) bears the
inscription
De of the law.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
In the spring of 122 'immediate vicinity; and from this time they
YUL. LL.
Y
## p. 322 (#338) ############################################
322
HADRIANUS.
HADRIANUS.
were dispersed through the world. After the he had sent for, he died on the 10th of July, 138,
close of the Jewish war another threatened to at the age of 63, and after a reign of nearly twenty
break out with the Albanians, who had been insti- years. He was buried in the villa of Cicero, near
gated by Pharasmanes, king of the Iberians. But Puteoli
. The senate, indignant at the many acts
the rich presents which Hadrian made to the Alba- of cruelty of which he had been guilty during the
nians and Iberians averted the outbreak, and Pha- last period of his life, wanted to annul his enact-
rasmanes even paid a visit to Hadrian at Rome. ments, and refused him the title of Dirus, but An-
In the meantime, probably in the autumn of toninus prevailed upon the senate to be lenient
A. D. 132, Hadrian had again gone to Athens, towards the deceased, who during the latter part of
where he stayed during the whole of the year fol- his life had not been in the full possession of his
lowing. From a letter of Hadrian, addressed to his mind. A temple was then erected as a monument
brother-in-law, Servianus, and preserved by Vo on his tomb, and various institutions were made to
piscus (Saturnin. 8), we must infer that in 134 the commemorate his memory. Antoninus is said by
emperor again visited Alexandria in Egypt, and, some to owe his surname of Pius to these exertions
on his return through Syria, where he attended of filial love towards his adoptive father.
the sale of the Jews who had been made prisoners The above is a brief sketch of the events of the
in the war, superintended the building of the life and reign of Hadrian ; and it now remains to
colony at Jerusalem, and regulated its constitution offer a few observations ou his policy, the principles
After his return to Rome, Hadrian spent the re- of his government, his personal character, his in-
maining years of his life partly in the city and fluence upon art and literature, and his own literary
partly at Tibur, where he built or completed his productions, so far as they are known to us. The
magnificent villa, the ruins of which occupy even reign of Hadrian was one of peace, and may be
now a space equal to that of a considerable town. regarded as one of the happiest periods in Roman
The many fatigues and hardships to which he had history. His policy, in reference to foreign nations,
been exposed during his travels had impaired his was to preserve peace as much as possible, not to
health, and he sank into a dangerous illness, which extend the boundaries of the empire, but to secure
led him to think of fixing upon a successor, as he the old provinces, and promote their welfare, by a
had himself no children. After some hesitation, wise and just administration. For this reason he
he adopted L. Ceionius Commodus, under the name gave up the eastern conquests of Trajan, and would
of L. Aelius Verus, and raised him to the rank of have given up Dacia also, had it not been for the
Caesar, probably for no other reason than his numerous Roman citizens who had taken up their
beauty; for Ceionius Commodus had formerly been residence there. This general peace of the reign of
connected with Hadrian in the same manner that Hadrian, however, was not the result of cowardice,
Antinous was afterwards connected with him. The or of jealousy of his predecessor, as some of the
adoption had been made contrary to the advice of ancients asserted, but the fruit of a wise political
all his friends, and those who had most strongly system. lladrian's presents and kindness to the
opposed it appeared to Hadrian in no other light barbarians would not have been sufficient to ward
than that of personal enemies. Servianus, who off their attacks, but the frontiers of the empire
was then in his 90th year, and his grandson were guarded by armies which were in the most
Fuscus, were the principal objects of his suspicions, excellent condition, for the military system and dis-
and both were put to death by his command. cipline introduced by Hadrian were so well devised,
Aelius Verus, however, who was entrusted with that his regulations remained in force for a long
the administration of Pannonia, did not afford time afterwards, and were regarded as law. With
Hadrian the assistance and support he had ex- regard to the internal administration of the empire,
pected, for he was a person of a weakly consti- Hadrian was the first emperor that understood his
tution, and died on the 1st of January, A. D. 138. real position, and looked upon himself as the so-
Hadrian now adopted Arrius Antoninus, afterwards vereign of the Roman world; for his attention was
surnamed Pius, and presented him to the senators engaged no less by the provinces than by Rome
assembled around his bed as his successor. But and Italy, and thus it happened that the monarchi-
Hadrian, mindful of the more distant future, made cal system became more consolidated under him
it the condition with Antoninus that he should than under any of his predecessors. He gained
at once adopt the son of Aclius Verus and M. An- the favour of the people by his great liberality, and
nius Verus (afterwards the emperor M. Aurelius). that of the senate by treating it with the utmost
These arrangements, however, did not restore peace deference, so far as form was concerned, for, in re-
to Hadrian's mind : as his illness grew worse ality, the senate was no more than the organ of the
his suspicious and bitter feelings increased, and imperial will. An institution which gradually de-
prompted him to many an act of cruelty ; many prived the senate of its jurisdiction, and its share
persons of distinction were put to death, and many in the government, was that of the consilium, or
others would have been sacrificed in the same consistorium principis, which had indeed existed
manner had they not been saved by the precautions before, but received its stability and organisation
of Antoninus Pius. The illness of which Hadrian from Hadrian. The political offices and those of
suffered was of a consumptive nature, which was the court were regulated by Hadrian in a manner
aggravated by dropsy ; and when he found that he which, with a few exceptions, remained unaltered
could not be saved, he requested a slave to run him till the time of the great Constantine. The prae-
through with a sword ; but this was prevented by fectus praetorio henceforth was the president of the
Antoninus. Several more attempts were made at state-council (consilium principis), and always a
buicide, but in vain. At last he was conveyed to jurisconsult, so that we may henceforth regard him
Baiae, where he hoped to find at least some relief, as a kind of minister of justice. Hadrian himself
and Antoninus remained behind at Rome as his paid particular attention to the proper exercise of
vicegerent. But his health did not improve ; and jurisdiction in the provinces as well as in Italy:
soon after the arrival of Antoninus at Baiae, whom his reign forms an epoch in the history of Roman
## p. 323 (#339) ############################################
YADRIANUS.
323
HADRIANUS.
HVG.
Airport
OVESTI
jurisprudence. It was at Hadrian's command that clamations were extant down to a very late period.
the jurist Salvius Julianus drew up the edictum He further wrote the history of his own life, from
perpetuum, which formed a fixed code of laws. which some statements are quoted by his biographer
Some of the laws promulgated by Hadrian are of a Spartianus, and which was edited by his freedman
truly humane character, and aimed at improving Phlegon. The Latin Anthology (Ep. 206—211,
the public morality of the time. He divided Italy ed. Meyer) contains six epigrams by Hadrian, and
into four regions, placing each under a consular, six others in Greek are preserved in the Greek
who had the administration of justice. The fact Anthology, but none of them display any real
of his taking the titles of the highest magistracies poetical genius ; they are cold and far-fetched.
in several towns in Italy and the provinces may Our sources of information respecting the life
indeed have been little more than a form, but it and reign of Hadrian are very poor and scanty,
shows, at any rate, that he took a considerable for the two main authorities, Hadrian's own work,
interest in the internal affairs of those towns. and another by Marius Maximus, are lost, and, on
The proceedings of those persons who were con- the whole, we are confined to Spartianus's Life of
nected with the administration of provinces were Hadrian and the abridgement of the 69th book of
watched with the strictest care, and any violation Dion Cassius, by Xiphilinus. (Comp. Eutrop. viii.
of justice was severely punished. While he thus 3 ; Aurel. Vict. de Cacsar. 14 ; Zonar. xi. 23, &c;
on the one hand benefited the provinces by punish- Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. ii. p. 219, &c. ;
ing and preventing oppression and injustice, he J. M. Flemmer, de Itineribus et rebus gestis Hadri-
won the hearts of the provincials by his liberality ani secundum numorum et scriptorum Testimonia,
during his travels. There is scarcely one of the Havniae, 1836; C. Ch. Woog, de Eruditione Ha-
places he visited which did not receive some mark driani, Lipsiae, 1769 ; Meyer, Fragm. Orat. Rom.
of his favour or liberality ; in many places he built p. 607, &c. 2nd edit. ; Niebuhr, Lect. on Rom.
aquaeducts, in others harbours or other public Hist. vol. ii. p. 265, &c. ed. Schmitz. ) [L. S. ]
buildings, either for use or ornament; and the
people received large donations of grain or money,
or were honoured with distinctions and privileges.
But what has rendered his name more illustrious
than any thing else are the numerous and mag-
nificent architectural works which he planned and
commenced during his travels, especially at Athens,
in the southwest of which he built an entirely new
city, Adrianopolis. We cannot here enter into an
COIN OF HADRIANUS.
account of the numerous buildings he erected, or of
the towns which he built or restored: suffice it to HADRIA’NUS, C. FA'BIUS, was legatus,
direct attention to his villa at Tibur, which bas praetor, or propraetor in the Roman province of
been a real mine of treasures of art, and his mauso- Africa, about B. c. 87—84. His government was
leum at Rome, which forms the groundwork of the so oppressive to the Roman colonists and merchants
present castle St. Angelo. His taste in architecture, at Utica, that they burnt him to death in his own
however, appears to have been very capricious, and praetorium. Notwithstanding the outrage to a
very different from the grandeur and simplicity of Roman magistrate, no proceedings were taken at
earlier times ; in addition to this, he was tenacious Rome against the perpetrators of it. For besides
of the plans he had once formed, and unable to his oppressions, Hadrianus was suspected of secretly
bear any opposition or contradiction. The great instigating the slaves at Utica to revolt, and of
architect, Apollodorus, had to pay with his life for aspiring, with their aid, to make himself indepen-
the presumption with which he ventured to censure dent of the republic, at that time fluctuating be-
one of Hadrian's works ; for the emperor's ambition tween the parties of Cinna and Sulla. (Cic. in
was to be thought a great architect, painter, and Verr. i. 27, v. 36 ; Pseud. Ascon. in Verr. p. 179,
musician.
Orelli; Diod. fr. vat. p. 138, ed. Dind. ; Liv. Epit.
Hadrian was not only a patron and practical | 86; Val
. Max. ix. 10. § 2. ) Orosius (v. 20) gives
lover of the arts, but poetry and learning also were Hadrianus the nomen Fulvius. (W. B. D. ]
nurtured and patronised by him. He was fond of HADRIANUS, literary. [ADRIANUS. ]
the society of poets, scholars, rhetoricians, and phi- HADRIA'NUS or ADRIANUS. We learn
losophers, but, as in architecture, his taste was of from the Codex Theodosianus that a person of this
an inferior kind. Thus he preferred Antimachus name held the office of Magister Officiorum in the
to Homer, and imitated the former in a poem en- reign of Honorius, A. D. 397 and 399 (Cod. Theod.
titled Catacriani. The philosophers and sophists 6. tit. 26. & 11; tit. 27. $ 11). He appears to have
who enjoyed his friendship had, on the other hand, been praefectus praetorio Italiae, A. D. 400—405
to suffer much from his petty jealousy and vanity, (Cod. Theod. 7. tit. 18. $ 11 to 14 ; 8. tit. 2. & 5.
which led him to overrate his own powers and de- tit. 5. $ 65; 16. tit. 2. $ 35. tit. 6. $ 45). After
preciate those of others. He founded at Rome a an interval in which the praefecture passed into
scientific institution under the name of 'Athenaeum, other hands we find it again held by an Hadrianus,
which continued to flourish for a long time after apparently the same person as the former praefect
him. We possess few specimens of Hadrian's of the name, A. D. 413—416 (Cod. Theod. 7. tit.
literary productions, although he was the author of 4. & 33. tit. 13. & 21; 15. tit. 14. & 13). The
many works both in prose and in verse. In his first of the five Epistolae of Claudian is inscribed
earlier years he had devoted himself with much Deprecatio ad Hadrianum Prefaectum Praetorio:
zeal to the study of eloquence, but, in accordance but it is not known on what authority this title
with the prevailing taste of the age, he preferred rests. The poet deprecates the anger of some
the earlier Roman orators and poets to Cicero and grandee whom he had in some moment of irritation
bis contemporaries. Some of Hadrian's own de- in his youth offended by some invective. Another
Y 2
## p. 324 (#340) ############################################
324 HAGIOTHEODORITA.
HAGNON.
of Claudian's poems (Epigr. Ixviii. ed Burman, references being accommodated to the existing state
xxx, in sone other ed.
) bears the inscription De of the law. After the formation of the glossa or-
Theodoro et Hadriano.
dinaria, new annotations were added, and, as in
“ Mallius indulget somno noctesque diesque :
the manuscripts, the glossa ordinaria was a mar-
Insomnis Pharius sacra profana rapit.
ginal commentary on the text, 80 the new anno
Omnibus hoc, Italae gentes, exposcite votin,
tations were written on the extreme margin that
was left. In the West, the glossa ordinaria on the
Mallius ut vigilet, dormiat ut Pharius. "
Corpus Juris Civilis was formed, and received ad-
If this inscription can be trusted to, we may ditions in a very similar manner.
gather that Hadrian was an Egyptian. Whether Specimens of the last kind of annotation exist in
the Epigram was first written, and was the offence the manuscripts of the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, and
which the Deprecatio was intended to expiate, or 60th books of the Basilica They appear for the
whether it was a fresh outbreak of poetical spite on most part to have been written by Hagiotheodorita,
the failure of the Deprecatio, is not ascertained. and to have been added by one of his disciples.
Symmachus, in his Epistolne, mentions an Ha- (Basil. ed. Fabrol vol. vii. p. 121, 658. ) These
drianus whom he calls “illustris," probably the annotations are not given entire in the portions of
praefect. (Cod. Theod. and Claudian, I. cc ; Sym- the Basilica published by Cujas, nor in the edition
mach. Epist. vi. 35, ed. Geneva, A. D. 1587, or vi. of Fabrotus.
34, ed. Paris, 1604 ; Gothofred, Prosop. Cod. Fabricius (Bibl. Gr, rol. xii. p. 483), Heimbach
Theod; Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. v. ) (J. C. M. }(De Basil. Orig. p. 83), and Pobl (ad Suares.
HAEMON (Aluwv). 1. A son of Pelasgus and Notit. Basil. p. 139, n. (j)), identify the comment-
father of Thessalus. The ancient name of Thessaly, | ator on the Basilica with Nicolaus Hagiotheodorican
viz. Haemonia, or Aemonia, was believed to have metropolitan of Athens, who lived under Manuel
been derived from him. (Schol. Apollon. Rhod. Comnenus in the time of Lucas, patriarch of Con-
ii. 1090; Plin. H. N. iv. 14. )
stantinople. (Balsamo, ad Photi Nomocan. tit. 13.
2. A son of Lycaon, and the reputed founder of c. 2. ) A letter, written in Greek by a friend of
Haemonia in Arcadia. (Paus. viii. 44. & 2; Apol- Nicolaus Hagiotheodorita, lamenting his death, was
lod. iii. 8. Ø 1. )
copied by Wolfius front a Bodleian manuscript, and
3. A son of Ćreon of Thebes, perished, according was first published by Fabricius. (Bibl. Gr. vol.
to some accounts, by the sphinx. (Apollod. iii. 5. xii. p. 483. ) According to the worse than doubtful
$8; Schol. ad Eurip. Phoen. 1760. ) But, accordo testimony of Nic. Comnenus Papadopoli, the me
ing to other traditions, he survived the war of the tropolitan of Athens composed a synopsis of the
Seven against Thebes, and he is said to have been Novells (Praenot. Mystag. p. 372), and illustrated
in love with Antigone, and to have made away with scholia the Noreils of Leo the philosopher.
with himself on hearing that she was condemned by (16. p. 393. )
his father to be entombed alive. (Soph. Antig. Zachariae is disposed to consider the commentator
627, &c. ; Eurip. Phoen. 757, 1587 ; Hygin. Fub. on the Basilica as the same person with Michael
72. ) In the Iliad (iv. 394) Maeon is called a son Hagiotheodorita, who, in A. D. 1166, was logotheta
of Haemon.
[L. S. ] dromi under Manuel Comnenus. (Leunclavius,
HAEMUS ( Aiuos). 1. A son of Boreas and J. G. R. vol. i. p. 167, vol. ii. p. 192. ) [J. T. G. ]
Oreithyia, was married to Rhodope, by whom he HAGNO ("Ayvá), an Arcadian nymph, who is
became the father of Hebrus. As he and his wife said to have brought up Zeus. On Mount Lycaeus
presumed to assume the names of Zeus and Hera, in Arcadia there was a well sacred to and named
both were metamorphosed into mountains. (Serv. after her. When the country was suffering from
ad Virg. Aen, i. 321 ; Ov. Met. vi. 87 ; Steph. drought, the priest of Zeus Lycaeus, after having
Byz. s. vv. )
offered up prayers and sacrifices, touched the sur-
2. A son of Ares, and an ally of the Trojans in face of the well with the branch of an oak tree,
the war with the Greeks. (Tzetz. Antehom. 273 ; | whereupon clouds were formed immediately which
Philostr. Her. xv. 16. )
(L. S. ] refreshed the country with rain. The nymph Hagno
HAGIOPOLI'TA, GEORGIUS. [GEORGIUS, was represented at Megalopolis carrying in one
literary, No. 26. ]
hand a pitcher and in the other a patera. (Paas.
HAGIOTHEODORITA, a commentator on the viii. 38. § 3, 31. & 2, 47. & 2. ) (L. S. )
Basilica. The earliest scholia that were appended HAGNON ("Ayvwv, sometimes written 'Ag-
to this work were, in the opinion of Zachariae vwv), son of Nicias, was the Athenian founder of
(Hist. Jur. Gr. Rom. Delin. $ 38), extracts se Amphipolis, on the Strymon. A previous attempt
lected in the reign of Constantinus Porphyrogenitus had been crushed twenty-nine years before, by a
from the ancient translations of the Corpus Juris, defeat in Drabescus. Hagnon succeeded in driving
and from the old commentators on the compilations out the Edonians, and established his colony se-
of Justinian. Mortreueil, however (Histoire du curely, giving the name Amphipolis to what had
Droit Byzantin, vol. ii. p. 123), thinks that these hitherto been called "the Nine Ways. ” (Thuc. ir.
extracts were themselves part of the primitive 102. ) The date is fixed to the archonship of Eu-
official text, and were analogous to the interpretatio thymenes, B. C. 437, by Diodorus ( xii. 32), and the
of the Breviarium Alaricianum. Additions seem Scholiast on Aeschines (p. 755, Reiske), and in this
to have been made to the early scholia in the tenth the account of Thucydides agrees. There were build-
and eleventh centuries, from the writings of later ings erected in his honour as founder. But when
jurists. In the twelfth century a kind of glossa the Athenian part of the colonists had been ejected,
ordinaria was formed, compiled from the previous and the town had revolted, and by the victory won
scholia. Thus the gloss was made up from the over Cleon by Brasidas, B. C. 422, had had its in-
works of writers who were for the most part ante- dependence secured, the Amphipolitans destroyed
cedent in date to the composition of the Basilica, every memorial of the kind, and gave the name of
their language being sometimes altered, and their founder, and paid the founder's honours to Brasi-
1
## p. 325 (#341) ############################################
HALESUS.
325
HAMILCAR.
das.
YUL. LL.
Y
## p. 322 (#338) ############################################
322
HADRIANUS.
HADRIANUS.
were dispersed through the world. After the he had sent for, he died on the 10th of July, 138,
close of the Jewish war another threatened to at the age of 63, and after a reign of nearly twenty
break out with the Albanians, who had been insti- years. He was buried in the villa of Cicero, near
gated by Pharasmanes, king of the Iberians. But Puteoli
. The senate, indignant at the many acts
the rich presents which Hadrian made to the Alba- of cruelty of which he had been guilty during the
nians and Iberians averted the outbreak, and Pha- last period of his life, wanted to annul his enact-
rasmanes even paid a visit to Hadrian at Rome. ments, and refused him the title of Dirus, but An-
In the meantime, probably in the autumn of toninus prevailed upon the senate to be lenient
A. D. 132, Hadrian had again gone to Athens, towards the deceased, who during the latter part of
where he stayed during the whole of the year fol- his life had not been in the full possession of his
lowing. From a letter of Hadrian, addressed to his mind. A temple was then erected as a monument
brother-in-law, Servianus, and preserved by Vo on his tomb, and various institutions were made to
piscus (Saturnin. 8), we must infer that in 134 the commemorate his memory. Antoninus is said by
emperor again visited Alexandria in Egypt, and, some to owe his surname of Pius to these exertions
on his return through Syria, where he attended of filial love towards his adoptive father.
the sale of the Jews who had been made prisoners The above is a brief sketch of the events of the
in the war, superintended the building of the life and reign of Hadrian ; and it now remains to
colony at Jerusalem, and regulated its constitution offer a few observations ou his policy, the principles
After his return to Rome, Hadrian spent the re- of his government, his personal character, his in-
maining years of his life partly in the city and fluence upon art and literature, and his own literary
partly at Tibur, where he built or completed his productions, so far as they are known to us. The
magnificent villa, the ruins of which occupy even reign of Hadrian was one of peace, and may be
now a space equal to that of a considerable town. regarded as one of the happiest periods in Roman
The many fatigues and hardships to which he had history. His policy, in reference to foreign nations,
been exposed during his travels had impaired his was to preserve peace as much as possible, not to
health, and he sank into a dangerous illness, which extend the boundaries of the empire, but to secure
led him to think of fixing upon a successor, as he the old provinces, and promote their welfare, by a
had himself no children. After some hesitation, wise and just administration. For this reason he
he adopted L. Ceionius Commodus, under the name gave up the eastern conquests of Trajan, and would
of L. Aelius Verus, and raised him to the rank of have given up Dacia also, had it not been for the
Caesar, probably for no other reason than his numerous Roman citizens who had taken up their
beauty; for Ceionius Commodus had formerly been residence there. This general peace of the reign of
connected with Hadrian in the same manner that Hadrian, however, was not the result of cowardice,
Antinous was afterwards connected with him. The or of jealousy of his predecessor, as some of the
adoption had been made contrary to the advice of ancients asserted, but the fruit of a wise political
all his friends, and those who had most strongly system. lladrian's presents and kindness to the
opposed it appeared to Hadrian in no other light barbarians would not have been sufficient to ward
than that of personal enemies. Servianus, who off their attacks, but the frontiers of the empire
was then in his 90th year, and his grandson were guarded by armies which were in the most
Fuscus, were the principal objects of his suspicions, excellent condition, for the military system and dis-
and both were put to death by his command. cipline introduced by Hadrian were so well devised,
Aelius Verus, however, who was entrusted with that his regulations remained in force for a long
the administration of Pannonia, did not afford time afterwards, and were regarded as law. With
Hadrian the assistance and support he had ex- regard to the internal administration of the empire,
pected, for he was a person of a weakly consti- Hadrian was the first emperor that understood his
tution, and died on the 1st of January, A. D. 138. real position, and looked upon himself as the so-
Hadrian now adopted Arrius Antoninus, afterwards vereign of the Roman world; for his attention was
surnamed Pius, and presented him to the senators engaged no less by the provinces than by Rome
assembled around his bed as his successor. But and Italy, and thus it happened that the monarchi-
Hadrian, mindful of the more distant future, made cal system became more consolidated under him
it the condition with Antoninus that he should than under any of his predecessors. He gained
at once adopt the son of Aclius Verus and M. An- the favour of the people by his great liberality, and
nius Verus (afterwards the emperor M. Aurelius). that of the senate by treating it with the utmost
These arrangements, however, did not restore peace deference, so far as form was concerned, for, in re-
to Hadrian's mind : as his illness grew worse ality, the senate was no more than the organ of the
his suspicious and bitter feelings increased, and imperial will. An institution which gradually de-
prompted him to many an act of cruelty ; many prived the senate of its jurisdiction, and its share
persons of distinction were put to death, and many in the government, was that of the consilium, or
others would have been sacrificed in the same consistorium principis, which had indeed existed
manner had they not been saved by the precautions before, but received its stability and organisation
of Antoninus Pius. The illness of which Hadrian from Hadrian. The political offices and those of
suffered was of a consumptive nature, which was the court were regulated by Hadrian in a manner
aggravated by dropsy ; and when he found that he which, with a few exceptions, remained unaltered
could not be saved, he requested a slave to run him till the time of the great Constantine. The prae-
through with a sword ; but this was prevented by fectus praetorio henceforth was the president of the
Antoninus. Several more attempts were made at state-council (consilium principis), and always a
buicide, but in vain. At last he was conveyed to jurisconsult, so that we may henceforth regard him
Baiae, where he hoped to find at least some relief, as a kind of minister of justice. Hadrian himself
and Antoninus remained behind at Rome as his paid particular attention to the proper exercise of
vicegerent. But his health did not improve ; and jurisdiction in the provinces as well as in Italy:
soon after the arrival of Antoninus at Baiae, whom his reign forms an epoch in the history of Roman
## p. 323 (#339) ############################################
YADRIANUS.
323
HADRIANUS.
HVG.
Airport
OVESTI
jurisprudence. It was at Hadrian's command that clamations were extant down to a very late period.
the jurist Salvius Julianus drew up the edictum He further wrote the history of his own life, from
perpetuum, which formed a fixed code of laws. which some statements are quoted by his biographer
Some of the laws promulgated by Hadrian are of a Spartianus, and which was edited by his freedman
truly humane character, and aimed at improving Phlegon. The Latin Anthology (Ep. 206—211,
the public morality of the time. He divided Italy ed. Meyer) contains six epigrams by Hadrian, and
into four regions, placing each under a consular, six others in Greek are preserved in the Greek
who had the administration of justice. The fact Anthology, but none of them display any real
of his taking the titles of the highest magistracies poetical genius ; they are cold and far-fetched.
in several towns in Italy and the provinces may Our sources of information respecting the life
indeed have been little more than a form, but it and reign of Hadrian are very poor and scanty,
shows, at any rate, that he took a considerable for the two main authorities, Hadrian's own work,
interest in the internal affairs of those towns. and another by Marius Maximus, are lost, and, on
The proceedings of those persons who were con- the whole, we are confined to Spartianus's Life of
nected with the administration of provinces were Hadrian and the abridgement of the 69th book of
watched with the strictest care, and any violation Dion Cassius, by Xiphilinus. (Comp. Eutrop. viii.
of justice was severely punished. While he thus 3 ; Aurel. Vict. de Cacsar. 14 ; Zonar. xi. 23, &c;
on the one hand benefited the provinces by punish- Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. ii. p. 219, &c. ;
ing and preventing oppression and injustice, he J. M. Flemmer, de Itineribus et rebus gestis Hadri-
won the hearts of the provincials by his liberality ani secundum numorum et scriptorum Testimonia,
during his travels. There is scarcely one of the Havniae, 1836; C. Ch. Woog, de Eruditione Ha-
places he visited which did not receive some mark driani, Lipsiae, 1769 ; Meyer, Fragm. Orat. Rom.
of his favour or liberality ; in many places he built p. 607, &c. 2nd edit. ; Niebuhr, Lect. on Rom.
aquaeducts, in others harbours or other public Hist. vol. ii. p. 265, &c. ed. Schmitz. ) [L. S. ]
buildings, either for use or ornament; and the
people received large donations of grain or money,
or were honoured with distinctions and privileges.
But what has rendered his name more illustrious
than any thing else are the numerous and mag-
nificent architectural works which he planned and
commenced during his travels, especially at Athens,
in the southwest of which he built an entirely new
city, Adrianopolis. We cannot here enter into an
COIN OF HADRIANUS.
account of the numerous buildings he erected, or of
the towns which he built or restored: suffice it to HADRIA’NUS, C. FA'BIUS, was legatus,
direct attention to his villa at Tibur, which bas praetor, or propraetor in the Roman province of
been a real mine of treasures of art, and his mauso- Africa, about B. c. 87—84. His government was
leum at Rome, which forms the groundwork of the so oppressive to the Roman colonists and merchants
present castle St. Angelo. His taste in architecture, at Utica, that they burnt him to death in his own
however, appears to have been very capricious, and praetorium. Notwithstanding the outrage to a
very different from the grandeur and simplicity of Roman magistrate, no proceedings were taken at
earlier times ; in addition to this, he was tenacious Rome against the perpetrators of it. For besides
of the plans he had once formed, and unable to his oppressions, Hadrianus was suspected of secretly
bear any opposition or contradiction. The great instigating the slaves at Utica to revolt, and of
architect, Apollodorus, had to pay with his life for aspiring, with their aid, to make himself indepen-
the presumption with which he ventured to censure dent of the republic, at that time fluctuating be-
one of Hadrian's works ; for the emperor's ambition tween the parties of Cinna and Sulla. (Cic. in
was to be thought a great architect, painter, and Verr. i. 27, v. 36 ; Pseud. Ascon. in Verr. p. 179,
musician.
Orelli; Diod. fr. vat. p. 138, ed. Dind. ; Liv. Epit.
Hadrian was not only a patron and practical | 86; Val
. Max. ix. 10. § 2. ) Orosius (v. 20) gives
lover of the arts, but poetry and learning also were Hadrianus the nomen Fulvius. (W. B. D. ]
nurtured and patronised by him. He was fond of HADRIANUS, literary. [ADRIANUS. ]
the society of poets, scholars, rhetoricians, and phi- HADRIA'NUS or ADRIANUS. We learn
losophers, but, as in architecture, his taste was of from the Codex Theodosianus that a person of this
an inferior kind. Thus he preferred Antimachus name held the office of Magister Officiorum in the
to Homer, and imitated the former in a poem en- reign of Honorius, A. D. 397 and 399 (Cod. Theod.
titled Catacriani. The philosophers and sophists 6. tit. 26. & 11; tit. 27. $ 11). He appears to have
who enjoyed his friendship had, on the other hand, been praefectus praetorio Italiae, A. D. 400—405
to suffer much from his petty jealousy and vanity, (Cod. Theod. 7. tit. 18. $ 11 to 14 ; 8. tit. 2. & 5.
which led him to overrate his own powers and de- tit. 5. $ 65; 16. tit. 2. $ 35. tit. 6. $ 45). After
preciate those of others. He founded at Rome a an interval in which the praefecture passed into
scientific institution under the name of 'Athenaeum, other hands we find it again held by an Hadrianus,
which continued to flourish for a long time after apparently the same person as the former praefect
him. We possess few specimens of Hadrian's of the name, A. D. 413—416 (Cod. Theod. 7. tit.
literary productions, although he was the author of 4. & 33. tit. 13. & 21; 15. tit. 14. & 13). The
many works both in prose and in verse. In his first of the five Epistolae of Claudian is inscribed
earlier years he had devoted himself with much Deprecatio ad Hadrianum Prefaectum Praetorio:
zeal to the study of eloquence, but, in accordance but it is not known on what authority this title
with the prevailing taste of the age, he preferred rests. The poet deprecates the anger of some
the earlier Roman orators and poets to Cicero and grandee whom he had in some moment of irritation
bis contemporaries. Some of Hadrian's own de- in his youth offended by some invective. Another
Y 2
## p. 324 (#340) ############################################
324 HAGIOTHEODORITA.
HAGNON.
of Claudian's poems (Epigr. Ixviii. ed Burman, references being accommodated to the existing state
xxx, in sone other ed.
) bears the inscription De of the law. After the formation of the glossa or-
Theodoro et Hadriano.
dinaria, new annotations were added, and, as in
“ Mallius indulget somno noctesque diesque :
the manuscripts, the glossa ordinaria was a mar-
Insomnis Pharius sacra profana rapit.
ginal commentary on the text, 80 the new anno
Omnibus hoc, Italae gentes, exposcite votin,
tations were written on the extreme margin that
was left. In the West, the glossa ordinaria on the
Mallius ut vigilet, dormiat ut Pharius. "
Corpus Juris Civilis was formed, and received ad-
If this inscription can be trusted to, we may ditions in a very similar manner.
gather that Hadrian was an Egyptian. Whether Specimens of the last kind of annotation exist in
the Epigram was first written, and was the offence the manuscripts of the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, and
which the Deprecatio was intended to expiate, or 60th books of the Basilica They appear for the
whether it was a fresh outbreak of poetical spite on most part to have been written by Hagiotheodorita,
the failure of the Deprecatio, is not ascertained. and to have been added by one of his disciples.
Symmachus, in his Epistolne, mentions an Ha- (Basil. ed. Fabrol vol. vii. p. 121, 658. ) These
drianus whom he calls “illustris," probably the annotations are not given entire in the portions of
praefect. (Cod. Theod. and Claudian, I. cc ; Sym- the Basilica published by Cujas, nor in the edition
mach. Epist. vi. 35, ed. Geneva, A. D. 1587, or vi. of Fabrotus.
34, ed. Paris, 1604 ; Gothofred, Prosop. Cod. Fabricius (Bibl. Gr, rol. xii. p. 483), Heimbach
Theod; Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. v. ) (J. C. M. }(De Basil. Orig. p. 83), and Pobl (ad Suares.
HAEMON (Aluwv). 1. A son of Pelasgus and Notit. Basil. p. 139, n. (j)), identify the comment-
father of Thessalus. The ancient name of Thessaly, | ator on the Basilica with Nicolaus Hagiotheodorican
viz. Haemonia, or Aemonia, was believed to have metropolitan of Athens, who lived under Manuel
been derived from him. (Schol. Apollon. Rhod. Comnenus in the time of Lucas, patriarch of Con-
ii. 1090; Plin. H. N. iv. 14. )
stantinople. (Balsamo, ad Photi Nomocan. tit. 13.
2. A son of Lycaon, and the reputed founder of c. 2. ) A letter, written in Greek by a friend of
Haemonia in Arcadia. (Paus. viii. 44. & 2; Apol- Nicolaus Hagiotheodorita, lamenting his death, was
lod. iii. 8. Ø 1. )
copied by Wolfius front a Bodleian manuscript, and
3. A son of Ćreon of Thebes, perished, according was first published by Fabricius. (Bibl. Gr. vol.
to some accounts, by the sphinx. (Apollod. iii. 5. xii. p. 483. ) According to the worse than doubtful
$8; Schol. ad Eurip. Phoen. 1760. ) But, accordo testimony of Nic. Comnenus Papadopoli, the me
ing to other traditions, he survived the war of the tropolitan of Athens composed a synopsis of the
Seven against Thebes, and he is said to have been Novells (Praenot. Mystag. p. 372), and illustrated
in love with Antigone, and to have made away with scholia the Noreils of Leo the philosopher.
with himself on hearing that she was condemned by (16. p. 393. )
his father to be entombed alive. (Soph. Antig. Zachariae is disposed to consider the commentator
627, &c. ; Eurip. Phoen. 757, 1587 ; Hygin. Fub. on the Basilica as the same person with Michael
72. ) In the Iliad (iv. 394) Maeon is called a son Hagiotheodorita, who, in A. D. 1166, was logotheta
of Haemon.
[L. S. ] dromi under Manuel Comnenus. (Leunclavius,
HAEMUS ( Aiuos). 1. A son of Boreas and J. G. R. vol. i. p. 167, vol. ii. p. 192. ) [J. T. G. ]
Oreithyia, was married to Rhodope, by whom he HAGNO ("Ayvá), an Arcadian nymph, who is
became the father of Hebrus. As he and his wife said to have brought up Zeus. On Mount Lycaeus
presumed to assume the names of Zeus and Hera, in Arcadia there was a well sacred to and named
both were metamorphosed into mountains. (Serv. after her. When the country was suffering from
ad Virg. Aen, i. 321 ; Ov. Met. vi. 87 ; Steph. drought, the priest of Zeus Lycaeus, after having
Byz. s. vv. )
offered up prayers and sacrifices, touched the sur-
2. A son of Ares, and an ally of the Trojans in face of the well with the branch of an oak tree,
the war with the Greeks. (Tzetz. Antehom. 273 ; | whereupon clouds were formed immediately which
Philostr. Her. xv. 16. )
(L. S. ] refreshed the country with rain. The nymph Hagno
HAGIOPOLI'TA, GEORGIUS. [GEORGIUS, was represented at Megalopolis carrying in one
literary, No. 26. ]
hand a pitcher and in the other a patera. (Paas.
HAGIOTHEODORITA, a commentator on the viii. 38. § 3, 31. & 2, 47. & 2. ) (L. S. )
Basilica. The earliest scholia that were appended HAGNON ("Ayvwv, sometimes written 'Ag-
to this work were, in the opinion of Zachariae vwv), son of Nicias, was the Athenian founder of
(Hist. Jur. Gr. Rom. Delin. $ 38), extracts se Amphipolis, on the Strymon. A previous attempt
lected in the reign of Constantinus Porphyrogenitus had been crushed twenty-nine years before, by a
from the ancient translations of the Corpus Juris, defeat in Drabescus. Hagnon succeeded in driving
and from the old commentators on the compilations out the Edonians, and established his colony se-
of Justinian. Mortreueil, however (Histoire du curely, giving the name Amphipolis to what had
Droit Byzantin, vol. ii. p. 123), thinks that these hitherto been called "the Nine Ways. ” (Thuc. ir.
extracts were themselves part of the primitive 102. ) The date is fixed to the archonship of Eu-
official text, and were analogous to the interpretatio thymenes, B. C. 437, by Diodorus ( xii. 32), and the
of the Breviarium Alaricianum. Additions seem Scholiast on Aeschines (p. 755, Reiske), and in this
to have been made to the early scholia in the tenth the account of Thucydides agrees. There were build-
and eleventh centuries, from the writings of later ings erected in his honour as founder. But when
jurists. In the twelfth century a kind of glossa the Athenian part of the colonists had been ejected,
ordinaria was formed, compiled from the previous and the town had revolted, and by the victory won
scholia. Thus the gloss was made up from the over Cleon by Brasidas, B. C. 422, had had its in-
works of writers who were for the most part ante- dependence secured, the Amphipolitans destroyed
cedent in date to the composition of the Basilica, every memorial of the kind, and gave the name of
their language being sometimes altered, and their founder, and paid the founder's honours to Brasi-
1
## p. 325 (#341) ############################################
HALESUS.
325
HAMILCAR.
das.
