statements respecting his 4. A conjuror, who attracted great admiration
mode of explaining the latter (see Brandis, Hand- by his wonderful feats of legerdemain, such as mak-
buch der Geschichte der Griech. Röm. Phil. vol. i. ing fire burst forth spontaneously. Cratisthenes
p. 373, &c. ) all that deserves mention here is of Phlius was disciple. (Athen. i. p. 19, e. ;
his endeavour to establish that the surface of the Diog. Laërt. ii. 59. )
earth had gradually risen out of the sea, by appeal- 5. An Achaean, a native of Aegium. He was
ing to the shells and petrifactions of marine pro- present, on the side of the Roman general Quinctius,
ducts found on mountains and in quarries (Orig. | at the conference with king Philip, held at Nicaen,
Philos. c. 4).
B. c. 198. (Liv. xxxii. 32 ; Polyb. xvii. 1. ) Ho
Respecting the life, doctrines, and fragments of was one of the ambassadors sent to Rome after the
Xenophanes, compare Fülleborn's essay; Xeno-conference. (Polyb. xvii. 10. ) He had a son named
phanes, in his Beiträge (i. p. 59, &c. ); C. A. Alcithus. (Polyb. xxviii. 16. ) (C. P. M. ]
Brandis, Comment. Eleat. pars prima (Altonne, XE'NOPHON (Eevopwv), the Athenian, was the
VOL. IIS
tors of godless asths (It
. TE); 2
oled to the Deity uscivided och
aught regarding it that vibUt 13
Fromes every thing by mouse ove
fram motion in space (fr
. it. l. The
as in his view the animating parts
, is expressed by Aristote 16; ar
sert Emp L. ) in the words
6 glance on the shale universe, de mit
ve One" The outines of the dau
Senophanes are to be found in the E
A has come down to es in a course
1g the writings of Anistode, De in
maria e Meron, c. &c; for it
attributing it to the Calooban 13, DF
who is named in the beading of the
ting of it, or to some other parentes
i to izs, by the testimony of Service
Arist
. Phys. £ 6) without any su
, refers it to him, and speaks of it as takim
leophrastus, whether, as is licer, be toute
le treatise before him, and media in
k of Theophrastus, or as derred met
1
e
i Theophrastus which bas por cvz
According to this demonstrasica the Es
which Xenophanes sets dos as 12.
he Deity, cannot hare originated #
e or out of uniike, whether the
ied as stronger or weaker. Make
, inasın uch as his essence consists 3
be one only, and neither inite sa isa
er mored nor unmored. We are nu
2015 these conclusions to be there or less
les, as does E Zeller, who in partim
## p. 1298 (#1314) ##########################################
1298
XENOPHON.
XENOPHON.
invited to
phon led :
A C. 399.
an expedit
troops bei
the house :
The Persii
moveables
robbery, I
&$23).
not asham
Socrate
son of Gryllus, and a native of the demus Ercheia. | 401. Xenophon may have been at Athens in BQ
The time of his birth is not known, but it is ap 402, and Thucydides may have been dead then ;
proximated to by the fact mentioned in the Life of but these two facts prove nothing as to the time
Xenophon by Diogenes Laërtius, and in Strabo when the work of Thucydides was published.
(p. 403, ed. Cas. ) that Xenophon fell from his horse [THUCYDIDES.
)
in the flight after the battle of Delium, and was Xenophon in the Anabasis (iï. 1) mentions the
taken up by Socrates, the philosopher, on his circumstances under which he joined the army of
shoulders and carried a distance of several stadia. Cyrus the younger, who was preparing his expedi-
The battle of Delium was fought B. C. 424 between tion against his brother, Artaxerxes Mnemon, the
the Athenians and Boeotians (Thucyd. iv. 96), and king of Persia. Proxenus, a friend of Xenophun,
Xenophon therefore could not well have been born was already with Cyrus, and he invited Xenophon
after B. C. 444. The time of his death also is not to come to Sardis, and promised to introduce him
mentioned by any ancient writer. Lucian says to the Persian prince. Xenophon consulted his .
(Mucro. 21) that he attained to above the age of master Socrates, who advised him to consult the
ninety, and Xenophon himself in his Hellenica (vi. oracle of Delphi, for it was rather a hazardous
4. & 35) mentions the assassination of Alexander of matter for him to enter the service of Cyrus, who
Pherae which happened in B. C. 357, according to was considered to be the friend of the Lacedae-
Diodorus (xvi. 14). Between B. C. 424 and B. c. monians and the enemy of Athens. Xenophon
357, there is a period of sixty-seven years, and went to Delphi, but he did not ask the god whether
thus we have evidence of Xenophon being alire he should go or not: he probably had made up his
nearly seventy years after Socrates saved his life mind. He merely asked to what gods he should sa-
at Délium. There has been much discussion on crifice in order that he might be successful in his
the age of Xenophon at the time when he joined intended enterprise. Socrates was not satisfied
the expedition of the younger Cyrus, B. C. 401. with his pupil's mode of consulting the oracle, but
Those who would make him a young man between as he had got an answer, he told him to go ; and
twenty and thirty must reject the evidence as to Xenophon went to Sardis, which Cyrus was just
the battle of Delium. Plutarch has a story that about to leave. The real object of the expedition
Socrates saved the life of Alcibiades at Potidaea, was disguised from the Greeks in the army of
and that Alcibiades protected Socrates in the Cyrus, or at least they affected not to know what
retreat after the defeat at Delium (Alcib. 7). The it was. But Clearchus knew ; and the rest might
passage in the Anabasis (ii. 1. $ 12) in which Xe suspect. Cyrus gave out that he was going to
nophon is called reaviokos is not decisive, for in attack the Pisidians, but the direction of his march
this passage of the Anabasis the best MSS. read must bave very soon shown that he was going
“ Theopompus" instead of “ Xenophon ;” and, elsewhere. He led his forces through Asia Minor,
besides this, the term veaviokos is not used in such and over the mountains of Taurus to Tarsus in
A way as to limit it to a young man. Xenophon Cilicia. From thence be passed into Syria, crossed
seemed to Seuthes (Anab. vii. 2. $ 8) old enough to the Euphrates, and met the huge army of the
have a marriageable daughter. This question is Persians in the plain of Cunaxa, about forty miles
discussed at some length by C. W. Krüger (De from Babylon. In the affray that ensued, for it
Xenophontis Vita Quaestiones, Halle, 1822). The was not a battle, Cyrus lost his life, his barbarian
most probable conclusion seems to be that Xenophon troops were dispersed, and the Greeks were left
was not under forty at the time when he joined alone on the wide plains between the Tigris and
the army of Cyrus. The mode in which Xenophon the Euphrates. It was after the treacherous mas
introduces himself in the Anabasis (iii. l) would sacre of Clearchus and other of the Greek commanders
almost lead to the conclusion that his name ought by the Persian satrap Tissaphernes, that Xenophon
not to occur in the first two books. (Comp. Clinton, came forward. He had held no command in the
Fast. Hell, B. C. 401. )
army of Cyrus, nor had he in fact served as a
Xenophon is said to have been a pupil of Socrates soldier. In the commencement of the third book
at an early age, which is consistent with the in- of the Anabasis he states how he was called to
timacy which might have arisen from Socrates take a part in conducting the hazardous retreat.
saving his life. Philostratus states that he also Instead of attempting to return by the road by
received instruction from Prodicus of Ceos, during which they advanced, where they would have
the time that he was a prisoner in Boeotia, but found no supplies, at least till they reached the
nothing is known of this captivity of Xenophon Mediterranean, the Greek leaders conducted their
from any other authority. Photius (Biblioth. cclx. ) men along the Tigris and over the high table lands
says that Xenophon was also a pupil of Isocrates, of Armenia to Trapezus, now Trebizond, a Greek.
which may be true, though Isocrates was younger colony on the south-east coast of the Black Sea.
than Xenophon, being born in B. C. 436. A From Trapezus the troops were conducted to
story reported by Athenaeus (x. p. 427) of Chrysopolis, which is opposite to Byzantium. The
something that Xenophon said at the table of Greeks were in great distress, and some of them
Dionysius the tyrant, may probably refer to the under Xenophon entered the service of Senthes,
elder Dionysius who lived till B. c. 367; and if king of Thrace, who wanted their aid, and promised
the statement is true, Xenophon must have visited to pay for it
. The Greeks performed what they
Syracuse. Letronne (Biog. Univ. art. Xenophon), agreed to do, but Seuthes was unwilling to pay,
endeavours to show that Xenophon wrote the and it was with great difficulty that Xenophon got
Symposium and the Hiero before B. c. 401 ; but from him part of what he had promised. The
his conclusion can hardly be said to be even a description which Xenophon gives (Anub. vi. 3, &c. )
strong probability. Xenophon was the editor of of the manners of the Thracians is very curious
the History of Thucydides, but no time can be and amusing. As the Lacedaemonians under
fixed for this ; nor can we assent to Letronne's Thimbron were now at war with Tissaphernes
conclusion that he published the work before B. c. and Pharnalazus, Xenophon and his troops were
seems prol
shortly be
death dur
to be coil
Xenophon
was lead in
vii. 7. 9. 57
that his bi
It is not
joined TI
that he w
As we kr
clusion (
and prob
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Agesila
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in B. C. 3
during pa
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Coroneia
Agesil. 1:
Agesilau
after he
Olympia
in the A
by his
been sa
when he
children
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Agesila
Lacedae
Hist
employe
friends
Anabas
lenion,
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borse
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of his o
from hi
the year
that the
the sea
feated
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come to
by the
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Scillus
by Ema
in eith
!
## p. 1299 (#1315) ##########################################
XENOPHON.
1299
XENOPHON.
i at Athens in a
been deas the;
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des vas pabusted
11. l) Destions se
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preparing is eres
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enophas consulted in
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was rather besurdous
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• friend of the Lacedat
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id not ask the god obecher
probabiy had made up his
to wbai gods be shoulds
might be successful in is
Socrates was not mistad
of consulting the trade, is
wer, be told him to fa; and
ardis, which Cyres va
real object of the erpeson
the Greeks in the card
les affected not to knot vis
bus knew; and the rest mytis
Ave out that he was pays
s, but the direction of bis murah
koon shown tha: he was real
d his forces through Asa Lan,
puntains of Taurus to Tasso
lenice be passed into Syria
, comed
and met the huge army of
plain of Canari, about any mis
In the affray that easted for it
le, Cyrus lost his life, his bartera
ispersed, and the Greeks verzis
de plains between the Tips and
Ali was after the treacherous the
:bus and other of the Greek comsudar
un satrap T'issaphernes, that Xesepur
d. He bad held no cumud it
invited to join the army of Thimbron, and Xeno- ſtence of banishment from Athens was repealed on
phon led them back out of Asia to join Thimbron the motion of Eubulus, but it is uncertain in what
B. C. 399. Xenophon, who was very poor, made year. In the battle of Mantineia which was fought
an expedition into the plain of the Caicus with his B. c. 362, the Spartans and the Athenians were
troops before they joined Thimbron, to plunder opposed to the Thebans, and Xenophon's two sons,
the house and property of a Persian named Asidates. Gryllus and Diodorus, fought on the side of the
The Persian, with his women, children, and all his allies. He sent them, say's Diogenes, to Athens to
moveables was seized ; and Xenophon, by this fight on behalf of the Spartans Gryllus fell in
robbery, replenished his empty pockets ( Anab. vii. the same battle in which Epaminondas lost his life.
8. 8 23). He tells the story himself as if he were From the circumstance of Xenophon's two sons
not ashamed of it.
being in the battle, Letronne assumes that the
Socrates was put to death in B. c. 399, and it decree for Xenophon's banishment must have been
seems probable that Xenophon was banished either repealed before B. c. 362, a conclusion which is far
shortly before or shortly after that event. His from being necessary. Krüger concludes for other
death during Xenophon's absence in Asia appears rensons that it was repenled before Ol. 103, that is,
to be collected from the Memorabilia (iv. 8. $ 4). before the battle of Mantineia. There is no
Xenophon was not banished at the time when he evidence that Xenophon ever returned to Athens.
was leading the troops back to Thimbron (Anab. He is said to have retired to Corinth after his
vii. 7. 8. 57), but his expression rather seems to imply expulsion from Scillus, and as we know nothing
that his banishment must have followed soon after. more, we assume that he died there. (Diog. Laërt. )
It is not certain what he was doing after the troops The Hipparchicus was written after the repeal
joined Thimbron. The assumption of Letronne. of the decree of banishment, and the treatise on
that he went to Athens is unsupported by evidence. the revenues of Athens. The events alluded to in
As we know nothing of his movements, the con- the Epilogus to the Cyropaedia (viii. 8. & 4) show
clusion ought to be that he stayed in Asia, that the Epilogus at least was written after Ól. 104.
and probably with Thimbron and his successor 3. (Diod. av. 92. ) Diogenes quotes Stesicleides as
Dercyllidas.
authority for Xenophon having died in the first
Agesilaus, the Spartan king, was commanding the year of the 105th Olympiad, or in B. C. 359. The
Lacedaemonian forces in Asia against the Persians time of his death may have been a few years later.
in B. C. 396, and Xenophon was with him at least | Compare Clinton, Fasti Hell B C. 359 ; Krüger,
during part of the campaign. When Agesilaus was de Xenophontis, &c. p. 28.
recalled B. C. 394, Xenophon accompanied him The titles of the works of Xenophon which
(Anab. v. 3. $ 6), and he was on the side of the Diogenes enumerates are the same as those which
Lacedaemonians in the battle which they fought at are now extant. He says that Xenophon wrote
Coroneia B. c. 394 against the Athenians (Plutarch, about forty books (Bubala), and that they were
Agesil. 18). It seems that he went to Sparta with variously divided, which expression and the list of
Agesilaus after the battle of Coroneia, and soon works which he gives, show that by the word
after he settled at Scillus in Eleia, not far from books he meant the several divisions or books of
Olympia, a spot of which he has given a description the larger works, and the smaller works which
in the Arabasis (v. 3. 87, &c. ). Here he was joined consist of a single book. The number of books of
by his wife Philesia and his children. It has Xenophon thus estimated is thirty-seven, which is
been said that Philesia was his second wife ; but tolerably near the number mentioned by Diogenes,
when he married her, or where, is unknown. His and shows that a division of Xenophon's works
children were educated in Sparta, or at least Age- into books existed at that time. Of the historical
silaus advised him to educate them there. (Plut writings of Xenophon, the Anabasis, or the His-
Agesil. 20. ) Xenophon was now an exile, and a tory of the Expedition of the Younger Cyrus, and of
Lacedaemonian so far as he could become one. the retreat of the Greeks, who formed part of his
His time during his long residence at Scillas was army, has immortalised his name. It is a clear
employed in hunting, writing, and entertaining his and pleasing narrative, written in a simple style,
friends ; and probably his historical writings, the free from affectation ; and it gives a great deal of
Anabasis and the Hellenica, or part of the Hel curious information on the country which was
lenica, were composed here, as Diogenes Laërtius traversed by the retreating Greeks, and on the
says. The treatise on hunting and that on the manners of the people. It was the first work
horse were probably written during this time, when which made the Greeks acquainted with some
amusement and exercise of that kind formed part portions of the Persian empire, and it showed the
of his occupation. Xenophon was at last expelled weakness of that extensive monarchy. The skir-
from his quiet retreat at Scillus by the Eleans, but mishes of the retreating Greeks with their enemies
the year is uncertain. It is a conjecture of Krüger's and the battles with some of the barbarian tribes
that the Eleans did not take Scillus before B. C. 371, are not such events as elevate the work to the
the year in which the Lacedaemonians were de- character of a military history, nor can it as such
feated by the Thebans at the battle of Leuctra. be compared with Caesar's Commentaries. Indeed
Diogenes says that the Lacedaemonians did not those passages in the Anabasis which relate di-
come to the aid of Xenophon when he was attacked rectly to the military movements of the retreating
by the Eleans, a circumstance that may lead to the army are not always clear, nor have we any evi-
probable inference that they were too busily em- dence that Xenophon did possess any military
ployed in other ways either to prevent his expulsion talent for great operations, whatever skill he may
or to reinstate him ; and this is a reason why have had as a commander of a division. The
Letronne supposes that the Eleans probably attacked | editions of the Anabasis are numerous: one of the
Scillus in B. C. 368 during the invasion of Laconica most useful editions for the mere explanation of
by Epaminondas. Xenophon's residence at Scillus the Greek text is by Krüger.
