No More Learning

When ye come where I have stepped,
Ye will marvel why ye wept;
Ye will know, by true love taught,
That here is all, and there is naught.
Weep awhile, if ye are fain,—
Sunshine still must follow rain!
Only not at death, for death-
Now I see is that first breath
Which our souls draw when we enter
Life, that is of all life centre.
Know ye Allah's law is love,
Viewed from Allah's Throne above;
Be ye firm of trust, and come
Faithful onward to your home!
"La Allah illa Allah! Yea,
Mu'hid! Restorer! Sovereign! " say!
He who died at Azan gave
This to those that made his grave.


## p. 837 (#255) ############################################

EDWIN ARNOLD
837
SOLOMON AND THE ANT
From Pearls of the Faith'
Say Ar-Raheen! call Him «Compassionate,»
For He is pitiful to small and great.
T'S
s written that the serving angels stand
Beside God's throne, ten myriads on each hand,
Waiting, with wings outstretched and watchful eyes,
To do their Master's heavenly embassies.
Quicker than thought His high commands they read,
Swifter than light to execute them speed;
Bearing the word of power from star to star,
Some hither and some thither, near and far.
And unto these naught is too high or low,
Too mean or mighty, if He wills it so;
Neither is any creature, great or small,
Beyond His pity, which embraceth all,
Because His eye beholdeth all which are;
Sees without search, and counteth without care.
Nor lies the babe nearer the nursing-place
Than Allah's smallest child to Allah's grace;
Nor any ocean rolls so vast that He
Forgets one wave of all that restless sea.
Thus it is written; and moreover told
How Gabriel, watching by the Gates of Gold,
Heard from the Voice Ineffable this word
Of twofold mandate uttered by the Lord:-
"Go earthward! pass where Solomon hath made
His pleasure-house, and sitteth there arrayed,
Goodly and splendid — whom I crowned the king.
For at this hour my servant doth a thing
Unfitting: out of Nisibis there came
A thousand steeds with nostrils all aflame
And limbs of swiftness, prizes of the fight;
Lo! these are led, for Solomon's delight,
Before the palace, where he gazeth now
Filling his heart with pride at that brave show;
So taken with the snorting and the tramp
Of his war-horses, that Our silver lamp
Of eve is swung in vain, Our warning Sun
Will sink before his sunset-prayer's begun;
:-


## p. 838 (#256) ############################################

838
EDWIN ARNOLD
So shall the people say, 'This king, our lord,
Loves more the long-maned trophies of his sword
Than the remembrance of his God! ' Go in!
Save thou My faithful servant from such sin.
"Also, upon the slope of Arafat,
Beneath a lote-tree which is fallen flat,
Toileth a yellow ant who carrieth home
Food for her nest, but so far hath she come
Her worn feet fail, and she will perish, caught
In the falling rain; but thou, make the way naught.
And help her to her people in the cleft
Of the black rock. "
Silently Gabriel left
The Presence, and prevented the king's sin,
And holp the little ant at entering in.
O Thou whose love is wide and great,
We praise Thee, "The Compassionate. »
THE AFTERNOON
G
From Pearls of the Faith'
He is sufficient, and He makes suffice;
Praise thus again thy Lord, mighty and wise.
OD is enough! thou, who in hope and fear
Toilest through desert-sands of life, sore tried,
Climb trustful over death's black ridge, for near
The bright wells shine: thou wilt be satisfied.
God doth suffice! O thou, the patient one,
Who puttest faith in Him, and none beside,
Bear yet thy load; under the setting sun
The glad tents gleam: thou wilt be satisfied.
By God's gold Afternoon! peace ye shall have:
Man is in loss except he live aright,
And help his fellow to be firm and brave,
Faithful and patient: then the restful night!
Al Mughni! best Rewarder! we
Endure; putting our trust in Thee.


## p. 839 (#257) ############################################

EDWIN ARNOLD
839
THE TRUMPET
From Pearls of the Faith'
Magnify Him, Al-Kaiyum; and so call
The "Self-subsisting" God who judgeth all.
HEN the trumpet shall sound,
On that day,
The wicked, slow-gathering,
Shall say,
"Is it long we have lain in our graves?
For it seems as an hour! »
Then will Israfil call them to judgment:
And none shall have power
To turn aside, this way or that;
And their voices will sink
WHEN
To silence, except for the sounding
Of a noise, like the noise on the brink
Of the sea when its stones
Are dragged with a clatter and hiss
Down the shore, in the wild breakers' roar!
The sound of their woe shall be this:-
Then they who denied
That He liveth Eternal, "Self-made,"
Shall call to the mountains to crush them;
Amazed and affrayed.
Thou Self-subsistent, Living Lord!
Thy grace against that day afford.
ENVOI TO THE LIGHT OF ASIA'
H, BLESSED Lord! Oh, High Deliverer!
A Forgive this feeble script which doth Thee wrong
Measuring with little wit Thy lofty Love.
Ah, Lover! Brother! Guide! Lamp of the Law!
I take my refuge in Thy name and Thee!
I take my refuge in Thy Law of God!
I take my refuge in Thy Order! Om!
The Dew is on the lotus-rise, great Sun!
And lift my leaf and mix me with the wave.
Om mani padme hum, the Sunrise comes!
The Dewdrop slips into the Shining Sea!


## p. 840 (#258) ############################################

840
EDWIN ARNOLD
From Harper's Monthly, copyright 1886, by Harper & Brothers
GRISHMA; OR THE SEASON OF HEAT
Translated from Kalidasa's Ritu Sanhâra›
ITH fierce noons beaming, moons of glory gleaming,
Full conduits streaming, where fair bathers lie,
With sunsets splendid, when the strong day, ended,
Melts into peace, like a tired lover's sigh—
So cometh summer nigh.
WITH
And nights of ebon blackness, laced with lustres
From starry clusters; courts of calm retreat,
Where wan rills warble over glistening marble;
Cold jewels, and the sandal, moist and sweet-
These for the time are meet
-
Of "Suchi," dear one of the bright days, bringing
Love songs for singing which all hearts enthrall,
Wine cups that sparkle at the lips of lovers,
Odors and pleasures in the palace hall:
In "Suchi" these befall.
For then, with wide hips richly girt, and bosoms
Fragrant with blossoms, and with pearl strings gay,
Their new-laved hair unbound, and spreading round.
Faint scents, the palace maids in tender play
The ardent heats allay
Of princely playmates. Through the gates their feet,
With lac-dye rosy and neat, and anklets ringing,
In music trip along, echoing the song
Of wild swans, all men's hearts by subtle singing
To Kama's service bringing;
For who, their sandal-scented breasts perceiving,
Their white pearls-weaving with the saffron stars
Girdles and diadems-their gold and gems
Linked upon waist and thigh, in Love's soft snares
Is not caught unawares?
Then lay they by their robes - no longer light
For the warm midnight—and their beauty cover
With woven veil too airy to conceal
Its dew-pearled softness; so, with youth clad over,
Each seeks her eager lover.


## p. 841 (#259) ############################################

EDWIN ARNOLD
841
And sweet airs winnowed from the sandal fans,
Faint balm that nests between those gem-bound breasts,
Voices of stream and bird, and clear notes heard
From vina strings amid the songs' unrests,
Wake passion. With light jests,
And sidelong glances, and coy smiles and dances,
Each maid enhances newly sprung delight;
Quick leaps the fire of Love's divine desire,
So kindled in the season when the Night
With broadest moons is bright;
Till on the silvered terraces, sleep-sunken,
With Love's draughts drunken, those close lovers lie;
And all for sorrow there shall come To-morrow
w
The Moon, who watched them, pales in the gray sky,
While the still Night doth die.
THEN breaks fierce Day! The whirling dust is driven
O'er earth and heaven, until the sun-scorched plain
Its road scarce shows for dazzling heat to those
Who, far from home and love, journey in pain,
Longing to rest again.
Panting and parched, with muzzles dry and burning,
For cool streams yearning, herds of antelope
Haste where the brassy sky, banked black and high,
Hath clouded promise. << There will be" - they hope —
"Water beyond the tope! "
Sick with the glare, his hooded terrors failing,
His slow coils trailing o'er the fiery dust,
The cobra glides to nighest shade, and hides
His head beneath the peacock's train: he must
His ancient foeman trust!
The purple peafowl, wholly overmastered
By the red morning, droop with weary cries;
No stroke they make to slay that gliding snake
Who creeps for shelter underneath the eyes
Of their spread jewelries!


## p. 842 (#260) ############################################

842
EDWIN ARNOLD
The jungle lord, the kingly tiger, prowling,
For fierce thirst howling, orbs a-stare and red,
Sees without heed the elephants pass by him,
Lolls his lank tongue, and hangs his bloody head,
His mighty forces fled.
Nor heed the elephants that tiger, plucking
Green leaves, and sucking with a dry trunk dew;
Tormented by the blazing day, they wander,
And, nowhere finding water, still renew
Their search-a woful crew!
With restless snout rooting the dark morasses,
Where reeds and grasses on the soft slime grow,
The wild-boars, grunting ill-content and anger,
Dig lairs to shield them from the torturing glow,
Deep, deep as they can go.
The frog, for misery of his pool departing-
'Neath that flame-darting ball-and waters drained
Down to their mud, crawls croaking forth, to cower
Under the black-snake's coils, where there is gained
A little shade; and, strained
-
To patience by such heat, scorching the jewel
Gleaming so cruel on his venomous head,
That worm, whose tongue, as the blast burns along,
Licks it for coolness-all discomfited—
Strikes not his strange friend dead!
The pool, with tender-growing cups of lotus
Once brightly blowing, hath no blossoms more!
Its fish are dead, its fearful cranes are fled,
And crowding elephants its flowery shore
Tramp to a miry floor.
With foam-strings roping from his jowls, and dropping
From dried drawn lips, horns laid aback, and eyes
Mad with the drouth, and thirst-tormented mouth,
Down-thundering from his mountain cavern flies
The bison in wild wise,
Questing a water channel. Bare and scrannel
The trees droop, where the crows sit in a row
With beaks agape. The hot baboon and ape
Climb chattering to the bush. The buffalo
Bellows. And locusts go


## p. 843 (#261) ############################################

EDWIN ARNOLD
843
Choking the wells.
Far o'er the hills and dells
Wanders th' affrighted eye, beholding blasted
The pleasant grass: the forest's leafy mass
Wilted; its waters waned; its grace exhausted;
Its creatures wasted.
Then leaps to view-blood-red and bright of hue-
As blooms sprung new on the Kusumbha-Tree-
The wild-fire's tongue, fanned by the wind, and flung
Furiously forth; the palms, canes, brakes, you see
Wrapped in one agony
Of lurid death! The conflagration, driven
In fiery levin, roars from jungle caves;
Hisses and blusters through the bamboo clusters,
Crackles across the curling grass, and drives
Into the river waves
The forest folk!
Dreadful that flame to see
Coil from the cotton-tree a snake of gold-
Violently break from root and trunk, to take
The bending boughs and leaves in deadly hold
Then passing-to enfold
New spoils! In herds, elephants, jackals, pards,
For anguish of such fate their enmity
Laying aside, burst for the river wide
Which flows between fair isles: in company
As friends they madly flee!
«<
Bur Thee, my Best Beloved! may Suchi" visit fair
With songs of secret waters cooling the quiet air,
Under blue buds of lotus beds, and pâtalas which shed
Fragrance and balm, while Moonlight weaves over thy happy
head
Its silvery veil! So Nights and Days of Summer pass for
thee
Amid the pleasure-palaces, with love and melody!


## p. 844 (#262) ############################################

844
MATTHEW ARNOLD
(1822-1888)
BY GEORGE EDWARD WOODBERRY
M
ATTHEW ARNOLD, an English poet and critic, was born De-
cember 24th, 1822, at Laleham, in the Thames valley. He
was the son of Dr. Thomas Arnold, best remembered as
the master of Rugby in later years, and distinguished also as a histo-
rian of Rome. His mother was, by her maiden name, Mary Penrose,
and long survived her husband. Arnold passed his school days at
Winchester and Rugby, and went to Oxford in October, 1841. There,
as also at school, he won scholarship and prize, and showed poetical
talent. He was elected a fellow of Oriel in March, 1845. He taught
for a short time at Rugby, but in 1847 became private secretary
to Lord Lansdowne, who in 1851 appointed him school inspector.
From that time he was engaged mainly in educational labors, as
inspector and commissioner, and traveled frequently on the Continent
examining foreign methods. He was also interested controversially
in political and religious questions of the day, and altogether had a
sufficient public life outside of literature. In 1851 he married Frances
Lucy, daughter of Sir William Wightman, a judge of the Court of
Queen's Bench, and by her had five children, three sons and two
daughters.
His first volume of verse, 'The Strayed Reveller and Other Poems,'
bears the date 1849; the second. 'Empedocles on Etna and Other
Poems, 1852; the third, 'Poems,' made up mainly from the two
former, was published in 1853, and thereafter he added little to his
poetic work. His first volume of similar significance in prose was
'Essays in Criticism,' issued in 1865. Throughout his mature life he
was a constant writer, and his collected works of all kinds now fill
eleven volumes, exclusive of his letters. In 1857 he was elected
Professor of Poetry at Oxford, and there began his career as a lec-
turer; and this method of public expression he employed often. His
life was thus one with many diverse activities, and filled with prac-
tical or literary affairs; and on no side was it deficient in human
relations. He won respect and reputation while he lived; and his
works continue to attract men's minds, although with much uneven-
ness. He died at Liverpool, on April 15th, 1888.
That considerable portion of Arnold's writings which was con-
cerned with education and politics, or with phases of theological
thought and religious tendency, however valuable in contemporary


## p. 844 (#263) ############################################




## p. 844 (#264) ############################################

曾
​i


## p. 844 (#265) ############################################


சர்மா
CRICI
3
MATTHEW ARNOLD.
வ


## p. 844 (#266) ############################################



## p. 845 (#267) ############################################

MATTHEW ARNOLD
845
discussion, and to men and movements of the third quarter of the
century, must be set on one side. It is not because of anything
there contained that he has become a permanent figure of his time,
or is of interest in literature. He achieved distinction as a critic and
as a poet; but although he was earlier in the field as a poet, he was
recognized by the public at large first as a critic. The union of the
two functions is not unusual in the history of literature; but where
success has been attained in both, the critic has commonly sprung
from the poet in the man, and his range and quality have been lim-
ited thereby. It was so with Dryden and Wordsworth, and, less
obviously, with Landor and Lowell. In Arnold's case there is no
such growth: the two modes of writing, prose and verse, were dis-
connected. One could read his essays without suspecting a poet,
and his poems without discerning a critic, except so far as one finds
the moralist there. In fact, Arnold's critical faculty belonged rather
to the practical side of his life, and was a part of his talents as a
public man.
This appears by the very definitions that he gave, and by the
turn of his phrase, which always keeps an audience rather than a
meditative reader in view. "What is the function of criticism at the
present time? " he asks, and answers-"A disinterested endeavor to
learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in the
world. " That is a wide warrant. The writer who exercises his crit-
ical function under it, however, is plainly a reformer at heart, and
labors for the social welfare. He is not an analyst of the form of
art for its own sake, or a contemplator of its substance of wisdom
or beauty merely. He is not limited to literature or the other arts
of expression, but the world - the intellectual world- is all before
him where to choose; and having learned the best that is known
and thought, his second and manifestly not inferior duty is to go
into all nations, a messenger of the propaganda of intelligence. It
is a great mission, and nobly characterized; but if criticism be so
defined, it is criticism of a large mold.
The scope of the word conspicuously appears also in the phrase,
which became proverbial, declaring that literature is "a criticism of
life. " In such an employment of terms, ordinary meanings evapo-
rate; and it becomes necessary to know the thought of the author
rather than the usage of men. Without granting the dictum, there-
fore, which would be far from the purpose, is it not clear that by
"critic" and "criticism" Arnold intended to designate, or at least to
convey, something peculiar to his. own conception, not strictly
related to literature at all, it may be, but more closely tied to soci-
ety in its general mental activity? In other words, Arnold was a
critic of civilization more than of books, and aimed at illumination


## p. 846 (#268) ############################################

846
MATTHEW ARNOLD
by means of ideas. With this goes his manner, - that habitual air of
telling you something which you did not know before, and doing it
for your good, which stamps him as a preacher born. Under the
mask of the critic is the long English face of the gospeler; that type
whose persistent physiognomy was never absent from the conventicle
of English thought.
This evangelizing prepossession of Arnold's mind must be recog-
nized in order to understand alike his attitude of superiority, his
stiffly didactic method, and his success in attracting converts in
whom the seed proved barren. The first impression that his entire
work makes is one of limitation; so strict is this limitation, and it
profits him so much, that it seems the element in which he had his
being. On a close survey, the fewness of his ideas is most surpris-
ing, though the fact is somewhat cloaked by the lucidity of his
thought, its logical vigor, and the manner of its presentation. He
takes a text, either some formula of his own or some adopted phrase
that he has made his own, and from that he starts out only to
return to it again and again with ceaseless iteration. In his illus-
trations, for example, when he has pilloried some poor gentleman,
otherwise unknown, for the astounded and amused contemplation of
the Anglican monocle, he cannot let him alone. So too when, with
the journalist's nack for nicknames, he divides all England into three
parts, he cannot forget the rhetorical exploit. He never lets the
points he has made fall into oblivion; and hence his work in general,
as a critic, is skeletonized to the memory in watchwords, formulas,
and nicknames, which, taken altogether, make up only a small num-
ber of ideas.
-
-
His scale, likewise, is meagre. is essay is apt to be a book
review or a plea merely; it is without that free illusiveness and
undeveloped suggestion which indicate a full mind and give to such
brief pieces of writing the sense of overflow. He takes no large sub-
ject as a whole, but either a small one or else some phases of the
larger one; and he exhausts all that he touches. He seems to have
no more to say. It is probable that his acquaintance with literature
was incommensurate with his reputation or apparent scope as a
writer. As he has fewer ideas than any other author of his time of
the same rank, so he discloses less knowledge of his own or foreign
literatures. His occupations forbade wide acquisition; he husbanded
his time, and economized also by giving the best direction to his
private studies, and he accomplished much; but he could not master
the field as any man whose profession was literature might easily
do. Consequently, in comparison with Coleridge or Lowell, his criti-
cal work seems dry and bare, with neither the fluency nor the rich-
ness of a master.


## p. 847 (#269) ############################################

MATTHEW ARNOLD
847
In yet another point this paucity of matter appears. What Mr.
Richard Holt Hutton says in his essay on the poetry of Arnold is so
apposite here that it will be best to quote the passage. He is
speaking, in an aside, of Arnold's criticisms:-
"They are fine, they are keen, they are often true; but they are always
too much limited to the thin superficial layer of the moral nature of their
subjects, and seem to take little comparative interest in the deeper individual-
ity beneath. Read his essay on Heine, and you will see the critic engrossed
with the relation of Heine to the political and social ideas of his day, and
passing over with comparative indifference the true soul of Heine, the fount-
ain of both his poetry and his cynicism. Read his five lectures on translating
Homer, and observe how exclusively the critic's mind is occupied with the
form as distinguished from the substance of the Homeric poetry. Even when
he concerns himself with the greatest modern poets,- with Shakespeare as in
the preface to the earlier edition of his poems, or with Goethe in reiterated
poetical criticisms, or when he again and again in his poems treats of Words-
worth, it is always the style and superficial doctrine of their poetry, not the
individual character and unique genius, which occupy him. He will tell you
whether a poet is 'sane and clear,' or stormy and fervent; whether he is
rapid and noble, or loquacious and quaint; whether a thinker penetrates the
husks of conventional thought which mislead the crowd; whether there is
sweetness as well as lucidity in his aims; whether a descriptive writer has
'distinction of style, or is admirable only for his vivacity: but he rarely goes
to the individual heart of any of the subjects of his criticism; he finds their
style and class, but not their personality in that class; he ranks his men, but
does not portray them; hardly even seems to find much interest in the indi-
vidual roots of their character. "
In brief, this is to say that Arnold took little interest in human
nature; nor is there anything in his later essays on Byron, Keats,
Wordsworth, Milton, or Gray, to cause us to revise the judgment on
this point. In fact, so far as he touched on the personality of Keats
or Gray, to take the capital instances, he was most unsatisfactory.
Arnold was not, then, one of those critics who are interested in
life itself, and through the literary work seize on the soul of the
author in its original brightness, or set forth the life-stains in the
successive incarnations of his heart and mind. Nor was he of those
who consider the work itself final, and endeavor simply to under-
stand it,-form and matter,—and so to mediate between genius and
our slower intelligence. He followed neither the psychological nor
the æsthetic method. It need hardly be said that he was born too
early to be able ever to conceive of literature as a phenomenon of
society, and its great men as only terms in an evolutionary series.
He had only a moderate knowledge of literature, and his stock of
ideas was small; his manner of speech was hard and dry, there was
a trick in his style, and his self-repetition is tiresome.


## p. 848 (#270) ############################################

848
MATTHEW ARNOLD
What gave him vogue, then, and what still keeps his more liter-
ary work alive? Is it anything more than the temper in which he
worked, and the spirit which he evoked in the reader ? He stood
for the very spirit of intelligence in his time. He made his readers
respect ideas, and want to have as many as possible. He enveloped
them in an atmosphere of mental curiosity and alertness, and put
them in contact with novel and attractive themes. In particular, he
took their minds to the Continent and made them feel that they
were becoming cosmopolitan by knowing Joubert; or at home, he
rallied them in opposition to the dullness of the period, to "bar-
barism" or other objectionable traits in the social classes: and he
volleyed contempt upon the common multitudinous foe in general,
and from time to time cheered them with some delectable examples
of single combat. It cannot be concealed that there was much mali-
cious pleasure in it all. He was not indisposed to high-bred cruelty.
Like Lamb, he "loved a fool," but it was in a mortar; and pleasant
it was to see the spectacle when he really took a man in hand for
the chastisement of irony. It is thus that "the seraphim illuminati
sneer. " And in all his controversial writing there was a brilliancy
and unsparingness that will appeal to the deepest instincts of a
fighting race, willy-nilly; and as one had only to read the words to
feel himself among the children of light, so that our withers were
unwrung, there was high enjoyment.
This liveliness of intellectual conflict, together with the sense of
ideas, was a boon to youth especially; and the academic air in which
the thought and style always moved, with scholarly self-possession
and assurance, with the dogmatism of "enlightenment" in all ages
and among all sects, with serenity and security unassailable, from
within at least—this academic ❝clearness and purity without shadow
or stain" had an overpowering charm to the college-bred and culti-
vated, who found the rare combination of information, taste, and
aggressiveness in one of their own ilk. Above all, there was the play
of intelligence on every page; there was an application of ideas to
life in many regions of the world's interests; there was contact with
a mind keen, clear, and firm, armed for controversy or persuasion
equally, and filled with eager belief in itself, its ways, and its will.
To meet such personality in a book was a bracing experience;
and for many these essays were an awakening of the mind itself. We
may go to others for the greater part of what criticism can give, —
for definite and fundamental principles, for adequate characterization,
for the intuition and the revelation, the penetrant flash of thought
and phrase: but Arnold generates and supports a temper of mind in
which the work of these writers best thrives even in its own sphere;
and through him this temper becomes less individual than social,


## p. 849 (#271) ############################################

MATTHEW ARNOLD
849
encompassing the whole of life. Few critics have been really less
"disinterested," few have kept their eyes less steadily "upon the
object" but that fact does not lessen the value of his precepts of
disinterestedness and objectivity; nor is it necessary, in becoming "a
child of light," to join in spirit the unhappy "remnant" of the acad-
emy, or to drink too deep of that honeyed satisfaction, with which he
fills his readers, of being on his side. As a critic, Arnold succeeds if
his main purpose does not fail, and that was to reinforce the party
of ideas, of culture, of the children of light; to impart, not moral
vigor, but openness and reasonableness of mind; and to arouse and
arm the intellectual in contradistinction to the other energies of civ-
ilization.
The poetry of Arnold, to pass to the second portion of his work,
was less widely welcomed than his prose, and made its way very
slowly; but it now seems the most important and permanent part.
It is not small in quantity, though his unproductiveness in later years
has made it appear that he was less fluent and abundant in verse
than he really was.
The remarkable thing, as one turns to his
poems, is the contrast in spirit that they afford to the essays: there
is here an atmosphere of entire calm. We seem to be in a different
world. This fact, with the singular silence of his familiar letters in
regard to his verse, indicates that his poetic life was truly a thing
apart.
In one respect only is there something in common between his
prose and verse: just as interest in human nature was absent in the
latter, it is absent also in the former. There is no action in the
poems; neither is there character for its own sake. Arnold was a
man of the mind, and he betrays no interest in personality except
for its intellectual traits; in Clough as in Obermann, it is the life
of thought, not the human being, that he portrays. As a poet, he
expresses the moods of the meditative spirit in view of nature and
our mortal existence; and he represents life, not lyrically by its
changeful moments, nor tragically by its conflict in great characters,
but philosophically by a self-contained and unvarying monologue,
deeper or less deep in feeling and with cadences of tone, but always
with the same grave and serious effect. He is constantly thinking,
whatever his subject or his mood; his attitude is intellectual, his
sentiments are maxims, his conclusions are advisory. His world is
the sphere of thought, and his poems have the distance and repose
and also the coldness that befit that sphere; and the character of his
imagination, which lays hold of form and reason, makes natural to
him the classical style.
It is obvious that the sources of his poetical culture are Greek.
It is not merely, however, that he takes for his early subjects Merope
11-54


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MATTHEW ARNOLD
and Empedocles, or that he strives in 'Balder Dead' for Homeric
narrative, or that in the recitative to which he was addicted he
evoked an immelodious phantom of Greek choruses; nor is it the
"marmoreal air” that chills while it ennobles much of his finest
work. One feels the Greek quality not as a source but as a presence.
In Tennyson, Keats, and Shelley, there was Greek influence, but
in them the result was modern. In Arnold the antiquity remains;
remains in mood, just as in Landor it remains in form. The Greek
twilight broods over all his poetry. It is pagan in philosophic spirit;
not Attic, but of a later and stoical time, with the very virtues of
patience, endurance, suffering, not in their Christian types, but as
they now seem to a post-Christian imagination looking back to the
imperial past. There is a difference, it is true, in Arnold's expres-
sion of the mood: he is as little Sophoclean as he is Homeric, as little
Lucretian as he is Vergilian. The temperament is not the same,
not a survival or a revival of the antique, but original and living.
And yet the mood of the verse is felt at once to be a reincarnation
of the deathless spirit of Hellas, that in other ages also has made
beautiful and solemn for a time the shadowed places of the Christian
world. If one does not realize this, he must miss the secret of the
tranquillity, the chill, the grave austerity, as well as the philosoph-
ical resignation, which are essential to the verse. Even in those
parts of the poems which use romantic motives, one reason of their
original charm is that they suggest how the Greek imagination would
have dealt with the forsaken merman, the church of Brou, and Tris-
tram and Iseult. The presence of such motives, such mythology,
and such Christian and chivalric color in the work of Arnold does
not disturb the imple unity of its feeling, which finds no solvent for
life, whatever its accident of time and place and faith, except in
that Greek spirit which ruled in thoughtful men before the triumph.
of Christianity, and is still native in men who accept the intellect as
the sole guide of life.
It was with reference to these modern men and the movement
they took part in, that he made his serious claim to greatness; to
rank, that is, with Tennyson and Browning, as he said, in the litera-
ture of his time. "My poems," he wrote, "represent on the whole
the main movement of mind of the last quarter of a century; and
thus they will probably have their day as people become conscious
to themselves of what that movement of mind is, and interested in
the literary productions that reflect it. It might be fairly urged that
I have less poetical sentiment than Tennyson, and less intellectual
vigor and abundance than Browning; yet because I have, perhaps,
more of a fusion of the two than either of them, and have more
regularly applied that fusion to the main line of modern development,


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851
If
I am likely enough to have my turn, as they have had theirs. "
the main movement had been such as he thought of it, or if it had
been of importance in the long run, there might be a sounder basis
for this hope than now appears to be the case; but there can be no
doubt, let the contemporary movement have been what it may, that
Arnold's mood is one that will not pass out of men's hearts to-day
nor to-morrow.
On the modern side the example of Wordsworth was most form-
ative, and in fact it is common to describe Arnold as a Wordsworthian.
and so, in his contemplative attitude to nature, and in his habitual
recourse to her, he was; but both nature herself as she appeared to
him, and his mood in her presence, were very different from Words-
worth's conception and emotion. Arnold finds in nature a refuge
from life, an anodyne, an escape; but Wordsworth, in going into the
hills for poetical communion, passed from a less to a fuller and
deeper life, and obtained an inspiration, and was seeking the goal of
all his being. In the method of approach, too, as well as in the
character of the experience, there was a profound difference between
the two poets. Arnold sees with the outward rather than the inward
eye. He is pictorial in a way that Wordsworth seldom is; he uses
detail much more, and gives a group or a scene with the externality
of a painter. The method resembles that of Tennyson rather than
that of Wordsworth, and has more direct analogy with the Greek
manner than with the modern and emotional schools; it is objective,
often minute, and always carefully composed, in the artistic sense of
that term. The description of the river Oxus, for example, though
faintly charged with suggested and allegoric meaning, is a noble close
to the poem which ends in it. The scale is large, and Arnold was
fond of a broad landscape, of mountains, and prospects over the land;
but one cannot fancy Wordsworth writing it. So too, on a small
scale, the charming scene of the English garden in Thyrsis' is far
from Wordsworth's manner:—
-
"When garden walks and all the grassy floor
With blossoms red and white of fallen May
And chestnut-flowers are strewn -
So have I heard the cuckoo's parting cry,
From the wet field, through the vext garden trees,
Come with the volleying rain and tossing breeze. »
This is a picture that could be framed: how different from Words-
worth's "wandering voice"! Or to take another notable example,
which, like the Oxus passage, is a fine close in the Tristram and
Iseult,' the hunter on the arras above the dead lovers :-


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MATTHEW ARNOLD
"A stately huntsman, clad in green,
And round him a fresh forest scene.
On that clear forest-knoll he stays,
With his pack round him, and delays.
The wild boar rustles in his lair,
The fierce hounds snuff the tainted air,
But lord and hounds keep rooted there.
Cheer, cheer thy dogs into the brake,
O hunter! and without a fear
Thy golden tasseled bugle blow->
But no one is deceived, and the hunter does not move from the
arras, but is still "rooted there," with his green suit and his golden
tassel. The piece is pictorial, and highly wrought for pictorial effects
only, obviously decorative and used as stage scenery precisely in the
manner of our later theatrical art, with that accent of forethought
which turns the beautiful into the æsthetic. This is a method which
Wordsworth never used. Take one of his pictures, the 'Reaper' for
example, and see the difference. The one is out-of-doors, the other
is of the studio. The purpose of these illustrations is to show that
Arnold's nature-pictures are not only consciously artistic, with an ar-
rangement that approaches artifice, but that he is interested through
his eye primarily and not through his emotions. It is characteris-
tic of his temperament also that he reminds one most often of the
painter in water-colors.
If there is this difference between Arnold and Wordsworth in
method, a greater difference in spirit is to be anticipated. It is a
fixed gulf. In nature Wordsworth found the one spirit's "plastic
stress," and a near and intimate revelation to the soul of truths that
were his greatest joy and support in existence. Arnold finds there no
inhabitancy of God, no such streaming forth of wisdom and beauty
from the fountain heads of being; but the secret frame of nature is
filled only with the darkness, the melancholy, the waiting endurance
that is projected from himself:-
"Yet, Fausta, the mute turf we tread,
The solemn hills about us spread,
The stream that falls incessantly,
The strange-scrawled rocks, the lonely sky,
If I might lend their life a voice,
Seem to bear rather than rejoice. »
Compare this with Wordsworth's 'Stanzas on Peele Castle,' and the
important reservations that must be borne in mind in describing
Arnold as a Wordsworthian will become clearer. It is as a relief from


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MATTHEW ARNOLD
853
1.
thought, as a beautiful and half-physical diversion, as a scale of being
so vast and mysterious as to reduce the pettiness of human life to
nothingness, it is in these ways that nature has value in Arnold's
verse. Such a poet may describe natural scenes well, and obtain by
means of them contrast to human conditions, and decorative beauty;
but he does not penetrate nature or interpret what her significance is
in the human spirit, as the more emotional poets have done. He
ends in an antithesis, not in a synthesis, and both nature and man
lose by the divorce. One looks in vain for anything deeper than
landscapes in Arnold's treatment of nature; she is emptied of her
own infinite, and has become spiritually void: and in the simple great
line in which he gave the sea
"The unplumbed, salt, estranging sea- >>
he is thinking of man, not of the ocean: and the mood seems ancient
rather than modern, the feeling of a Greek, just as the sound of the
waves to him is always Ægean.
In treating of man's life, which must be the main thing in any
poet's work, Arnold is either very austere or very pessimistic. If the
feeling is moral, the predominant impression is of austerity; if it is
intellectual, the predominant impression is of sadness. He was not in-
sensible to the charm of life, but he feels it in his senses only to deny
it in his mind. The illustrative passage is from 'Dover Beach':—
"Ah, love, let us be true
To one another! for the world which seems
To lie before us like a land of dreams,
So various, so beautiful, so new,
Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light,
Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain. »
This is the contradiction of sense and thought, the voice of a
regret grounded in the intellect (for if it were vital and grounded in
the emotions it would become despair); the creed of illusion and
futility in life, which is the characteristic note of Arnold, and the
reason of his acceptance by many minds. The one thing about life
which he most insists on is its isolation, its individuality. In the
series called 'Switzerland,' this is the substance of the whole; and
the doctrine is stated with an intensity and power, with an amplitude
and prolongation, that set these poems apart as the most remarkable
of all his lyrics. From a poet so deeply impressed with this aspect
of existence, and unable to find its remedy or its counterpart in the
harmony of life, no joyful or hopeful word can be expected, and none
is found. The second thing about life which he dwells on is its
futility; though he bids one strive and work, and points to the
example of the strong whom he has known, yet one feels that his


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MATTHEW ARNOLD
voice rings more true when he writes of Obermann than in any
other of the elegiac poems. In such verse as the 'Summer Night,'
again, the genuineness of the mood is indubitable. In The Sick
King of Bokhara,' the one dramatic expression of his genius, futility
is the very centre of the action. The fact that so much of his
poetry seems to take its motive from the subsidence of Christian
faith has set him among the skeptic or agnostic poets, and the "main
movement" which he believed he had expressed was doubtless that
in which agnosticism was a leading element. The unbelief of the
third quarter of the century was certainly a controlling influence over
him, and in a man mainly intellectual by nature it could not well
have been otherwise.
Hence, as one looks at his more philosophical and lyrical poems-
the profounder part of his work — and endeavors to determine their
character and sources alike, it is plain to see that in the old phrase,
"the pride of the intellect" lifts its lonely column over the desola-
tion of every page. The man of the academy is here, as in the
prose, after all.
He reveals himself in the literary motive, the
bookish atmosphere of the verse, in its vocabulary, its elegance of
structure, its precise phrase and its curious allusions (involving foot-
notes), and in fact, throughout all its form and structure. So self-
conscious is it that it becomes frankly prosaic at inconvenient times,
and is more often on the level of eloquent and graceful rhetoric than
of poetry. It is frequently liquid and melodious, but there is no
burst of native song in it anywhere. It is the work of a true poet,
nevertheless; but there are many voices for the Muse. It is sincere,
it is touched with reality; it is the mirror of a phase of life in our
times, and not in our times only, but whenever the intellect seeks
expression for its sense of the limitation of its own career, and its
sadness in a world which it cannot solve.
A word should be added concerning the personality of Arnold
which is revealed in his familiar letters,- a collection that has
dignified the records of literature with a singularly noble memory of
private life. Few who did not know Arnold could have been pre-
pared for the revelation of a nature so true, so amiable, so dutiful.
In every relation of private life he is shown to have been a man of
exceptional constancy and plainness. The letters are mainly home
letters; but a few friendships also yielded up their hoard, and thus
the circle of private life is made complete. Every one must take
delight in the mental association with Arnold in the scenes of his
existence, thus daily exposed, and in his family affections. A nature
warm to its own, kindly to all, cheerful, fond of sport and fun, and
always fed from pure fountains, and with it a character so founded
upon the rock, so humbly serviceable, so continuing in power and


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MATTHEW ARNOLD
855
grace, must wake in all the responses of happy appreciation, and
leave the charm of memory.
He did his duty as naturally as if it required neither resolve, nor
effort, nor thought of any kind for the morrow, and he never failed,
seemingly, in act or word of sympathy, in little or great things; and
when, to this, one adds the clear ether of the intellectual life where
he habitually moved in his own life apart, and the humanity of his
home, the gift that these letters bring may be appreciated. That gift
is the man himself; but set in the atmosphere of home, with son-
ship and fatherhood, sisters and brothers, with the bereavements of
years fully accomplished, and those of babyhood and boyhood, -a
sweet and wholesome English home, with all the cloud and sunshine
of the English world drifting over its roof-tree, and the soil of Eng-
land beneath its stones, and English duties for the breath of its being.
To add such a home to the household-rights of English literature is
perhaps something from. which Arnold would have shrunk, but it
endears his memory.
Kryer combong
3
INTELLIGENCE AND GENIUS
From Essays in Criticism'
IAT are the essential characteristics of the spirit of our
nation ? Not, certainly, an open and clear mind, not a
quick and flexible intelligence. Our greatest admirers
would not claim for us that we have these in a pre-eminent
degree; they might say that we had more of them than our de-
tractors gave us credit for, but they would not assert them to
be our essential characteristics. They would rather allege, as
our chief spiritual characteristics, energy and honesty; and if we
are judged favorably and positively, not invidiously and nega-
tively, our chief characteristics are no doubt these: energy and
honesty, not an open and clear mind, not a quick and flexible
intelligence. Openness of mind and flexibility of intelligence
were very signal characteristics of the Athenian people in an-
cient times; everybody will feel that. Openness of mind and


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MATTHEW ARNOLD
flexibility of intelligence are remarkable characteristics of the
French people in modern times, at any rate, they strikingly
characterize them as compared with us; I think everybody, or
almost everybody, will feel that. I will not now ask what more
the Athenian or the French spirit has than this, nor what short-
comings either of them may have as a set-off against this; all
I want now to point out is that they have this, and that we
have it in a much lesser degree.
Let me remark, however, that not only in the moral sphere,
but also in the intellectual and spiritual sphere, energy and
honesty are most important and fruitful qualities; that for in-
stance, of what we call genius, energy is the most essential
part.
So, by assigning to a nation energy and honesty as its
chief spiritual characteristics,- by refusing to it, as at all emi-
nent characteristics, openness of mind and flexibility of intelli-
gence, we do not by any means, as some people might at first
suppose, relegate its importance and its power of manifesting
itself with effect from the intellectual to the moral sphere. We
only indicate its probable special line of successful activity in
the intellectual sphere, and, it is true, certain imperfections
and failings to which in this sphere it will always be subject.
Genius is mainly an affair of energy, and poetry is mainly an
affair of genius; therefore a nation whose spirit is characterized
by energy may well be eminent in poetry;-and we have Shake-
speare. Again, the highest reach of science is, one may say,
an inventive power, a faculty of divination, akin to the highest
power exercised in poetry; therefore a nation whose spirit is
characterized by energy may well be eminent in science;—and
we have Newton. Shakespeare and Newton: in the intellectual
sphere there can be no higher names. And what that energy,
which is the life of genius, above everything demands and
insists upon, is freedom; entire independence of all authority,
prescription, and routine,-the fullest room to expand as it will.
Therefore a nation whose chief spiritual characteristic is energy
will not be very apt to set up, in intellectual matters, a fixed
standard, an authority, like an academy. By this it certainly
escapes certain real inconveniences and dangers; and it can at
the same time, as we have seen, reach undeniably splendid
heights in poetry and science.
On the other hand, some of the requisites of intellectual work
are specially the affair of quickness of mind and flexibility of
―――


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MATTHEW ARNOLD
857
intelligence. The form, the method of evolution, the precision,
the proportions, the relations of the parts to the whole, in an
intellectual work, depend mainly upon them. And these are the
elements of an intellectual work which are really most commu-
nicable from it, which can most be learned and adopted from it,
which have therefore the greatest effect upon the intellectual
performance of others. Even in poetry these requisites are very
important; and the poetry of a nation not eminent for the gifts
on which they depend, will more or less suffer by this shortcom-
ing. In poetry, however, they are after all secondary, and energy
is the first thing; but in prose they are of first-rate importance.
In its prose literature, therefore, and in the routine of intellectual
work generally, a nation with no particular gifts for these will
not be so successful. These are what, as I have said, can to a
certain degree be learned and appropriated, while the free activ-
ity of genius cannot. Academies consecrate and maintain them,
and therefore a nation with an eminent turn for them naturally
establishes academies. So far as routine and authority tend to
embarrass energy and inventive genius, academies may be said to
be obstructive to energy and inventive genius, and to this extent
to the human spirit's general advance. But then this evil is so
much compensated by the propagation, on a large scale, of the
mental aptitudes and demands which an open mind and a flexible
intelligence naturally engender, genius itself in the long run so
greatly finds its account in this propagation, and bodies like the
French Academy have such power for promoting it, that the
general advance of the human spirit is perhaps, on the whole,
rather furthered than impeded by their existence.
How much greater is our nation in poetry than prose! how
much better, in general, do the productions of its spirit show in
the qualities of genius than in the qualities of intelligence! One
may constantly remark this in the work of individuals: how much
more striking, in general, does any Englishman-of some vigor
of mind, but by no means a poet-seem in his verse than in his
prose! His verse partly suffers from his not being really a poet,
partly no doubt from the very same defects which impair his
prose, and he cannot express himself with thorough success in it,
but how much more powerful a personage does he appear in it,
by dint of feeling and of originality and movement of ideas, than
when he is writing prose! With a Frenchman of like stamp, it is
just the reverse: set him to write poetry, he is limited, artificial,


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MATTHEW ARNOLD
and impotent; set him to write prose, he is free, natural, and
effective. The power of French literature is in its prose writers,
the power of English literature is in its poets. Nay, many of
the celebrated French poets depend wholly for their fame upon
the qualities of intelligence which they exhibit,- qualities which
are the distinctive support of prose; many of the celebrated
English prose writers depend wholly for their fame upon the
qualities of genius and imagination which they exhibit,- qualities
which are the distinctive support of poetry.
But as I have said, the qualities of genius are less transferable
than the qualities of intelligence; less can be immediately learned
and appropriated from their product; they are less direct and
stringent intellectual agencies, though they may be more beau-
tiful and divine. Shakespeare and our great Elizabethan group
were certainly more gifted writers than Corneille and his group;
but what was the sequel to this great literature, this literature of
genius, as we may call it, stretching from Marlowe to Milton?
What did it lead up to in English literature? To our provincial
and second-rate literature of the eighteenth century. What, on
the other hand, was the sequel to the literature of the French
"great century," to this literature of intelligence, as by compar-
ison with our Elizabethan literature we may call it; what did it
lead up to? To the French literature of the eighteenth century,
one of the most powerful and pervasive intellectual agencies that
have ever existed, the greatest European force of the eighteenth
century. In science, again, we had Newton, a genius of the
very highest order, a type of genius in science if ever there was
one. On the continent, as a sort of counterpart to Newton,
there was Leibnitz; a man, it seems to me (though on these
matters I speak under correction), of much less creative energy
of genius, much less power of divination than Newton, but rather
a man of admirable intelligence, a type of intelligence in science
if ever there was one. Well, and what did they each directly
lead up to in science? What was the intellectual generation that
sprang from each of them? I only repeat what the men of
science have themselves pointed out. The man of genius was
continued by the English analysts of the eighteenth century,
comparatively powerless and obscure followers of the renowned
master. The man of intelligence was continued by successors
like Bernoulli, Euler, Lagrange, and Laplace, the greatest names
in modern mathematics.
-


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859
SWEETNESS AND LIGHT
From 'Culture and Anarchy'
HE disparagers of culture make its motive curiosity; some-
make its motive mere exclusiveness and
vanity. The culture which is supposed to plume itself on
a smattering of Greek and Latin is a culture which is begotten
by nothing so intellectual as curiosity; it is valued either out of
sheer vanity and ignorance, or else as an engine of social and
class distinction, separating its holder, like a badge or title, from
other people who have not got it. No serious man would call
this culture, or attach any value to it, as culture, at all. To
find the real ground for the very differing estimate which serious
people will set upon culture, we must find some motive for cult-
ure in the terms of which may lie a real ambiguity; and such a
motive the word curiosity gives us.
ment was.
I have before now pointed out that we English do not, like the
foreigners, use this word in a good sense as well as in a bad sense.
With us the word is always used in a somewhat disapproving
sense. A liberal and intelligent eagerness about the things of
the mind may be meant by a foreigner when he speaks of curi-
osity; but with us the word always conveys a certain notion of
frivolous and unedifying activity. In the Quarterly Review, some
little time ago, was an estimate of the celebrated French critic,
M. Sainte-Beuve; and a very inadequate estimate it in my judg-
And its inadequacy consisted chiefly in this: that in
our English way it left out of sight the double sense really in-
volved in the word curiosity, thinking enough was said to stamp
M. Sainte-Beuve with blame if it was said that he was impelled
in his operations as a critic by curiosity, and omitting either to
perceive that M. Sainte-Beuve himself, and many other people
with him, would consider that this was praiseworthy and not
blameworthy, or to point out why it ought really to be accounted
worthy of blame and not of praise. For as there is a curiosity
about intellectual matters which is futile, and merely a disease,
so there is certainly a curiosity—a desire after the things of the
mind simply for their own sakes and for the pleasure of seeing
them as they are-which is, in an intelligent being, natural
and laudable. Nay, and the very desire to see things as they
are implies a balance and regulation of mind which is not often


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MATTHEW ARNOLD
attained without fruitful effort, and which is the very opposite of
the blind and diseased impulse of mind which is what we mean
to blame when we blame curiosity. Montesquieu says:-"The
first motive which ought to impel us to study is the desire to
augment the excellence of our nature, and to render an intelli-
gent being yet more intelligent. " This is the true ground to
assign for the genuine scientific passion, however manifested, and
for culture, viewed simply as a fruit of this passion; and it is a
worthy ground, even though we let the term curiosity stand to
describe it.
But there is of culture another view, in which not solely the
scientific passion, the sheer desire to see things as they are,
natural and proper in an intelligent being, appears as the ground
of it. There is a view in which all the love of our neighbor, the
impulses toward action, help, and beneficence, the desire for
removing human error, clearing human confusion, and diminish-
ing human misery, the noble aspiration to leave the world better
and happier than we found it,-motives eminently such as are
called social,-come in as part of the grounds of culture, and the
main and pre-eminent part. Culture is then properly described
not as having its origin in curiosity, but as having its origin in
the love of perfection; it is a study of perfection. It moves by
the force, not merely or primarily of the scientific passion for
pure knowledge, but also of the moral and social passion for
doing good. As in the first view of it we took for its worthy
motto Montesquieu's words, "To render an intelligent being yet
more intelligent! " so in the second view of it there is no better
motto which it can have than these words of Bishop Wilson: "To
make reason and the will of God prevail. "
Only, whereas the passion for doing good is apt to be over-
hasty in determining what reason and the will of God say, be-
cause its turn is for acting rather than thinking, and it wants to
be beginning to act; and whereas it is apt to take its own con-
ceptions, which proceed from its own state of development and
share in all the imperfections and immaturities of this, for a
basis of action: what distinguishes culture is, that it is possessed
by the scientific passion as well as by the passion of doing good;
that it demands worthy notions of reason and the will of God,
and does not readily suffer its own crude conceptions to substi-
tute themselves for them. And knowing that no action or insti-
tution can be salutary and stable which is not based on reason
.


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861
and the will of God, it is not so bent on acting and instituting,
even with the great aim of diminishing human error and misery
ever before its thoughts, but that it can remember that acting
and instituting are of little use, unless we know how and what
we ought to act and to institute.
The pursuit of perfection, then, is the pursuit of sweetness
and light. He who works for sweetness and light, works to
make reason and the will of God prevail. He who works for
machinery, he who works for hatred, works only for confusion.
Culture looks beyond machinery, culture hates hatred; culture
has one great passion, the passion for sweetness and light. It
has one even yet greater! -the passion for making them prevail.
It is not satisfied till we all come to a perfect man; it knows
that the sweetness and light of the few must be imperfect until
the raw and unkindled masses of humanity are touched with
sweetness and light. If I have not shrunk from saying that we
must work for sweetness and light, so neither have I shrunk
from saying that we must have a broad basis, must have sweet-
ness and light for as many as possible. Again and again I
have insisted how those are the happy moments of humanity,
how those are the marking epochs of a people's life, how those
are the flowering times for literature and art and all the creative
power of genius, when there is a national glow of life and
thought, when the whole of society is in the fullest measure
permeated by thought, sensible to beauty, intelligent and alive.
Only it must be real thought and real beauty; real sweetness
and real light. Plenty of people will try to give the masses, as
they call them, an intellectual food prepared and adapted in the
way they think proper for the actual condition of the masses.
The ordinary popular literature is an example of this way of
working on the masses. Plenty of people will try to indoctrin-
ate the masses with the set of ideas and judgments constituting
the creed of their own profession or party. Our religious and
political organizations give an example of this way of working on
the masses. I condemn neither way; but culture works differ-
ently. It does not try to teach down to the level of inferior
classes; it does not try to win them for this or that sect of its
own, with ready-made judgments and watchwords. It seeks to
do away with classes; to make the best that has been thought
and known in the world current everywhere; to make all men
live in an atmosphere of sweetness and light, where they may


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MATTHEW ARNOLD
use ideas, as it uses them itself, freely,- nourished and not
bound by them.
This is the social idea; and the men of culture are the true
apostles of equality. The great men of culture are those who
have had a passion for diffusing, for making prevail, for carrying
from one end of society to the other, the best knowledge, the best
ideas of their time; who have labored to divest knowledge of all
that was harsh, uncouth, difficult, abstract, professional, exclusive;
to humanize it, to make it efficient outside the clique of the cul-
tivated and learned, yet still remaining the best knowledge and
thought of the time, and a true source, therefore, of sweetness
and light. Such a man was Abélard in the Middle Ages, in spite
of all his imperfections; and thence the boundless emotion and
enthusiasm which Abélard excited. Such were Lessing and
Herder in Germany, at the end of the last century; and their
services to Germany were in this way inestimably precious. Gen-
erations will pass, and literary monuments will accumulate, and
works far more perfect than the works of Lessing and Herder
will be produced in Germany; and yet the names of these two
men will fill a German with a reverence and enthusiasm such as
the names of the most gifted masters will hardly awaken. And
why? Because they humanized knowledge; because they broad-
ened the basis of life and intelligence; because they worked
powerfully to diffuse sweetness and light, to make reason and the
will of God prevail. With Saint Augustine they said:- "Let us
not leave thee alone to make in the secret of thy knowledge, as
thou didst before the creation of the firmament, the division of
light from darkness; let the children of thy spirit, placed in their
firmament, make their light shine upon the earth, mark the divis
ion of night and day, and announce the revolution of the times;
for the old order is passed, and the new arises; the night is
spent, the day is come forth; and thou shalt crown the year with
thy blessing, when thou shalt send forth laborers into thy harvest
sown by other hands than theirs; when thou shalt send forth new
laborers to new seed-times, whereof the harvest shall be not yet. "
Keeping this in view, I have in my own mind often indulged
myself with the fancy of employing, in order to designate our
aristocratic class, the name of The Barbarians. The Barbarians,
to whom we all owe so much, and who reinvigorated and renewed
our worn-out Europe, had, as is well known, eminent merits;
and in this country, where we are for the most part sprung from


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