According to had been supposed to be guarded by a lagoon, and
the same author, he was banished from Carthage made themselves masters of the town ; and Mago,
on this account, and died soon after, being either who had at first retired into the citadel, with the
shipwrecked or assassinated by his slaves.
the same author, he was banished from Carthage made themselves masters of the town ; and Mago,
on this account, and died soon after, being either who had at first retired into the citadel, with the
shipwrecked or assassinated by his slaves.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
396.
ance of the Romans during the war with Pyrrhus,
He is particularly mentioned as holding that post apparently soon after the battle of Asculum (B. C.
in the great sea-fight off Catana, when he totally 279). The Roman senate having declined the
defeated the fleet of the Syracusans under Lep- proffered aid, Mago sailed away to the south of
tines, the brother of Dionysius, sinking or destroy- Italy, where he had an interview with Pyrrhus
ing above 100 of their ships, besides capturing himself, in which he endeavoured to sound that
many others. (Diod. xiv. 59, 60. ) We have no monarch in regard to his views on Sicily. (Justin,
information as to the part he bore in the subsequent xviii. 2. ) It was probably part of the same fleet
operations against Syracuse itself; but after the which we find mentioned as besieging Rhegium
disastrous termination of the expedition, and the and guarding the straits of Messana, to prevent
p. 537. )
## p. 903 (#919) ############################################
MAGO.
903
MAGO.
the passage of "Pyrrhus. (Diod. Exc. Hoeschel | another that led to the dissensions and jealousies
xxii. 9, p. 496. )
among the three generals, of which we hear as one
5. Son of Hamilcar Barca, and brother of the of the chief causes that led to the disasters of the
famous Har. nibal. He was the youngest of the Carthaginian arms. (Polyb. x. 6. ) At length, in
three brothers, and must have been quite a youth 209, it was determined at a council of the three
when he accompanied Hannibal into Italy, B. C. generals, held shortly after the battle of Baecula,
218. But his whole life had been spent in camps, that while Hasdrubal, the son of Barca, set out on
under the eye of his father or brother, and young his adventurous march into Italy, Mago and the
as he was, he had already given proofs not only of other Hasdrubal should carry on the war in Spain;
personal courage, but of skill and judgment in war, the former repairing in the first instance w the
sufficient to justify Hannibal in entrusting him Balearic islands, in order to raise fresh levies for
with services of the most important character. The the approaching campaign. (Liv. xxvii. 20. ) The
first occasion on which he is mentioned is the whole of the following year is a blank, Bo far as
passage of the Po, which he effected successfully the Spanish war is concerned ; but in 207 we had
at the head of the cavalry: according to Caelius Mago in Celtiberia at the head of an army com-
Antipater, he and his horsemen crossed the river posed mainly of troops levied in that country, but
by swinuning. (Liv. xxi. 47. ). At the battle of to which Hanno, who had just arrived in Spain,
the Trebia shortly afterwards, he was selected by had lately joined his new army of Carthaginian
his brother to command the body of chosen troops and African troops. Their combined forces were,
placed in ambuscade among the thickets of the bed however, attacked by M. Silanus, one of the lieli-
of the river, and by his well-timed attack on the tenants of Scipio, and totally defeated ; Hanno
rear of the Roman army contributed mainly to the himself was taken prisoner, while Mago, with a
success of the day. (Polyb. iii. 71, 74 ; Liv, xxi. few thousand men, effected his escape, and joined
54, 55; Frontin. Strateg. ii. 5. 23. ) We next Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco, in the south of Spain.
find him commanding the rear-guard during the Here they once more succeeded in assembling a
attempt to cross the Apennines, and in the dan- numerous army, but the next year (B. C. 206) their
gerous and toilsome march through the marshes decisive defeat by Scipio at Silpia (HASDRUBAL,
of Etruria. At Cannae he was associated with his p. 358] crushed for ever all hope of re-establishing
brother in the command of the rain body of the the Carthaginian power in Spain. (Liv. xxviii. 1,
Carthaginian army: such at least is the statement 2, 12-16; Polyb. xi. 20—24 ; Appian, Hisp.
of Polybius and Livy: Appian, on the contrary, 25—27; Zonar. ix. 8. ) After this battle Mago
assigns bim that of the right wing: in either case, retired to Gades, where he shut himself up with
it is clear that he held no unimportant post on that the troops under his command ; and here he re-
great occasion. (Polyb. iii. 79, 114; Liv. xxii. 2, mained long after Hasdrubal had departed to
46 ; Appian. Annib. 20. ) After the battle he was Africa, still keeping his eye upon the proceedings
detached by Hannibal with a considerable force, to of the Romans, and not without hope of recovering
complete the subjugation of Samnium: as soon as his footing on the main land ; for which purpose he
he had effected this he marched southwards into was continually intriguing with the Spanish chiefs,
Bruttium, and after receiving the submission of and even it is said fomenting the spirit of discon-
many cities in that part of Italy, crossed over in tent among the Roman troops themselves. The
person to Carthage, where he was the first to an- formidable insurrection of Indibilis and Mandonius,
nounce the progress and victories of his brother. and the mutiny of a part of the Roman army, for
The tidings naturally produced a great effect, and, a time gave him hopes of once more restoring the
notwithstanding the opposition of Hanno, the Car- Carthaginian power in that country ; but all these
thaginian senate came to the resolution of sending attempts proved abortive. His lieutenant Hanno
powerful reinforcements to Hannibal in Italy. A was defeated by L. Marcius, and Mago, who had
force of 12,000 foot and 1500 horse, with twenty himself repaired to his assistance with a fleet of
elephants and sixty ships, was accordingly assem- sixty ships, was compelled to return to Gades
bled, and placed under the command of Mago, but without effecting anything. At length, therefore,
just as he was about to sail intelligence arrived of he began to despair of restoring the fortunes of
the alarming state of the Carthaginian affairs in Carthage in Spain, and was preparing to return to
Spain, which induced the government to alter Africa, when he received orders from the Car-
their plan of operations, and Mago, with the forces thaginian senate to repair with such a fleet and
under his command, was despatched to the support army as he could still muster to Liguria, and thus
of his brother Hasdrubal in that country, B C. 215. transfer the seat of war once more into Italy. The
(Liv. xxiii. 1, 11, 13, 32; Appian, Hisp. 16 ; command was well suited to the enterprising cha-
Žonar. ix. 2, 3. )
racter of Mago; but before he finally quitted Spain
It is hardly necessary to point out in detail the he was tempted by intelligence of the defenceless
part borne by Mago in the subsequent operations state of New Carthage to make an attempt on that
in Spain, a sketch of which is given under Has city, in which however he was repulsed with con-
DRUBAL, No. 6. We find him mentioned, as cosiderable loss. Foiled in this quarter, he returned
operating in the siege of Illiturgi (B. C. 215), in the to Gades, but the gates of that city were now shut
defeat of the two Scipios (B. C. 212), and on several against him, an insult he is said to have avenged
other occasions. (Liv. xxiii. 49, xxiv. 41, 42, xxv. by putting to death their chief magistrates, whom
32, 39, xxvi. 20; Appian, Hisp. 24. ) His position he had decoyed into his power, under pretence of
during these campaigns is not quite clear, but it a conference ; after this he repaired to the Balearic
would seem that though frequently acting indepen- islands, in the lesser of which he took up his
dently, he was still in some degree subject to the quarters for the winter. (Liv. xxviii. 23, 30,
superior authority of his brother, as well as of Has 31, 36, 37; Appian, Hisp. 31, 32, 34, 37 ;
drubal, the son of Gisco: perhaps it was the some- Zonar. ix. 10. ) The memory of his sojourn
what ambiguous character of their relations to one there is still preserved, in the name of the
3 N4
## p. 904 (#920) ############################################
904
MAGO.
MAGO.
celebrated harbour called Portus Magonis, or Port | held for a considerable time the chief command in
Mahon.
Bruttium. Here he is mentioned in B c. 212 as
Early in the ensuing summer Mago landed in co-operating with Hanno, the son of Bomilcar, in
Liguria, where he surprised the town of Genoa. the siege and capture of Thurii ; and not long after
His name quickly gathered around him many of he was enabled by the treachery of the Lucanian
the Ligurian and Gaulish tribes, among others the Flavius to lead the Roman general Tib. Gracchus
Ingaunes, and the spirit of disaffection spread even into an ambuscade in which he lost his life. [FLA-
to the Etruscans, so that the Romans were obliged vive, No. 2. ) Mago immediately sent his lifeless
to maintain an army in Etruria, as well as one in body, together with the insignia of his rank, to
Cisalpine Gaul, in order to hold him in check. Hannibal. (Liv. xxv. 15, 16 ; Diod. Exc. Vales.
Whether these forces proved sufficient effectually xxvi. p. 569 ; Val. Max. i 6. 8. ) In 208 we
to impede his operations, or that he wasted his find him defending the city of Locri against the
time in hostilities against the mountain tribes, in Roman general L. Cincius, who pressed the siege
which at one time we find him engaged, our im- with so much vigour both by land and sea, that
perfect accounts of his proceedings will not enable Mago could with difficulty hold out, when the op-
us to decide. It is certain that, though repeatedly portune arrival of Hannibal himself compelled the
urged by messages from Carthage to prosecute the Romans to raise the siege with precipitation.
war with vigour, and more than once strengthened (Liv. xxvii. 26, 28 ; comp. Frontin. Strateg. iv. 7.
with considerable reinforcements, he did not effect § 29. ) According to Polybius (ix. 25), this Mago
anything of importance, and the alarm at first had been the companion and friend of Hannibal
excited at Rome by his arrival in Liguria gradually from his earliest youth : he was involved by the
died away. Meanwhile, the successes of Scipio in Carthaginians themselves in the same general
Africa compelled the Carthaginians to concentrate charge of avarice with his great commander.
all their forces for the defence of their capital, and 8. A Carthaginian of noble birth, and a near
they at length sent messengers to recal Mago as relation of annibal, taken prisoner in Sardinia
well as his brother Hannibal from Italy B. C. 203. B. C. 215. (Liv. xxiii. 41. )
Just before these orders arrived Mago had at length 9. An officer who commanded a body of Car-
encountered in Cisalpine Gaul the combined forces thaginian cavalry at Capua in B. c. 212, and by a
of the praetor Quinctilius Varus and the proconsul sudden sally threw the Roman army under the two
M. Cornelius. The battle, which was fought in consuls App. Claudius and Fulvius into confusion,
the territory of the Insubrians, was fiercely con- and occasioned them heavy loss. (Liv. xxv. 18. )
tested, but terminated in the complete defeat of the It is probably the same whom we find shortly
Carthaginians, of whom 5000 were slain. Mago afterwards commanding a body of horse under
himself was severely wounded, but effected his Hannibal himself, and taking a prominent part in
retreat to the seacoast among the Ingaunes, where the defeat of the praetor Cn. Fulvius at Herdonea.
he received the pressing summons of the senate to (Id. 21. )
Carthage. He immediately embarked his troops, 10. Commander of the garrison of New Carthage
and set sail with them in person, but died of his when that city was attacked by P. Scipio in B. C.
wound before they landed in Africa. (Liv. xxviii. 209. So little had the Carthaginian generals
46, xxix. 4, 5, 13, 36, xxx. 18, 19; Polyb. Frag. thought it necessary to provide for the defence of
Hist. 31 ; Appian, Ilisp. 37, Annib. 54, Pun. 9, this important post, that Mago had only 1000
31, 32 ; Zonar. ix. 11, 13. ) Such is the statement regular troops under his orders when the enemy
of Livy and all our other authorities ; but Cornelius appeared before the walls. He, however, armed
Nepos, on the contrary, represents him as not only about 2000 more as best he could, and seems to
surviving the battle of Zama, but as remaining at have displayed all the qualities of an able and
Carthage after the banishment of Hannibal, and energetic officer ; making a vigorous sally in the
bubsequently co-operating with his brother at the first instance, and repulsing the troops of Scipio in
commencement of the war with Antiochus (B. C. their first assault. But all his efforts were in-
193) in endeavouring to induce the Carthaginians effectual: the Romans scaled the walls where they
to join in hostilities against Rome.
According to had been supposed to be guarded by a lagoon, and
the same author, he was banished from Carthage made themselves masters of the town ; and Mago,
on this account, and died soon after, being either who had at first retired into the citadel, with the
shipwrecked or assassinated by his slaves. (Corn. intention of holding out there, at length saw that
Nep. Hann. 7, 8. ) It seems probable that the all further resistance was hopeless, and surrendered
circumstances here related refer in fact to some to Scipio. He himself, with the other more eminent
other person of the name of Mago, whom Nepos of the Carthaginian captives, was sent a prisoner
bas confounded with the brother of Hannibal. of war to Rome. (Polyb. x. 8, 12–15, 18, 19;
6. One of the chief officers of Hannibal in Italy, Liv. xxvi. 44–46, 51; Appian, Hisp. 19–22. )
whose name is appended to the treaty concluded Eutropius (iii. 15) and Orosius (iv. 18) have con-
by that general with Philip V. , king of Macedonia. founded this Mago with the brother of Hannibal.
(Polyb. vii. 9. ) It would seem probable that he is 11. An officer of cavalry under Hasdrubal, son
the same who was sent immediately afterwards of Gisco, in the war against Scipio and Masinissa
with Bostar and Gisco to accompany the Macedonian in Africa, B. C. 204. (Appian, Pun. 15. )
ambassadors back to the court of Philip, and obtain 12. One of the Carthaginian ambassadors sent
the ratification of the treaty by that monarch, but to Rome just before the breaking out of the third
who unfortunately fell into the hands of the Punic war (B. C. 149), to avert the impending hos-
Romans, and were carried prisoners to Rome. tilities by offering unqualified submission. (Polyb.
(Liv. xxiii. 34. ) Schweighaeuser, on the contrary, xxxvi. 1. )
supposes him to be the same with the following. 13. A Carthaginian, apparently not the same as
7. Surnamed the Samnite (ó Eauvítas), was one the preceding, who, on the return of the embassy
of the chief officers of Hannibal in Italy, where he | just spoken of, addressed the Carthaginian senate
## p. 905 (#921) ############################################
MAHARBAL.
905
MAIA.
in a speech at once prudent and manly. (Polyb. | vice he was recalled in haste to rejoin his com-
xxxvi. 3. ) He is termed by Polybius the Bruttian mander before the combat on the Ticinus. (1d. xxi.
(ó Bpéttios), from whence Reiske inferred him to 45. ) After the victory of Thrasymene (B. c. 217),
be the same with the lieutenant of Hannibal he was sent with a strong force of cavalry and
(No. 7), but this, as Schweighaeuser has observed, Spanish infantry to pursue a body of 6000 Romans
is impossible, on chronological grounds. That who had escaped from the battle and occupied a
author suggests that he may be the son of the one strong position in one of the neighbouring villages.
just alluded to, and may have derived his surname Finding themselves surrounded, they were induced
from the services of his father in Bruttium. (Schw. to lay down their arms, on receiving from Mahar-
ad Polyb. l. c. and Index Historicus, p. 365. ) bal a promise of safety. Hannibal refused to ratify
14. A Carthaginian of uncertain date, who wrote the capitulation, alleging that Maharbal had ex-
a work upon agriculture in the Punic language, ceeded his powers ; but he dismissed, without
which is frequently mentioned by Roman authors ransom, all those men who belonged to the Italian
in terms of the highest commendation. He is even allies, and only retained the Roman citizens as
styled by Columella the father of agriculture prisoners of war. (Polyb. iii. 84, 85 ; Liv. xxii.
rusticationis parens (De R. R. i. 1. $ 13). Nothing 6,7; Appian, Annib. 10. ) Shortly after Mahar-
is known of the period at which he flourished, or bal had an opportunity of striking a fresh blow by
of the events of his life, except that he was a man intercepting the praetor C. Centinius, who was on
of distinction in his native country, and had held his march to join Flaminius with a detachment of
important military commands. (Colum. xii. 4. 4000 men, the whole of which were either cut to
$ 2; Plin. H. N. xviii. 5. ) Heeren's conjecture pieces or fell into the hands of the Carthaginians.
that he was the same as No. 1, is wholly without (Polyb. iii. 86 ; Liv. xxii. 8 ; Appian, Annib. 11. )
foundation: the name of Mago was evidently too He is again mentioned as sent with the Numidian
common at Carthage to afford any reasonable cavalry to ravage the rich Falemnian plains ; and
ground for identifying him with any of the persons in the following year he commanded, according to
known to us from history. His work was a vo- Livy, the right wing of the Carthaginian army at
luminous one, extending to twenty-eight books, the battle of Cannae. Appian, on the contrary,
and comprising all branches of the subject. So assigns him on that occasion the command of the
great was its reputation even at Rome, that after reserve of cavalry, and Polybius does not mention
the destruction of Carthage, when the libraries his name at all. But, whatever post he held, it is
which had fallen into the hands of the Romans certain that he did good service on that eventful
were distributed among the princes of Africa, an day ; and it was he that, immediately after the
;
exception was made in favour of the work of Mago, victory, urged Hannibal to push on at once with
and it was ordered by the senate that it should be his cavalry upon Rome itself, promising him that if
translated into Latin by competent persons, at the he did so, within five days he should sup in the
head of whom was D. Silanus. (Plin. H. N. xviii. Capitol. On the refusal of his commander, Ma-
5; Colum. i. 1. $ 13. ) It was subsequently trans- harbal is said to have observed, that Hannibal
lated into Greek, though with some abridgment knew indeed how to gain victories, but not how to
and alteration, by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and use them ; a sentiment which has been confirmed
an epitome of it in the same language, brought into by some of the best judges in the art of war. (Liv.
the compass of six books, was drawn up by Dio- xxii
. 13, 46, 51; Appian, Annib. 20, 21 ; Florus,
phanes of Bithynia, and dedicated to king Deio- ii. 5 ; Zonar. ix. 1 ; Cato ap. Gell. x. 24 ; Plu-
(Varro, de R. R. i. 1. & 10; Colum. i. tarch, Fab. 17, erroneously assigns this advice to a
1. § 10. ) His precepts on agricultural matters Carthaginian of the name of Barca. ) Except an
are continually cited by the Roman writers on incidental notice of his presence at the siege of
those subjects, Varro, Columella, and Palladins, as Casilinum (Liv. xxiii. 18), Maharbal from this
well as by Pliny: his work is also alluded to by period disappears from history. A person of that
Cicero (De Orat. i. 58) in terms that imply its name is mentioned by Frontinus (Strateg. ii. 5. §
high reputation as the standard authority upon the 12) as employed by the Carthaginians against
subject on which it treated. It is said to have some African tribes that had rebelled, but whether
opened with the very sound piece of advice that if this be the same as the subject of the present arti-
a man meant to settle in the country, he should cle, or to what period the event there related is
begin by selling his town house. (Colum. i. 1. $ referable, we have no means of judging. (E. H. B. ]
18; Plin. H. N. xviii. 7. ) All the passages in MAIA (Maia or Maiás), a daughter of Atlas
Roman authors in which the work of Mago is and Pleione (whence she is called Atlantis and
cited or referred to are collected by Heeren. Pleias), was the eldest of the Pleiades, and in a
(Ideen, vol. iv. p. 527, &c. ) (E. H. B. ] grotto of mount Cyllene in Arcadia she became by
MAGUS (Mâyos), one of the followers of Simus Zeus the mother of Hermes. Arcas, the son of
in the merry and licentious songs, the poets of Zeus by Callisto, was given to her to be reafed.
which were called inapodoi. [Lysis. ) (P. S. ) (Hom. Od. xiv. 435, Hymn. in Merc. 3 ; Hes.
MAHARBAL (Maáplas), son of Himilco, and Theog. 938 ; Apollod. ii. 10. § 2, 8. $ 2; Tzetz.
one of the most distinguished Carthaginian officers ad Lycoph, 219; Horat. Carm. i. 10. 1, 2. 42,
in the Second Punic War. He is first mentioned &c. )
as commanding the besieging force at the siege of Maia is also the name of a divinity worshipped
Saguntum, during the absence of Hannibal, when at Rome, who was also called Majesta. She is
he carried on his operations and pressed the siege mentioned in connection with Vulcan, and was
with so much vigour that neither party, says Livy, regarded by some as the wife of that god, though
felt the absence of the general-in-chief. (Liv. xxi. it seems for no other reason but because a priest of
12. ) We next find him detached with a body of Vulcan offered a sacrifice to her on the first of May,
cavalry to ravage the plains near the Po, soon after while in the popular superstition of later times she
the arrival of Hannibal in Italy, but from this ser- was identified with Maia, the daughter of Atlas.
tarus.
## p. 906 (#922) ############################################
906
MAJORIANUS.
MALACUS.
a
It is more probable that Maia was an ancient | intended to invade Africa. At Arles he prevailed
name of the bona dea, who was also designated by upon Theodoric to desist from further attempts at
the names of Ops, Fauna, and Fatua.
He is particularly mentioned as holding that post apparently soon after the battle of Asculum (B. C.
in the great sea-fight off Catana, when he totally 279). The Roman senate having declined the
defeated the fleet of the Syracusans under Lep- proffered aid, Mago sailed away to the south of
tines, the brother of Dionysius, sinking or destroy- Italy, where he had an interview with Pyrrhus
ing above 100 of their ships, besides capturing himself, in which he endeavoured to sound that
many others. (Diod. xiv. 59, 60. ) We have no monarch in regard to his views on Sicily. (Justin,
information as to the part he bore in the subsequent xviii. 2. ) It was probably part of the same fleet
operations against Syracuse itself; but after the which we find mentioned as besieging Rhegium
disastrous termination of the expedition, and the and guarding the straits of Messana, to prevent
p. 537. )
## p. 903 (#919) ############################################
MAGO.
903
MAGO.
the passage of "Pyrrhus. (Diod. Exc. Hoeschel | another that led to the dissensions and jealousies
xxii. 9, p. 496. )
among the three generals, of which we hear as one
5. Son of Hamilcar Barca, and brother of the of the chief causes that led to the disasters of the
famous Har. nibal. He was the youngest of the Carthaginian arms. (Polyb. x. 6. ) At length, in
three brothers, and must have been quite a youth 209, it was determined at a council of the three
when he accompanied Hannibal into Italy, B. C. generals, held shortly after the battle of Baecula,
218. But his whole life had been spent in camps, that while Hasdrubal, the son of Barca, set out on
under the eye of his father or brother, and young his adventurous march into Italy, Mago and the
as he was, he had already given proofs not only of other Hasdrubal should carry on the war in Spain;
personal courage, but of skill and judgment in war, the former repairing in the first instance w the
sufficient to justify Hannibal in entrusting him Balearic islands, in order to raise fresh levies for
with services of the most important character. The the approaching campaign. (Liv. xxvii. 20. ) The
first occasion on which he is mentioned is the whole of the following year is a blank, Bo far as
passage of the Po, which he effected successfully the Spanish war is concerned ; but in 207 we had
at the head of the cavalry: according to Caelius Mago in Celtiberia at the head of an army com-
Antipater, he and his horsemen crossed the river posed mainly of troops levied in that country, but
by swinuning. (Liv. xxi. 47. ). At the battle of to which Hanno, who had just arrived in Spain,
the Trebia shortly afterwards, he was selected by had lately joined his new army of Carthaginian
his brother to command the body of chosen troops and African troops. Their combined forces were,
placed in ambuscade among the thickets of the bed however, attacked by M. Silanus, one of the lieli-
of the river, and by his well-timed attack on the tenants of Scipio, and totally defeated ; Hanno
rear of the Roman army contributed mainly to the himself was taken prisoner, while Mago, with a
success of the day. (Polyb. iii. 71, 74 ; Liv, xxi. few thousand men, effected his escape, and joined
54, 55; Frontin. Strateg. ii. 5. 23. ) We next Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco, in the south of Spain.
find him commanding the rear-guard during the Here they once more succeeded in assembling a
attempt to cross the Apennines, and in the dan- numerous army, but the next year (B. C. 206) their
gerous and toilsome march through the marshes decisive defeat by Scipio at Silpia (HASDRUBAL,
of Etruria. At Cannae he was associated with his p. 358] crushed for ever all hope of re-establishing
brother in the command of the rain body of the the Carthaginian power in Spain. (Liv. xxviii. 1,
Carthaginian army: such at least is the statement 2, 12-16; Polyb. xi. 20—24 ; Appian, Hisp.
of Polybius and Livy: Appian, on the contrary, 25—27; Zonar. ix. 8. ) After this battle Mago
assigns bim that of the right wing: in either case, retired to Gades, where he shut himself up with
it is clear that he held no unimportant post on that the troops under his command ; and here he re-
great occasion. (Polyb. iii. 79, 114; Liv. xxii. 2, mained long after Hasdrubal had departed to
46 ; Appian. Annib. 20. ) After the battle he was Africa, still keeping his eye upon the proceedings
detached by Hannibal with a considerable force, to of the Romans, and not without hope of recovering
complete the subjugation of Samnium: as soon as his footing on the main land ; for which purpose he
he had effected this he marched southwards into was continually intriguing with the Spanish chiefs,
Bruttium, and after receiving the submission of and even it is said fomenting the spirit of discon-
many cities in that part of Italy, crossed over in tent among the Roman troops themselves. The
person to Carthage, where he was the first to an- formidable insurrection of Indibilis and Mandonius,
nounce the progress and victories of his brother. and the mutiny of a part of the Roman army, for
The tidings naturally produced a great effect, and, a time gave him hopes of once more restoring the
notwithstanding the opposition of Hanno, the Car- Carthaginian power in that country ; but all these
thaginian senate came to the resolution of sending attempts proved abortive. His lieutenant Hanno
powerful reinforcements to Hannibal in Italy. A was defeated by L. Marcius, and Mago, who had
force of 12,000 foot and 1500 horse, with twenty himself repaired to his assistance with a fleet of
elephants and sixty ships, was accordingly assem- sixty ships, was compelled to return to Gades
bled, and placed under the command of Mago, but without effecting anything. At length, therefore,
just as he was about to sail intelligence arrived of he began to despair of restoring the fortunes of
the alarming state of the Carthaginian affairs in Carthage in Spain, and was preparing to return to
Spain, which induced the government to alter Africa, when he received orders from the Car-
their plan of operations, and Mago, with the forces thaginian senate to repair with such a fleet and
under his command, was despatched to the support army as he could still muster to Liguria, and thus
of his brother Hasdrubal in that country, B C. 215. transfer the seat of war once more into Italy. The
(Liv. xxiii. 1, 11, 13, 32; Appian, Hisp. 16 ; command was well suited to the enterprising cha-
Žonar. ix. 2, 3. )
racter of Mago; but before he finally quitted Spain
It is hardly necessary to point out in detail the he was tempted by intelligence of the defenceless
part borne by Mago in the subsequent operations state of New Carthage to make an attempt on that
in Spain, a sketch of which is given under Has city, in which however he was repulsed with con-
DRUBAL, No. 6. We find him mentioned, as cosiderable loss. Foiled in this quarter, he returned
operating in the siege of Illiturgi (B. C. 215), in the to Gades, but the gates of that city were now shut
defeat of the two Scipios (B. C. 212), and on several against him, an insult he is said to have avenged
other occasions. (Liv. xxiii. 49, xxiv. 41, 42, xxv. by putting to death their chief magistrates, whom
32, 39, xxvi. 20; Appian, Hisp. 24. ) His position he had decoyed into his power, under pretence of
during these campaigns is not quite clear, but it a conference ; after this he repaired to the Balearic
would seem that though frequently acting indepen- islands, in the lesser of which he took up his
dently, he was still in some degree subject to the quarters for the winter. (Liv. xxviii. 23, 30,
superior authority of his brother, as well as of Has 31, 36, 37; Appian, Hisp. 31, 32, 34, 37 ;
drubal, the son of Gisco: perhaps it was the some- Zonar. ix. 10. ) The memory of his sojourn
what ambiguous character of their relations to one there is still preserved, in the name of the
3 N4
## p. 904 (#920) ############################################
904
MAGO.
MAGO.
celebrated harbour called Portus Magonis, or Port | held for a considerable time the chief command in
Mahon.
Bruttium. Here he is mentioned in B c. 212 as
Early in the ensuing summer Mago landed in co-operating with Hanno, the son of Bomilcar, in
Liguria, where he surprised the town of Genoa. the siege and capture of Thurii ; and not long after
His name quickly gathered around him many of he was enabled by the treachery of the Lucanian
the Ligurian and Gaulish tribes, among others the Flavius to lead the Roman general Tib. Gracchus
Ingaunes, and the spirit of disaffection spread even into an ambuscade in which he lost his life. [FLA-
to the Etruscans, so that the Romans were obliged vive, No. 2. ) Mago immediately sent his lifeless
to maintain an army in Etruria, as well as one in body, together with the insignia of his rank, to
Cisalpine Gaul, in order to hold him in check. Hannibal. (Liv. xxv. 15, 16 ; Diod. Exc. Vales.
Whether these forces proved sufficient effectually xxvi. p. 569 ; Val. Max. i 6. 8. ) In 208 we
to impede his operations, or that he wasted his find him defending the city of Locri against the
time in hostilities against the mountain tribes, in Roman general L. Cincius, who pressed the siege
which at one time we find him engaged, our im- with so much vigour both by land and sea, that
perfect accounts of his proceedings will not enable Mago could with difficulty hold out, when the op-
us to decide. It is certain that, though repeatedly portune arrival of Hannibal himself compelled the
urged by messages from Carthage to prosecute the Romans to raise the siege with precipitation.
war with vigour, and more than once strengthened (Liv. xxvii. 26, 28 ; comp. Frontin. Strateg. iv. 7.
with considerable reinforcements, he did not effect § 29. ) According to Polybius (ix. 25), this Mago
anything of importance, and the alarm at first had been the companion and friend of Hannibal
excited at Rome by his arrival in Liguria gradually from his earliest youth : he was involved by the
died away. Meanwhile, the successes of Scipio in Carthaginians themselves in the same general
Africa compelled the Carthaginians to concentrate charge of avarice with his great commander.
all their forces for the defence of their capital, and 8. A Carthaginian of noble birth, and a near
they at length sent messengers to recal Mago as relation of annibal, taken prisoner in Sardinia
well as his brother Hannibal from Italy B. C. 203. B. C. 215. (Liv. xxiii. 41. )
Just before these orders arrived Mago had at length 9. An officer who commanded a body of Car-
encountered in Cisalpine Gaul the combined forces thaginian cavalry at Capua in B. c. 212, and by a
of the praetor Quinctilius Varus and the proconsul sudden sally threw the Roman army under the two
M. Cornelius. The battle, which was fought in consuls App. Claudius and Fulvius into confusion,
the territory of the Insubrians, was fiercely con- and occasioned them heavy loss. (Liv. xxv. 18. )
tested, but terminated in the complete defeat of the It is probably the same whom we find shortly
Carthaginians, of whom 5000 were slain. Mago afterwards commanding a body of horse under
himself was severely wounded, but effected his Hannibal himself, and taking a prominent part in
retreat to the seacoast among the Ingaunes, where the defeat of the praetor Cn. Fulvius at Herdonea.
he received the pressing summons of the senate to (Id. 21. )
Carthage. He immediately embarked his troops, 10. Commander of the garrison of New Carthage
and set sail with them in person, but died of his when that city was attacked by P. Scipio in B. C.
wound before they landed in Africa. (Liv. xxviii. 209. So little had the Carthaginian generals
46, xxix. 4, 5, 13, 36, xxx. 18, 19; Polyb. Frag. thought it necessary to provide for the defence of
Hist. 31 ; Appian, Ilisp. 37, Annib. 54, Pun. 9, this important post, that Mago had only 1000
31, 32 ; Zonar. ix. 11, 13. ) Such is the statement regular troops under his orders when the enemy
of Livy and all our other authorities ; but Cornelius appeared before the walls. He, however, armed
Nepos, on the contrary, represents him as not only about 2000 more as best he could, and seems to
surviving the battle of Zama, but as remaining at have displayed all the qualities of an able and
Carthage after the banishment of Hannibal, and energetic officer ; making a vigorous sally in the
bubsequently co-operating with his brother at the first instance, and repulsing the troops of Scipio in
commencement of the war with Antiochus (B. C. their first assault. But all his efforts were in-
193) in endeavouring to induce the Carthaginians effectual: the Romans scaled the walls where they
to join in hostilities against Rome.
According to had been supposed to be guarded by a lagoon, and
the same author, he was banished from Carthage made themselves masters of the town ; and Mago,
on this account, and died soon after, being either who had at first retired into the citadel, with the
shipwrecked or assassinated by his slaves. (Corn. intention of holding out there, at length saw that
Nep. Hann. 7, 8. ) It seems probable that the all further resistance was hopeless, and surrendered
circumstances here related refer in fact to some to Scipio. He himself, with the other more eminent
other person of the name of Mago, whom Nepos of the Carthaginian captives, was sent a prisoner
bas confounded with the brother of Hannibal. of war to Rome. (Polyb. x. 8, 12–15, 18, 19;
6. One of the chief officers of Hannibal in Italy, Liv. xxvi. 44–46, 51; Appian, Hisp. 19–22. )
whose name is appended to the treaty concluded Eutropius (iii. 15) and Orosius (iv. 18) have con-
by that general with Philip V. , king of Macedonia. founded this Mago with the brother of Hannibal.
(Polyb. vii. 9. ) It would seem probable that he is 11. An officer of cavalry under Hasdrubal, son
the same who was sent immediately afterwards of Gisco, in the war against Scipio and Masinissa
with Bostar and Gisco to accompany the Macedonian in Africa, B. C. 204. (Appian, Pun. 15. )
ambassadors back to the court of Philip, and obtain 12. One of the Carthaginian ambassadors sent
the ratification of the treaty by that monarch, but to Rome just before the breaking out of the third
who unfortunately fell into the hands of the Punic war (B. C. 149), to avert the impending hos-
Romans, and were carried prisoners to Rome. tilities by offering unqualified submission. (Polyb.
(Liv. xxiii. 34. ) Schweighaeuser, on the contrary, xxxvi. 1. )
supposes him to be the same with the following. 13. A Carthaginian, apparently not the same as
7. Surnamed the Samnite (ó Eauvítas), was one the preceding, who, on the return of the embassy
of the chief officers of Hannibal in Italy, where he | just spoken of, addressed the Carthaginian senate
## p. 905 (#921) ############################################
MAHARBAL.
905
MAIA.
in a speech at once prudent and manly. (Polyb. | vice he was recalled in haste to rejoin his com-
xxxvi. 3. ) He is termed by Polybius the Bruttian mander before the combat on the Ticinus. (1d. xxi.
(ó Bpéttios), from whence Reiske inferred him to 45. ) After the victory of Thrasymene (B. c. 217),
be the same with the lieutenant of Hannibal he was sent with a strong force of cavalry and
(No. 7), but this, as Schweighaeuser has observed, Spanish infantry to pursue a body of 6000 Romans
is impossible, on chronological grounds. That who had escaped from the battle and occupied a
author suggests that he may be the son of the one strong position in one of the neighbouring villages.
just alluded to, and may have derived his surname Finding themselves surrounded, they were induced
from the services of his father in Bruttium. (Schw. to lay down their arms, on receiving from Mahar-
ad Polyb. l. c. and Index Historicus, p. 365. ) bal a promise of safety. Hannibal refused to ratify
14. A Carthaginian of uncertain date, who wrote the capitulation, alleging that Maharbal had ex-
a work upon agriculture in the Punic language, ceeded his powers ; but he dismissed, without
which is frequently mentioned by Roman authors ransom, all those men who belonged to the Italian
in terms of the highest commendation. He is even allies, and only retained the Roman citizens as
styled by Columella the father of agriculture prisoners of war. (Polyb. iii. 84, 85 ; Liv. xxii.
rusticationis parens (De R. R. i. 1. $ 13). Nothing 6,7; Appian, Annib. 10. ) Shortly after Mahar-
is known of the period at which he flourished, or bal had an opportunity of striking a fresh blow by
of the events of his life, except that he was a man intercepting the praetor C. Centinius, who was on
of distinction in his native country, and had held his march to join Flaminius with a detachment of
important military commands. (Colum. xii. 4. 4000 men, the whole of which were either cut to
$ 2; Plin. H. N. xviii. 5. ) Heeren's conjecture pieces or fell into the hands of the Carthaginians.
that he was the same as No. 1, is wholly without (Polyb. iii. 86 ; Liv. xxii. 8 ; Appian, Annib. 11. )
foundation: the name of Mago was evidently too He is again mentioned as sent with the Numidian
common at Carthage to afford any reasonable cavalry to ravage the rich Falemnian plains ; and
ground for identifying him with any of the persons in the following year he commanded, according to
known to us from history. His work was a vo- Livy, the right wing of the Carthaginian army at
luminous one, extending to twenty-eight books, the battle of Cannae. Appian, on the contrary,
and comprising all branches of the subject. So assigns him on that occasion the command of the
great was its reputation even at Rome, that after reserve of cavalry, and Polybius does not mention
the destruction of Carthage, when the libraries his name at all. But, whatever post he held, it is
which had fallen into the hands of the Romans certain that he did good service on that eventful
were distributed among the princes of Africa, an day ; and it was he that, immediately after the
;
exception was made in favour of the work of Mago, victory, urged Hannibal to push on at once with
and it was ordered by the senate that it should be his cavalry upon Rome itself, promising him that if
translated into Latin by competent persons, at the he did so, within five days he should sup in the
head of whom was D. Silanus. (Plin. H. N. xviii. Capitol. On the refusal of his commander, Ma-
5; Colum. i. 1. $ 13. ) It was subsequently trans- harbal is said to have observed, that Hannibal
lated into Greek, though with some abridgment knew indeed how to gain victories, but not how to
and alteration, by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and use them ; a sentiment which has been confirmed
an epitome of it in the same language, brought into by some of the best judges in the art of war. (Liv.
the compass of six books, was drawn up by Dio- xxii
. 13, 46, 51; Appian, Annib. 20, 21 ; Florus,
phanes of Bithynia, and dedicated to king Deio- ii. 5 ; Zonar. ix. 1 ; Cato ap. Gell. x. 24 ; Plu-
(Varro, de R. R. i. 1. & 10; Colum. i. tarch, Fab. 17, erroneously assigns this advice to a
1. § 10. ) His precepts on agricultural matters Carthaginian of the name of Barca. ) Except an
are continually cited by the Roman writers on incidental notice of his presence at the siege of
those subjects, Varro, Columella, and Palladins, as Casilinum (Liv. xxiii. 18), Maharbal from this
well as by Pliny: his work is also alluded to by period disappears from history. A person of that
Cicero (De Orat. i. 58) in terms that imply its name is mentioned by Frontinus (Strateg. ii. 5. §
high reputation as the standard authority upon the 12) as employed by the Carthaginians against
subject on which it treated. It is said to have some African tribes that had rebelled, but whether
opened with the very sound piece of advice that if this be the same as the subject of the present arti-
a man meant to settle in the country, he should cle, or to what period the event there related is
begin by selling his town house. (Colum. i. 1. $ referable, we have no means of judging. (E. H. B. ]
18; Plin. H. N. xviii. 7. ) All the passages in MAIA (Maia or Maiás), a daughter of Atlas
Roman authors in which the work of Mago is and Pleione (whence she is called Atlantis and
cited or referred to are collected by Heeren. Pleias), was the eldest of the Pleiades, and in a
(Ideen, vol. iv. p. 527, &c. ) (E. H. B. ] grotto of mount Cyllene in Arcadia she became by
MAGUS (Mâyos), one of the followers of Simus Zeus the mother of Hermes. Arcas, the son of
in the merry and licentious songs, the poets of Zeus by Callisto, was given to her to be reafed.
which were called inapodoi. [Lysis. ) (P. S. ) (Hom. Od. xiv. 435, Hymn. in Merc. 3 ; Hes.
MAHARBAL (Maáplas), son of Himilco, and Theog. 938 ; Apollod. ii. 10. § 2, 8. $ 2; Tzetz.
one of the most distinguished Carthaginian officers ad Lycoph, 219; Horat. Carm. i. 10. 1, 2. 42,
in the Second Punic War. He is first mentioned &c. )
as commanding the besieging force at the siege of Maia is also the name of a divinity worshipped
Saguntum, during the absence of Hannibal, when at Rome, who was also called Majesta. She is
he carried on his operations and pressed the siege mentioned in connection with Vulcan, and was
with so much vigour that neither party, says Livy, regarded by some as the wife of that god, though
felt the absence of the general-in-chief. (Liv. xxi. it seems for no other reason but because a priest of
12. ) We next find him detached with a body of Vulcan offered a sacrifice to her on the first of May,
cavalry to ravage the plains near the Po, soon after while in the popular superstition of later times she
the arrival of Hannibal in Italy, but from this ser- was identified with Maia, the daughter of Atlas.
tarus.
## p. 906 (#922) ############################################
906
MAJORIANUS.
MALACUS.
a
It is more probable that Maia was an ancient | intended to invade Africa. At Arles he prevailed
name of the bona dea, who was also designated by upon Theodoric to desist from further attempts at
the names of Ops, Fauna, and Fatua.
