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daughter of Lygdamis of Halicarnas-
sus, reigned over Halicamassus, and also over Cos
and other adjacent islands. She joined the fleet of
Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, with five vessels,
the best equipped of the whole fleet after those of the
Sidonians; and she displayed so much valour and skill
at the battle of Salamis, as to elicit from Xerxes the
well-known remark, that the men had acted like wom-
en in the fight, and the women like men. The Athe-
nians, indignant that a female should appear in arms
against them, offered a reward of 10,000 drachma; to
any one who should take her prisoner. She, however,
escaped after the action. (Herod. , 7. 99. --Id , 8. 88.
? ? --Id. , 8, 93. ) If we are to believe Ptolemy Hephes-
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? A SO
their temples. The hymn sung by these priests was
discovered in 1778. in opening the foundations of the
Kicristy of St. Peter's, inscribed on a Btonc. Consult
Forcelhni (Lex. Tot. Lai. , s. v. Arvales), where the
question is considered, whether the Arvales and the
Ambarvales were distinct priesthoods or not. Refer-
ence is there made to the work of Marinio, "Degli
Attiche Monument! de' Fratelli Arvali, scolpiti gia in
Utrolt ii mar mo, ed or a raccolti, dicifcratic commentatt.
Roma, 1795, 2 vols. 4to. "
AatiERis, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis and
Osiris. (Vid. Horus. )
Arvhxi. a powerful people of Gaul, whose terri-
tories lay between the sources of the Elaver or Allier,
and Duranius or Dordogne, branches of the Liger and
Garumna. The district is now Auvergne. Their
capital was Augustunometum, now Clermont. They
were a powerful nation, and were only conquered after
great slaughter. Their name is supposed to be derived
From Ar, oral, "high," and Verann(fearann), "coun-
try" or "region. " (Thierry, Hist, its Gaulms, vol. 2,
p. " 29. )
AridsIcm Pbomontorium, a promontory of Chios.
The adjacent country was famous for producing a
wine (Vtniim Ariusium) that was considered the best
of all the Greek wines. (Vtrg. , Eclog. , 5,71. --Slrab. ,
955. --Plut. , non posse suav. vim, &c, c. 17. -- Clem.
Alex. , Pad. , 2, 2. )
Aruxs Tarquiwics, I. a brother of Lucius Tarquin-
ins, or Tarquin the Proud. He was of a meek and
? ratle spirit, and was married to the younger Tullia.
lis wife, a haughty and ambitious woman, murdered
him. according to the old legend, and married Tarquin
the Proud, who had, in like manner, made away with
his own spouse. (Liv. , 1, 46. --Arnold's Rome, vol.
I. p. 41. )--II. A son of Tarquin the Proud. In the
. first conflict that took place after the expulsion of his
father, he and Brutus slew each other. (Lh. , 2, 6. --
Arnold"s Rome, vol. 1. p. 108. )
Ahcxttus, I. a Roman writer, who, with an affecta-
tion of the style of Sallust, composed in the age of
Augustus a history of the first Punic war. (Voss. , de
Hut. Lot. . 1,18. )--II. A Roman poet, whose full name
was Aruntius Stella. He is highly praised by Statins.
who dedicated some of his productions to him, and
also by Martial. Among the works that he composed
was a poem on the victory of Domitian over the Sar-
mate. His writings have not come down to us. (Sta-
tnts, Syir. , 1,2. 17. --Id. ib. , 1, 2, 258, &c--Martial,
5. 59, 2-- Id. , 12, 3, 11, <Scc. )
Arxspex. Vid. Haruspcx.
ArxIta, a-tenvn or Armenia Major, situate on the
Ar&xes, east of Artaxata, towards the confines of Me-
dia. (H'. rah , 528. ) It is probably the Naxuana of
Ptolemy.
Arva. ydes, a Persian, appointed governor of Egypt
by Cambyse*. He was put to death by Darius for is-
suinsr a silver coinage in his own name. (Herodot. ,
4, 166. )
Asandeh, a governor of the Cimmerian Bosporus
tender Phamaces. He revolted against him B. C. 47;
and having defeated both him and his successor, obtain-
ed peaceable possession of the government, which was
afterward confirmed to him by Augustus. He separated
by a wall the Tauric Chersonese from the continent.
(Apjmrn, Bell. Mithrad. , 120. --Iho Casstus, 42, 46. )
Ascibcroium, I. a Roman fortified post on the Ger-
man side of the Rhine. Ptolemy places it where the
? ? Canal of Drusus joined the Yssel. --II. A town of
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? ASC
ASCLEPIADES.
the son of Ascanius, disputed the crown with him;
but the Latins gave it in favour of Sylvius, as he was
descended from the family of Latinus, and lulus was
invested with the office of high-priest, which remain-
ed a long while in his family. (Lit. , 1, 3. --Sere, ad
Vtrg. , Mn. , 1. 270. -- JMonys. Hal, 1, 76. -- Plut. ,
Vit. Rom. )--II. A river of Dithynia, which discharged
into the Propontis the waters of the Lake Ascanius.
(Plin. , 6, 32. -- Anstot. ap. Sckol. Apollon. Rh. , 1,
1177. )--III. A lake in the western part of Bithynia,
near the head waters of the Sinus Cianus. At its
eastern extremity stood the city of Nicsa. Aristotle
observes, that the waters of this lake were so im-
pregnated with nitre, as to cleanse the clothes dipped
into them. (Mirab. Auscult. , c. 54. -- Plin. , 31, 10. )
According to Colonel Leake, the Ascanian Lake is
about ten miles long and four wide, surrounded on
three sides by steep woody slopes, behind which rise
the snowy summits of the range of Olympus. (Leake's
Asia Minor, p. 7. -- Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p.
180. )
Asclepiea ('AoK%7iTritia), a festival in honour of
. ? Esculapius (XokXttkioc), celebrated in several parts
of Greece, but nowhere with so much solemnity as at
Epidaurus. One part of the celebration, as we learn
from Plato, consisted of contests in poetry and music.
(Plat. , Ion. init. Jul. Poll. , 1, 37. -- Pausanias, 2,
26, 7. ) Another form of the name is Asclcpca ('Ao-
K/. ;;T/. ia), respecting which, consult the remarks of
Siebelis (ad Pausan. , I. c).
AsclepiIoes, I. the reputed descendants of >Escu-
Iapius ('Xan'/tj-inr), consisting of several families
spread over Greece, and professing to have among
them certain secrets of the healing art handed down to
them from their great progenitor. The Asclepiadcs of
Epidaurus were among the most famous of the name.
The Asclepiadcs compelled all who were initiated
into the mysteries of their science, to swear by Apol-
lo, -Esculapius, Hygiea, Panacea, and all the other
gods and goddesses, that they would not profane
the secrets of the healing art, but would only unfold
them to the children of their masters, or to those who
should have bound themselves by the same oath.
(Consult Hippocr. , bpnoc illustralus a Mcibomio, 4to,
L. B. , 1643. ) We may, in this point of view, regard
as a locus classicus a passage of Galen, wherein he
states that medical knowledge was at first hereditary,
and that parents imparted it to their offspring as a
kind of family prerogative or possession.
This usage,
however, became in process of time more relaxed, and
then medical secrets began to be imparted to stran-
gers who had gone through the forms of initiation
(refetoi uvipec), and were in this way rendered less
exclusive in their character. (Galen, Administr.
Anatom. , lib. 2, p. 128. ) It is for this reason that
Aristides, in a later age, remarks, that a knowledge of
medicine was for a long time regarded as the attribute
of the family of the Asclepiadcs. (Oral. Sacr. , vol.
1, p. 80. ) And hence, too, Lucian makes a physician
say, "My sacred and mysterious oath compels me to
be silent. " (Tragopod. , p. 818. ) The theurgic phy-
sicians of the Alexandrcan school re-established, at a
subsequent period, this ancient custom, in order to im-
part, by the obligation of religious silence, a greater
degree of consideration to their superstitious practices.
(Alex. Trail. , lib. 10, p. 593, cd. Guinth. Andernac. )
The Asclepiadcs appear to have established, among
? ? their disciples and in their manner of instructing,
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? ASC
accident that befell him. Wc have some fragments
of his writings remaining, an edition of which was
given by Gumpert, with a preface by Griiner, Vimar. ,
1794, 8vo. Asclepiades was the founder of a school,
which enjoyed groat celebrity among the ancients.
Stephanus of Byzantium gives the names of several
of his pupils (s. v. Av/tftxiov). A scholar of his,
not mentioned by the latter, namely, Themisto, was
the chief of the sect of the Methodists, as they were
termed. (Biosrr. Univ. , vol. 2, p. 564. -- Sprcngcl,
Hist. Med. , 2,"p. 3, seqq. )
Asclepiodorus, I. an Athenian painter, contempora-
ry with Apelles, who praised the former for the symme-
try of his productions, and yielded him the palm in delin-
eating the relative distances of objects. Mnaso, a tyrant
of antiquity, employed him to paint the twelve deities
(Dii majores), and paid him 300 minas (over 85277)
for each. (Pliny, 35, 10. ) -- II. A statuary, one of
those, according to Pliny (34, 8), who excelled in rep-
resenting the philosophers. (Sillig, Diet. Art. , s. v. )
Asclepiodotus, a native of Alexandres, the disci-
ple of Jacobus in medicine and of Proclus in eclectic
philosophy, in both of which he acquired a distinguish-
ed reputation. Damascius gave a long account of him
in the Life of Isidorus, of which Suidas and Photius
have preserved fragments. In medicine he surpassed
bis instructer, and is said to have re-established the
use of white hellebore, with which he made some very
successful cures. He was well acquainted also with
the virtues of plants, and with the history of animals;
and made great progress also in the musical art.
Some wonderful stories are likewise related of him,
which would seem to place him in a class of Thau-
maturgists. He wrote a commentary on the Timreus
of Plato, which is now lost. (Photius, Cod. , 242, vol.
2, p. 343, seqq. )
Ascolia, a festival in honour of Bacchus, celebrated
by the Athenian husbandmen, who generally sacrificed
a goat to the god, because that animal is a great enemy
to the vine. They made a bottle or bag with the skin
of the victim, which they filled with wine, smearing
tt the same time the outer surface with oil. On this
they endeavoured to leap with one foot, and he that
first fixed himself was declared victor, and received
the bottle as a reward. This was called donuTiiu^eiv,
Tapti tov izrl rov duKdv u? i/. ecr$ai, from leaping upon
tie bottle, whence the name of the festival is derived.
It was also introduced into Italy under the name of
Vinalta, on which occasion the rustics put on hideous
maaks of bark, and invoked Bacchus in joyful strains.
They also hung up, at the same time, little images on
a lofty pine These images they called Oscilla.
(Sclwl. ad Arutoph. , Plut. , 1129. --Virg. , Georg. , 2,
337, teqj. ) Spence gives engravings from several
gems, on which figures are represented, called oscilla
or aiufvu. They are found also in the paintings at
Herculaneum, and in Mercurialis (Art. Gymn. , 3, 8, p.
217). Spence attributes the origin of this rite to the
popular belief, that when Bacchus turned his face to-
wards the fields, their fertility was assured. Hence
they exposed these small figures to the winds, that
they might be free to turn in any direction. Some
writers think that the oscilla were the same with phal-
lic symbols (compare Scrv. ad Virg. , 1. c. ), but this
opuwm now finds few, if any, supporters. (Turneb. ,
Adz. , 3, 20. -- Rolle, Rechcrches sur le culte de Bac-
chus, vol. 1, p. 312. ) The Athenians had their festi-
val of oscilla, which they termed alupai, and which
? ? was said to have been instituted in memory of Eri-
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? ASI
ASI
incut forty stadia from Thcspis. (Cramer'* Ancient
Greece, vol. 2, p. 207, seqq. )
Asculum, I. Picenum, a city of Piccnum, so named
to distinguish it from the Asculum of Apulia. It was
situate in the interior, on the river Truentus, and some
distance to the southwest of Finnum. Strabo de-
scribes it as a place of great strength, surrounded by
walls and inaccessible heights. It was the first city
to declare against the Romans when the Social war
broke out, and its example was followed by the whole
of Picenum. Asculum sustained, in the course of
that war, a long and memorable siege against Pompcy,
who finally, however, compelled the place to surren-
der, and caused several of the chiefs of" the rebels to be
beheaded. (Lin. , Epit. , 76. -- Veil. Paterc, 2, 21. --
Floras, 3, 18. --Apjnan, Bell. Civ. , 1, 38-- Plut. , Vit.
Pomp. ) We leam from Pliny (3, 13) that Asculum
was a Roman colony, and regarded as the chief city
of the province. It is now Ascoli. -- II. Apulum, a
city of Apulia, to which the epithet Apulum was at-
tached to distinguish it from Asculum in Piccnum.
It was situate in the interior of Daunia, near the con-
fines of Samnium, and is supposed to be represented
by the modern town of Ascoli, which is about six miles
to the southwest of Ordona. It was under the walls
of this place that Pyrrhus encountered a second time
the Roman army, after having gained a signal victory
in Lucania. The action was attended with no advan-
tage to either side. (Floras, 1, 18. -- Plut. , Vit.
Pyrrh. -- Frontin. , Stratcg. , 1, 3. ) Frontinus, who
classes it among the colonies of Apulia, terms it Aus-
clum. This is probably the correct orthography, as
may be seen from coins, the inscription on which is
AYCAlflN, and ATCKA. (Cramer'* Ancient Italy,
vol. 2, p. 288. )
Asdbudal. Vid. Hasdrubal.
Asi, or Abj<< (in the old Scandinavian Msir or Esir,
the plural form of As), a general appellation given,
in the mythology of northern Europe, to the deities
that came in with Odin from the East. Including this
latter divinity they were twelve in number, according
to some, thirteen (Magnuscn, Boreal. Mythol. Lex. ,
p. 720), and there was the same number of female dei-
ties or Asynia. -- While some are inclined to sec in
the Asi merely an Asiatic colony, wandering in from
the vicinity of the Don, others, with much more propri-
ety, find in the name a curious chain of connexion be-
tween the early religions of the Eastern and European
worlds. The term As, in fact, appears to have been
an old appellation for deity, and meets us in numerous
quarters, under various though not very dissimilar
forms. Thus, in the Coptic, Os is said to signify
"Lord" or " Deity ;" in the old Persian, good deities
or spirits were called Izr. il, while by Berosus the gods
are termed lsi. (Kanne, System der Ind. Myth. , p.
228. ) Again, in Sanscrit we have Isha, "a lord"
or "master," the feminine of which, Ishana, reminds
us at once of Asynia, a female deity, or Asa. Among
the ancient Gauls, the supreme Deing was denominated
Esus or Hcsus, a name that connects the Druidical
worship with the East; while among many nations of
Finnish origin, in Asiatic Russia, we have such terras
for deity as Eis, Ess, Essi, and Oss. (Magnuscn,
p. 719, note. -- Heyd, Etymol. Vcrsuch. , Tubingen,
1824. ) It is curious to connect with this the account
given by the Roman writers, that in the Etrurian lan-
guage Msar signified " God. " (Sueton. , Aug. , 97. --
? ? Dio Cass. , 56, 29. -- Hesych. , s. v. Aiaoi. -- Miillcr,
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? ASIA.
north to south; the Euphrates and Tigris into the
Persian Gulf, the Indus and Ganges into the Indian
Sea: two flow from east to west, the Oxus, now Gi-
hon. and the Iaxartes, now Sirr. Asia may therefore
be divided into Northern Asia, the country north of
the Altai range: Middle Asia, the country between
the ranges of Altai and Taurus: and Southern Asia,
the country south of Taurus--Northern Asia lies be-
tween 76? and 50? of latitude (Asiatic Russia and
SiAerui). This in antiquity was very little known, yet
not entirely unknown. Darx but true traditions re-
specting it may be found in the father of history, He-
rodotus. --Middle Asia, the country between 50?