[705] “Have you any other
_protégé_
to send me?
Napoleon - History of Julius Caesar - b
9.
)
[646] “Why should I wait to be reconciled with Cæsar? Has this
reconcilement not been effected already by the Senate? the Senate, the
supreme council of the Republic, my rule and my guide in all my
opinions. I walk in your steps, senators, I obey your counsels, I yield
to your authority. . . . So long as the political measures of Cæsar have
not had your approbation, you did not see me allied with him. When his
exploits had changed your feelings and dispositions, you have seen me
not only agree in your decisions, but loudly applaud them. ” (Cicero,
_Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 10. )
[647] _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9.
[648] _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV. 5.
[649] Cicero, _Orat. de Prov. Consularibus_, 9. (August, A. U. C. 698. )
[650] Cicero, _Orat. de Prov. Consularibus_, 13. (August, A. U. C. 698. )
[651] Cicero, _Orat. pro Balbo_, 27.
[652] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 7.
[653] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 27.
[654] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 29.
[655] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 30. --Plutarch, _Pompey_, 53; _Crassus_, 18.
[656] _Précis des Guerres de César_, III. 5.
[657] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 18.
[658] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 57.
[659] “What does Cæsar think of my poem, I pray? He has written to me
that he had read the first book, and that he had seen nothing, even in
Greek, which ever pleased him more. The rest, up to a certain passage,
is less finished: that is his expression. Tell me what it is that
displeases him, the matter or the form, and fear not to speak candidly”.
(Cicero, _Ep. ad Quint. _, II. 16. )
[660] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 16. --Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 31.
[661] Plutarch, _Cato_, 48; _Pompey_, 54.
[662] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9.
[663] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 55.
[664] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, II. 9.
[665] The country of the Vaccæi comprised part of old Castile, of the
kingdom of Leon, and of the Basque provinces. Clunia, a town of the
Celtiberii, was situated near Coruña del Conde.
[666] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 19.
[667] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 19.
[668] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 24.
[669] Plutarch, _Cato_, 49. --Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 34.
[670] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 35.
[671] Plutarch, _Cato_, 49. --Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 33, 35. --Dio Cassius
pretends erroneously that the _imperium_ in the province of Gaul was
only continued to Cæsar by a sort of favour, and but for three years,
when his partisans murmured at seeing that Crassus and Pompey thought
only for themselves. He does not mention the conference of Lucca, which
is attested by Suetonius, Plutarch, and Appian. He forgets that
Trebonius, Cæsar’s creature, was one of his most devoted lieutenants in
the Civil War. We think that the testimony of the other historians is to
be preferred.
[672] “In my opinion, that which it would have been best for his
adversaries to do, would have been to cease a struggle which they are
not strong enough to sustain. . . . At the present day the only ambition
one can have is to be quiet, and those who governed would be disposed to
allow it us, if they found certain people less rigid against their
domination. ” (Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 8, letter to Lentulus. )
[673] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 19.
[674] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 37.
[675] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 38.
[676] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 1.
[677] According to the letter from Cicero to Atticus (IV. 13), Crassus
had left Rome a little before the 17th of the Calends of December, 699,
which answers, according to the concordance established by M. Le
Verrier, to the 28th of October, 699.
[678] Justin, XLI. 6.
[679] Justin, XLII. 4.
[680] _De Bello Gallico_, IV. 38.
[681] “Cæsar was very proud of his expedition into Britain, and
everybody at Rome cried it up with enthusiasm. People congratulated each
other on becoming acquainted with a country of the existence of which
they were previously ignorant, and of having penetrated into countries
of which they had never heard before; everybody took his hopes for
reality, and all that people flattered themselves with obtaining some
day caused as great an outburst of joy as if they had already possessed
it. ” (Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 53. )--“After having landed in Britain, Cæsar
believed he had discovered a new world. He wrote (it is unknown to whom)
that Britain was not an island, but a country surrounding the ocean. ”
(Eumenius, _Panegyrici_, IV. 2. )
[682] Lucan, _Pharsalia_, II. , line 571.
[683] “Without paying any attention to the opinion of Cato, the people
during fifteen days performed sacrifices to celebrate this victory, and
exhibited the greatest marks of joy. ” (Plutarch, _Nicias_ and _Crassus_,
4. )
[684] Plutarch, _Cato of Utica_, 58.
[685] See page 456.
[686] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 7.
[687] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 56, 57, 58. --_Schol. Bob. Pro Plancio_, 271.
[688] Plutarch, _Antony_, 2.
[689] Dio Cassius speaks of it as follows: “The influence of powerful
men and of riches was so great, even against the decrees of the people
and of the Senate, that Pompey wrote to Gabinius, governor of Syria, to
charge him with the restoring of Ptolemy in Egypt, and that he, who had
already taken the field, performed this task, in spite of the public
will, and in contempt of the oracles of the Sibyl. Pompey only sought to
do what would be agreeable to Ptolemy; but Gabinius had yielded to
corruption. Afterwards, when brought under accusation for this fact, he
was not condemned, thanks to Pompey and to his gold. There reigned then
in Rome such a degree of moral disorder, that the magistrates and
judges, who had received from Gabinius but a small part of the sums
which had served to corrupt him, set their duties at nought in order to
enrich themselves, and taught others to do evil, by showing them that
they could easily escape punishment with money. It was this which caused
Gabinius to be acquitted; in the sequel, brought to trial for having
carried off from his province more than 100,000,000 drachmas, he was
condemned. ” (Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 55. )
[690] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 43.
[691] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quint. _, II. 8.
[692] See the _Index Legum_ of Baiter, 181.
[693] Josephus, XIV. 48.
[694] Josephus, XIV. 11.
[695] Cicero, _Ep. ad Atticum_, IV. 18.
[696] Cicero, _Ep. ad Quintum_, IV. 15.
[697] _Schol. Bob. Pro Sextio_, 297. --Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV.
16; _Epist. Familiar. _, XIII. 19.
[698] “Cæsar has written to me from Britain a letter dated on the
Calends of September (28th of August), which I received on the 4th of
the Calends of October (23rd of September). His mourning had prevented
my replying and congratulating him. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III.
1. )
[699] “In Cæsar’s affliction, I dare not write to him, but I write to
Balbus. ” (Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 9. )--“How kind and affecting
is Cæsar’s letter! There is in what he writes a charm which increases my
sympathy for the misfortune which afflicts him. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad
Quintum_, III. 1. )
[700] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 4.
[701] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 27.
[702] Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV. 17. --Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 36.
[703] Pliny, _Hist. Nat. _, XXXVI. 15.
[704] Appian, _De Bel. Civil. _, II. 102.
[705] “Have you any other _protégé_ to send me? I take charge of him. ”
(Letter of Cæsar cited by Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 5. )--“I say
not a word, I take not a step in Cæsar’s interest, but he immediately
testifies in high terms that he attaches to it a value which assures me
of his affection. ” (Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 5. )
[706] “I dispose, as though they were my own, of his credit, which is
preponderant, and of his resources, which, you know, are immense. ”
(_Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9. )--A few years later, when Cicero foresaw the
civil war, he wrote to Atticus: “There is, however, an affair of which I
shall not cease speaking as long as I write to you at Rome: it is
Cæsar’s credit. Free me, before leaving, I implore you. ” (Cicero,
_Epist. ad Atticum_, V. 6. )
[707] _Epist. ad Quintum_, II. 15; III. 1.
[708] _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9.
[709] “I have undertaken his defense (that of Crassus) in the Senate, as
high recommendations and my own engagement made it imperative for me. ”
(_Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9. )
[710] Cicero, _Pro Rabirio Postumo_, 15, 16.
[711] Cicero, _Pro Cn. Plancio_, 39. (A. U. C. 700. )
[712] Cicero, _Orat. in L. Calpurnium Pisonem_, 33. (A. U. C. 700. )
[713] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 1.
[714] Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV. 15; _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 5;
_Epist. ad Quintum_, II. 15.
[715] “Pompey is all for Gutta, and he is confident of obtaining from
Cæsar an active intervention. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 8. )
[716] Dio Cassius, XL. 45.
[717] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 4.
[718] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 8.
[719] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 31.
[720] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 57.
[721] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 31.
[722] “Ut via illa nostra, quæ per Macedoniam est usque ad Hellespontum
militaris. ” (Cicero, _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 2. --Strabo,
VII. vii. 268. )
[723] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 17.
[724] On the left bank of the Tigris, opposite Seleucia.
[725] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 24.
[726] The ancient authors name him Augar, Abgaros, or Ariamnes.
[727] Zeugma, according to Dio Cassius. This town is on the right bank
of the Euphrates, opposite Biradjik.
[728] According to Drumann, the course of the river could not always be
followed, as Plutarch says, because there existed a canal which joined
the Euphrates with the Tigris. (Pliny, VI. 30. --Ammianus Marcellinus,
XXIV. 2. )
[729] “There are among them few infantry. These are only chosen among
the weakest men. From the tenderest age the Parthians are accustomed to
handle the bow and the horse. Their country, which forms almost entirely
one plain, is very favourable for breeding horses, and for courses of
cavalry. ” (Dio Cassius, XL. 15. )--“Equis omni tempore vectantur; illis
bella, illis convivia, illis publica ac privata officia obeunt. ”
(Justin, XLI. 8. )
[730] “Munimentum ipsis equisque loricæ plumatæ sunt, quæ utrumque toto
corpore tegunt. ” (Justin, XLI. 2. )
[731] “Signum in prælio non tuba, sed tympano datur. ” (Justin, XLI. 2. )
[732] “Fidentemque fuga Parthum versisque sagittis. ” (Virgil, _Georg. _,
III. , line 31.
[733] “The Osroenes, placed behind the Romans, who had their backs
turned to them, struck them where their unprotected limbs were exposed,
and rendered more easy their destruction by the Parthians. ” (Dio
Cassius, XL. 22. )
[734] The army was composed of seven legions, but some troops had been
left at Carrhæ. The square was composed of forty-eight cohorts, or
nearly five legions; the rest was probably in reserve in the square. The
4,000 cavalry and 4,000 light infantry were probably divided half to the
right and half to the left of the great square, the sides of which must
have been about 1,000 mètres long.
[735] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 28.
[736] Q. Cæcilius Metellus Scipio was the son of P. Cornelius Scipio
Nasica, and of Licinia, daughter of Crassus. He had been adopted by Q.
Cæcilius Metellus Pius.
[737] Plutarch, _Cato_, 55.
[738] All that follows is taken almost entirely from Asconius, the most
ancient commentator on Cicero, and is derived, it is believed, from the
_Acta Diurna_. (See the _Argument of the Oration of Cicero for Milo_,
edit. Orelli, p. 31. )
[739] Nine years after the sacrilege committed on the day of the
festival of the Bona Dea, Clodius was slain by Milo before the gate of
the temple of the Bona Dea, near Bovillæ. (Cicero, _Orat. pro Milone_,
31. )
[740] _Romphæa_. (Asconius, _Argument of the Orat. of Cicero pro
Milone_, p. 32, edit. Orelli. )
[741] Cicero, _Orat. pro Milone_ 10. --Dio Cassius, XL. 48. --Appian,
_Civil Wars_, II. 21. --(Asconius, _Argument of the Oration of Cicero pro
Milone_, p. 31, _et seq. _)
[742] _Lectus libitinæ. _ (Asconius, p. 34. )--The sense of this word is
given by Acro, a scholiast on Horace (see _Scholia Horatiana_, edit.
Pauly, tom. I. , p. 360). It corresponds with our word _corbillard_, a
hearse. We know the custom of the Romans of carrying at interments the
images of the ancestors of the dead with the ensigns of their dignities.
The fasces must have been numerous in the Clodian family.
[743] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[744] Dio Cassius, XL. 49.
[745] Dio Cassius, XL. 49.
[746] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 22.
[747] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[748] “The Senate and Bibulus, who was first to state his opinion,
forestalled the thoughtless resolutions of the multitude by conferring
the consulship on Pompey, in order that he might not be proclaimed
dictator; and in conferring it upon him alone, in order that he might
not have Cæsar for his colleague. ” (Dio Cassius, XL. 2. )
[749] Plutarch, _Cato_, 47.
[750] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 57.
[751] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[752] Dio Cassius, XL. 52. --Cicero, _Brutus_, 94; _Epist. ad Atticum_,
XIII 49. --Tacitus, _Dialog. de Oratoribus_, 38.
[753] This was the historian. He had been the paramour of Milo’s wife.
Surprised by him in the very act, he had been cruelly beaten, and
compelled to pay, without pity.
[754] Velleius Paterculus, II. 47.
[755] All this account is taken from the argument by Asconius Servius,
serving as an introduction to his Commentary on the _Oration for Milo_.
(See the edit. of Orelli, pp. 41, 42. --Dio Cassius, XL. 53. )
[756] Dio Cassius, XL. 54.
[757] Velleius Paterculus, II. 68.
[758] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 58.
[759] Dio Cassius, XL. 53.
[760] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 24.
[761] Dio Cassius, XL. 52.
[762] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 59.
[763] Dio Cassius, XL.
[646] “Why should I wait to be reconciled with Cæsar? Has this
reconcilement not been effected already by the Senate? the Senate, the
supreme council of the Republic, my rule and my guide in all my
opinions. I walk in your steps, senators, I obey your counsels, I yield
to your authority. . . . So long as the political measures of Cæsar have
not had your approbation, you did not see me allied with him. When his
exploits had changed your feelings and dispositions, you have seen me
not only agree in your decisions, but loudly applaud them. ” (Cicero,
_Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 10. )
[647] _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9.
[648] _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV. 5.
[649] Cicero, _Orat. de Prov. Consularibus_, 9. (August, A. U. C. 698. )
[650] Cicero, _Orat. de Prov. Consularibus_, 13. (August, A. U. C. 698. )
[651] Cicero, _Orat. pro Balbo_, 27.
[652] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 7.
[653] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 27.
[654] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 29.
[655] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 30. --Plutarch, _Pompey_, 53; _Crassus_, 18.
[656] _Précis des Guerres de César_, III. 5.
[657] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 18.
[658] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 57.
[659] “What does Cæsar think of my poem, I pray? He has written to me
that he had read the first book, and that he had seen nothing, even in
Greek, which ever pleased him more. The rest, up to a certain passage,
is less finished: that is his expression. Tell me what it is that
displeases him, the matter or the form, and fear not to speak candidly”.
(Cicero, _Ep. ad Quint. _, II. 16. )
[660] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 16. --Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 31.
[661] Plutarch, _Cato_, 48; _Pompey_, 54.
[662] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9.
[663] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 55.
[664] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, II. 9.
[665] The country of the Vaccæi comprised part of old Castile, of the
kingdom of Leon, and of the Basque provinces. Clunia, a town of the
Celtiberii, was situated near Coruña del Conde.
[666] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 19.
[667] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 19.
[668] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 24.
[669] Plutarch, _Cato_, 49. --Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 34.
[670] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 35.
[671] Plutarch, _Cato_, 49. --Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 33, 35. --Dio Cassius
pretends erroneously that the _imperium_ in the province of Gaul was
only continued to Cæsar by a sort of favour, and but for three years,
when his partisans murmured at seeing that Crassus and Pompey thought
only for themselves. He does not mention the conference of Lucca, which
is attested by Suetonius, Plutarch, and Appian. He forgets that
Trebonius, Cæsar’s creature, was one of his most devoted lieutenants in
the Civil War. We think that the testimony of the other historians is to
be preferred.
[672] “In my opinion, that which it would have been best for his
adversaries to do, would have been to cease a struggle which they are
not strong enough to sustain. . . . At the present day the only ambition
one can have is to be quiet, and those who governed would be disposed to
allow it us, if they found certain people less rigid against their
domination. ” (Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 8, letter to Lentulus. )
[673] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 19.
[674] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 37.
[675] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 38.
[676] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 1.
[677] According to the letter from Cicero to Atticus (IV. 13), Crassus
had left Rome a little before the 17th of the Calends of December, 699,
which answers, according to the concordance established by M. Le
Verrier, to the 28th of October, 699.
[678] Justin, XLI. 6.
[679] Justin, XLII. 4.
[680] _De Bello Gallico_, IV. 38.
[681] “Cæsar was very proud of his expedition into Britain, and
everybody at Rome cried it up with enthusiasm. People congratulated each
other on becoming acquainted with a country of the existence of which
they were previously ignorant, and of having penetrated into countries
of which they had never heard before; everybody took his hopes for
reality, and all that people flattered themselves with obtaining some
day caused as great an outburst of joy as if they had already possessed
it. ” (Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 53. )--“After having landed in Britain, Cæsar
believed he had discovered a new world. He wrote (it is unknown to whom)
that Britain was not an island, but a country surrounding the ocean. ”
(Eumenius, _Panegyrici_, IV. 2. )
[682] Lucan, _Pharsalia_, II. , line 571.
[683] “Without paying any attention to the opinion of Cato, the people
during fifteen days performed sacrifices to celebrate this victory, and
exhibited the greatest marks of joy. ” (Plutarch, _Nicias_ and _Crassus_,
4. )
[684] Plutarch, _Cato of Utica_, 58.
[685] See page 456.
[686] Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 7.
[687] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 56, 57, 58. --_Schol. Bob. Pro Plancio_, 271.
[688] Plutarch, _Antony_, 2.
[689] Dio Cassius speaks of it as follows: “The influence of powerful
men and of riches was so great, even against the decrees of the people
and of the Senate, that Pompey wrote to Gabinius, governor of Syria, to
charge him with the restoring of Ptolemy in Egypt, and that he, who had
already taken the field, performed this task, in spite of the public
will, and in contempt of the oracles of the Sibyl. Pompey only sought to
do what would be agreeable to Ptolemy; but Gabinius had yielded to
corruption. Afterwards, when brought under accusation for this fact, he
was not condemned, thanks to Pompey and to his gold. There reigned then
in Rome such a degree of moral disorder, that the magistrates and
judges, who had received from Gabinius but a small part of the sums
which had served to corrupt him, set their duties at nought in order to
enrich themselves, and taught others to do evil, by showing them that
they could easily escape punishment with money. It was this which caused
Gabinius to be acquitted; in the sequel, brought to trial for having
carried off from his province more than 100,000,000 drachmas, he was
condemned. ” (Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 55. )
[690] Dio Cassius, XXXIX. 43.
[691] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quint. _, II. 8.
[692] See the _Index Legum_ of Baiter, 181.
[693] Josephus, XIV. 48.
[694] Josephus, XIV. 11.
[695] Cicero, _Ep. ad Atticum_, IV. 18.
[696] Cicero, _Ep. ad Quintum_, IV. 15.
[697] _Schol. Bob. Pro Sextio_, 297. --Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV.
16; _Epist. Familiar. _, XIII. 19.
[698] “Cæsar has written to me from Britain a letter dated on the
Calends of September (28th of August), which I received on the 4th of
the Calends of October (23rd of September). His mourning had prevented
my replying and congratulating him. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III.
1. )
[699] “In Cæsar’s affliction, I dare not write to him, but I write to
Balbus. ” (Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 9. )--“How kind and affecting
is Cæsar’s letter! There is in what he writes a charm which increases my
sympathy for the misfortune which afflicts him. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad
Quintum_, III. 1. )
[700] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 4.
[701] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 27.
[702] Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV. 17. --Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 36.
[703] Pliny, _Hist. Nat. _, XXXVI. 15.
[704] Appian, _De Bel. Civil. _, II. 102.
[705] “Have you any other _protégé_ to send me? I take charge of him. ”
(Letter of Cæsar cited by Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 5. )--“I say
not a word, I take not a step in Cæsar’s interest, but he immediately
testifies in high terms that he attaches to it a value which assures me
of his affection. ” (Cicero, _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 5. )
[706] “I dispose, as though they were my own, of his credit, which is
preponderant, and of his resources, which, you know, are immense. ”
(_Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9. )--A few years later, when Cicero foresaw the
civil war, he wrote to Atticus: “There is, however, an affair of which I
shall not cease speaking as long as I write to you at Rome: it is
Cæsar’s credit. Free me, before leaving, I implore you. ” (Cicero,
_Epist. ad Atticum_, V. 6. )
[707] _Epist. ad Quintum_, II. 15; III. 1.
[708] _Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9.
[709] “I have undertaken his defense (that of Crassus) in the Senate, as
high recommendations and my own engagement made it imperative for me. ”
(_Epist. Familiar. _, I. 9. )
[710] Cicero, _Pro Rabirio Postumo_, 15, 16.
[711] Cicero, _Pro Cn. Plancio_, 39. (A. U. C. 700. )
[712] Cicero, _Orat. in L. Calpurnium Pisonem_, 33. (A. U. C. 700. )
[713] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 1.
[714] Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, IV. 15; _Epist. Familiar. _, VII. 5;
_Epist. ad Quintum_, II. 15.
[715] “Pompey is all for Gutta, and he is confident of obtaining from
Cæsar an active intervention. ” (Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 8. )
[716] Dio Cassius, XL. 45.
[717] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 4.
[718] Cicero, _Epist. ad Quintum_, III. 8.
[719] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 31.
[720] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 57.
[721] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 31.
[722] “Ut via illa nostra, quæ per Macedoniam est usque ad Hellespontum
militaris. ” (Cicero, _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 2. --Strabo,
VII. vii. 268. )
[723] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 17.
[724] On the left bank of the Tigris, opposite Seleucia.
[725] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 24.
[726] The ancient authors name him Augar, Abgaros, or Ariamnes.
[727] Zeugma, according to Dio Cassius. This town is on the right bank
of the Euphrates, opposite Biradjik.
[728] According to Drumann, the course of the river could not always be
followed, as Plutarch says, because there existed a canal which joined
the Euphrates with the Tigris. (Pliny, VI. 30. --Ammianus Marcellinus,
XXIV. 2. )
[729] “There are among them few infantry. These are only chosen among
the weakest men. From the tenderest age the Parthians are accustomed to
handle the bow and the horse. Their country, which forms almost entirely
one plain, is very favourable for breeding horses, and for courses of
cavalry. ” (Dio Cassius, XL. 15. )--“Equis omni tempore vectantur; illis
bella, illis convivia, illis publica ac privata officia obeunt. ”
(Justin, XLI. 8. )
[730] “Munimentum ipsis equisque loricæ plumatæ sunt, quæ utrumque toto
corpore tegunt. ” (Justin, XLI. 2. )
[731] “Signum in prælio non tuba, sed tympano datur. ” (Justin, XLI. 2. )
[732] “Fidentemque fuga Parthum versisque sagittis. ” (Virgil, _Georg. _,
III. , line 31.
[733] “The Osroenes, placed behind the Romans, who had their backs
turned to them, struck them where their unprotected limbs were exposed,
and rendered more easy their destruction by the Parthians. ” (Dio
Cassius, XL. 22. )
[734] The army was composed of seven legions, but some troops had been
left at Carrhæ. The square was composed of forty-eight cohorts, or
nearly five legions; the rest was probably in reserve in the square. The
4,000 cavalry and 4,000 light infantry were probably divided half to the
right and half to the left of the great square, the sides of which must
have been about 1,000 mètres long.
[735] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 28.
[736] Q. Cæcilius Metellus Scipio was the son of P. Cornelius Scipio
Nasica, and of Licinia, daughter of Crassus. He had been adopted by Q.
Cæcilius Metellus Pius.
[737] Plutarch, _Cato_, 55.
[738] All that follows is taken almost entirely from Asconius, the most
ancient commentator on Cicero, and is derived, it is believed, from the
_Acta Diurna_. (See the _Argument of the Oration of Cicero for Milo_,
edit. Orelli, p. 31. )
[739] Nine years after the sacrilege committed on the day of the
festival of the Bona Dea, Clodius was slain by Milo before the gate of
the temple of the Bona Dea, near Bovillæ. (Cicero, _Orat. pro Milone_,
31. )
[740] _Romphæa_. (Asconius, _Argument of the Orat. of Cicero pro
Milone_, p. 32, edit. Orelli. )
[741] Cicero, _Orat. pro Milone_ 10. --Dio Cassius, XL. 48. --Appian,
_Civil Wars_, II. 21. --(Asconius, _Argument of the Oration of Cicero pro
Milone_, p. 31, _et seq. _)
[742] _Lectus libitinæ. _ (Asconius, p. 34. )--The sense of this word is
given by Acro, a scholiast on Horace (see _Scholia Horatiana_, edit.
Pauly, tom. I. , p. 360). It corresponds with our word _corbillard_, a
hearse. We know the custom of the Romans of carrying at interments the
images of the ancestors of the dead with the ensigns of their dignities.
The fasces must have been numerous in the Clodian family.
[743] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[744] Dio Cassius, XL. 49.
[745] Dio Cassius, XL. 49.
[746] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 22.
[747] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[748] “The Senate and Bibulus, who was first to state his opinion,
forestalled the thoughtless resolutions of the multitude by conferring
the consulship on Pompey, in order that he might not be proclaimed
dictator; and in conferring it upon him alone, in order that he might
not have Cæsar for his colleague. ” (Dio Cassius, XL. 2. )
[749] Plutarch, _Cato_, 47.
[750] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 57.
[751] Dio Cassius, XL. 50.
[752] Dio Cassius, XL. 52. --Cicero, _Brutus_, 94; _Epist. ad Atticum_,
XIII 49. --Tacitus, _Dialog. de Oratoribus_, 38.
[753] This was the historian. He had been the paramour of Milo’s wife.
Surprised by him in the very act, he had been cruelly beaten, and
compelled to pay, without pity.
[754] Velleius Paterculus, II. 47.
[755] All this account is taken from the argument by Asconius Servius,
serving as an introduction to his Commentary on the _Oration for Milo_.
(See the edit. of Orelli, pp. 41, 42. --Dio Cassius, XL. 53. )
[756] Dio Cassius, XL. 54.
[757] Velleius Paterculus, II. 68.
[758] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 58.
[759] Dio Cassius, XL. 53.
[760] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 24.
[761] Dio Cassius, XL. 52.
[762] Plutarch, _Pompey_, 59.
[763] Dio Cassius, XL.
