MoninnedaughterofMochta,sonofLilach, son of Lugaid, son of Rossa, son of Imchad, son of Fedlimid, son of Cas, son of Fiacha
26 "
Sanctae Lupita, Tigrida et Crumtheris
textrice—s et sacrorum linteorum erant confec- A—raide, son ot Oengus Goibniu.
26 "
Sanctae Lupita, Tigrida et Crumtheris
textrice—s et sacrorum linteorum erant confec- A—raide, son ot Oengus Goibniu.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v7
Harry Hems, of Exeter.
See " The Irish Builder" of December 1st, 1886, vol.
xxviii.
, No.
647, p.
324.
—Chapter i. —
Article II.
Livre du Chevalier de la Tour Landry, this story is told.
l
In
Le
8o LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
[July 6.
of the votaries of pleasure and fashion, from those pure aspirations and self- denying practices, which draw pious recluses from worldly vanities and deceits to the desert; where, with hearts fixed on the delights of heaven, all was not solitude in their beloved retreats.
As in the case of the present holy woman, such instances of self-sacrifice are numerous, even from the earliest periods of our national church. Some confusion seems to have arisen, however, when the present St. Darerca has been confounded with the religious sister of our great Apostle St. Patrick, and who was similarly named. Again, as we have seen at the preceding day, under her alias name of Moninna, she has been confounded with a St. Mod- wen or Modwenna, who is supposed to have flourished in the ninth century. Having there made an effort, to discriminate between these latter persons ; we are obliged to depend much on conjecture, as to those particulars, occurring in the Acts already mentioned, some of them referring very possibly to the present saint. As may be seen in the sequel, however, we are obliged to
admit chronological and other difficulties of statement, while endeavouring to investigate her period and career. The few reflected traditions or lights we have from independent sources rather serve to dazzle and perplex than to elucidate her history. We know, however, that a saint called Moninnehad been venerated on the 6th of July, and that her place was in the northern parts of Ireland. —This is stated, in the Feilire of St. ^Engus. 3 —Some commentaries traditional
annexed * although containing information are hardly to be regarded as altogether authentic. Colgan intended and also promised s the
publication of Acts, illustrating the biography of St. Darerca, or Moninna,6 at the 6th of July. i The Bollandists have published two different Acts of
St. Darerca or
Monynna, virgin,
at the 6th of 8 One of these is taken July.
from an Irish Manuscript, belonging to the Jesuit College at Salamanca,9 but its author's name has not been discovered. Its date is unknown, yet it
is thought to be of some considerable antiquity. This is followed by a less
10
attributed to Conchubran,
11
as already stated, at the preceding
reliable Life,
date. There, too, we have endeavoured to deal with both, in trying to dis- criminate between the Monenna, venerated on the 5th of this month, and the Monenna, whose feast has been set down, for the present day. Both l*
*6 See Alexander Vance's Romantic Epis-
odes of Chivalrie and Mediaeval France, pp.
Where her name occurs on the list, published by Charles MacDonnell, Esq. , as
"
S. Darercaequae et Moninna, 6 Jul. " ""
292, 293.
3 In the "Leabhar Breac copy, the 7 See Catalogus Actuum Sanctorum quae
following stanza occurs at this date, and MS. habentur, ordine Mensium et Dierum. "
it has b—een translated by Whitley Stokes,
8
See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. ,
vi. DeS. Darercaseu in Monynna Virg.
LL. D.
:
Julii
Hibernia, Scotia, vel Anglia, pp. 200 to 312.
monnroe m Cflebi Cuibrro bacAin Aige
Sabaip buAit> geb gUvme Siuur* Tttuine m-Aipe.
9 The Bollandists have published this, in
four cnapters, containing forty-five para-
graphs.
,0
" Moninne of the mountain of Cuilenn (Slieve Guliion) was a fair pillar : she gained
" Taken from a Codex, belonging to the Cottonian Library, and classed as Cleopatra
asister A. 2. Thisis
of great Mary (the virgin). " "Transactions author, and it has been arranged in eight
a of — :
a ofthe Prologue
bright victory purity (she was)
of the Royal Irish Academy," Irish Manu- chapters, comprising seventy-eight para-
dar of Oengus, p. cix. 4 See ibid. , p. cxvi.
graphs,
" In the following notes; we shall quote
On the Calen-
script Series, vol. i. , parti.
pendix ad Acta S. Patricii, cap. xxiii. , Second Life of St. Modwenna.
,3 See " Lives of the and p. 270. Fathers, Martyrs
them as the Salamancan or First Life of St. 5 See "Trias Thaumaturga," Quinta Ap- Modwenna, and as Conchubran's or the
Evidently, it has been interpolated from some original, and by an ignorant scribe.
preceded by
July 6. ]
LIVES OE THE IRISH SAINTS. 81
have been edited, by Father John Pinius, S. J. , who has added notes, and a previous commentary in four paragraphs. At this date, the name of St. Moninna, virgin, appears in Rev. Alban Butler's work. '3 Some notices of this saint are Rev. Dr.
1 * but with the doubts
from a judicious consideration of those accounts, which have come down to our times. There is allusion, likewise, to Sainte Darerque, also called Monynne, virgin, in Les Petits Bollandistes. 'S There is a very interesting in the but, he is of opinion, that we have only enough of evidence to obtain a very clear impression regarding a remarkable Irish saint, who becomes as it were a con- necting link between the three great wonder-workers of Ireland, and the
Scottish Calendars
given in the valuable work of Bishop Forbes
l6 ;
genealogists say, sider her to
Lupita
offered, by
Lanigan,
inseparable
account of this — —who is called Modwenna or
pious virgin Moyenna
circumstances of whose life may be harmonized to suit one individual.
This saint is not to be confounded with the sister or supposed sister of
x 7 and whose feast was held on the 22nd of March. 18 As both
St.
were named Darerca, and as both are supposed to have flourished in the fifth century, it is not difficult to account for such confusion, especially as so many extravagantstatementshavebeenmaderegardingthem. However,thecir- cumstance of the present holy person being regarded as a virgin, and the other having been a matron, ought to afford grounds sufficient for distinguish- ing them. About the progeny of St. Darerca, who is called the sister of St. Patrick, ancient accounts differ, and various controversies have arisen ; for, some writers assign certain sons to Darerca, while other biographers state,
Patrick,
they were the children of Liemania, another sister.
A few of our ancient
had been a — while other authors con- mother,
Richella alsocalledCinne-noemor holy Cinne is said to have been of royal parentage, receiving the name Ricinne or Richinne (royal Cinne), and hence the name lapsed into Richella. She is related to have had a number of sons, who became bishops, priests or deacons. ^ According to some accounts, Darerca was married twice ; her first husband being Conis, a Briton, while her second is named Restitutio, a Lombard. Yet, in some Irish accounts, he is styled Hua-baird, or "son of a bard f and, hence, it is thought, through some mistake, Lombard must have been substituted. 20 Darerca is said to have died a. d. or 23
to this period,^ when we recollect, that the Irish Apostle is supposed to have
that —haveremaineda
other principal Saints," vol. vii. , July vi.
14 "
See Ecclesiastical History of Ireland,"
vol. iii. , chap, xvii. , sect, ix. , pp. 38, 39,
Druimdubhain, in the county of Tyrone. Her Acts are given by Colgan, at the 1st of
February.
20 But the name Restitutus seems a still
more singular one to have been imposed on the son ot an Irish bard. See Dr. Lanigan's "Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," vol. i. ; chap, iii. , sect, xviii. , p. 126.
2I The "Annals of the Four Masters" state, that Darerca of Cill-Sleibhe-Cuilinn died on the 6th of July, a. d. 517. See Dr. O'Donovan's Edition, vol. i. , pp. 168, 169. She is said to have lived nine score, or 180
andnn. to to 113 119, pp. 40
42.
15 See "Vies des Saints," tome viii. ,
vie Tour de Juillet, p. 65.
I<r
See "Kalendars of Scottish Saints," p. 4°4-
** See Archbishop Ussher's " Britannica-
rum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates," cap. xvii. ,
pp. 429, 430.
18
See some notices of her, in the Third Volume of this work, at that date, Art. ii.
19
Yet, strange to say, among these sons
wefind wholived at persons,
" est. "
different periods, and who were Irish, both on the father's and mother's side ; such as Kieran,
— Moninne nominata Quies Darercse, quae
very
"
Ussher's Bntannicarum Ecclesia-
virgin.
517," 518. Yet, it is not easy to believe, that a sister of St. Patrick could have survived
rum Antiquitates," cap. xvii. , p. 826. Brendan, Maccarthen, Columb, Loam, a3 TJssher has a suspicion, that Darerca of Lurach, with others. Cinne is said to have Slieve Cullen may be the same as that one flourished about a. d. 480, in the nunnery of reported to have been St. Patrick's sister.
years.
82 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [July 6.
2
passed his prime of life in a. d. 432. Moreover, Darerca 4 is thought to have
been confounded with Liemania, and some effort has been made to account for her bearing this double name. 25 Lupita and Tigrida, her sisters, are said to
26
have wove and prepared linen cloth for religious uses.
the high esteem entertained for Ussher's erudition as a historian,"* Colgan assumes to correct him for confounding Darerca, St. Patrick's relation, with St. Monenna or Modwenna of Kill-slebhe.
of St. Darerca or Moninne is drawn twelve 28
The
from Fiache Araidhe,
who reigned ten years in Emania. He had a son Cas, father of Fedlimid, father of Imchadh, father of Ross, father of Lugaidh, father of Crunn Badhraoi, father of Eochaidh, father of Conall, father of Lughaidh, father of Lilcan, father of Mochta, who was the father of Darerca or Monynne. She sprung from the race of Irial, son to Conall Cearnach, according to one authority. Her
pedigree
by
of Ulster, who flourished, in the
generations
King
year
236,29 and
1 father is said to have been a man, named Motteus 3° or —
good Maugtheus. 3
—
Whileone32 ofherancientLives and apparentlythemostreliable
that
makes him a person of no particular distinction ; another 33 states, that he
was a prince over that territory surrounding Armagh. The name of her father is more generally written Mocteus34 or Mochta. ss Her mother is called
Coman,36 the noble daughter of a king named Dalbranaith, who ruled over all the territory from Duvelin to Regunleth. 37 This pious couple lived at the time, when St. Patrick had been sent by Pope St. Celestine I. to preach in the northern parts of Ireland. 38 Hence, we may infer, that their daughter Monynna had been born in the earlier part of the filth century. For when the Irish Apostle visited their part of the country, where he was hospitably received, several of the inhabitants flocked to hear his preaching, and these became converts. Among others, who desired baptism at his hands, was the
present saint, then only a child. It seems likely, that her parents became
bestowed a — care on they religious
for we are Christians, also, informed,
that
their daughter. She is said to have been born in the plain of Coba also known
as Magh Cobha39— and in the reign of Conaille. «° That district surrounding
See ibid. , Index Chronologicus, A. D. , proper names written, that it is difficult to Dxvm. , p. 526. Colgan has laboured to divine their just interpretation,
them. See "Acta Sancto- 32 The Salamancan or First Life of St.
distinguish
rum Hiberniae," xxii. Martii, Vita S. Modwenna, cap. i. , num. 1
Darercae, pp. 7 16 to 719, with notes. Colgan
33 That attributed to Conchubran,
"
the 22nd of March for her festival. He reserves the6th ofJuly, for the other Darerca.
34 In the to the scholion, appended
for Leabhar Breac" copy of 24 Marianus O'Gorman at the 22nd of the Feilire" of St. -^ngus, her pedigree is
assigns
day
March calls her a virgin. See Colgan'l thus made out from an Irish source :
"ActaSanctorumHibernian,"p. 719. 25 See ibid. , p. 718.
MoninnedaughterofMochta,sonofLilach, son of Lugaid, son of Rossa, son of Imchad, son of Fedlimid, son of Cas, son of Fiacha
26 "
Sanctae Lupita, Tigrida et Crumtheris
textrice—s et sacrorum linteorum erant confec- A—raide, son ot Oengus Goibniu. See ""
trices. " Trias Thaumaturga," Vita Tri- Transactions of tht Royal Irish, Aca-
partita, lib. hi. , cap. xcviii. , p. 167.
*7 See "Acta Sanctorum Hibernice," xxii.
Martii, Vita S. Darerca? , n. 7, p. 719.
28 See Bishop Forbes' "Kalendars of Scot-
tish Saints," p. 405.
^ See Rev. Dr. O'Conor's " Rerum Hi-
bernicarum Scriptores," tomus ii. , Tiger- nachi Annales.
3° According to the Salamancan Life.
31 So is he named in the Life by Conchu- bran, who adds "regentem Oveahhulue et totamterram in circuitu Hardmachaa Luue
usque ad Uulester, prosapise cognationis Hi? leth," &c. So incorrectly are the foregoing
demy," Irish Manuscript Series, vol. i. ,
i. On the Calendar of
her feast in the "
Oengus. By Whitley Stokes, LL. D. , p. cxvi.
port
3S She is made—the daughter an Irish King Naugthei evidently a mistake for Mochthei—by Choman, in Capgrave's Life of this saint.
3<5
According to the Life by Conchubran, cap. i. , num. 3.
3? TothisisaddedbyConchubran "Nam
:
et ilia in finem, optimam vitam duxit per
quindecim annos. "
38 This is generally supposed to have been
in the year 432.
While manifesting
July 6. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 83
the Hill of Forhart, in the county of Louth, is alluded to, as having been the place in which she was born. The present holy woman is said to have been first known by the name of Darerca, 41 if we are to credit the accounts of some old Irish rhymers. 42 Contrary to the statement contained in the Martyrology of Tallagh, the Annals of the Four Masters *3 declare, however, that the first name of this St. Darerca was Moninne. According to an Irish comment on the LeabharBreaccopyoftheFeilireof^Engus,Sarbile44 wasanamethisholy virgin bore, and a legendary story ^ is told to account for the change of her nametoMoninne. Anotherversionofthis likewise 6
story prevails. *
It is stated, in one of her Lives, that by the imposition of hands, the Irish Apostle administered confirmation on her. He had an interior admonition, likewise, that his new convert was destined to lead a holy life, and he bestowed a special benediction. St. Modwenna having thus been converted 8
through the preaching of St. Patrick, also received the veil*? at his hands. * She is thus classed among his disciples. *9 Early in life, she took the vow of chastity. She was veiled near the pool of Briugis, which is said to mean abundance. This appears to have become a place of pilgrimage, in after time. The Irish Apostle admonished his convert, to persevere in her angelic state of life, and to associate with herself other pious women, who were to learn the fear and worship of God under her direction, and thus learn to accomplish hisworkinthereligiousstate. Then,tothechargeofaholypriest,residingnear her parents' residence, was she committed, in order that she might learn the Psalms. Under his teaching, she remained for some time. Being a person
39 The Ui Ethach Cobha lived in the On the Calendar of Oengus. , p. cxvi. southern parts of the county of Down. 43 See Dr. O'Donovan's Edition, vol. i. ,
40 Known likewise as Conaille Muir- pp. 168, 169.
themne.
41 See Rev. Dr. Kelly's "Martyrology of
Tallagh," p. xxviii.
42 Some of their stanzas are to be found as
scholia to the Leabhar Breac copy of the "Feilire" of St. ^Engus, and they are thus translated into English, by Dr. Whitley Stokes, LL. D. :—
" Nine score years together
According to rule without warmth, Without folly, without crime, without
fault
Was the age of Moninde,
(The name) 'Mo-ninde' was given to
her
To the holy virgin, pious, with splen- dour
44 However, in the Life of St. Moduenna, attributed to Conchubran, this name is given to one of her disciples, who is also called Orbile.
45 This Irish comment is thus translated into English by Dr. Whitley Stokes : —"Mo- ninne, etc. , i. e. , Moninne of Slieve Gullion, and Sarbile was her name previously. Or Darerca was her name at first. But a cer- tain dumb poet fasted with her, and the first
thing he said [after being miraculously cured ofhisdumbness]wasminnin. Hencethe
Herownnameusually, 1'
'1'
'Mo-nanna (was) her gracious name Which the maidens used to say.
Or from this the name was said
Of the nun for her appellation
From Nine the poet (the better thereof)
Who besought her for her prayer I will tell it out to you
of Ui Echach of Ulster was she. '
Darerca foratimeadheredtoher
Till she got the agnomen,
Nine score. "
49 See "Trias Thaumaturga," Quinta —" Transactions of the Royal Irish Aca- Appendix ad Acta S. Patricii, cap. xxiii. ,
demy," Irish Manuscript Series, vol. i. , part i. p. 270.
nun was called — and the Mo-ninde, poet
him-
self Nine Ecis. " "Transactions of the
Royal Irish Academy," Irish Manuscript Series, vol. i. , part i. On the Calendar of
Oengus, p. cxvi.
46 Thus are we told
: i. e. , " 'Moninne,'
My-nindach the nuns used to call her, and
"
Again, Monine quasi Mo-nanna," was the name given by her nuns, apparently one
expressing affection.
47 See Matthsei Parisiensis Monachi Sancti
Albani, " Chronica Majora," edited by Henry Richards Luard, M. A. , vol. i. ,
p. 181. 48ColganclassesSt. MoninneaorDarerca,
Abbess of Kill-slebhe, among the virgins veiled by St. Patrick.
it is said,
"
84 LIVES OF THE IRISH SA/JVTS. [July 6.
of sound understanding and of retentive memory, she readily imbibed the
precepts of religion and practised its injunctions. She associated with herself eight virgins and one widow. The widow had a baby son, named
Luger, who was adopted by Darerca. Afterwards, he became a bishop, and he was otherwise distinguished. 50 It is said, as in her nation, no house had yet been founded for religious women, that the saint lived for some time with her parents. However, finding social intercourse with them and her relatives to be a cause for distraction and a weakening of the religious spirit, she resolved on leaving them, and on seeking a home, whence the ways and conversation of worldlings should be rigorously excluded.
About this time, St. Ibar is stated to have lived in the Western Isles of Ireland,andthithersherepairedwithhernuns. Theyremainedforalong time under his discipline. At length, the holy Bishop went to the southern
part of Ireland, where he took up a permanent residence. His religious daughtersagainfollowedhim. AttheIslandofBegEreorLittleIreland,in Wexford Harbour, St. Darerca and her nuns were under the guidance of St. Ibar. Hearing of her extraordinary virtues, they visited St. Brigid, 51 in Lein- ster. Under her rule, and partaking of her hospitality, they remained for some time. St. Darerca was appointed portress to the hospital, and while inthissituation,herhumilityandcharitywereapprovedbyall. TheAlmighty even bestowed on her the gift of healing infirm and possessed persons. She was regarded as such a benefactress to the poor, that numbers sought relief from her, and they returned loaded with her bounties. When some of the sisters complained, that she gave too lavishly, reserving little for their con- ventual wants, she returned for answer, that if they had firm faith in Christ, and obtained food and clothing, it should be sufficient for them, and that if yielding to the temptations of the devil they desired riches, they should not failtobedevouredbyavariciouscares. Besides,sheurged,thatasthepoor were suffering members of Christ's mystical body, He would be sure to com- pensate the nuns for any temporal loss, and to reward their labours in the blessed cause of charity. Having spoken thus, when St. Darerca went to seek rest, on her bed were found twelve beautiful dresses ; so that believing they were a gift from Heaven, she went to St. Brigid, and then told her,
that the Almighty had bestowed them to supply her necessities.
The latter
" Those
restored to life again, through the prayers of St. Darerca.
Afterwards, it is said, this holy woman and her company of virgins sought St. Ibar, and placed themselves under his protection. They now settled in
2
Ard-Conais,* where their congregation greatly increased. Several pious
virgins and widows resorted thither, while some of these belonged to regal and noble families. Both by word and example, Darerca trained them in a good rule of living. At one time, the wells and cisterns there were dried up, during an unusually warm summer, and her religious complained about their wanting water. Moved by their entreaties, the servant of Christ offered her prayers, when a fountain was miraculously produced. This spring thenceforward afforded an inexhaustible supply, not only to her nuns, but to all the people living in their neighbourhood. So great had become the reputation of St.
Abbess
sent
the Lord to
sisters divide among them as you will, because they are more in need of such arti- cles than are our sisters. " A certain pauper, having denied that those garments were a gift from Heaven, fell dead very suddenly, but he was soon
holy
replied :
garments
by
your
5° Luger built a church in Ruscach, in the
plain of Cuailgne, now known as Rooskey, near Carlingford.
5t See her Life in the Second Volume of this work, at the 1st of February, Art. i.
& Its location has not been ascertained.
July 6. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 85
Moninna, that numbers of both sexes came to receive her blessing, and to ask spiritual favours through her intercession. She was even gifted with the spiritofprophecy. When,onacertainoccasion,St. Ibarrecommendeda
girl living in her neighbourhood to be consigned to her care, and to be trained according to her rule ; the holy virgin, having an intuition of what
:
" This pupil child shall prove to be the cause, why we
should happen, said
must desert our cell, on a future occasion. " The event corresponded with this prediction ; for, when that girl became an adult, she was filled with an invidious feeling towards Darerca, and this spirit she communicated to her relations. The meek superioress then called her sisters together and said : " Lo ! what the Almighty revealed to us regarding this girl is now clearly manifested. If while I live, you have to endure such opposition, when I am dead, how shall you be able to live here ? Let us then yield to the envious, and let us leave to them all we possess, except our habits, and the Lord shall provide another place for us, and where we can dwell. "A legend is related, about St. Darerca's leaving that place with fifty of her nuns. On coming to a river which was usually fordable, a great flood suddenly took place, so that they were unable to pass. This was owing to the fault of one among the sisters, who had taken a certain article from Ard Conis, contrary to the order given by her superioress. This she was ordered to restore, and afterwards the company of religious were enabled to ford that river.
Again, they visited St. Brigid and remained with her for some days, which
were spent in pious colloquies. They asked her blessing on taking leave,
and Brigid said
:
" May the Almighty God preserve you along the way on
which you travel, and grant that you reach the desired habitation.
,,
At their
departure, St. Brigid presented St. Darerca with a silver vessel, called Escra,53
in the Irish language, and one which the chiefs of Ireland were accustomed to use when drinking. However, Darerca did not wish to receive anything but a blessing from the venerable Abbess, and on leaving with her sisters, she deposited the measure in a secret place, where it was afterwards found by
:
the nuns of St. Brigid. Presenting it to their superioress, she said u What
we have given for God's sake, we ought not again receive. " Then, St. Brigid ordered that it should be cast into the adjoining River Lyfi, now known as the Liffey. In a miraculous manner, as the legend relates,5* it was restored to St. Darerca.
CHAPTER II.
ST. DARERCA GOES TO THE NORTHERN PARTS OF IRELAND, AND FOUNDS A HOUSE AT FOCHARD—THIS PLACE SHE LEAVES TO SEEK A NEW SETTLEMENT AT SLIEVE GULLION—HER ESTABLISHMENT AT KILLEVY—HER PERSONAL VIRTUES AND MIRACLES—SHE IS TO BE DISTINGUISHED FROM ANOTHER ST. MODWENNA, VENE- RATED CHIEFLY IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND—MONINIA ASSISTS AT THE SYNOD OF EASDRA—ACCOUNT OF HER DEATH—HER COMMEMORATIONS—CONCLUSION.
Afterwards, the virgin of Christ went to the northern parts of Ireland, and thereshefoundherrelations,intheplainofMurthenne. Thepeopleofthat
53 The Irish word Ofc]\a means " a water cant Caput littoris, a quodam viro sancto bucket. " Probably, however, it was a Mether, Herbe Pontifice, Darercae fratre, traditur
manufactured in an artistic manner.
54 Thus: "Vasitaqueprojectuminflumen, quod in mare versus orientem influit, contra consuetum cursum naturae, divina operante potentia, in ora stagni, quod Hibernici vo-
fuisse repertum. Quod vas ipse sanctae Darercae, cujus monasterium prope praedic- turn stagnum fuit situm, donare distulit, sanctae vero Darercse monasterium a monas- terio sanctae Brigidae quatuor diebus distat.
86 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [July 6.
district—said to have been greatly addicted to magian practices—had been
brought to a knowledge of the true religion, through the ministry of St.
—Chapter i. —
Article II.
Livre du Chevalier de la Tour Landry, this story is told.
l
In
Le
8o LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
[July 6.
of the votaries of pleasure and fashion, from those pure aspirations and self- denying practices, which draw pious recluses from worldly vanities and deceits to the desert; where, with hearts fixed on the delights of heaven, all was not solitude in their beloved retreats.
As in the case of the present holy woman, such instances of self-sacrifice are numerous, even from the earliest periods of our national church. Some confusion seems to have arisen, however, when the present St. Darerca has been confounded with the religious sister of our great Apostle St. Patrick, and who was similarly named. Again, as we have seen at the preceding day, under her alias name of Moninna, she has been confounded with a St. Mod- wen or Modwenna, who is supposed to have flourished in the ninth century. Having there made an effort, to discriminate between these latter persons ; we are obliged to depend much on conjecture, as to those particulars, occurring in the Acts already mentioned, some of them referring very possibly to the present saint. As may be seen in the sequel, however, we are obliged to
admit chronological and other difficulties of statement, while endeavouring to investigate her period and career. The few reflected traditions or lights we have from independent sources rather serve to dazzle and perplex than to elucidate her history. We know, however, that a saint called Moninnehad been venerated on the 6th of July, and that her place was in the northern parts of Ireland. —This is stated, in the Feilire of St. ^Engus. 3 —Some commentaries traditional
annexed * although containing information are hardly to be regarded as altogether authentic. Colgan intended and also promised s the
publication of Acts, illustrating the biography of St. Darerca, or Moninna,6 at the 6th of July. i The Bollandists have published two different Acts of
St. Darerca or
Monynna, virgin,
at the 6th of 8 One of these is taken July.
from an Irish Manuscript, belonging to the Jesuit College at Salamanca,9 but its author's name has not been discovered. Its date is unknown, yet it
is thought to be of some considerable antiquity. This is followed by a less
10
attributed to Conchubran,
11
as already stated, at the preceding
reliable Life,
date. There, too, we have endeavoured to deal with both, in trying to dis- criminate between the Monenna, venerated on the 5th of this month, and the Monenna, whose feast has been set down, for the present day. Both l*
*6 See Alexander Vance's Romantic Epis-
odes of Chivalrie and Mediaeval France, pp.
Where her name occurs on the list, published by Charles MacDonnell, Esq. , as
"
S. Darercaequae et Moninna, 6 Jul. " ""
292, 293.
3 In the "Leabhar Breac copy, the 7 See Catalogus Actuum Sanctorum quae
following stanza occurs at this date, and MS. habentur, ordine Mensium et Dierum. "
it has b—een translated by Whitley Stokes,
8
See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. ,
vi. DeS. Darercaseu in Monynna Virg.
LL. D.
:
Julii
Hibernia, Scotia, vel Anglia, pp. 200 to 312.
monnroe m Cflebi Cuibrro bacAin Aige
Sabaip buAit> geb gUvme Siuur* Tttuine m-Aipe.
9 The Bollandists have published this, in
four cnapters, containing forty-five para-
graphs.
,0
" Moninne of the mountain of Cuilenn (Slieve Guliion) was a fair pillar : she gained
" Taken from a Codex, belonging to the Cottonian Library, and classed as Cleopatra
asister A. 2. Thisis
of great Mary (the virgin). " "Transactions author, and it has been arranged in eight
a of — :
a ofthe Prologue
bright victory purity (she was)
of the Royal Irish Academy," Irish Manu- chapters, comprising seventy-eight para-
dar of Oengus, p. cix. 4 See ibid. , p. cxvi.
graphs,
" In the following notes; we shall quote
On the Calen-
script Series, vol. i. , parti.
pendix ad Acta S. Patricii, cap. xxiii. , Second Life of St. Modwenna.
,3 See " Lives of the and p. 270. Fathers, Martyrs
them as the Salamancan or First Life of St. 5 See "Trias Thaumaturga," Quinta Ap- Modwenna, and as Conchubran's or the
Evidently, it has been interpolated from some original, and by an ignorant scribe.
preceded by
July 6. ]
LIVES OE THE IRISH SAINTS. 81
have been edited, by Father John Pinius, S. J. , who has added notes, and a previous commentary in four paragraphs. At this date, the name of St. Moninna, virgin, appears in Rev. Alban Butler's work. '3 Some notices of this saint are Rev. Dr.
1 * but with the doubts
from a judicious consideration of those accounts, which have come down to our times. There is allusion, likewise, to Sainte Darerque, also called Monynne, virgin, in Les Petits Bollandistes. 'S There is a very interesting in the but, he is of opinion, that we have only enough of evidence to obtain a very clear impression regarding a remarkable Irish saint, who becomes as it were a con- necting link between the three great wonder-workers of Ireland, and the
Scottish Calendars
given in the valuable work of Bishop Forbes
l6 ;
genealogists say, sider her to
Lupita
offered, by
Lanigan,
inseparable
account of this — —who is called Modwenna or
pious virgin Moyenna
circumstances of whose life may be harmonized to suit one individual.
This saint is not to be confounded with the sister or supposed sister of
x 7 and whose feast was held on the 22nd of March. 18 As both
St.
were named Darerca, and as both are supposed to have flourished in the fifth century, it is not difficult to account for such confusion, especially as so many extravagantstatementshavebeenmaderegardingthem. However,thecir- cumstance of the present holy person being regarded as a virgin, and the other having been a matron, ought to afford grounds sufficient for distinguish- ing them. About the progeny of St. Darerca, who is called the sister of St. Patrick, ancient accounts differ, and various controversies have arisen ; for, some writers assign certain sons to Darerca, while other biographers state,
Patrick,
they were the children of Liemania, another sister.
A few of our ancient
had been a — while other authors con- mother,
Richella alsocalledCinne-noemor holy Cinne is said to have been of royal parentage, receiving the name Ricinne or Richinne (royal Cinne), and hence the name lapsed into Richella. She is related to have had a number of sons, who became bishops, priests or deacons. ^ According to some accounts, Darerca was married twice ; her first husband being Conis, a Briton, while her second is named Restitutio, a Lombard. Yet, in some Irish accounts, he is styled Hua-baird, or "son of a bard f and, hence, it is thought, through some mistake, Lombard must have been substituted. 20 Darerca is said to have died a. d. or 23
to this period,^ when we recollect, that the Irish Apostle is supposed to have
that —haveremaineda
other principal Saints," vol. vii. , July vi.
14 "
See Ecclesiastical History of Ireland,"
vol. iii. , chap, xvii. , sect, ix. , pp. 38, 39,
Druimdubhain, in the county of Tyrone. Her Acts are given by Colgan, at the 1st of
February.
20 But the name Restitutus seems a still
more singular one to have been imposed on the son ot an Irish bard. See Dr. Lanigan's "Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," vol. i. ; chap, iii. , sect, xviii. , p. 126.
2I The "Annals of the Four Masters" state, that Darerca of Cill-Sleibhe-Cuilinn died on the 6th of July, a. d. 517. See Dr. O'Donovan's Edition, vol. i. , pp. 168, 169. She is said to have lived nine score, or 180
andnn. to to 113 119, pp. 40
42.
15 See "Vies des Saints," tome viii. ,
vie Tour de Juillet, p. 65.
I<r
See "Kalendars of Scottish Saints," p. 4°4-
** See Archbishop Ussher's " Britannica-
rum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates," cap. xvii. ,
pp. 429, 430.
18
See some notices of her, in the Third Volume of this work, at that date, Art. ii.
19
Yet, strange to say, among these sons
wefind wholived at persons,
" est. "
different periods, and who were Irish, both on the father's and mother's side ; such as Kieran,
— Moninne nominata Quies Darercse, quae
very
"
Ussher's Bntannicarum Ecclesia-
virgin.
517," 518. Yet, it is not easy to believe, that a sister of St. Patrick could have survived
rum Antiquitates," cap. xvii. , p. 826. Brendan, Maccarthen, Columb, Loam, a3 TJssher has a suspicion, that Darerca of Lurach, with others. Cinne is said to have Slieve Cullen may be the same as that one flourished about a. d. 480, in the nunnery of reported to have been St. Patrick's sister.
years.
82 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [July 6.
2
passed his prime of life in a. d. 432. Moreover, Darerca 4 is thought to have
been confounded with Liemania, and some effort has been made to account for her bearing this double name. 25 Lupita and Tigrida, her sisters, are said to
26
have wove and prepared linen cloth for religious uses.
the high esteem entertained for Ussher's erudition as a historian,"* Colgan assumes to correct him for confounding Darerca, St. Patrick's relation, with St. Monenna or Modwenna of Kill-slebhe.
of St. Darerca or Moninne is drawn twelve 28
The
from Fiache Araidhe,
who reigned ten years in Emania. He had a son Cas, father of Fedlimid, father of Imchadh, father of Ross, father of Lugaidh, father of Crunn Badhraoi, father of Eochaidh, father of Conall, father of Lughaidh, father of Lilcan, father of Mochta, who was the father of Darerca or Monynne. She sprung from the race of Irial, son to Conall Cearnach, according to one authority. Her
pedigree
by
of Ulster, who flourished, in the
generations
King
year
236,29 and
1 father is said to have been a man, named Motteus 3° or —
good Maugtheus. 3
—
Whileone32 ofherancientLives and apparentlythemostreliable
that
makes him a person of no particular distinction ; another 33 states, that he
was a prince over that territory surrounding Armagh. The name of her father is more generally written Mocteus34 or Mochta. ss Her mother is called
Coman,36 the noble daughter of a king named Dalbranaith, who ruled over all the territory from Duvelin to Regunleth. 37 This pious couple lived at the time, when St. Patrick had been sent by Pope St. Celestine I. to preach in the northern parts of Ireland. 38 Hence, we may infer, that their daughter Monynna had been born in the earlier part of the filth century. For when the Irish Apostle visited their part of the country, where he was hospitably received, several of the inhabitants flocked to hear his preaching, and these became converts. Among others, who desired baptism at his hands, was the
present saint, then only a child. It seems likely, that her parents became
bestowed a — care on they religious
for we are Christians, also, informed,
that
their daughter. She is said to have been born in the plain of Coba also known
as Magh Cobha39— and in the reign of Conaille. «° That district surrounding
See ibid. , Index Chronologicus, A. D. , proper names written, that it is difficult to Dxvm. , p. 526. Colgan has laboured to divine their just interpretation,
them. See "Acta Sancto- 32 The Salamancan or First Life of St.
distinguish
rum Hiberniae," xxii. Martii, Vita S. Modwenna, cap. i. , num. 1
Darercae, pp. 7 16 to 719, with notes. Colgan
33 That attributed to Conchubran,
"
the 22nd of March for her festival. He reserves the6th ofJuly, for the other Darerca.
34 In the to the scholion, appended
for Leabhar Breac" copy of 24 Marianus O'Gorman at the 22nd of the Feilire" of St. -^ngus, her pedigree is
assigns
day
March calls her a virgin. See Colgan'l thus made out from an Irish source :
"ActaSanctorumHibernian,"p. 719. 25 See ibid. , p. 718.
MoninnedaughterofMochta,sonofLilach, son of Lugaid, son of Rossa, son of Imchad, son of Fedlimid, son of Cas, son of Fiacha
26 "
Sanctae Lupita, Tigrida et Crumtheris
textrice—s et sacrorum linteorum erant confec- A—raide, son ot Oengus Goibniu. See ""
trices. " Trias Thaumaturga," Vita Tri- Transactions of tht Royal Irish, Aca-
partita, lib. hi. , cap. xcviii. , p. 167.
*7 See "Acta Sanctorum Hibernice," xxii.
Martii, Vita S. Darerca? , n. 7, p. 719.
28 See Bishop Forbes' "Kalendars of Scot-
tish Saints," p. 405.
^ See Rev. Dr. O'Conor's " Rerum Hi-
bernicarum Scriptores," tomus ii. , Tiger- nachi Annales.
3° According to the Salamancan Life.
31 So is he named in the Life by Conchu- bran, who adds "regentem Oveahhulue et totamterram in circuitu Hardmachaa Luue
usque ad Uulester, prosapise cognationis Hi? leth," &c. So incorrectly are the foregoing
demy," Irish Manuscript Series, vol. i. ,
i. On the Calendar of
her feast in the "
Oengus. By Whitley Stokes, LL. D. , p. cxvi.
port
3S She is made—the daughter an Irish King Naugthei evidently a mistake for Mochthei—by Choman, in Capgrave's Life of this saint.
3<5
According to the Life by Conchubran, cap. i. , num. 3.
3? TothisisaddedbyConchubran "Nam
:
et ilia in finem, optimam vitam duxit per
quindecim annos. "
38 This is generally supposed to have been
in the year 432.
While manifesting
July 6. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 83
the Hill of Forhart, in the county of Louth, is alluded to, as having been the place in which she was born. The present holy woman is said to have been first known by the name of Darerca, 41 if we are to credit the accounts of some old Irish rhymers. 42 Contrary to the statement contained in the Martyrology of Tallagh, the Annals of the Four Masters *3 declare, however, that the first name of this St. Darerca was Moninne. According to an Irish comment on the LeabharBreaccopyoftheFeilireof^Engus,Sarbile44 wasanamethisholy virgin bore, and a legendary story ^ is told to account for the change of her nametoMoninne. Anotherversionofthis likewise 6
story prevails. *
It is stated, in one of her Lives, that by the imposition of hands, the Irish Apostle administered confirmation on her. He had an interior admonition, likewise, that his new convert was destined to lead a holy life, and he bestowed a special benediction. St. Modwenna having thus been converted 8
through the preaching of St. Patrick, also received the veil*? at his hands. * She is thus classed among his disciples. *9 Early in life, she took the vow of chastity. She was veiled near the pool of Briugis, which is said to mean abundance. This appears to have become a place of pilgrimage, in after time. The Irish Apostle admonished his convert, to persevere in her angelic state of life, and to associate with herself other pious women, who were to learn the fear and worship of God under her direction, and thus learn to accomplish hisworkinthereligiousstate. Then,tothechargeofaholypriest,residingnear her parents' residence, was she committed, in order that she might learn the Psalms. Under his teaching, she remained for some time. Being a person
39 The Ui Ethach Cobha lived in the On the Calendar of Oengus. , p. cxvi. southern parts of the county of Down. 43 See Dr. O'Donovan's Edition, vol. i. ,
40 Known likewise as Conaille Muir- pp. 168, 169.
themne.
41 See Rev. Dr. Kelly's "Martyrology of
Tallagh," p. xxviii.
42 Some of their stanzas are to be found as
scholia to the Leabhar Breac copy of the "Feilire" of St. ^Engus, and they are thus translated into English, by Dr. Whitley Stokes, LL. D. :—
" Nine score years together
According to rule without warmth, Without folly, without crime, without
fault
Was the age of Moninde,
(The name) 'Mo-ninde' was given to
her
To the holy virgin, pious, with splen- dour
44 However, in the Life of St. Moduenna, attributed to Conchubran, this name is given to one of her disciples, who is also called Orbile.
45 This Irish comment is thus translated into English by Dr. Whitley Stokes : —"Mo- ninne, etc. , i. e. , Moninne of Slieve Gullion, and Sarbile was her name previously. Or Darerca was her name at first. But a cer- tain dumb poet fasted with her, and the first
thing he said [after being miraculously cured ofhisdumbness]wasminnin. Hencethe
Herownnameusually, 1'
'1'
'Mo-nanna (was) her gracious name Which the maidens used to say.
Or from this the name was said
Of the nun for her appellation
From Nine the poet (the better thereof)
Who besought her for her prayer I will tell it out to you
of Ui Echach of Ulster was she. '
Darerca foratimeadheredtoher
Till she got the agnomen,
Nine score. "
49 See "Trias Thaumaturga," Quinta —" Transactions of the Royal Irish Aca- Appendix ad Acta S. Patricii, cap. xxiii. ,
demy," Irish Manuscript Series, vol. i. , part i. p. 270.
nun was called — and the Mo-ninde, poet
him-
self Nine Ecis. " "Transactions of the
Royal Irish Academy," Irish Manuscript Series, vol. i. , part i. On the Calendar of
Oengus, p. cxvi.
46 Thus are we told
: i. e. , " 'Moninne,'
My-nindach the nuns used to call her, and
"
Again, Monine quasi Mo-nanna," was the name given by her nuns, apparently one
expressing affection.
47 See Matthsei Parisiensis Monachi Sancti
Albani, " Chronica Majora," edited by Henry Richards Luard, M. A. , vol. i. ,
p. 181. 48ColganclassesSt. MoninneaorDarerca,
Abbess of Kill-slebhe, among the virgins veiled by St. Patrick.
it is said,
"
84 LIVES OF THE IRISH SA/JVTS. [July 6.
of sound understanding and of retentive memory, she readily imbibed the
precepts of religion and practised its injunctions. She associated with herself eight virgins and one widow. The widow had a baby son, named
Luger, who was adopted by Darerca. Afterwards, he became a bishop, and he was otherwise distinguished. 50 It is said, as in her nation, no house had yet been founded for religious women, that the saint lived for some time with her parents. However, finding social intercourse with them and her relatives to be a cause for distraction and a weakening of the religious spirit, she resolved on leaving them, and on seeking a home, whence the ways and conversation of worldlings should be rigorously excluded.
About this time, St. Ibar is stated to have lived in the Western Isles of Ireland,andthithersherepairedwithhernuns. Theyremainedforalong time under his discipline. At length, the holy Bishop went to the southern
part of Ireland, where he took up a permanent residence. His religious daughtersagainfollowedhim. AttheIslandofBegEreorLittleIreland,in Wexford Harbour, St. Darerca and her nuns were under the guidance of St. Ibar. Hearing of her extraordinary virtues, they visited St. Brigid, 51 in Lein- ster. Under her rule, and partaking of her hospitality, they remained for some time. St. Darerca was appointed portress to the hospital, and while inthissituation,herhumilityandcharitywereapprovedbyall. TheAlmighty even bestowed on her the gift of healing infirm and possessed persons. She was regarded as such a benefactress to the poor, that numbers sought relief from her, and they returned loaded with her bounties. When some of the sisters complained, that she gave too lavishly, reserving little for their con- ventual wants, she returned for answer, that if they had firm faith in Christ, and obtained food and clothing, it should be sufficient for them, and that if yielding to the temptations of the devil they desired riches, they should not failtobedevouredbyavariciouscares. Besides,sheurged,thatasthepoor were suffering members of Christ's mystical body, He would be sure to com- pensate the nuns for any temporal loss, and to reward their labours in the blessed cause of charity. Having spoken thus, when St. Darerca went to seek rest, on her bed were found twelve beautiful dresses ; so that believing they were a gift from Heaven, she went to St. Brigid, and then told her,
that the Almighty had bestowed them to supply her necessities.
The latter
" Those
restored to life again, through the prayers of St. Darerca.
Afterwards, it is said, this holy woman and her company of virgins sought St. Ibar, and placed themselves under his protection. They now settled in
2
Ard-Conais,* where their congregation greatly increased. Several pious
virgins and widows resorted thither, while some of these belonged to regal and noble families. Both by word and example, Darerca trained them in a good rule of living. At one time, the wells and cisterns there were dried up, during an unusually warm summer, and her religious complained about their wanting water. Moved by their entreaties, the servant of Christ offered her prayers, when a fountain was miraculously produced. This spring thenceforward afforded an inexhaustible supply, not only to her nuns, but to all the people living in their neighbourhood. So great had become the reputation of St.
Abbess
sent
the Lord to
sisters divide among them as you will, because they are more in need of such arti- cles than are our sisters. " A certain pauper, having denied that those garments were a gift from Heaven, fell dead very suddenly, but he was soon
holy
replied :
garments
by
your
5° Luger built a church in Ruscach, in the
plain of Cuailgne, now known as Rooskey, near Carlingford.
5t See her Life in the Second Volume of this work, at the 1st of February, Art. i.
& Its location has not been ascertained.
July 6. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 85
Moninna, that numbers of both sexes came to receive her blessing, and to ask spiritual favours through her intercession. She was even gifted with the spiritofprophecy. When,onacertainoccasion,St. Ibarrecommendeda
girl living in her neighbourhood to be consigned to her care, and to be trained according to her rule ; the holy virgin, having an intuition of what
:
" This pupil child shall prove to be the cause, why we
should happen, said
must desert our cell, on a future occasion. " The event corresponded with this prediction ; for, when that girl became an adult, she was filled with an invidious feeling towards Darerca, and this spirit she communicated to her relations. The meek superioress then called her sisters together and said : " Lo ! what the Almighty revealed to us regarding this girl is now clearly manifested. If while I live, you have to endure such opposition, when I am dead, how shall you be able to live here ? Let us then yield to the envious, and let us leave to them all we possess, except our habits, and the Lord shall provide another place for us, and where we can dwell. "A legend is related, about St. Darerca's leaving that place with fifty of her nuns. On coming to a river which was usually fordable, a great flood suddenly took place, so that they were unable to pass. This was owing to the fault of one among the sisters, who had taken a certain article from Ard Conis, contrary to the order given by her superioress. This she was ordered to restore, and afterwards the company of religious were enabled to ford that river.
Again, they visited St. Brigid and remained with her for some days, which
were spent in pious colloquies. They asked her blessing on taking leave,
and Brigid said
:
" May the Almighty God preserve you along the way on
which you travel, and grant that you reach the desired habitation.
,,
At their
departure, St. Brigid presented St. Darerca with a silver vessel, called Escra,53
in the Irish language, and one which the chiefs of Ireland were accustomed to use when drinking. However, Darerca did not wish to receive anything but a blessing from the venerable Abbess, and on leaving with her sisters, she deposited the measure in a secret place, where it was afterwards found by
:
the nuns of St. Brigid. Presenting it to their superioress, she said u What
we have given for God's sake, we ought not again receive. " Then, St. Brigid ordered that it should be cast into the adjoining River Lyfi, now known as the Liffey. In a miraculous manner, as the legend relates,5* it was restored to St. Darerca.
CHAPTER II.
ST. DARERCA GOES TO THE NORTHERN PARTS OF IRELAND, AND FOUNDS A HOUSE AT FOCHARD—THIS PLACE SHE LEAVES TO SEEK A NEW SETTLEMENT AT SLIEVE GULLION—HER ESTABLISHMENT AT KILLEVY—HER PERSONAL VIRTUES AND MIRACLES—SHE IS TO BE DISTINGUISHED FROM ANOTHER ST. MODWENNA, VENE- RATED CHIEFLY IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND—MONINIA ASSISTS AT THE SYNOD OF EASDRA—ACCOUNT OF HER DEATH—HER COMMEMORATIONS—CONCLUSION.
Afterwards, the virgin of Christ went to the northern parts of Ireland, and thereshefoundherrelations,intheplainofMurthenne. Thepeopleofthat
53 The Irish word Ofc]\a means " a water cant Caput littoris, a quodam viro sancto bucket. " Probably, however, it was a Mether, Herbe Pontifice, Darercae fratre, traditur
manufactured in an artistic manner.
54 Thus: "Vasitaqueprojectuminflumen, quod in mare versus orientem influit, contra consuetum cursum naturae, divina operante potentia, in ora stagni, quod Hibernici vo-
fuisse repertum. Quod vas ipse sanctae Darercae, cujus monasterium prope praedic- turn stagnum fuit situm, donare distulit, sanctae vero Darercse monasterium a monas- terio sanctae Brigidae quatuor diebus distat.
86 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [July 6.
district—said to have been greatly addicted to magian practices—had been
brought to a knowledge of the true religion, through the ministry of St.
