But when now she was about going homewards, after yoking
the mules and folding up the goodly raiment, then gray-eyed
Athene turned to other thoughts, that so Odysseus might awake,
and see the lovely maiden who should be his guide to the city
of the Phæacian men.
the mules and folding up the goodly raiment, then gray-eyed
Athene turned to other thoughts, that so Odysseus might awake,
and see the lovely maiden who should be his guide to the city
of the Phæacian men.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v13 - Her to Hux
Here too we have a
"survival of the fittest. "
According to the Cyclic poets, the queen of the Amazons, Pen-
thesilea, is slain by Achilles, who after her death bemoans her fate.
Further reinforcement for the Trojan army comes from the Ethi-
opians under the command of Memnon, the beautiful son of the
Dawn. Achilles is slain by Paris and Apollo. Paris himself falls.
Achilles's young son Neoptolemus is brought to the war; and Philo-
ctetes, who had been left behind on the island Lemnos on the voyage
to Troy (being bitten by a water-snake), is fetched and brings with
him the bow of Heracles. But even after a ten-years' siege, Troy is
not taken by storm, nor does it surrender. The goddess Athena sug-
gested to Odysseus the successful device. Making a great hollow
wooden horse, a small company of chieftains took their places within
this hollow place of ambush, while the rest of the Greeks set fire to
their camp and sailed away. The wooden horse is drawn by the
Trojans to their citadel, as an offering to the gods. At night, when
the city is still, and the people are sleeping free from anxiety for
the first time in ten years, the Greek ships return; their chieftains
leap out of the wooden horse, open the city gates to admit their
comrades, and set fire to the town.
As the Greeks set out to return to their homes, a storm arises.
Menelaus and his newly recovered Helen are driven to Egypt; a large
part of his fleet is wrecked, and they wander for eight years before
they see Greece again. Agamemnon escapes the dangers of the
storm, but on his return is slain by his cousin Ægisthus, the para-
mour of his faithless wife Clytemnestra.
But Odysseus suffers the hardest lot; the entire Odyssey recounts
his long and eventful homeward journeying, and the recovery of his
throne and wife.
The Odyssey ends only six weeks after its action began. The
poet condenses into this brief period the action which would seem
naturally to cover many years, by putting the story of Odysseus's
wanderings and experiences from the time that he left Troy until he
reached Calypso's island, into the mouth of the hero himself. This
device was copied by Virgil, who makes his hero Eneas tell Dido of
the destruction of Troy and of his wanderings; and later by Milton
in his 'Paradise Lost,' where the archangel Raphael tells Adam of
the conflict in heaven, and Michael foretells the history of the human
race.
The story from the close of the Odyssey was continued in a
more fanciful fashion by a later poet: Odysseus being finally killed by
his own son by Circe; this son of Circe then marries Penelope, while
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Telemachus, his son by Penelope, weds Circe,— an arrangement by
which each of the young men becomes the stepfather-in-law of his
own mother! Homeric women are ageless, but the poet of Helen or
Nausicaa would hardly have invented seriously so complicated a mar-
riage connection.
Thomas D. Seymout
NOTE. -Editions and translations of Homer are far too numerous to
be enumerated here. The best edition of the entire Iliad with English
notes is that of Walter Leaf; the best of the entire Odyssey with
English notes is that of Henry Hayman. The best English prose
translation of the Iliad is that of Leaf, Lang, and Myers; the best
English prose translations of the Odyssey are those of G. H. Palmer
and of Butcher and Lang. 'Homer: An Introduction to the Iliad
and the Odyssey,' by Professor Jebb, is an excellent and convenient
small work, treating of (a) the general literary characteristics of the
poems, (b) the Homeric world, (c) Homer in antiquity, (d) the Homeric
question.
T. D. S.
CITATIONS FROM HOMER
THE
HE Iliad does not lend itself easily for dissection or citation in
brief passages. Nearly all the effective scenes are so linked to
each other and into the general plot that they only whet our
eagerness to hear the entire story told. The attempt has been made
here merely to offer fair specimens of the various metrical experi-
ments tried by a series of translators from Chapman onward.
From the Odyssey it was easier to detach an episode: and while
continuing the series of varied rhythms, we have also endeavored to
offer in English, with sufficient completeness, the fifth book, contain-
in the pleasantest among Odysseus's many adventures upon his
homeward voyages, and presenting also the eternally youthful figure
of the innocent girl-princess Nausicaa. The latter has been made the
text of a little sermon on Simplicity' by Mr. Warner in his recent
volume. See also Mr. Lawton's 'Art and Humanity in Homer,' pages
193-242. The most important translations not represented here are
Cowper's in blank verse and Way's in accentual hexameters.
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HOMER
THE TROJAN ELDERS AND HELEN
From the Iliad, iii. 149-160
THESE
HESE elders sate beside the gate, where passed that wondrous
fair.
Them hoary eld had loosed from fight, but their voice was
clear and strong,
With mellow wisdom's word of might, to sway the Trojan throng;
Like the blithe cricket on the tree, that stirs the leafy bower
With tremulous floods of whirring glee, in the bright and sunny hour,
Close by the gate these elders sate, and looked down from the tower.
And when they saw the lovely Helen tread the path below,
They from their breast forth sent the winged words, and whispered
SO:
Soothly nor Trojan men nor Greeks should reap great crop of blame,
That they did suffer sorrow and teen so long for such a dame,
Who like a goddess walks-not one from mortal womb who came.
Nathless we wish her gentle speed, across the briny waters,
That she no more may mischief breed, to our blameless sons and
daughters.
Translation of John Stuart Blackie.
PARIS, HECTOR, AND HELEN
From the Iliad, vi. 332-362
THE
HEN, in reply to his brother, thus spake Alexander the godlike:
"Hector, indeed you reproach me with justice, no more than I
merit.
Therefore to you will I speak, and do you give attention and hearken.
Not out of rage at the Trojans so much, nor yet in resentment
Here in my chamber I sate, but I wished to give way to my sorrow.
Yet even now my wife, with gentle entreaty consoling,
Bade me go forth to the fray, and I too think it is better.
Victory comes unto this one in turn, and again to another.
Tarry a moment, I pray, till I don mine armor for battle;
Or do you go, and I will pursue, and I think overtake you. "
So did he speak; and to him bright-helmeted Hector replied not.
Helen, however, with gentlest accents spoke and addressed him:-
"Brother of mine,- of a wretch, of a worker of evil, a horror!
Would that the selfsame day whereon my mother had borne me,
I had been seized and swept by the furious breath of the storm-wind
Into the mountains, or else to the sea with its thundering billows.
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There had I met my doom, ere yet these deeds were accomplished!
Or, as the gods had appointed for me this destiny wretched,
Truly I wish I had been with a man more valorous wedded,
Who would have heeded the scorn of the folk and their bitter resent-
ment.
Never a steadfast spirit in this man abides, nor will it
Ever hereafter be found; and methinks his reward will be ready! -
Nay, but I pray you to enter, and here on a chair to be seated,
Brother, for on your heart most heavily laid is the burden
Wrought by my own base deeds, and the sinful madness of Paris.
Evil the destiny surely that Zeus for us twain has appointed,
Doomed to be subjects of song among men of a far generation. ”
Then unto her made answer the great bright-helmeted Hector:
“Helena, bid me not sit,-nor will you, tho' gracious, persuade me.
Eagerly yearns my spirit to fight in defense of the Trojans,
While among them there is longing already for me in my absence. "
Translation of William C. Lawton.
HECTOR TO HIS WIFE
From the Iliad, vi. 441-455
"I
TOO have thought of all this, dear wife, but I fear the reproaches
Both of the Trojan youths and the long-robed maidens of Troja,
If like a cowardly churl I should keep me aloof from the combat:
Nor would my spirit permit; for well I have learnt to be valiant,
Fighting aye 'mong the first of the Trojans marshaled in battle,
Striving to keep the renown of my sire and my own unattainted.
Well, too well, do I know,- both my mind and my spirit agreeing,—
That there will be a day when sacred Troja shall perish.
Priam will perish too, and the people of Priam, the spear-armed.
Still, I have not such care for the Trojans doomed to destruction,
No, nor for Hecuba's self, nor for Priam, the monarch, my father,
Nor for my brothers' fate, who though they be many and valiant,
All in the dust may lie low by the hostile spears of Achaia,
As for thee, when some youth of the brazen-mailèd Achæans
Weeping shall bear thee away, and bereave thee for ever of freedom.
Translation of E. C. Hawtrey.
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HOMER
―
FATHER AND SON
From the Iliad, vi. 466-497
TH
HUS having spoke, the illustrious chief of Troy
Stretched his fond arms to clasp the lovely boy.
The babe clung crying to his nurse's breast,
Scared at the dazzling helm and nodding crest.
With sacred pleasure each fond parent smiled,
And Hector hasted to relieve his child;
The glittering terrors from his brows unbound,
And placed the beaming helmet on the ground;
Then kissed the child, and lifting high in air,
Thus to the gods preferred a father's prayer:-
"O thou whose glory fills the ethereal throne,
And all ye deathless powers, protect my son!
Grant him, like me, to purchase just renown,
To guard the Trojans, to defend the crown,
Against his country's foes the war to wage,
And rise the Hector of the future age!
So when, triumphant from successful toils,
Of heroes slain he bears the reeking spoils,
Whole hosts may hail him with deserved acclaim,
And say, 'This chief transcends his father's fame;'
While pleased amidst the general shouts of Troy,
His mother's conscious heart o'erflows with joy. "
He spoke, and fondly gazing on her charms,
Restored the pleasing burden to her arms;
Soft on her fragrant breast the babe she laid,
Hushed to repose, and with a smile surveyed.
The troubled pleasure soon chastised by fear,
She mingled with the smile a tender tear.
The softened chief with kind compassion viewed,
And dried the falling drops, and thus pursued:-
"Andromache! my soul's far better part!
Why with untimely sorrows heaves thy heart?
No hostile hand can antedate my doom,
Till fate condemns me to the silent tomb.
Fixed is the term to all the race of earth;
And such the hard condition of our birth,
No force can then resist, no flight can save;
All sink alike, the fearful and the brave.
No more - but hasten to thy tasks at home,
There guide the spindle and direct the loom :
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Me glory summons to the martial scene,—
The field of combat is the sphere for men;
Where heroes war, the foremost place I claim,
The first in danger as the first in fame. "
Thus having said, the glorious chief resumes
His towery helmet, black with shading plumes.
His princess parts with a prophetic sigh;
Unwilling parts, and oft reverts her eye,
That streamed at every look; then moving slow,
Sought her own palace and indulged er woe.
Pope's Translation.
ACHILLES REFUSES TO AID THE GREEKS
From the Iliad, ix. 307-347
WHO
HOм answered thus Achilles, swift of foot:-
"Heaven-born Ulysses, sage in council, son
Of great Laertes, I must frankly speak
My mind at once, my fixed resolve declare:
That from henceforth I may not by the Greeks,
By this man and by that, be importuned.
Him as the gates of hell my soul abhors,
Whose outward words his inmost thoughts conceal.
Hear then what seems to me the wisest course.
On me nor Agamemnon, Atreus's son,
Nor others shall prevail, since naught is gained
By toil unceasing in the battle-field.
Who nobly fight, but share with those who skulk;
Like honors gain the coward and the brave;
Alike the idlers and the active die:
And naught it profits me, though day by day
In constant toil I set my life at stake;
But as a bird, though ill she fare herself,
Brings to her callow brood the food she takes,
So I through many a sleepless night have lain,
And many a bloody day have labored through,
Engaged in battle on your wives' behalf.
Twelve cities have I taken with my ships:
Eleven more by land on Trojan soil.
From all of these abundant stores of wealth
I took, and all to Agamemnon gave;
He, safe on board his ships, my spoils received,
A few divided, but the most retained.
## p. 7566 (#376) ###########################################
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HOMER
To other chiefs and kings he meted out
Their sev'ral portions, and they hold them still;
From me, from me alone of all the Greeks,
He bore away, and keeps, my cherished wife.
But say then, why do Greeks with Trojans fight?
Why hath Atrides brought this mighty host
To Troy, if not in fair-haired Helen's cause?
Of mortals are there none that love their wives,
Save Atreus's sons alone? or do not all,
Who boast the praise of sense and virtue, love
And cherish each his own? as her I loved
Ev'n from my soul, though captive of my spear.
Now, since he once hath robbed me, and deceived,
Let him not seek my aid; I know him now,
And am not to be won; let him devise,
With thee, Ulysses, and the other kings,
How best from hostile fires to save his ships. "
Translation of Edward, Earl of Derby.
HECTOR PURSUED BY ACHILLES AROUND TROY
From the Iliad, xxii. 136-185
ECTOR beheld and trembled: naught he dared
Η
To wait, but left the gates, and shuddering flew.
Achilleus with swift feet behind him fared.
As mountain hawk, most fleet of feathered crew,
A trembling dove doth easily pursue;
Swerving she flutters; he, intent to seize,
With savage scream close hounds her through the blue;-
So keenly he swept onward; Hector flees
Beneath his own Troy wall, and plies his limber knees.
All past the watch-tower and the fig-tree tall
Along the chariot road at speed they fare,
Still swerving outward from the city's wall;
Then reach the two fair-flowing streamlets, where
Scamander's twofold source breaks forth to air.
One flows in a warm tide, and steam doth go
Up from it, as a blazing fire were there;
But the other runs in summer's midmost glow
Cold as the frozen hail, or ice, or chilly snow.
Thereby great troughs and meet for washing stand,
Beautiful, stony, where their robes of pride
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Troy's wives and daughters washed, ere to the land
The foeman came, in happy peaceful tide.
Flying and following, these they ran beside,
He good that flies, he better that pursues;
For no fat victim 'twas, nor bullock's hide,
Such meed as men for conquering runners choose,
But Hector's life the prize they ran to win or lose.
Look how prize-bearing horses, hard of hoof,
Circle about the goal with eager bound,
And a great guerdon stands, not far aloof,
Tripod or woman, at the funeral mound
Of some dead chief; so thrice they circled round
King Priam's town, their swift feet winged for flight:
While all the gods Olympus's summit crowned,
Looking from high to see the wondrous sight;
And thus the almighty Sire their counsel did invite:
"Alas! I see a loved one with mine eyes
Chased round the city: and my heart doth bleed
For Hector, for that many an ox's thighs
He burnt, where Ida overlooks the mead,
Or in the topmost tower; now with fell speed
Achilleus hunts him round King Priam's town.
But come, ye gods, take counsel and arede,
Or shall we save him now, or strike him down
Under Achilleus's spear, despite his fair renown. "
To him stern-eyed Athene answered so:
"Dread Thunderer in dark cloud, what words are these?
What, a mere mortal, fated long ago,
Wouldst thou set free from death's severe decrees?
Do it; but us gods thy doing shall not please. "
And cloud-compelling Zeus in turn rejoined:
"Take heart, dear child, and set thy soul at ease;
I meant it not, but would to thee be kind:
Now do it, nor delay, whate'er is in thy mind. "
Translation of John Conington.
-:
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HOMER
HECTOR'S FUNERAL RITES
Close of the Iliad-xxiv. 777-804
THE
HESE words made even the commons mourn, to whom the king
said: "Friends,
Now fetch wood for our funeral fire, nor fear the foe intends
Ambush, or any violence: Achilles gave his word,
At my dismission, that twelve days he would keep sheathed his
sword,
And all men's else. " Thus oxen, mules, in chariots straight they put,
Went forth, and an unmeasured pile of sylvan matter cut,
Nine days employed in carriage, but when the tenth morn shined
On wretched mortals, then they brought the fit-to-be-divined
Forth to be burned. Troy swum in tears. Upon the pile's most
height
They laid the person, and gave fire. All day it burned, all night.
But when the eleventh morn let on earth her rosy fingers shine,
The people flocked about the pile, and first with blackish wine
Quenched all the flames. His brothers then, and friends, the snowy
bones
Gathered into an urn of gold, still pouring on their moans.
Then wrapt they in soft purple veils the rich urn, digged a pit,
Graved it, rammed up the grave with stones, and quickly built to it
A sepulchre. But while that work and all the funeral rites
Were in performance, guards were held at all parts, days and nights,
For fear of false surprise before they had imposed the crown
To these solemnities. The tomb advanced once, all the town
In Jove-nursed Priam's court partook a passing sumptuous feast:
And so horse-taming Hector's rites gave up his soul to rest.
Translation of George Chapman.
THE EPISODE OF NAUSICAA
FROM THE ODYSSEY
I. — Book vi. , 1–84.
Translation of George H. Palmer. Copyright 1884, by G.
H. Palmer. Reprinted by permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. , pub-
lishers, Boston.
HUS long-tried royal Odysseus slumbered here, heavy with
sleep and toil; but Athene went to the land and town of
the Phæacians. This people once in ancient times lived in
the open highlands, near that rude folk the Cyclops, who often.
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plundered them, being in strength more powerful than they.
Moving them thence, godlike Nausithous, their leader, established
them at Scheria, far from toiling men. He ran a wall around
the town, built houses there, made temples for the gods, and laid
out farms; but Nausithous had met his doom and gone to the
house of Hades, and Alcinous now was reigning, trained in wis-
dom by the gods. To this man's dwelling came the goddess,
clear-eyed Athene, planning a safe return for brave Odysseus.
She hastened to a chamber, richly wrought, in which a maid
was sleeping, of form and beauty like the immortals, Nausicaa,
daughter of generous Alcinous. Near by, two damsels, dowered
with beauty by the Graces, slept by the threshold, one on either
hand. The shining doors were shut; but Athene, like a breath
of air, moved to the maid's couch, stood by her head, and thus
addressed her,-taking the likeness of the daughter of Dymas,
the famous seaman, a maiden just Nausicaa's age, dear to her
heart. Taking her guise, thus spoke clear-eyed Athene:—
"Nausicaa, how did your mother bear a child so heedless?
Your gay clothes lie uncared for, though the wedding-time is
near, when you must wear fine clothes yourself and furnish them
to those that may attend you. From things like these a good
repute arises, and father and honored mother are made glad.
Then let us go a-washing at the dawn of day, and I will go to
help, that you may soon be ready; for really not much longer
will you be a maid. Already you have for suitors the chief
ones of the land throughout Phæacia, where you too were born.
Come, then, beg your good father early in the morning to har-
ness the mules and cart, so as to carry the men's clothes, gowns,
and bright-hued rugs. Yes, and for you yourself it is more
decent so than setting forth on foot: the pools are far from the
town. "
Saying this, clear-eyed Athene passed away, off to Olympus,
where they say the dwelling of the gods stands fast forever.
Never with winds is it disturbed, nor by the rain made wet, nor
does the snow come near; but everywhere the upper air spreads
cloudless, and a bright radiance plays over all: and there the
blessed gods are happy all their days. Thither now came the
clear-eyed one, when she had spoken with the maid.
Soon bright-throned morning came, and waked fair-robed Nau-
sicaa. She marveled at the dream, and hastened through the house
to tell it to her parents, her dear father and her mother. She
XIII-474
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found them still indoors: her mother sat by the hearth among
the waiting-women, spinning sea-purple yarn; she met her father
at the door, just going forth to join the famous princes at the
council, to which the high Phæacians summoned him. So, stand-
ing close beside him, she said to her dear father:—
"Papa dear, could you not have the wagon harnessed for me,
-the high one, with good wheels,- to take my nice clothes to
the river to be washed, which now are lying dirty? Surely for
you yourself it is but proper, when you are with the first men
holding councils, that you should wear clean clothing. Five good
sons too are here at home,-two married, and three merry young
men still, and they are always wanting to go to the dance
wearing fresh clothes. And this is all a trouble on my mind. "
Such were her words, for she was shy of naming the glad
marriage to her father; but he understood it all, and answered
thus:
―
"I do not grudge the mules, my child, nor anything beside.
Go! Quickly shall the servant harness the wagon for you,—the
high one, with good wheels, fitted with rack above. "
Saying this he called to the servants, who gave heed. Out
in the court they made the easy mule cart ready; they brought
the mules, and yoked them to the wagon. The maid took from
her room her pretty clothing, and stowed it in the polished
wagon; her mother put in a chest, food the maid liked, of every
kind, put dainties in, and poured some wine into a goatskin
bottle, the maid, meanwhile, had got into the wagon,—and
gave her in a golden flask some liquid oil, that she might bathe
and anoint herself, she and the waiting-women. Nausicaa took
the whip and the bright reins, and cracked the whip to start.
There was a clatter of the mules, and steadily they pulled, drawing
the clothing and the maid,-yet not alone; beside her went the
waiting-women too.
C
II. — Book vi. , 85-197. Translation of Butcher and Lang
NOW WHEN they were come to the beautiful stream of the
river, where truly were the unfailing cisterns, and bright water
welled up free from beneath, and flowed past, enough to wash
the foulest garments clean, there the girls unharnessed the mules.
from under the chariot, and turning them loose they drove them
along the banks of the eddying river to graze on the sweet
clover. Then they took the garments from the wain, in their
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hands, and bore them to the black water, and briskly trod them
down in the trenches, in busy rivalry. Now when they had
washed and cleansed all the stains, they spread all out in order
along the shore of the deep, even where the sea, in beating on
the coast, washed the pebbles clean. Then having bathed and
anointed them well with olive oil, they took their midday meal
on the river's banks, waiting till the clothes should dry in the
brightness of the sun. Anon, when they were satisfied with.
food, the maidens and the princess, they fell to playing at ball,
casting away their tires, and among them Nausicaa of the white
arms began the song. And even as Artemis the archer moveth
down the mountain, either along the ridges of lofty Taygetus
or Erymanthus, taking her pastime in the chase of boars and
swift deer, and with her the wild wood-nymphs disport them, the
daughters of Zeus, lord of the ægis, and Leto is glad at heart,
while high over all she rears her head and brows, and easily may
she be known, but all are fair; even so the girl unwed out-
shone her maiden company.
But when now she was about going homewards, after yoking
the mules and folding up the goodly raiment, then gray-eyed
Athene turned to other thoughts, that so Odysseus might awake,
and see the lovely maiden who should be his guide to the city
of the Phæacian men. So then the princess threw the ball at
one of her company; she missed the girl, and cast the ball into
the deep eddying current, whereat they all raised a piercing cry.
Then the goodly Odysseus awoke and sat up, pondering in his
heart and spirit:-
"Woe is me! to what men's land am I come now? say, are
they froward and wild, and. unjust, or are they hospitable and
of God-fearing mind? How shrill a cry of maidens rings round
me, of the nymphs that hold the steep hill-tops, and the river
springs, and the grassy water meadows. It must be, methinks,
that I am
near men of human speech. Go to; I myself will
make trial and see. "
Therewith the goodly Odysseus crept out from under the
coppice, having broken with his strong hand a leafy bough from
the thick wood, to hold athwart his body, that it might hide his
nakedness withal. And forth he sallied like a lion of the hills,
trusting in his strength, who fares out under wind and rain, and
his eyes are all on fire. And he goes amid the kine or the sheep
or in the track of the wild deer; yea, his belly bids him to make
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assay upon the flocks, even within a close-penned fold. Even so
Odysseus was fain to draw nigh to the fair-dressed maidens, all
naked as he was, such need had come upon him. But he was
terrible in their eyes, all marred as he was with the salt foam,
and they fled cowering here and there about the jutting spits
of shore. And the daughter of Alcinous alone stood firm, for
Athene gave her courage of heart, and took all trembling from
her limbs. So she halted and stood over against him, and Odys-
seus considered whether he should clasp the knees of the lovely
maiden, and so make his prayer, or should stand as he was, apart,
and beseech her with smooth words, if haply she might show him
the town and give him raiment. And as he thought within him-
self, it seemed better to stand apart, and beseech her with smooth
words, lest the maiden should be angered with him if he touched
her knees; so straightway he spoke a sweet and cunning word:
"I supplicate thee, O queen, whether thou art some goddess or a
mortal! If indeed thou art a goddess of them that keep the wide
heaven, to Artemis, then, the daughter of great Zeus, I mainly
liken thee, for beauty and stature and shapeliness. But if thou
art one of the daughters of men who dwell on earth, thrice
blessed are thy father and thy lady mother, and thrice blessed
thy brethren. Surely their hearts ever glow with gladness for
thy sake, each time they see thee entering the dance, so fair a
flower of maidens. But he is of heart the most blessed beyond
all other who shall prevail with gifts of wooing, and lead thee
to his home. Never have mine eyes beheld such an one among
mortals, neither man nor woman; great awe comes upon me as
I look on thee. Yet in Delos once I saw as goodly a thing: a
young sapling of a palm-tree springing by the altar of Apollo.
For thither too I went, and much people with me, on that path
where my sore troubles were to be. Yea, and when I looked
thereupon, long time, I marveled in spirit,- for never grew there
yet so goodly a shoot from ground,- even in such wise as I won-
der at thee, lady, and am astonied and do greatly fear to touch
thy knees, though grievous sorrow is upon me. Yesterday, on
the twentieth day, I escaped from the wine-dark deep, but all
that time continually the wave bore me, and the vehement winds
drave, from the isle Ogygia. And now some god has cast me on
this shore, and here too, methinks, some evil may betide me: for
I trow not that evil will cease; the gods ere that time will yet
bring many a thing to pass. But, queen, have pity on me, for
## p. 7573 (#383) ###########################################
HOMER
7573
>>>>
after many trials and sore, to thee first of all I come; and of the
other folk, who hold this city and land, I know no man. Nay,
show me the town, give me an old garment to cast about me, if
thou hadst, when thou camest here, any wrap for the linen. And
may the gods grant thee all thy heart's desire: a husband and a
home, and a mind at one with his may they give-a good gift;
for there is nothing mightier and nobler than when man and
wife are of one heart and mind in a house, a grief to their foes,
and to their friends great joy, but their own hearts know it best.
Then Nausicaa of the white arms answered him, and said:
"Stranger, forasmuch as thou seemest no evil man nor foolish —
and it is Olympian Zeus himself that giveth weal to men, to
the good and to the evil to each one as he will, and this thy
lot doubtless is of him, and so thou must in anywise endure
it; - and now, since thou hast come to our city and our land,
thou shalt not lack raiment, nor aught else that is the due of
a hapless suppliant when he has met them who can befriend
him. And I will show thee the town, and name the name of the
people. The Phæacians hold this city and land, and I am the
daughter of Alcinous, great of heart, on whom all the might and
force of the Phæacians depend. "
-
III. -Book vi. , 198-254. Translation of William Cullen Bryant. Copyright
1871, by James R. Osgood. Reprinted by permission of the publishers,
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. , Boston.
So SPAKE the damsel, and commanded thus
Her fair-haired maids: "Stay! whither do ye flee,
My handmaids, when a man appears in sight?
Ye think, perhaps, he is some enemy.
Nay, there is no man living now, nor yet
Will live, to enter, bringing war, the land
Of the Phæacians. Very dear are they
To the great gods. We dwell apart, afar
Within the unmeasured deep, amid its waves
The most remote of men; no other race
Hath commerce with us. This man comes to us
A wanderer and unhappy, and to him
Our cares are due. The stranger and the poor
Are sent by Jove, and slight regards to them
Are grateful. Maidens, give the stranger food
And drink, and take him to the river-side
To bathe where there is shelter from the wind. "
## p. 7574 (#384) ###########################################
7574
HOMER
So spake the mistress; and they stayed their flight
And bade each other stand, and led the chief
Under a shelter as the royal maid,
Daughter of stout Alcinous, gave command,
And laid a cloak and tunic near the spot
To be his raiment, and a golden cruse
Of limpid oil. Then, as they bade him bathe
In the fresh stream, the noble chieftain said:-
"Withdraw, ye maidens, hence, while I prepare
To cleanse my shoulders from the bitter brine,
And to anoint them; long have these my limbs
Been unfreshed by oil. I will not bathe
Before you. I should be ashamed to stand
Unclothed in presence of these bright-haired maids. "
He spake; they hearkened and withdrew, and told
The damsel what he said. Ulysses then
Washed the salt spray of ocean from his back
And his broad shoulders in the flowing stream,
And wiped away the sea froth from his brows.
And when the bath was over, and his limbs
Had been anointed, and he had put on
The garments sent him by the spotless maid,
Jove's daughter, Pallas, caused him to appear
Of statelier size and more majestic mien,
And bade the locks that crowned his head flow down,
Curling like blossoms of the hyacinth.
As when some skillful workman trained and taught
By Vulcan and Minerva in his art
Binds the bright silver with a verge of gold,
And graceful in his handiwork, such grace
Did Pallas shed upon the hero's brow
And shoulders, as he passed along the beach,
And, glorious in his beauty and the pride
Of noble bearing, sat aloof. The maid
Admired, and to her bright-haired women spake:-
"Listen to me, my maidens, while I speak.
This man comes not among the godlike sons
Of the Phæacian stock against the will
Of all the gods of heaven. I thought him late
Of an unseemly aspect; now he bears
A likeness to the immortal ones whose home
Is the broad heaven. I would that I might call
A man like him my husband, dwelling here.
And here content to dwell. Now hasten, maids,
And set before the stranger food and wine. "
## p. 7575 (#385) ###########################################
HOMER
She spake; they heard and cheerfully obeyed,
And set before Ulysses food and wine.
The patient chief Ulysses ate and drank
Full eagerly, for he had fasted long.
White-armed Nausicaa then had other cares.
She placed the smoothly folded robes within
The sumptuous chariot, yoked the firm-hoofed mules,
And mounted to her place, and from the seat
Spake kindly, counseling Ulysses thus:-
IV. - Book vi. , 255-331. Translation of Philip Worsley
"STRANGER, bestir thyself to seek the town,
That to my father's mansion I may lead
Thee following, there to meet the flower and crown
Of the Phæacian people. But take heed
(Not senseless dost thou seem in word or deed),
While 'mid the fields and works of men we go,
After the mules, in the wain's track, to speed,
Girt with this virgin company, and lo!
I will myself drive first, and all the road will show.
"When we the city reach - a castled crown
Of wall encircles it from end to end,
And a fair haven, on each side the town,
Framed with fine entrance, doth our barks defend,
Which, where the terrace by the shore doth wend,
Line the long coast; to all and each large space,
Docks, and deep shelter, doth that haven lend;
There, paved with marble, our great market-place
Doth with its arms Poseidon's beauteous fane embrace.
"All instruments marine they fashion there,
Cordage and canvas and the tapering oar;
Since not for bow nor quiver do they care,
But masts and well-poised ships and naval store,
Wherewith the foam-white ocean they explore
Rejoicing. There I fear for my good name,
For in the land dwell babblers evermore,
Proud, supercilious, who might work me shame
Hereafter with sharp tongues of cavil and quick blame.
"Haply would ask some losel, meeting me,
'Where did she find this stranger tall and brave
Who is it? He then will her husband be-
Perchance some far-off foreigner - whom the wave
(For none dwell near us) on our island drave.
7575
1
## p. 7576 (#386) ###########################################
7576
HOMER
Or have her long prayers made a god come down,
Whom all her life she shall for husband have?
Wisely she sought him, for she spurns our town,
Though wooed by many a chief of high worth and renown. '
"So will they speak this slander to my shame;
Yea, if another made the like display,
Her I myself should be the first to blame,
If in the public streets she should essay
To mix with men before her marriage day,
Against her father's and her mother's will.
Now, stranger, well remember what I say,
So mayst thou haply in good haste fulfill
Thy journey, with safe-conduct, by my father's will:-
"Hard by the roadside an illustrious grove,
Athene's, all of poplar, thou shalt find.
Through it a streaming rivulet doth rove,
And the rich meadow-lands around it wind.
There the estate lies to my sire assigned,
There his fat vineyards-from the town so far
As a man's shout may travel. There reclined
Tarry such while, and thy approach debar,
Till we belike within my father's mansion are.
"Then to the town Phæacian, and inquire
(Plain is the house, a child might be thy guide)
Where dwells Alcinous my large-hearted sire.
Not like the houses reared on every side
Stands that wherein Alcinous doth abide,
But easy to be known. But when the wall
And court inclose thee, with an eager stride
Move through the noble spaces of the hall,
And with firm eye seek out my mother first of all.
"She in the firelight near the hearth doth twine,
Sitting, the purpled yarn; her maids are seen
Behind her; there my sire, enthroned, his wine
Quaffs like a god; both on the pillar lean.
Him passing urge thy supplication keen,
My mother's knees enclasping. If but she
Think kindness in her heart, good hope, I ween,
Remains, however far thy bourne may be,
That country, friends, and home thou yet shalt live to
see. "
## p. 7577 (#387) ###########################################
HOMER
She ended, and the mules with glittering lash
Plied, who soon leave the river in their rear.
Onward continuously their swift feet flash.
She like an understanding charioteer
Scourged them with judgment, and their course did steer
So to precede Odysseus and the rest.
And the sun fell and they the grove came near.
There on the earth sat down with anxious breast
Odysseus, and in prayer the child of Zeus addressed:
«<
"Virgin, whose eyelids slumber not nor sleep,
Hear, child of Zeus! who in the time forepast
Heardest me not, when in the ruinous deep
Poseidon whirled me with his angry blast.
Let me find pity in this land at last! »
So prayed he, and Athene heard: but she
Not yet revealed herself in form; so vast
Loomed in her eyes her uncle's fierce decree
Against divine Odysseus, ere his land he see.
There the much-toiled divine Odysseus prayed.
She onward passed to the Phæacian town,
Drawn by the mules. But when the royal maid
Came to her father's halls of high renown,
-
She by the porch drew rein. Thither came down
Her brothers, circling her, a lucid ring;
They of Phæacian youth the flower and crown,
Like gods to look at. Soon unharnessing
The mules, into the house the raiment clean they bring.
V. - Book vii. , 1-13. Same Translation
SHE to her chamber straight ascended. There
Eurymedusa old, the chamber dame,
Kindled the fire- who o'er the ocean mere
Borne in swift ships from land Apeira came,
Thenceforth assigned by right of regal claim
To King Alcinous, like a god revered
In his own land, the first in name and fame.
She in the halls white-armed Nausicaa reared,
And now the fire lit well, and sweet repast prepared.
7577
## p. 7578 (#388) ###########################################
7578
HOMER
[A final glimpse of Nausicaa is accorded to Odysseus, and to us, at night-
fall of the following day. ]
VI. - Book viii. , 454–468. Same Translation
HIM then the maidens bathe and rub with oil,
And in rich robe and tunic clothe with care.
He from the bath, cleansed from the dust of toil,
Passed to the drinkers; and Nausicaa there
Stood, molded by the gods exceeding fair.
She, on the roof-tree pillar leaning, heard
Odysseus; turning she beheld him near.
Deep in her breast admiring wonder stirred,
And in a low sweet voice she spake this winged word:-
"Hail, stranger guest! when fatherland and wife
Thou shalt revisit, then remember me,
Since to me first thou owest the price of life. "
And to the royal virgin answered he:-
"Child of a generous sire, if willed it be
By Thunderer Zeus, who all dominion hath,
That I my home and dear return yet see,
There at thy shrine will I devote my breath,
There worship thee, dear maid, my savior from dark death. "
## p. 7579 (#389) ###########################################
7579
THE HOMERIC HYMNS
J
UST as "Esop" was credited with almost any popular fable
which ascribed human reasoning to animals, even so nearly
every archaic or mock-archaic hexameter poem floating
about unclaimed was assigned by the Greeks of historical times to
"Homer. " As to the ignoble riddles and bits of autobiographical
invention, they may be at once relegated to a late date, and to an
obscure corner of the anthology. The fragmentary Strife of Frogs
and Mice' (Batrachomyomachia) is a rather spirited Homeric parody.
The names of the chief combatants, in particular, with their sires',
are comically appropriate on the one hand, and on the other amus-
ingly like Homer's "Achilles, offspring of Peleus," or "the son of
knightly Tydeus, Diomedes. " That the origin of the skit is relatively
late, need hardly be added. Farther back than the fifth century B. C.
its defenders rarely attempt to set it.
The didactic epic of Hesiod's school may be regarded as also
Homeric; that is, as an offshoot inspired by the great Ionic epics.
In metre, in dialect, and even by open mention of Homer's name,
the early philosophers who use the dactylic metre betray the same
filial relation. Empedocles here offers the best illustration. Aside
from the learned revival of the Homeric dialect and style in Alexan-
drian epic by Apollonius Rhodius and his school, there are still two
important masses of verse best discussed as "Homeric. "
Of the Cyclic epics, indeed, very little remains. These were, in
part at least, written expressly to piece out the story which the Iliad
and Odyssey left half told. They were probably not based upon any
well-settled folk legend current among the Greeks. Rather we get
the impression that each poet draws some hints from Homer, and
more from his own ingenious fancy.
Perhaps the most famous of all the lost epics is the 'Cypria,' or
lay of Aphrodite, planned to give a statelier approach and adequate
explanation leading up to the Trojan tragedy. To this poet, rather
than to the author of the Iliad, we probably owe the tale of the
strife over the prize of beauty, the judgment of Paris, etc. The
opening lines of this epic are preserved:-
"Once on a time was Earth by the races of men made weary,
Who were wandering numberless over the breadth of her bosom.
## p. 7580 (#390) ###########################################
7580
THE HOMERIC HYMNS
Zeus with pity beheld it, and took in his wise heart counsel
How to relieve of her burden the Earth, life-giver to all things,
Fanning to flame that terrible struggle, the war upon Troia.
So should the burden by death be removed; - and they in the Troad
Perished: the heroes: the counsel of Zeus was brought to fulfillment. "
Many famous legends-for instance, Iphigenia's sacrifice, Philocte-
tes's desertion in Lemnos, etc. —seem to have been first told in the
'Cypria,' and thence borrowed by later dramatist, lyric poet, and
chronicler. It is perhaps from the same source that the Catalogue of
Ships was transferred to our Iliad. The poem was said to have been
Homer's wedding gift to his son-in-law Stasinus of Cyprus, who was
evidently to sing it as his own; a tale which looks like an awkward
compromise between two theories of authorship.
Again, there were continuations of the Iliad, one of which was so
widely accepted that the quiet closing verse of the elder poem was
mutilated to prepare the way for it. Instead of
"So they made ready the grave for Hector the tamer of horses,»
some read
"So they made ready the grave for Hector: the Amazon straightway
Came, who was daughter to Ares, the haughty destroyer of heroes. "
Similarly in works of art, the mourning Andromache, Hector's
widow, with her funeral urn, stands in the group which welcomes
the arrival of the Amazon queen. To this feeling that the Iliad is
incomplete we also owe the finest book, the second, of Virgil's
Eneid, Goethe's fragmentary 'Achilleis,' and perhaps many an Attic
tragedy, as well as more recent poems like Lang's 'Helen of Troy. '
It is remarkable how much more near and familiar this old Greek
myth has become to ourselves, than any legend of Northern heroism
or of Teutonic divinities. These Cyclic epics probably took shape in
the ninth and eighth centuries B. C. A prose summary of their con-
tents, and a few score of verses in brief extracts, alone survive.
The Homeric Hymns are really akin in dialect and metre to the
Ionic epic. Some are of venerable age. Thucydides (400 B. C. ) quotes
the hymn to Delian Apollo unquestioningly as Homeric. Some are
as late as the Attic period, if not far more recent. They have little
relation to the tale of Iliad or Odyssey. Nearly all have the form of
preludes, in which the rhapsode greets the divinity at whose shrine
or festival he is about to recite from the heroic epics. In some cases
the invocation may have been composed to suit the character of the
following recitation. Most of these poems are extremely brief, and
formal in tone. Others contain a single mythical allusion, or short
## p. 7581 (#391) ###########################################
THE HOMERIC HYMNS
7581
tale, perhaps sufficient to justify the independent existence of the
poem. The most notable in this group is the Hymn to Dionysus,
given in full below. As the whole development of drama. in Athens
sprang up about the Dionysus cult, such tales as this about the wine
god probably formed the earliest plots for the mimic scene. More-
over, the transformation of the pirates into dolphins is represented
on the frieze of the only surviving monument which was set up as
the memorial of a victory gained in the Dionysiac theatre,-"the cho-
ragic monument of Lysicrates. "
There are five or six of these Hymns, finally, each several hundred
lines in length, which can hardly have been used as mere preludes
at all. The hymns to Apollo and to Hermes are composite in charac-
ter; and in their present (perhaps interpolated) form, each looks like
a corpus of the chief early myths concerning the divinity in question.
The Aphrodite hymn, like that to Demeter, details with epic breadth
one notable adventure of the goddess. These poems borrow lines and
half-lines very freely from "Homer" and from each other. The text
has many gaps and corruptions. Still, these hymns are the earliest
source for many, if not most, of the notable legends concerning the
Greek gods. It is most surprising, therefore, that they are passed
over in the two best brief popular treatises on Greek poetry, those
by Professor Jebb and the late J. A. Symonds. Professor Mahaffy
gives them moderate space in his larger history of Hellenic literature.
There is a tolerable prose version in the Bohn Library, by Buckley,
bound with the Odyssey; and a far better one, little known, published
by Thynne in Edinburgh. Some of Shelley's delightful paraphrases
in rhymed verse are given below. George Chapman rendered all
save the hymn to Demeter. Upon the whole, however, these hymns
have not received adequate attention. Paley's edition of the Greek
text with English notes is entirely inferior to Göttling's, annotated
in Latin. Göttling includes also the numerous fragments from lost
Hesiodic works.
ORIGIN OF THE LYRE
From the Hymn to Mercury
THE
HE babe was born at the first peep of day;
He began playing on the lyre at noon,
And the same evening did he steal away
Apollo's herds; - the fourth day of the moon
On which him bore the venerable May,
From her immortal limbs he leaped full soon,
Nor long could in the sacred cradle keep,
But out to seek Apollo's herds would creep.
## p. 7582 (#392) ###########################################
7582
THE HOMERIC HYMNS
Out of the lofty cavern wandering
He found a tortoise, and cried out—“A treasure! "
(For Mercury first made the tortoise sing. )
The beast before the portal at his leisure
The flowery herbage was depasturing,
Moving his feet in a deliberate measure
Over the turf. Jove's profitable son
Eyeing him laught, and laughing thus begun:-
"A useful godsend are you to me now,
King of the dance, companion of the feast,
Lovely in all your nature! Welcome, you
Excellent plaything!
"survival of the fittest. "
According to the Cyclic poets, the queen of the Amazons, Pen-
thesilea, is slain by Achilles, who after her death bemoans her fate.
Further reinforcement for the Trojan army comes from the Ethi-
opians under the command of Memnon, the beautiful son of the
Dawn. Achilles is slain by Paris and Apollo. Paris himself falls.
Achilles's young son Neoptolemus is brought to the war; and Philo-
ctetes, who had been left behind on the island Lemnos on the voyage
to Troy (being bitten by a water-snake), is fetched and brings with
him the bow of Heracles. But even after a ten-years' siege, Troy is
not taken by storm, nor does it surrender. The goddess Athena sug-
gested to Odysseus the successful device. Making a great hollow
wooden horse, a small company of chieftains took their places within
this hollow place of ambush, while the rest of the Greeks set fire to
their camp and sailed away. The wooden horse is drawn by the
Trojans to their citadel, as an offering to the gods. At night, when
the city is still, and the people are sleeping free from anxiety for
the first time in ten years, the Greek ships return; their chieftains
leap out of the wooden horse, open the city gates to admit their
comrades, and set fire to the town.
As the Greeks set out to return to their homes, a storm arises.
Menelaus and his newly recovered Helen are driven to Egypt; a large
part of his fleet is wrecked, and they wander for eight years before
they see Greece again. Agamemnon escapes the dangers of the
storm, but on his return is slain by his cousin Ægisthus, the para-
mour of his faithless wife Clytemnestra.
But Odysseus suffers the hardest lot; the entire Odyssey recounts
his long and eventful homeward journeying, and the recovery of his
throne and wife.
The Odyssey ends only six weeks after its action began. The
poet condenses into this brief period the action which would seem
naturally to cover many years, by putting the story of Odysseus's
wanderings and experiences from the time that he left Troy until he
reached Calypso's island, into the mouth of the hero himself. This
device was copied by Virgil, who makes his hero Eneas tell Dido of
the destruction of Troy and of his wanderings; and later by Milton
in his 'Paradise Lost,' where the archangel Raphael tells Adam of
the conflict in heaven, and Michael foretells the history of the human
race.
The story from the close of the Odyssey was continued in a
more fanciful fashion by a later poet: Odysseus being finally killed by
his own son by Circe; this son of Circe then marries Penelope, while
## p. 7561 (#371) ###########################################
HOMER
7561
Telemachus, his son by Penelope, weds Circe,— an arrangement by
which each of the young men becomes the stepfather-in-law of his
own mother! Homeric women are ageless, but the poet of Helen or
Nausicaa would hardly have invented seriously so complicated a mar-
riage connection.
Thomas D. Seymout
NOTE. -Editions and translations of Homer are far too numerous to
be enumerated here. The best edition of the entire Iliad with English
notes is that of Walter Leaf; the best of the entire Odyssey with
English notes is that of Henry Hayman. The best English prose
translation of the Iliad is that of Leaf, Lang, and Myers; the best
English prose translations of the Odyssey are those of G. H. Palmer
and of Butcher and Lang. 'Homer: An Introduction to the Iliad
and the Odyssey,' by Professor Jebb, is an excellent and convenient
small work, treating of (a) the general literary characteristics of the
poems, (b) the Homeric world, (c) Homer in antiquity, (d) the Homeric
question.
T. D. S.
CITATIONS FROM HOMER
THE
HE Iliad does not lend itself easily for dissection or citation in
brief passages. Nearly all the effective scenes are so linked to
each other and into the general plot that they only whet our
eagerness to hear the entire story told. The attempt has been made
here merely to offer fair specimens of the various metrical experi-
ments tried by a series of translators from Chapman onward.
From the Odyssey it was easier to detach an episode: and while
continuing the series of varied rhythms, we have also endeavored to
offer in English, with sufficient completeness, the fifth book, contain-
in the pleasantest among Odysseus's many adventures upon his
homeward voyages, and presenting also the eternally youthful figure
of the innocent girl-princess Nausicaa. The latter has been made the
text of a little sermon on Simplicity' by Mr. Warner in his recent
volume. See also Mr. Lawton's 'Art and Humanity in Homer,' pages
193-242. The most important translations not represented here are
Cowper's in blank verse and Way's in accentual hexameters.
## p. 7562 (#372) ###########################################
7562
HOMER
THE TROJAN ELDERS AND HELEN
From the Iliad, iii. 149-160
THESE
HESE elders sate beside the gate, where passed that wondrous
fair.
Them hoary eld had loosed from fight, but their voice was
clear and strong,
With mellow wisdom's word of might, to sway the Trojan throng;
Like the blithe cricket on the tree, that stirs the leafy bower
With tremulous floods of whirring glee, in the bright and sunny hour,
Close by the gate these elders sate, and looked down from the tower.
And when they saw the lovely Helen tread the path below,
They from their breast forth sent the winged words, and whispered
SO:
Soothly nor Trojan men nor Greeks should reap great crop of blame,
That they did suffer sorrow and teen so long for such a dame,
Who like a goddess walks-not one from mortal womb who came.
Nathless we wish her gentle speed, across the briny waters,
That she no more may mischief breed, to our blameless sons and
daughters.
Translation of John Stuart Blackie.
PARIS, HECTOR, AND HELEN
From the Iliad, vi. 332-362
THE
HEN, in reply to his brother, thus spake Alexander the godlike:
"Hector, indeed you reproach me with justice, no more than I
merit.
Therefore to you will I speak, and do you give attention and hearken.
Not out of rage at the Trojans so much, nor yet in resentment
Here in my chamber I sate, but I wished to give way to my sorrow.
Yet even now my wife, with gentle entreaty consoling,
Bade me go forth to the fray, and I too think it is better.
Victory comes unto this one in turn, and again to another.
Tarry a moment, I pray, till I don mine armor for battle;
Or do you go, and I will pursue, and I think overtake you. "
So did he speak; and to him bright-helmeted Hector replied not.
Helen, however, with gentlest accents spoke and addressed him:-
"Brother of mine,- of a wretch, of a worker of evil, a horror!
Would that the selfsame day whereon my mother had borne me,
I had been seized and swept by the furious breath of the storm-wind
Into the mountains, or else to the sea with its thundering billows.
## p. 7563 (#373) ###########################################
HOMER
7563
There had I met my doom, ere yet these deeds were accomplished!
Or, as the gods had appointed for me this destiny wretched,
Truly I wish I had been with a man more valorous wedded,
Who would have heeded the scorn of the folk and their bitter resent-
ment.
Never a steadfast spirit in this man abides, nor will it
Ever hereafter be found; and methinks his reward will be ready! -
Nay, but I pray you to enter, and here on a chair to be seated,
Brother, for on your heart most heavily laid is the burden
Wrought by my own base deeds, and the sinful madness of Paris.
Evil the destiny surely that Zeus for us twain has appointed,
Doomed to be subjects of song among men of a far generation. ”
Then unto her made answer the great bright-helmeted Hector:
“Helena, bid me not sit,-nor will you, tho' gracious, persuade me.
Eagerly yearns my spirit to fight in defense of the Trojans,
While among them there is longing already for me in my absence. "
Translation of William C. Lawton.
HECTOR TO HIS WIFE
From the Iliad, vi. 441-455
"I
TOO have thought of all this, dear wife, but I fear the reproaches
Both of the Trojan youths and the long-robed maidens of Troja,
If like a cowardly churl I should keep me aloof from the combat:
Nor would my spirit permit; for well I have learnt to be valiant,
Fighting aye 'mong the first of the Trojans marshaled in battle,
Striving to keep the renown of my sire and my own unattainted.
Well, too well, do I know,- both my mind and my spirit agreeing,—
That there will be a day when sacred Troja shall perish.
Priam will perish too, and the people of Priam, the spear-armed.
Still, I have not such care for the Trojans doomed to destruction,
No, nor for Hecuba's self, nor for Priam, the monarch, my father,
Nor for my brothers' fate, who though they be many and valiant,
All in the dust may lie low by the hostile spears of Achaia,
As for thee, when some youth of the brazen-mailèd Achæans
Weeping shall bear thee away, and bereave thee for ever of freedom.
Translation of E. C. Hawtrey.
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―
FATHER AND SON
From the Iliad, vi. 466-497
TH
HUS having spoke, the illustrious chief of Troy
Stretched his fond arms to clasp the lovely boy.
The babe clung crying to his nurse's breast,
Scared at the dazzling helm and nodding crest.
With sacred pleasure each fond parent smiled,
And Hector hasted to relieve his child;
The glittering terrors from his brows unbound,
And placed the beaming helmet on the ground;
Then kissed the child, and lifting high in air,
Thus to the gods preferred a father's prayer:-
"O thou whose glory fills the ethereal throne,
And all ye deathless powers, protect my son!
Grant him, like me, to purchase just renown,
To guard the Trojans, to defend the crown,
Against his country's foes the war to wage,
And rise the Hector of the future age!
So when, triumphant from successful toils,
Of heroes slain he bears the reeking spoils,
Whole hosts may hail him with deserved acclaim,
And say, 'This chief transcends his father's fame;'
While pleased amidst the general shouts of Troy,
His mother's conscious heart o'erflows with joy. "
He spoke, and fondly gazing on her charms,
Restored the pleasing burden to her arms;
Soft on her fragrant breast the babe she laid,
Hushed to repose, and with a smile surveyed.
The troubled pleasure soon chastised by fear,
She mingled with the smile a tender tear.
The softened chief with kind compassion viewed,
And dried the falling drops, and thus pursued:-
"Andromache! my soul's far better part!
Why with untimely sorrows heaves thy heart?
No hostile hand can antedate my doom,
Till fate condemns me to the silent tomb.
Fixed is the term to all the race of earth;
And such the hard condition of our birth,
No force can then resist, no flight can save;
All sink alike, the fearful and the brave.
No more - but hasten to thy tasks at home,
There guide the spindle and direct the loom :
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Me glory summons to the martial scene,—
The field of combat is the sphere for men;
Where heroes war, the foremost place I claim,
The first in danger as the first in fame. "
Thus having said, the glorious chief resumes
His towery helmet, black with shading plumes.
His princess parts with a prophetic sigh;
Unwilling parts, and oft reverts her eye,
That streamed at every look; then moving slow,
Sought her own palace and indulged er woe.
Pope's Translation.
ACHILLES REFUSES TO AID THE GREEKS
From the Iliad, ix. 307-347
WHO
HOм answered thus Achilles, swift of foot:-
"Heaven-born Ulysses, sage in council, son
Of great Laertes, I must frankly speak
My mind at once, my fixed resolve declare:
That from henceforth I may not by the Greeks,
By this man and by that, be importuned.
Him as the gates of hell my soul abhors,
Whose outward words his inmost thoughts conceal.
Hear then what seems to me the wisest course.
On me nor Agamemnon, Atreus's son,
Nor others shall prevail, since naught is gained
By toil unceasing in the battle-field.
Who nobly fight, but share with those who skulk;
Like honors gain the coward and the brave;
Alike the idlers and the active die:
And naught it profits me, though day by day
In constant toil I set my life at stake;
But as a bird, though ill she fare herself,
Brings to her callow brood the food she takes,
So I through many a sleepless night have lain,
And many a bloody day have labored through,
Engaged in battle on your wives' behalf.
Twelve cities have I taken with my ships:
Eleven more by land on Trojan soil.
From all of these abundant stores of wealth
I took, and all to Agamemnon gave;
He, safe on board his ships, my spoils received,
A few divided, but the most retained.
## p. 7566 (#376) ###########################################
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To other chiefs and kings he meted out
Their sev'ral portions, and they hold them still;
From me, from me alone of all the Greeks,
He bore away, and keeps, my cherished wife.
But say then, why do Greeks with Trojans fight?
Why hath Atrides brought this mighty host
To Troy, if not in fair-haired Helen's cause?
Of mortals are there none that love their wives,
Save Atreus's sons alone? or do not all,
Who boast the praise of sense and virtue, love
And cherish each his own? as her I loved
Ev'n from my soul, though captive of my spear.
Now, since he once hath robbed me, and deceived,
Let him not seek my aid; I know him now,
And am not to be won; let him devise,
With thee, Ulysses, and the other kings,
How best from hostile fires to save his ships. "
Translation of Edward, Earl of Derby.
HECTOR PURSUED BY ACHILLES AROUND TROY
From the Iliad, xxii. 136-185
ECTOR beheld and trembled: naught he dared
Η
To wait, but left the gates, and shuddering flew.
Achilleus with swift feet behind him fared.
As mountain hawk, most fleet of feathered crew,
A trembling dove doth easily pursue;
Swerving she flutters; he, intent to seize,
With savage scream close hounds her through the blue;-
So keenly he swept onward; Hector flees
Beneath his own Troy wall, and plies his limber knees.
All past the watch-tower and the fig-tree tall
Along the chariot road at speed they fare,
Still swerving outward from the city's wall;
Then reach the two fair-flowing streamlets, where
Scamander's twofold source breaks forth to air.
One flows in a warm tide, and steam doth go
Up from it, as a blazing fire were there;
But the other runs in summer's midmost glow
Cold as the frozen hail, or ice, or chilly snow.
Thereby great troughs and meet for washing stand,
Beautiful, stony, where their robes of pride
## p. 7567 (#377) ###########################################
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Troy's wives and daughters washed, ere to the land
The foeman came, in happy peaceful tide.
Flying and following, these they ran beside,
He good that flies, he better that pursues;
For no fat victim 'twas, nor bullock's hide,
Such meed as men for conquering runners choose,
But Hector's life the prize they ran to win or lose.
Look how prize-bearing horses, hard of hoof,
Circle about the goal with eager bound,
And a great guerdon stands, not far aloof,
Tripod or woman, at the funeral mound
Of some dead chief; so thrice they circled round
King Priam's town, their swift feet winged for flight:
While all the gods Olympus's summit crowned,
Looking from high to see the wondrous sight;
And thus the almighty Sire their counsel did invite:
"Alas! I see a loved one with mine eyes
Chased round the city: and my heart doth bleed
For Hector, for that many an ox's thighs
He burnt, where Ida overlooks the mead,
Or in the topmost tower; now with fell speed
Achilleus hunts him round King Priam's town.
But come, ye gods, take counsel and arede,
Or shall we save him now, or strike him down
Under Achilleus's spear, despite his fair renown. "
To him stern-eyed Athene answered so:
"Dread Thunderer in dark cloud, what words are these?
What, a mere mortal, fated long ago,
Wouldst thou set free from death's severe decrees?
Do it; but us gods thy doing shall not please. "
And cloud-compelling Zeus in turn rejoined:
"Take heart, dear child, and set thy soul at ease;
I meant it not, but would to thee be kind:
Now do it, nor delay, whate'er is in thy mind. "
Translation of John Conington.
-:
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HECTOR'S FUNERAL RITES
Close of the Iliad-xxiv. 777-804
THE
HESE words made even the commons mourn, to whom the king
said: "Friends,
Now fetch wood for our funeral fire, nor fear the foe intends
Ambush, or any violence: Achilles gave his word,
At my dismission, that twelve days he would keep sheathed his
sword,
And all men's else. " Thus oxen, mules, in chariots straight they put,
Went forth, and an unmeasured pile of sylvan matter cut,
Nine days employed in carriage, but when the tenth morn shined
On wretched mortals, then they brought the fit-to-be-divined
Forth to be burned. Troy swum in tears. Upon the pile's most
height
They laid the person, and gave fire. All day it burned, all night.
But when the eleventh morn let on earth her rosy fingers shine,
The people flocked about the pile, and first with blackish wine
Quenched all the flames. His brothers then, and friends, the snowy
bones
Gathered into an urn of gold, still pouring on their moans.
Then wrapt they in soft purple veils the rich urn, digged a pit,
Graved it, rammed up the grave with stones, and quickly built to it
A sepulchre. But while that work and all the funeral rites
Were in performance, guards were held at all parts, days and nights,
For fear of false surprise before they had imposed the crown
To these solemnities. The tomb advanced once, all the town
In Jove-nursed Priam's court partook a passing sumptuous feast:
And so horse-taming Hector's rites gave up his soul to rest.
Translation of George Chapman.
THE EPISODE OF NAUSICAA
FROM THE ODYSSEY
I. — Book vi. , 1–84.
Translation of George H. Palmer. Copyright 1884, by G.
H. Palmer. Reprinted by permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. , pub-
lishers, Boston.
HUS long-tried royal Odysseus slumbered here, heavy with
sleep and toil; but Athene went to the land and town of
the Phæacians. This people once in ancient times lived in
the open highlands, near that rude folk the Cyclops, who often.
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plundered them, being in strength more powerful than they.
Moving them thence, godlike Nausithous, their leader, established
them at Scheria, far from toiling men. He ran a wall around
the town, built houses there, made temples for the gods, and laid
out farms; but Nausithous had met his doom and gone to the
house of Hades, and Alcinous now was reigning, trained in wis-
dom by the gods. To this man's dwelling came the goddess,
clear-eyed Athene, planning a safe return for brave Odysseus.
She hastened to a chamber, richly wrought, in which a maid
was sleeping, of form and beauty like the immortals, Nausicaa,
daughter of generous Alcinous. Near by, two damsels, dowered
with beauty by the Graces, slept by the threshold, one on either
hand. The shining doors were shut; but Athene, like a breath
of air, moved to the maid's couch, stood by her head, and thus
addressed her,-taking the likeness of the daughter of Dymas,
the famous seaman, a maiden just Nausicaa's age, dear to her
heart. Taking her guise, thus spoke clear-eyed Athene:—
"Nausicaa, how did your mother bear a child so heedless?
Your gay clothes lie uncared for, though the wedding-time is
near, when you must wear fine clothes yourself and furnish them
to those that may attend you. From things like these a good
repute arises, and father and honored mother are made glad.
Then let us go a-washing at the dawn of day, and I will go to
help, that you may soon be ready; for really not much longer
will you be a maid. Already you have for suitors the chief
ones of the land throughout Phæacia, where you too were born.
Come, then, beg your good father early in the morning to har-
ness the mules and cart, so as to carry the men's clothes, gowns,
and bright-hued rugs. Yes, and for you yourself it is more
decent so than setting forth on foot: the pools are far from the
town. "
Saying this, clear-eyed Athene passed away, off to Olympus,
where they say the dwelling of the gods stands fast forever.
Never with winds is it disturbed, nor by the rain made wet, nor
does the snow come near; but everywhere the upper air spreads
cloudless, and a bright radiance plays over all: and there the
blessed gods are happy all their days. Thither now came the
clear-eyed one, when she had spoken with the maid.
Soon bright-throned morning came, and waked fair-robed Nau-
sicaa. She marveled at the dream, and hastened through the house
to tell it to her parents, her dear father and her mother. She
XIII-474
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found them still indoors: her mother sat by the hearth among
the waiting-women, spinning sea-purple yarn; she met her father
at the door, just going forth to join the famous princes at the
council, to which the high Phæacians summoned him. So, stand-
ing close beside him, she said to her dear father:—
"Papa dear, could you not have the wagon harnessed for me,
-the high one, with good wheels,- to take my nice clothes to
the river to be washed, which now are lying dirty? Surely for
you yourself it is but proper, when you are with the first men
holding councils, that you should wear clean clothing. Five good
sons too are here at home,-two married, and three merry young
men still, and they are always wanting to go to the dance
wearing fresh clothes. And this is all a trouble on my mind. "
Such were her words, for she was shy of naming the glad
marriage to her father; but he understood it all, and answered
thus:
―
"I do not grudge the mules, my child, nor anything beside.
Go! Quickly shall the servant harness the wagon for you,—the
high one, with good wheels, fitted with rack above. "
Saying this he called to the servants, who gave heed. Out
in the court they made the easy mule cart ready; they brought
the mules, and yoked them to the wagon. The maid took from
her room her pretty clothing, and stowed it in the polished
wagon; her mother put in a chest, food the maid liked, of every
kind, put dainties in, and poured some wine into a goatskin
bottle, the maid, meanwhile, had got into the wagon,—and
gave her in a golden flask some liquid oil, that she might bathe
and anoint herself, she and the waiting-women. Nausicaa took
the whip and the bright reins, and cracked the whip to start.
There was a clatter of the mules, and steadily they pulled, drawing
the clothing and the maid,-yet not alone; beside her went the
waiting-women too.
C
II. — Book vi. , 85-197. Translation of Butcher and Lang
NOW WHEN they were come to the beautiful stream of the
river, where truly were the unfailing cisterns, and bright water
welled up free from beneath, and flowed past, enough to wash
the foulest garments clean, there the girls unharnessed the mules.
from under the chariot, and turning them loose they drove them
along the banks of the eddying river to graze on the sweet
clover. Then they took the garments from the wain, in their
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hands, and bore them to the black water, and briskly trod them
down in the trenches, in busy rivalry. Now when they had
washed and cleansed all the stains, they spread all out in order
along the shore of the deep, even where the sea, in beating on
the coast, washed the pebbles clean. Then having bathed and
anointed them well with olive oil, they took their midday meal
on the river's banks, waiting till the clothes should dry in the
brightness of the sun. Anon, when they were satisfied with.
food, the maidens and the princess, they fell to playing at ball,
casting away their tires, and among them Nausicaa of the white
arms began the song. And even as Artemis the archer moveth
down the mountain, either along the ridges of lofty Taygetus
or Erymanthus, taking her pastime in the chase of boars and
swift deer, and with her the wild wood-nymphs disport them, the
daughters of Zeus, lord of the ægis, and Leto is glad at heart,
while high over all she rears her head and brows, and easily may
she be known, but all are fair; even so the girl unwed out-
shone her maiden company.
But when now she was about going homewards, after yoking
the mules and folding up the goodly raiment, then gray-eyed
Athene turned to other thoughts, that so Odysseus might awake,
and see the lovely maiden who should be his guide to the city
of the Phæacian men. So then the princess threw the ball at
one of her company; she missed the girl, and cast the ball into
the deep eddying current, whereat they all raised a piercing cry.
Then the goodly Odysseus awoke and sat up, pondering in his
heart and spirit:-
"Woe is me! to what men's land am I come now? say, are
they froward and wild, and. unjust, or are they hospitable and
of God-fearing mind? How shrill a cry of maidens rings round
me, of the nymphs that hold the steep hill-tops, and the river
springs, and the grassy water meadows. It must be, methinks,
that I am
near men of human speech. Go to; I myself will
make trial and see. "
Therewith the goodly Odysseus crept out from under the
coppice, having broken with his strong hand a leafy bough from
the thick wood, to hold athwart his body, that it might hide his
nakedness withal. And forth he sallied like a lion of the hills,
trusting in his strength, who fares out under wind and rain, and
his eyes are all on fire. And he goes amid the kine or the sheep
or in the track of the wild deer; yea, his belly bids him to make
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assay upon the flocks, even within a close-penned fold. Even so
Odysseus was fain to draw nigh to the fair-dressed maidens, all
naked as he was, such need had come upon him. But he was
terrible in their eyes, all marred as he was with the salt foam,
and they fled cowering here and there about the jutting spits
of shore. And the daughter of Alcinous alone stood firm, for
Athene gave her courage of heart, and took all trembling from
her limbs. So she halted and stood over against him, and Odys-
seus considered whether he should clasp the knees of the lovely
maiden, and so make his prayer, or should stand as he was, apart,
and beseech her with smooth words, if haply she might show him
the town and give him raiment. And as he thought within him-
self, it seemed better to stand apart, and beseech her with smooth
words, lest the maiden should be angered with him if he touched
her knees; so straightway he spoke a sweet and cunning word:
"I supplicate thee, O queen, whether thou art some goddess or a
mortal! If indeed thou art a goddess of them that keep the wide
heaven, to Artemis, then, the daughter of great Zeus, I mainly
liken thee, for beauty and stature and shapeliness. But if thou
art one of the daughters of men who dwell on earth, thrice
blessed are thy father and thy lady mother, and thrice blessed
thy brethren. Surely their hearts ever glow with gladness for
thy sake, each time they see thee entering the dance, so fair a
flower of maidens. But he is of heart the most blessed beyond
all other who shall prevail with gifts of wooing, and lead thee
to his home. Never have mine eyes beheld such an one among
mortals, neither man nor woman; great awe comes upon me as
I look on thee. Yet in Delos once I saw as goodly a thing: a
young sapling of a palm-tree springing by the altar of Apollo.
For thither too I went, and much people with me, on that path
where my sore troubles were to be. Yea, and when I looked
thereupon, long time, I marveled in spirit,- for never grew there
yet so goodly a shoot from ground,- even in such wise as I won-
der at thee, lady, and am astonied and do greatly fear to touch
thy knees, though grievous sorrow is upon me. Yesterday, on
the twentieth day, I escaped from the wine-dark deep, but all
that time continually the wave bore me, and the vehement winds
drave, from the isle Ogygia. And now some god has cast me on
this shore, and here too, methinks, some evil may betide me: for
I trow not that evil will cease; the gods ere that time will yet
bring many a thing to pass. But, queen, have pity on me, for
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>>>>
after many trials and sore, to thee first of all I come; and of the
other folk, who hold this city and land, I know no man. Nay,
show me the town, give me an old garment to cast about me, if
thou hadst, when thou camest here, any wrap for the linen. And
may the gods grant thee all thy heart's desire: a husband and a
home, and a mind at one with his may they give-a good gift;
for there is nothing mightier and nobler than when man and
wife are of one heart and mind in a house, a grief to their foes,
and to their friends great joy, but their own hearts know it best.
Then Nausicaa of the white arms answered him, and said:
"Stranger, forasmuch as thou seemest no evil man nor foolish —
and it is Olympian Zeus himself that giveth weal to men, to
the good and to the evil to each one as he will, and this thy
lot doubtless is of him, and so thou must in anywise endure
it; - and now, since thou hast come to our city and our land,
thou shalt not lack raiment, nor aught else that is the due of
a hapless suppliant when he has met them who can befriend
him. And I will show thee the town, and name the name of the
people. The Phæacians hold this city and land, and I am the
daughter of Alcinous, great of heart, on whom all the might and
force of the Phæacians depend. "
-
III. -Book vi. , 198-254. Translation of William Cullen Bryant. Copyright
1871, by James R. Osgood. Reprinted by permission of the publishers,
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. , Boston.
So SPAKE the damsel, and commanded thus
Her fair-haired maids: "Stay! whither do ye flee,
My handmaids, when a man appears in sight?
Ye think, perhaps, he is some enemy.
Nay, there is no man living now, nor yet
Will live, to enter, bringing war, the land
Of the Phæacians. Very dear are they
To the great gods. We dwell apart, afar
Within the unmeasured deep, amid its waves
The most remote of men; no other race
Hath commerce with us. This man comes to us
A wanderer and unhappy, and to him
Our cares are due. The stranger and the poor
Are sent by Jove, and slight regards to them
Are grateful. Maidens, give the stranger food
And drink, and take him to the river-side
To bathe where there is shelter from the wind. "
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So spake the mistress; and they stayed their flight
And bade each other stand, and led the chief
Under a shelter as the royal maid,
Daughter of stout Alcinous, gave command,
And laid a cloak and tunic near the spot
To be his raiment, and a golden cruse
Of limpid oil. Then, as they bade him bathe
In the fresh stream, the noble chieftain said:-
"Withdraw, ye maidens, hence, while I prepare
To cleanse my shoulders from the bitter brine,
And to anoint them; long have these my limbs
Been unfreshed by oil. I will not bathe
Before you. I should be ashamed to stand
Unclothed in presence of these bright-haired maids. "
He spake; they hearkened and withdrew, and told
The damsel what he said. Ulysses then
Washed the salt spray of ocean from his back
And his broad shoulders in the flowing stream,
And wiped away the sea froth from his brows.
And when the bath was over, and his limbs
Had been anointed, and he had put on
The garments sent him by the spotless maid,
Jove's daughter, Pallas, caused him to appear
Of statelier size and more majestic mien,
And bade the locks that crowned his head flow down,
Curling like blossoms of the hyacinth.
As when some skillful workman trained and taught
By Vulcan and Minerva in his art
Binds the bright silver with a verge of gold,
And graceful in his handiwork, such grace
Did Pallas shed upon the hero's brow
And shoulders, as he passed along the beach,
And, glorious in his beauty and the pride
Of noble bearing, sat aloof. The maid
Admired, and to her bright-haired women spake:-
"Listen to me, my maidens, while I speak.
This man comes not among the godlike sons
Of the Phæacian stock against the will
Of all the gods of heaven. I thought him late
Of an unseemly aspect; now he bears
A likeness to the immortal ones whose home
Is the broad heaven. I would that I might call
A man like him my husband, dwelling here.
And here content to dwell. Now hasten, maids,
And set before the stranger food and wine. "
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She spake; they heard and cheerfully obeyed,
And set before Ulysses food and wine.
The patient chief Ulysses ate and drank
Full eagerly, for he had fasted long.
White-armed Nausicaa then had other cares.
She placed the smoothly folded robes within
The sumptuous chariot, yoked the firm-hoofed mules,
And mounted to her place, and from the seat
Spake kindly, counseling Ulysses thus:-
IV. - Book vi. , 255-331. Translation of Philip Worsley
"STRANGER, bestir thyself to seek the town,
That to my father's mansion I may lead
Thee following, there to meet the flower and crown
Of the Phæacian people. But take heed
(Not senseless dost thou seem in word or deed),
While 'mid the fields and works of men we go,
After the mules, in the wain's track, to speed,
Girt with this virgin company, and lo!
I will myself drive first, and all the road will show.
"When we the city reach - a castled crown
Of wall encircles it from end to end,
And a fair haven, on each side the town,
Framed with fine entrance, doth our barks defend,
Which, where the terrace by the shore doth wend,
Line the long coast; to all and each large space,
Docks, and deep shelter, doth that haven lend;
There, paved with marble, our great market-place
Doth with its arms Poseidon's beauteous fane embrace.
"All instruments marine they fashion there,
Cordage and canvas and the tapering oar;
Since not for bow nor quiver do they care,
But masts and well-poised ships and naval store,
Wherewith the foam-white ocean they explore
Rejoicing. There I fear for my good name,
For in the land dwell babblers evermore,
Proud, supercilious, who might work me shame
Hereafter with sharp tongues of cavil and quick blame.
"Haply would ask some losel, meeting me,
'Where did she find this stranger tall and brave
Who is it? He then will her husband be-
Perchance some far-off foreigner - whom the wave
(For none dwell near us) on our island drave.
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Or have her long prayers made a god come down,
Whom all her life she shall for husband have?
Wisely she sought him, for she spurns our town,
Though wooed by many a chief of high worth and renown. '
"So will they speak this slander to my shame;
Yea, if another made the like display,
Her I myself should be the first to blame,
If in the public streets she should essay
To mix with men before her marriage day,
Against her father's and her mother's will.
Now, stranger, well remember what I say,
So mayst thou haply in good haste fulfill
Thy journey, with safe-conduct, by my father's will:-
"Hard by the roadside an illustrious grove,
Athene's, all of poplar, thou shalt find.
Through it a streaming rivulet doth rove,
And the rich meadow-lands around it wind.
There the estate lies to my sire assigned,
There his fat vineyards-from the town so far
As a man's shout may travel. There reclined
Tarry such while, and thy approach debar,
Till we belike within my father's mansion are.
"Then to the town Phæacian, and inquire
(Plain is the house, a child might be thy guide)
Where dwells Alcinous my large-hearted sire.
Not like the houses reared on every side
Stands that wherein Alcinous doth abide,
But easy to be known. But when the wall
And court inclose thee, with an eager stride
Move through the noble spaces of the hall,
And with firm eye seek out my mother first of all.
"She in the firelight near the hearth doth twine,
Sitting, the purpled yarn; her maids are seen
Behind her; there my sire, enthroned, his wine
Quaffs like a god; both on the pillar lean.
Him passing urge thy supplication keen,
My mother's knees enclasping. If but she
Think kindness in her heart, good hope, I ween,
Remains, however far thy bourne may be,
That country, friends, and home thou yet shalt live to
see. "
## p. 7577 (#387) ###########################################
HOMER
She ended, and the mules with glittering lash
Plied, who soon leave the river in their rear.
Onward continuously their swift feet flash.
She like an understanding charioteer
Scourged them with judgment, and their course did steer
So to precede Odysseus and the rest.
And the sun fell and they the grove came near.
There on the earth sat down with anxious breast
Odysseus, and in prayer the child of Zeus addressed:
«<
"Virgin, whose eyelids slumber not nor sleep,
Hear, child of Zeus! who in the time forepast
Heardest me not, when in the ruinous deep
Poseidon whirled me with his angry blast.
Let me find pity in this land at last! »
So prayed he, and Athene heard: but she
Not yet revealed herself in form; so vast
Loomed in her eyes her uncle's fierce decree
Against divine Odysseus, ere his land he see.
There the much-toiled divine Odysseus prayed.
She onward passed to the Phæacian town,
Drawn by the mules. But when the royal maid
Came to her father's halls of high renown,
-
She by the porch drew rein. Thither came down
Her brothers, circling her, a lucid ring;
They of Phæacian youth the flower and crown,
Like gods to look at. Soon unharnessing
The mules, into the house the raiment clean they bring.
V. - Book vii. , 1-13. Same Translation
SHE to her chamber straight ascended. There
Eurymedusa old, the chamber dame,
Kindled the fire- who o'er the ocean mere
Borne in swift ships from land Apeira came,
Thenceforth assigned by right of regal claim
To King Alcinous, like a god revered
In his own land, the first in name and fame.
She in the halls white-armed Nausicaa reared,
And now the fire lit well, and sweet repast prepared.
7577
## p. 7578 (#388) ###########################################
7578
HOMER
[A final glimpse of Nausicaa is accorded to Odysseus, and to us, at night-
fall of the following day. ]
VI. - Book viii. , 454–468. Same Translation
HIM then the maidens bathe and rub with oil,
And in rich robe and tunic clothe with care.
He from the bath, cleansed from the dust of toil,
Passed to the drinkers; and Nausicaa there
Stood, molded by the gods exceeding fair.
She, on the roof-tree pillar leaning, heard
Odysseus; turning she beheld him near.
Deep in her breast admiring wonder stirred,
And in a low sweet voice she spake this winged word:-
"Hail, stranger guest! when fatherland and wife
Thou shalt revisit, then remember me,
Since to me first thou owest the price of life. "
And to the royal virgin answered he:-
"Child of a generous sire, if willed it be
By Thunderer Zeus, who all dominion hath,
That I my home and dear return yet see,
There at thy shrine will I devote my breath,
There worship thee, dear maid, my savior from dark death. "
## p. 7579 (#389) ###########################################
7579
THE HOMERIC HYMNS
J
UST as "Esop" was credited with almost any popular fable
which ascribed human reasoning to animals, even so nearly
every archaic or mock-archaic hexameter poem floating
about unclaimed was assigned by the Greeks of historical times to
"Homer. " As to the ignoble riddles and bits of autobiographical
invention, they may be at once relegated to a late date, and to an
obscure corner of the anthology. The fragmentary Strife of Frogs
and Mice' (Batrachomyomachia) is a rather spirited Homeric parody.
The names of the chief combatants, in particular, with their sires',
are comically appropriate on the one hand, and on the other amus-
ingly like Homer's "Achilles, offspring of Peleus," or "the son of
knightly Tydeus, Diomedes. " That the origin of the skit is relatively
late, need hardly be added. Farther back than the fifth century B. C.
its defenders rarely attempt to set it.
The didactic epic of Hesiod's school may be regarded as also
Homeric; that is, as an offshoot inspired by the great Ionic epics.
In metre, in dialect, and even by open mention of Homer's name,
the early philosophers who use the dactylic metre betray the same
filial relation. Empedocles here offers the best illustration. Aside
from the learned revival of the Homeric dialect and style in Alexan-
drian epic by Apollonius Rhodius and his school, there are still two
important masses of verse best discussed as "Homeric. "
Of the Cyclic epics, indeed, very little remains. These were, in
part at least, written expressly to piece out the story which the Iliad
and Odyssey left half told. They were probably not based upon any
well-settled folk legend current among the Greeks. Rather we get
the impression that each poet draws some hints from Homer, and
more from his own ingenious fancy.
Perhaps the most famous of all the lost epics is the 'Cypria,' or
lay of Aphrodite, planned to give a statelier approach and adequate
explanation leading up to the Trojan tragedy. To this poet, rather
than to the author of the Iliad, we probably owe the tale of the
strife over the prize of beauty, the judgment of Paris, etc. The
opening lines of this epic are preserved:-
"Once on a time was Earth by the races of men made weary,
Who were wandering numberless over the breadth of her bosom.
## p. 7580 (#390) ###########################################
7580
THE HOMERIC HYMNS
Zeus with pity beheld it, and took in his wise heart counsel
How to relieve of her burden the Earth, life-giver to all things,
Fanning to flame that terrible struggle, the war upon Troia.
So should the burden by death be removed; - and they in the Troad
Perished: the heroes: the counsel of Zeus was brought to fulfillment. "
Many famous legends-for instance, Iphigenia's sacrifice, Philocte-
tes's desertion in Lemnos, etc. —seem to have been first told in the
'Cypria,' and thence borrowed by later dramatist, lyric poet, and
chronicler. It is perhaps from the same source that the Catalogue of
Ships was transferred to our Iliad. The poem was said to have been
Homer's wedding gift to his son-in-law Stasinus of Cyprus, who was
evidently to sing it as his own; a tale which looks like an awkward
compromise between two theories of authorship.
Again, there were continuations of the Iliad, one of which was so
widely accepted that the quiet closing verse of the elder poem was
mutilated to prepare the way for it. Instead of
"So they made ready the grave for Hector the tamer of horses,»
some read
"So they made ready the grave for Hector: the Amazon straightway
Came, who was daughter to Ares, the haughty destroyer of heroes. "
Similarly in works of art, the mourning Andromache, Hector's
widow, with her funeral urn, stands in the group which welcomes
the arrival of the Amazon queen. To this feeling that the Iliad is
incomplete we also owe the finest book, the second, of Virgil's
Eneid, Goethe's fragmentary 'Achilleis,' and perhaps many an Attic
tragedy, as well as more recent poems like Lang's 'Helen of Troy. '
It is remarkable how much more near and familiar this old Greek
myth has become to ourselves, than any legend of Northern heroism
or of Teutonic divinities. These Cyclic epics probably took shape in
the ninth and eighth centuries B. C. A prose summary of their con-
tents, and a few score of verses in brief extracts, alone survive.
The Homeric Hymns are really akin in dialect and metre to the
Ionic epic. Some are of venerable age. Thucydides (400 B. C. ) quotes
the hymn to Delian Apollo unquestioningly as Homeric. Some are
as late as the Attic period, if not far more recent. They have little
relation to the tale of Iliad or Odyssey. Nearly all have the form of
preludes, in which the rhapsode greets the divinity at whose shrine
or festival he is about to recite from the heroic epics. In some cases
the invocation may have been composed to suit the character of the
following recitation. Most of these poems are extremely brief, and
formal in tone. Others contain a single mythical allusion, or short
## p. 7581 (#391) ###########################################
THE HOMERIC HYMNS
7581
tale, perhaps sufficient to justify the independent existence of the
poem. The most notable in this group is the Hymn to Dionysus,
given in full below. As the whole development of drama. in Athens
sprang up about the Dionysus cult, such tales as this about the wine
god probably formed the earliest plots for the mimic scene. More-
over, the transformation of the pirates into dolphins is represented
on the frieze of the only surviving monument which was set up as
the memorial of a victory gained in the Dionysiac theatre,-"the cho-
ragic monument of Lysicrates. "
There are five or six of these Hymns, finally, each several hundred
lines in length, which can hardly have been used as mere preludes
at all. The hymns to Apollo and to Hermes are composite in charac-
ter; and in their present (perhaps interpolated) form, each looks like
a corpus of the chief early myths concerning the divinity in question.
The Aphrodite hymn, like that to Demeter, details with epic breadth
one notable adventure of the goddess. These poems borrow lines and
half-lines very freely from "Homer" and from each other. The text
has many gaps and corruptions. Still, these hymns are the earliest
source for many, if not most, of the notable legends concerning the
Greek gods. It is most surprising, therefore, that they are passed
over in the two best brief popular treatises on Greek poetry, those
by Professor Jebb and the late J. A. Symonds. Professor Mahaffy
gives them moderate space in his larger history of Hellenic literature.
There is a tolerable prose version in the Bohn Library, by Buckley,
bound with the Odyssey; and a far better one, little known, published
by Thynne in Edinburgh. Some of Shelley's delightful paraphrases
in rhymed verse are given below. George Chapman rendered all
save the hymn to Demeter. Upon the whole, however, these hymns
have not received adequate attention. Paley's edition of the Greek
text with English notes is entirely inferior to Göttling's, annotated
in Latin. Göttling includes also the numerous fragments from lost
Hesiodic works.
ORIGIN OF THE LYRE
From the Hymn to Mercury
THE
HE babe was born at the first peep of day;
He began playing on the lyre at noon,
And the same evening did he steal away
Apollo's herds; - the fourth day of the moon
On which him bore the venerable May,
From her immortal limbs he leaped full soon,
Nor long could in the sacred cradle keep,
But out to seek Apollo's herds would creep.
## p. 7582 (#392) ###########################################
7582
THE HOMERIC HYMNS
Out of the lofty cavern wandering
He found a tortoise, and cried out—“A treasure! "
(For Mercury first made the tortoise sing. )
The beast before the portal at his leisure
The flowery herbage was depasturing,
Moving his feet in a deliberate measure
Over the turf. Jove's profitable son
Eyeing him laught, and laughing thus begun:-
"A useful godsend are you to me now,
King of the dance, companion of the feast,
Lovely in all your nature! Welcome, you
Excellent plaything!
