2
But the ministry were as adamant.
But the ministry were as adamant.
Arthur Schlesinger - Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution
IN THE PLANTATION PROVINCES 533
These resolutions, it would appear, were excellently kept.
For example, the Philadelphia committee in May prevented
the departure of two cargoes intended for Newfoundland;l
and in September the New York committee held up for
public neglect the owners of two vessels that had been
trading with Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. 2 The effect
of the boycott was not what had been expected. Deep dis-
tress was experienced at Newfoundland and the various
fishing settlements because of their reliance on New Eng-
land for food; but after a time the British government suc-
ceeded in affording them some relief, and they were also
surreptitiously aided by the enterprise of Nantucket fisher-
men. * The people of East Florida also found themselves
temporarily in want of provisions. 4 Quebec and Nova
Scotia, as has been already noted, probably felt no serious
inconvenience and were, on the other hand, receiving en-
hanced prices in the West Indies for their grain, flour and
flax-seed. * Only Georgia found herself in distress, with-
out prospect of relief, and torn by civil discord. But Geor-
gia's adhesion to the Continental Association was to come
only through the shock caused by the outbreak of hostilities.
1 Journals, vol. ii, p. 52.
1N. Y. Gas. , Sept. 4, 1775; also 4 Am. Arch. , vol. iii, pp. 622-624.
* Letters from Newfoundland in N. Y. Journ. , June 29, Aug. 24, 1775.
English exports to Newfoundland increased from ? 77,263 in 1774 to
? 130. 280 in 1775. Macpherson, Annals of Com. , vol. iii, pp. 564, 585.
The act of 16 George III, c. 37, permitted the exportation of peas and
biscuit to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Labrador.
1 4 Am. Arch. , vol. iii, pp. 703-707. English exports to Florida in-
creased from ? 52,149 in 1774 to ? 85,254 in 1775. Macpherson, op. cit. ,
vol. iii, pp. 564, 585.
'4 Am. Arch. , vol. i, pp. 1164-1165; Pub. Rec. Off. , C. O. 5, no. 138
(L. C. Transcripts), p. 404. At Quebec English imports increased from
? 307. 635 in 1774 to ? 472,368 in 1775; at Nova Scotia, from ? 47,148 to
? 56. 308. Macpherson, op. cit. , vol. iii, pp. 564, 585.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 534 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
Before the Continental Association had been in effect
many weeks it had become perfectly evident not only that
provinces and towns that held aloof from the Association
must be boycotted but that a close degree of co-operation
must be maintained among the Associated Provinces in
order to prevent evasions of the compact by means of the
coastwise trade. About the middle of November, 1774, a
Salem merchant engaged in coastwise trade with Virginia
requested of the Salem Committee of Correspondence a
certificate vouching for his firmness in the cause of Amer-
ical liberty, so that he might carry it with him. This being
an innovation, the Salem committee consulted with the
Boston Committee of Correspondence; and the reply was
a whole-hearted endorsement of the plan and the suggestion
that the device be regularly employed. 1 The committees of
the other provinces fell in with the plan sooner or later,
Providence, Rhode Island,2 and the Virginia counties being
among the first. * The best form of certificate was that
prescribed by the Philadelphia committee in June, 1775.
The importer of merchandise into that metropolis was re-
quired either to produce a certificate from the committee
from whence the goods had come signifying that they had
been imported into America in accordance with the Asso-
ciation, or to produce a qualification, taken before a magis-
trate, testifying to the identity of the goods, the time of
importation into America, and the name of the vessel in
which they had been brought. 4 A few months later, when
the object was not only to safeguard the Association but
also to prevent provisions and merchandise from reaching
1 Bos. Com. Cor. Papers, vol. iii, pp. 651, 653.
1R. I. Col. Recs. , vol. vii, pp. 285-287.
'Richmond. Westmoreland, Prince William, Prince George and
Accomack. Vide the Virginia newspapers, Feb. -June, 1775, passim.
4 Pa. Eve. Post, June 8, 1775; also 4 Am. Arch. , vol. ii, pp. 909-910.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? IN THE PLANTATION PROVINCES
535
the British army, the provincial bodies of Massachusetts
and New York required that coastwise traders should give
bond that the goods they took away would be landed at the
destination named. 1 These precautions aided greatly in
simplifying the enforcement of the Association for indi-
vidual provinces.
It is now possible to reach some conclusions with refer-
ence to the workings of the Continental Association in the
twelve Associated Provinces during the first four and a half
months. In general, the situation bore a very hopeful
aspect for those Americans who believed that the salvation
of British America depended upon an effective administra-
tion of the Association. The administrative machinery of
the Association had been established in the twelve prov-
inces; and all features of the document, which were in-
tended to have a coercive effect upon the mother country,
were being vigorously enforced. Indeed, the Association
was receiving a more faithful obedience than the provincial
laws ordinarily did, as many a royal governor mournfully
testified. While it has not been possible to obtain statistics
confined to the period of non-importation which is now
being particularly examined, yet the comparative figures of
importations during the years 1774 and 1775 are a sugges-
tive index to the true condition of affairs. English imports
fell off from ? 562,476 in 1774 to ? 71,625 in 1775 in the
New England provinces; from ? 437,937 to ? 1,228 at New
York; from ? 625,652 to ? 1,366 at Philadelphia; from
? 528,738 to ? 1,921 in Maryland and Virginia; and from
? 378,116 to ? 6,245 in the Carolinas. 2 The total decline in
the import trade from England in 1775 as compared with
1 4 A <n. Arch. , vol. iii, pp. 1468, 1625.
1 Macpherson, op. cit. , vol. iii, pp. 564, 585.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 536 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
the preceding year was almost ninety-seven per cent. Mak-
ing due allowance for such part of this disparity as came
from the abnormal importations in the latter part of 1774,
the contrast still remains an eloquent testimonial to the
activity and efficiency of the radical organization. In the
same period imports into Georgia only increased from
? 57,518 to ? 133,377.
Further evidence of the effective enforcement of the
Association was afforded by the course pursued, in the
early months of 1775, by the business men in Great Britain
who possessed American connections and investments. Al-
though they had watched indifferently while Parliament
passed the coercive acts of 1774,1 they were now galvanized
into sudden activity by the realization that the American
Association was closing their chief markets to them. 2 Be-
ginning in January and continuing for almost three months,
the merchants and manufacturers concerned in the Amer-
ican trade carried on a systematic propaganda for the pur-
pose of convincing the ministry and Parliament that the
acts of 1774 should be repealed. The movement was in-
augurated by a series of meetings of the London merchants
in the North American trade at King's Arms Tavern at
Cornhill,8 and by joint meetings of the West India mer-
chants and the absentee proprietors of West Indian planta-
tions at London Tavern. 4 Petitions were addressed to Par-
liament, and word was sent to the manufacturing towns to
1 Mass. Gas. & Post-Boy, May 16, 1774; Mass. Spy, July 15.
1E. g. , a commercial correspondent declared in a London newspaper
that from January 1 to April 27, 1775, the following ships cleared from
Bristol carrying nothing but ballast: seven for New York, three for
Maryland, three for Philadelphia, three for Virginia, one for North
Carolina, and three for South Carolina. N. Y. Gasetteer, Aug. 24,
1775; also 4 Am. Arch. , vol. ii, pp. 921-922.
1 Ibid. , vol. i, pp. 1086-1091, 1107-1110, 1513-1515, 1525-1526.
* Ibid. , vol. i, pp. 1082-1083, 1147-1152, 1540.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? IN THE PLANTATION PROVINCES 537
join in the agitation. 1 The latter responded with alacrity.
When Parliament reassembled on January 19, 1775, the
House of Commons was deluged with petitions in the en-
suing weeks. The merchants, traders and manufacturers
of Bristol, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool,
Leeds, Belfast, and many other places joined in the chorus
of lamentation, complaining that business conditions were
already poor and foretelling the suspension of debt collec-
tions, bankruptcy and widespread unemployment.
2
But the ministry were as adamant. They believed that
England was reaping the whirlwind that had been sown
when indulgent ministries had granted concessions to the
colonists on the occasion of the two earlier non-importation
leagues. As one man friendly to the ministry wrote:
"there will be no end of it, if the Americans may rebel at
their pleasure, and then slip behind their creditors for
security. " 8 Solicitor General Wedderburn presented the
issue with unmistakable clearness to the House of Com-
mons. "He gave every allowance for, and paid all defer-
ence to, the interests of Commerce and Manufactures; but
contended that in the present case interests were concerned
of yet greater consequence; that all the world must ac-
knowledge that when the clearest rights of the Legislative
power of a country are invaded and denied, and when in
consequence the people so denying are in actual and open
1 Mass. Gas. & News-Letter, Mch. 23, 1775.
1 Petitions also came from Norwich, Dudley, Wolverhampton, New-
castle, Burslem, Tunstall, Colridge, Shelton, Hanly, Stoke Lane, Delf
Lane End, Nottingham, Bridgport, Wakefield, Halifax, Bradford,
Huddersfield, Whitehaven, and Waterford, Ireland. 4 Am. Arch. , vol.
i, pp. 1513-154o- 1567, 1627-1638, 1698-1703; Franklin, Writings (Smyth),
vol. vi, pp. 303-308, 315-317. There were a few petitions praying the
government to stand firm--from Birmingham, Leeds, Wakefield. Hali-
fax, Bradford, Nottingham and Huddersfield, usually from the alder-
men, sheriffs, gentlemen and principal manufacturers.
1Maw. Gas. & Post-Boy, May 23. 1774.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 538 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
rebellion, that then there are points of greater importance
to be settled and decided than points of Commerce and
Manufacture. An enemy in the bowels of a Kingdom is
surely to be resisted, opposed and conquered; notwith-
standing the trade that may suffer, and the fabrics that
may be ruined. That descriptions of the immense conse-
quence of our American trade were arguments against the
opposing Members than for them; for the greater the con-
sequence of the Commerce, the greater the care ought to
be, and the firmer the policy that is to preserve it; that the
question is not now the importance of the American Colo-
nies, but the possession of the Colonies at all. " *
For a decade colonial governors had been urging that
Parliament should declare non-importation agreements
illegal as combinations in restraint of trade. Lord North's
plan was more penetrating: "as the Americans had refused
to trade with this Kingdom," he was reported to have said,
"it was but just that we should not suffer them to trade
with any other Nation. "2 His first bill was directed
against the New Englanders, whom he believed to be at the
bottom of the American troubles. This bill became a law
on March 30, 1775, and provided that, until peaceful condi-
tions of business had been restored, no New England
province should, after July 1, trade with any part of the
world, save the British Isles and the British West Indies,
nor after July 20 should be permitted to use the fisheries. 8
1 Pa. Gas. , Apr. 12, 1775; also 4 Am. Arch. , vol. i, p. 1547. Vide
also ibid. , pp. 1526-1527, 1624-1625.
'Ibid. , vol. i, p. 1622; also N. Y. Journ. , Apr. 20, 1775. North had
this plan in mind as early as September 21, 1774--before the Continental
Association had been adopted. Hutchinson, Diary and Letters, vol. i,
P. 245-
'15 George III, c. 10. The inhabitants of Nantucket were exempted
from the provisions of the act so far as the whale fisheries were con-
cerned, and the inhabitants of Marshfield and Scituate so far as the
mackerel, shad and alewife fisheries were concerned.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? IN THE PLANTATION PROVINCES 539
Meantime it had become evident that most of the other
colonies had ratified the Continental Association;1 and so,
by Lord North's second bill, enacted April 13, the terms of
the first act were extended to New Jersey and Pennsylvania,
Maryland, Virginia and South Carolina after July 20. 2
The commerce of New York, the Delaware Counties,
North Carolina and Georgia was left unmolested for the
time being, upon the belief that with such encouragement
these colonies would hold off from union with the Asso-
ciated Colonies--an illusory hope.
The indignation of the merchants and manufacturers in
Britain, who had thus been ignored and chastised by the
government, was at first unbounded. But several events
soon transpired which reconciled them to the situation.
Undoubtedly the affair at Lexington and Concord in April
sharpened the understanding of many of them as to the
nature of the issues at stake. Equally important was the
amelioration of business conditions in Great Britair) which
h<>Eg" tU he ff>1t ahnnt thP middle of the vear 177=;. This
was in no sense due to any relaxation of the enforcement
of the Association in America, but to increased orders for
manufactures, whirh h^g^n tr> pnnr in from various. parts
of Europe -- particularly from the Baltic countries and
f^prmifflv. owing to the establishment of _peac&-between
Russia and the Porte and the pacification of Poland, and
from Spain in consequence of warlike preparations against
Algiers. At the same time great wheat exportations from
America and the advanced prices paid for American tobacco
and oil enabled the colonial merchants to discharge their
debts better than usual, and thus increased the amount of
capital which the British merchants and manufacturers
1 4 Am. Arch. , vol. i, p. 1701.
* Exclusion from the fisheries was not included, however. 15
George III, c. 18.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 540
THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
might use in developing this new business. 1 This analysis
of the revival of business confidence, made by a gentleman
of American sympathies in England, was borne out by
abundant and indubitable testimony of a varied character/
{Fortuitous occurrences thus robbed the Continental Asso-
ciation of its coercive consequences and enabled the British
administration to develop its policy without uncomfortable
pressure from the commercial and manufacturing interests.
When Parliament assembled in the fall of 1775, scores of
votes of confidence were presented from towns all over
Great Britain, and the few mercantile petitions that were
sent in behalf of the Americans did not plead the cause of
the colonists on the ground of commercial distress. 8 Under
these auspicious circumstances Parliament, on December 23,
enacted as a war measure the law that provided for en-
tirely closing up the thirteen colonies to trade with any part
of the world after March 1, 1776. 4]
1 4 Am. Arch. , vol. iii, p. 818.
1 Macpherson, op. cit. , vol. iii, pp. 589-591; Izard, Corresp. , vol. i,
pp. 116-117; Pub. Rec. Off. , C. 0. 5, no. 154 (L. C. Transcripts), pp.
281-283; letter in AT. Y. Gas. , Nov. 6, 1775; 4 Am. Arch. , vol. iii, pp.
lo1o-1o11, IIII-IH2, 1115-1116, 1261-1262, 1381-1382, 1520, 1641.
1Ibid. , vol. iii, pp. 802-1704 passim.
'16 George III, c. 5.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CHAPTER XIV
TRANSFORMATION OF THE ASSOCIATION (APRIL, 1775-
JULY, 1776)
THE tocsin of war, sounded on the historic Apr^l day at
and Concord, wrought a radical change in the
nature of the opposition directed by the Americans against
the British measures. This did not mean that a struggle
for independence had begun, but it did mean that armed
rebellion had superseded commercial coercion as the de-
pendence of the radicals in their struggle for larger liber-
ties. Thereafter the Continental Association lost its dis-
tinctive character as a method of peaceful coercion; it be-
came subordinated to the military necessities of the times.
The transformation which the Association was under-
going revealed itself in five ways: in the widespread . adop-
tion of defense associations; in the determination_QjLthe
Georgia moderates to adopt the Continental Association as
a deterrent to the more violent methods advocated by the
radicals there; in the spontaneous action of rV <vftra-l<>gral
bodies_in. the several provinces in taking on disciplinary and
military functions; in the adoption, by provinces _expos_eji_to
th. e_perils_Qf- war, of. non-exportation regulations prior to the
tirjp fi^ed in thft Assnc. ia. tkm: and in the important _altera-
tions made in the_text of the originalAssociation . by the
Second Continental Congress.
News of the gallant stand made by the Massachusetts
minutemen was carried down the coast and through the
country by swift couriers. The radical organizations of the
S41
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 542
THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
Associated Colonies were faced with the decision whether
they should follow the Massachusetts extremists into armed
resistance just as they had followed them a little earlier
into commercial opposition. The air was electric with ex-
citement. As individuals, some radicals hesitated or de-
serted the cause; as organizations, they were too deeply
committed to do anything but give loyal support to their
brethren of Massachusetts. The New England group of
provinces, quickened by the hazardous proximity of the
British forces, responded in April and May by reorganizing
their militia and putting it on a war footing. 1 Their action
hardly more than consolidated the military companies that
had been drilled and equipped in the towns and counties
during the several preceding months.
In the remaining provinces the almost invariable form of
action was the adoption of defense associations; and in-
deed the same device was also utilized by Connecticut where
the loyalists were thick in Fairfield County. This plan of
procedure was fashioned frankly on the principle of the old
associations for commercial coercion; and acting through
the same machinery, it gained prestige by reason of the
fact. In phraseology the associations appeared to vary
according to the character of the population. In the more
moderate provinces, like New York and New Jersey, the
subscribers agreed solemnly to " carry into execution what-
ever measures may be recommended by the Continental
Congress or resolved upon by our Provincial Convention;" *
1 The Massachusetts provincial congress had taken its measures earlier,
Vide particularly the votes of Oct. 26, 1774 and April 5, 1775. 4 Am.
Arch. , vol. i, pp. 843-845, 1350-1355. For the acts of the other provinces,
vide New Hampshire provincial congress, May 20, in ibid. , voL ii, pp.
652-653; Rhode Island Assembly, Apr. 25, in ibid. , vol. ii, p. 390; Con-
necticut Assembly, Apr. 26, in ibid. , vol. ii, pp. 411-418.
1 The italics are Governor Franklin's. / N. J. Arch. , vol. x, p. 592.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp.
These resolutions, it would appear, were excellently kept.
For example, the Philadelphia committee in May prevented
the departure of two cargoes intended for Newfoundland;l
and in September the New York committee held up for
public neglect the owners of two vessels that had been
trading with Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. 2 The effect
of the boycott was not what had been expected. Deep dis-
tress was experienced at Newfoundland and the various
fishing settlements because of their reliance on New Eng-
land for food; but after a time the British government suc-
ceeded in affording them some relief, and they were also
surreptitiously aided by the enterprise of Nantucket fisher-
men. * The people of East Florida also found themselves
temporarily in want of provisions. 4 Quebec and Nova
Scotia, as has been already noted, probably felt no serious
inconvenience and were, on the other hand, receiving en-
hanced prices in the West Indies for their grain, flour and
flax-seed. * Only Georgia found herself in distress, with-
out prospect of relief, and torn by civil discord. But Geor-
gia's adhesion to the Continental Association was to come
only through the shock caused by the outbreak of hostilities.
1 Journals, vol. ii, p. 52.
1N. Y. Gas. , Sept. 4, 1775; also 4 Am. Arch. , vol. iii, pp. 622-624.
* Letters from Newfoundland in N. Y. Journ. , June 29, Aug. 24, 1775.
English exports to Newfoundland increased from ? 77,263 in 1774 to
? 130. 280 in 1775. Macpherson, Annals of Com. , vol. iii, pp. 564, 585.
The act of 16 George III, c. 37, permitted the exportation of peas and
biscuit to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Labrador.
1 4 Am. Arch. , vol. iii, pp. 703-707. English exports to Florida in-
creased from ? 52,149 in 1774 to ? 85,254 in 1775. Macpherson, op. cit. ,
vol. iii, pp. 564, 585.
'4 Am. Arch. , vol. i, pp. 1164-1165; Pub. Rec. Off. , C. O. 5, no. 138
(L. C. Transcripts), p. 404. At Quebec English imports increased from
? 307. 635 in 1774 to ? 472,368 in 1775; at Nova Scotia, from ? 47,148 to
? 56. 308. Macpherson, op. cit. , vol. iii, pp. 564, 585.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 534 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
Before the Continental Association had been in effect
many weeks it had become perfectly evident not only that
provinces and towns that held aloof from the Association
must be boycotted but that a close degree of co-operation
must be maintained among the Associated Provinces in
order to prevent evasions of the compact by means of the
coastwise trade. About the middle of November, 1774, a
Salem merchant engaged in coastwise trade with Virginia
requested of the Salem Committee of Correspondence a
certificate vouching for his firmness in the cause of Amer-
ical liberty, so that he might carry it with him. This being
an innovation, the Salem committee consulted with the
Boston Committee of Correspondence; and the reply was
a whole-hearted endorsement of the plan and the suggestion
that the device be regularly employed. 1 The committees of
the other provinces fell in with the plan sooner or later,
Providence, Rhode Island,2 and the Virginia counties being
among the first. * The best form of certificate was that
prescribed by the Philadelphia committee in June, 1775.
The importer of merchandise into that metropolis was re-
quired either to produce a certificate from the committee
from whence the goods had come signifying that they had
been imported into America in accordance with the Asso-
ciation, or to produce a qualification, taken before a magis-
trate, testifying to the identity of the goods, the time of
importation into America, and the name of the vessel in
which they had been brought. 4 A few months later, when
the object was not only to safeguard the Association but
also to prevent provisions and merchandise from reaching
1 Bos. Com. Cor. Papers, vol. iii, pp. 651, 653.
1R. I. Col. Recs. , vol. vii, pp. 285-287.
'Richmond. Westmoreland, Prince William, Prince George and
Accomack. Vide the Virginia newspapers, Feb. -June, 1775, passim.
4 Pa. Eve. Post, June 8, 1775; also 4 Am. Arch. , vol. ii, pp. 909-910.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? IN THE PLANTATION PROVINCES
535
the British army, the provincial bodies of Massachusetts
and New York required that coastwise traders should give
bond that the goods they took away would be landed at the
destination named. 1 These precautions aided greatly in
simplifying the enforcement of the Association for indi-
vidual provinces.
It is now possible to reach some conclusions with refer-
ence to the workings of the Continental Association in the
twelve Associated Provinces during the first four and a half
months. In general, the situation bore a very hopeful
aspect for those Americans who believed that the salvation
of British America depended upon an effective administra-
tion of the Association. The administrative machinery of
the Association had been established in the twelve prov-
inces; and all features of the document, which were in-
tended to have a coercive effect upon the mother country,
were being vigorously enforced. Indeed, the Association
was receiving a more faithful obedience than the provincial
laws ordinarily did, as many a royal governor mournfully
testified. While it has not been possible to obtain statistics
confined to the period of non-importation which is now
being particularly examined, yet the comparative figures of
importations during the years 1774 and 1775 are a sugges-
tive index to the true condition of affairs. English imports
fell off from ? 562,476 in 1774 to ? 71,625 in 1775 in the
New England provinces; from ? 437,937 to ? 1,228 at New
York; from ? 625,652 to ? 1,366 at Philadelphia; from
? 528,738 to ? 1,921 in Maryland and Virginia; and from
? 378,116 to ? 6,245 in the Carolinas. 2 The total decline in
the import trade from England in 1775 as compared with
1 4 A <n. Arch. , vol. iii, pp. 1468, 1625.
1 Macpherson, op. cit. , vol. iii, pp. 564, 585.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 536 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
the preceding year was almost ninety-seven per cent. Mak-
ing due allowance for such part of this disparity as came
from the abnormal importations in the latter part of 1774,
the contrast still remains an eloquent testimonial to the
activity and efficiency of the radical organization. In the
same period imports into Georgia only increased from
? 57,518 to ? 133,377.
Further evidence of the effective enforcement of the
Association was afforded by the course pursued, in the
early months of 1775, by the business men in Great Britain
who possessed American connections and investments. Al-
though they had watched indifferently while Parliament
passed the coercive acts of 1774,1 they were now galvanized
into sudden activity by the realization that the American
Association was closing their chief markets to them. 2 Be-
ginning in January and continuing for almost three months,
the merchants and manufacturers concerned in the Amer-
ican trade carried on a systematic propaganda for the pur-
pose of convincing the ministry and Parliament that the
acts of 1774 should be repealed. The movement was in-
augurated by a series of meetings of the London merchants
in the North American trade at King's Arms Tavern at
Cornhill,8 and by joint meetings of the West India mer-
chants and the absentee proprietors of West Indian planta-
tions at London Tavern. 4 Petitions were addressed to Par-
liament, and word was sent to the manufacturing towns to
1 Mass. Gas. & Post-Boy, May 16, 1774; Mass. Spy, July 15.
1E. g. , a commercial correspondent declared in a London newspaper
that from January 1 to April 27, 1775, the following ships cleared from
Bristol carrying nothing but ballast: seven for New York, three for
Maryland, three for Philadelphia, three for Virginia, one for North
Carolina, and three for South Carolina. N. Y. Gasetteer, Aug. 24,
1775; also 4 Am. Arch. , vol. ii, pp. 921-922.
1 Ibid. , vol. i, pp. 1086-1091, 1107-1110, 1513-1515, 1525-1526.
* Ibid. , vol. i, pp. 1082-1083, 1147-1152, 1540.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? IN THE PLANTATION PROVINCES 537
join in the agitation. 1 The latter responded with alacrity.
When Parliament reassembled on January 19, 1775, the
House of Commons was deluged with petitions in the en-
suing weeks. The merchants, traders and manufacturers
of Bristol, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool,
Leeds, Belfast, and many other places joined in the chorus
of lamentation, complaining that business conditions were
already poor and foretelling the suspension of debt collec-
tions, bankruptcy and widespread unemployment.
2
But the ministry were as adamant. They believed that
England was reaping the whirlwind that had been sown
when indulgent ministries had granted concessions to the
colonists on the occasion of the two earlier non-importation
leagues. As one man friendly to the ministry wrote:
"there will be no end of it, if the Americans may rebel at
their pleasure, and then slip behind their creditors for
security. " 8 Solicitor General Wedderburn presented the
issue with unmistakable clearness to the House of Com-
mons. "He gave every allowance for, and paid all defer-
ence to, the interests of Commerce and Manufactures; but
contended that in the present case interests were concerned
of yet greater consequence; that all the world must ac-
knowledge that when the clearest rights of the Legislative
power of a country are invaded and denied, and when in
consequence the people so denying are in actual and open
1 Mass. Gas. & News-Letter, Mch. 23, 1775.
1 Petitions also came from Norwich, Dudley, Wolverhampton, New-
castle, Burslem, Tunstall, Colridge, Shelton, Hanly, Stoke Lane, Delf
Lane End, Nottingham, Bridgport, Wakefield, Halifax, Bradford,
Huddersfield, Whitehaven, and Waterford, Ireland. 4 Am. Arch. , vol.
i, pp. 1513-154o- 1567, 1627-1638, 1698-1703; Franklin, Writings (Smyth),
vol. vi, pp. 303-308, 315-317. There were a few petitions praying the
government to stand firm--from Birmingham, Leeds, Wakefield. Hali-
fax, Bradford, Nottingham and Huddersfield, usually from the alder-
men, sheriffs, gentlemen and principal manufacturers.
1Maw. Gas. & Post-Boy, May 23. 1774.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 538 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
rebellion, that then there are points of greater importance
to be settled and decided than points of Commerce and
Manufacture. An enemy in the bowels of a Kingdom is
surely to be resisted, opposed and conquered; notwith-
standing the trade that may suffer, and the fabrics that
may be ruined. That descriptions of the immense conse-
quence of our American trade were arguments against the
opposing Members than for them; for the greater the con-
sequence of the Commerce, the greater the care ought to
be, and the firmer the policy that is to preserve it; that the
question is not now the importance of the American Colo-
nies, but the possession of the Colonies at all. " *
For a decade colonial governors had been urging that
Parliament should declare non-importation agreements
illegal as combinations in restraint of trade. Lord North's
plan was more penetrating: "as the Americans had refused
to trade with this Kingdom," he was reported to have said,
"it was but just that we should not suffer them to trade
with any other Nation. "2 His first bill was directed
against the New Englanders, whom he believed to be at the
bottom of the American troubles. This bill became a law
on March 30, 1775, and provided that, until peaceful condi-
tions of business had been restored, no New England
province should, after July 1, trade with any part of the
world, save the British Isles and the British West Indies,
nor after July 20 should be permitted to use the fisheries. 8
1 Pa. Gas. , Apr. 12, 1775; also 4 Am. Arch. , vol. i, p. 1547. Vide
also ibid. , pp. 1526-1527, 1624-1625.
'Ibid. , vol. i, p. 1622; also N. Y. Journ. , Apr. 20, 1775. North had
this plan in mind as early as September 21, 1774--before the Continental
Association had been adopted. Hutchinson, Diary and Letters, vol. i,
P. 245-
'15 George III, c. 10. The inhabitants of Nantucket were exempted
from the provisions of the act so far as the whale fisheries were con-
cerned, and the inhabitants of Marshfield and Scituate so far as the
mackerel, shad and alewife fisheries were concerned.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? IN THE PLANTATION PROVINCES 539
Meantime it had become evident that most of the other
colonies had ratified the Continental Association;1 and so,
by Lord North's second bill, enacted April 13, the terms of
the first act were extended to New Jersey and Pennsylvania,
Maryland, Virginia and South Carolina after July 20. 2
The commerce of New York, the Delaware Counties,
North Carolina and Georgia was left unmolested for the
time being, upon the belief that with such encouragement
these colonies would hold off from union with the Asso-
ciated Colonies--an illusory hope.
The indignation of the merchants and manufacturers in
Britain, who had thus been ignored and chastised by the
government, was at first unbounded. But several events
soon transpired which reconciled them to the situation.
Undoubtedly the affair at Lexington and Concord in April
sharpened the understanding of many of them as to the
nature of the issues at stake. Equally important was the
amelioration of business conditions in Great Britair) which
h<>Eg" tU he ff>1t ahnnt thP middle of the vear 177=;. This
was in no sense due to any relaxation of the enforcement
of the Association in America, but to increased orders for
manufactures, whirh h^g^n tr> pnnr in from various. parts
of Europe -- particularly from the Baltic countries and
f^prmifflv. owing to the establishment of _peac&-between
Russia and the Porte and the pacification of Poland, and
from Spain in consequence of warlike preparations against
Algiers. At the same time great wheat exportations from
America and the advanced prices paid for American tobacco
and oil enabled the colonial merchants to discharge their
debts better than usual, and thus increased the amount of
capital which the British merchants and manufacturers
1 4 Am. Arch. , vol. i, p. 1701.
* Exclusion from the fisheries was not included, however. 15
George III, c. 18.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 540
THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
might use in developing this new business. 1 This analysis
of the revival of business confidence, made by a gentleman
of American sympathies in England, was borne out by
abundant and indubitable testimony of a varied character/
{Fortuitous occurrences thus robbed the Continental Asso-
ciation of its coercive consequences and enabled the British
administration to develop its policy without uncomfortable
pressure from the commercial and manufacturing interests.
When Parliament assembled in the fall of 1775, scores of
votes of confidence were presented from towns all over
Great Britain, and the few mercantile petitions that were
sent in behalf of the Americans did not plead the cause of
the colonists on the ground of commercial distress. 8 Under
these auspicious circumstances Parliament, on December 23,
enacted as a war measure the law that provided for en-
tirely closing up the thirteen colonies to trade with any part
of the world after March 1, 1776. 4]
1 4 Am. Arch. , vol. iii, p. 818.
1 Macpherson, op. cit. , vol. iii, pp. 589-591; Izard, Corresp. , vol. i,
pp. 116-117; Pub. Rec. Off. , C. 0. 5, no. 154 (L. C. Transcripts), pp.
281-283; letter in AT. Y. Gas. , Nov. 6, 1775; 4 Am. Arch. , vol. iii, pp.
lo1o-1o11, IIII-IH2, 1115-1116, 1261-1262, 1381-1382, 1520, 1641.
1Ibid. , vol. iii, pp. 802-1704 passim.
'16 George III, c. 5.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CHAPTER XIV
TRANSFORMATION OF THE ASSOCIATION (APRIL, 1775-
JULY, 1776)
THE tocsin of war, sounded on the historic Apr^l day at
and Concord, wrought a radical change in the
nature of the opposition directed by the Americans against
the British measures. This did not mean that a struggle
for independence had begun, but it did mean that armed
rebellion had superseded commercial coercion as the de-
pendence of the radicals in their struggle for larger liber-
ties. Thereafter the Continental Association lost its dis-
tinctive character as a method of peaceful coercion; it be-
came subordinated to the military necessities of the times.
The transformation which the Association was under-
going revealed itself in five ways: in the widespread . adop-
tion of defense associations; in the determination_QjLthe
Georgia moderates to adopt the Continental Association as
a deterrent to the more violent methods advocated by the
radicals there; in the spontaneous action of rV <vftra-l<>gral
bodies_in. the several provinces in taking on disciplinary and
military functions; in the adoption, by provinces _expos_eji_to
th. e_perils_Qf- war, of. non-exportation regulations prior to the
tirjp fi^ed in thft Assnc. ia. tkm: and in the important _altera-
tions made in the_text of the originalAssociation . by the
Second Continental Congress.
News of the gallant stand made by the Massachusetts
minutemen was carried down the coast and through the
country by swift couriers. The radical organizations of the
S41
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015011480665 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 542
THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
Associated Colonies were faced with the decision whether
they should follow the Massachusetts extremists into armed
resistance just as they had followed them a little earlier
into commercial opposition. The air was electric with ex-
citement. As individuals, some radicals hesitated or de-
serted the cause; as organizations, they were too deeply
committed to do anything but give loyal support to their
brethren of Massachusetts. The New England group of
provinces, quickened by the hazardous proximity of the
British forces, responded in April and May by reorganizing
their militia and putting it on a war footing. 1 Their action
hardly more than consolidated the military companies that
had been drilled and equipped in the towns and counties
during the several preceding months.
In the remaining provinces the almost invariable form of
action was the adoption of defense associations; and in-
deed the same device was also utilized by Connecticut where
the loyalists were thick in Fairfield County. This plan of
procedure was fashioned frankly on the principle of the old
associations for commercial coercion; and acting through
the same machinery, it gained prestige by reason of the
fact. In phraseology the associations appeared to vary
according to the character of the population. In the more
moderate provinces, like New York and New Jersey, the
subscribers agreed solemnly to " carry into execution what-
ever measures may be recommended by the Continental
Congress or resolved upon by our Provincial Convention;" *
1 The Massachusetts provincial congress had taken its measures earlier,
Vide particularly the votes of Oct. 26, 1774 and April 5, 1775. 4 Am.
Arch. , vol. i, pp. 843-845, 1350-1355. For the acts of the other provinces,
vide New Hampshire provincial congress, May 20, in ibid. , voL ii, pp.
652-653; Rhode Island Assembly, Apr. 25, in ibid. , vol. ii, p. 390; Con-
necticut Assembly, Apr. 26, in ibid. , vol. ii, pp. 411-418.
1 The italics are Governor Franklin's. / N. J. Arch. , vol. x, p. 592.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-19 01:37 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp.
