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? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-11 22:53 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31158010289923 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? THE LIFE
OF
FRA PAOLO SARPI
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? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-11 22:53 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31158010289923 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? THE LIFE
OF
FRA PAOLO SARPI, .
TIIEOLOGIAN AND COUNSELLOR OF STATE TO THE MOST SEBENE REPUBLIC
OF vENICE, AND AUTHOR OF THE HISTORY OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT.
BY
ARABELLA GEORGINA CAMPBELL
FROM GRIGINAL MSS.
" A MAN WHOSE FAME MUST NEVER DIE, TILL VIRTUE AND LEARNING BECOME
so usznEss AS now TO BE 1u:c. mma:D. " Bishop Sanderson.
LONDON:
MOLINI Q' GREEN, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.
M. DCCC. LXIX.
[The right Of lramlflion is reserved 1.
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? 96
6 71. 5/7
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/? 69
INTRODUCTION
. The following pages are the result of the investigation
and research of many years.
The autograph " Vita di Fra Paolo Sarpi, " the lifeof
Fra Paolo Sarpi by Fra Fulgenzio Micanzio, was only
discovered A. D. 1849 in the Archives of Venice, where I
myself examined it under special favor, and was at the
same time graciously permitted to peruse ' the WHOLE col-
lection of Fra Paolo's MSS. of which there are twenty
nine volumes folio.
Not more celebrated were the inhabitants of Brescia for
their fidelity to ancient Rome, than was Fra Fulgenzio of
Brescia for his fidelity to Fra Paolo of Venice, and his
name is associated for ever with Paolo, as his true and
devoted friend. The learned world owe a tribute of lasting
gratitude to Fulgenzio, as the " faithful and accurate
writer of the life of Paolo Sarpi, " 1 of whom the Cava-
liere Cicogna justly affirms, " that there is no man of
tolerable education who is ignorant. " Of the same Order,
for upwards of forty years occupant of the same convent,
Fulgenzio was no ordinary judge either of the religion,
genius, or attainments in learning and science of Fra
' B-ayle.
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? VI INTRODUCTION
Paolo. Fulgenzio was a man of high aim, and found in
Paolo a guide to truth, to heaven. He was Professor of
Philosophy at Bologna, and the correspondent of many of
the learned. There are letters extant from Galileo to Ful-
genzio, and one to him from Lord Bacon which accompa-
nied the treatise "De Augmentis Scientiarum. " While
these letters demonstrate the esteem in which Fulgenzio
was held by these illustrious men, his appointment as
Theologian and Counsellor to the Republic of Venice on
the death of Sarpi shows, that the Doge, Senate, and
Council of Ten deemed Fulgenzio worthy to be his
successor.
Griselini's work, "I1 Genio di Fra Paolo Sarpi, " in
which he occupies four hundred pages with an account of
the genius and learning of Fra Paolo, as well as the MSS.
and work of Foscarini, " Della Letteratura Veneziana, "
have furnished much valuable 'matter, and a few of the
names of the Authors consulted for this volume will be
found in the Appendix. '
As throughout his long life Paolo took a lively interest
in the politics of Europe his biography would be incom-
plete without some historical notice of the period in which _
he lived, and I have chiefly followed as to dates the Chro-
nicles of Sansovino, Martinioni, and that of the late Cava-
liere Cicogna, for whose assistance at Venice I shall always
consider myself indebted. Besides the Archives, the Mar-
ciana, and the private libraries of Venice, the Nazionale,
the Riccardi and the Laurentian libraries of Florence
were frequently visited. To the late Count Dandalo, Di-
rector General of the Archives of Venice, to the Signor
Luigi Pasini, to the Abbate Valentinelli, the Librarian of
the Marciana, to the Vice-Librarian, to the Coadjutor,
Signor G. B. Lorenzi, and to all the directors and ofiicials
of these renowned institutions, as well as to those of the
Bibliothe? que Imperiale of Paris, the libraries of s. G8ne? 1
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? INTRODUCTION VII
vieve, the Sorbonne, chc. d2c. , my warmest thanks are due;
and I must not omit to repeat the same to the Director of
the valuable Library of Boulogne sur Mer.
To Mr. Winter Jones, of the British Museum, my spe-
cial thanks are most gratefully offered.
Mr. Rawdon Brown, the well known author of the
" Calendar of State Papers relating to English affairs
existing in the Archives and collections of Venice, " most
kindly permitted me to copy the despatches " of the
Most Illustrious Ambassador Francesco Contarini, " the
valuable originals of which, as well as the translations, are
in his possession at Venice.
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? THE LIFE
OF
FRA PAOLO SARPI.
CHAPTER I.
A. >>. 1552 - an. 1565.
Doors or VENICE 1545. Francesco Donato. 15 3. M. A. Trevisano. J' .
1554. Francesco Veniero. '$6,. . 0! J 72? ;
Sovnnmoss or GERMANY AND SPAIN. 1519. Charles V. 1555. hilip II.
1558. Ferdinand. 1564. Maximilian II.
EuemnD. 1547. Edward VI. 1553. Mary 1558. Elizabeth.
Fnnncn. 1547. Henry III. 1559. Francis II. 1560. Charles IX.
TunxEv. 1520. Soliman'II. 1556. Selim II.
Porns. 1550. Julius III. 1555. Marcellus II. 1555. Paul IV.
IJN? IMN/N
Birth. - Parents. - Morelli. - Education - Capella. - Pietro resolves to be a friar,
takes the habit of a Servite, and the name of Paolo. - Disputation.
/ The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were remarkable eras in the
history of the world, both as to civil and ecclesiastical polity, and amid
the struggles of the nations of Europe to maintain their independence of
papal power, none offered a more determined resistance than the Republic
of Venice against Pope Paul V. This was chiefly attributable to the
counsel of Fra Paolo Sarpi, a Friar of the 'Order of the Servites, who was
summoned from his Convent by the Doge and Senate, and appointed their
Theologian. , He Was a remarkable man of his own or of any other age,
and his whole life is replete vith interest. Of true piety, of unsullied inte-
grity, of lofty aspiration, of sound judgment, and of rare genius, if ever
there lived a man whose heart glowed with pure and disinterested love to
his country, with great and noble purpose, with calm but strong resolve
to uphold her most sacred rights, that man was Paolo Sarpi. He was
known in his earliest youth by the name of Pietro, and Was born at Ve-
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? 2 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1552-1665.
nice on the fourteenth of August A. D. 1552, and was the son of Fran-
cesco Sarpi and Isabella Morelli. ' His ancestors were of S. Vito, and
the small house in which his father Francesco was born, is still to be seen
on the shore of Codomada. His mother was of a family which enjoyed the
rights of the original citizens of Venice; and as the Venetians Were divi-
ded into three classes, nobles, citizens and people, the descendants of the
original citizens Were proud of their position.
Francesco was a merchant of Venice, but his ill success there and at
Soria must be ascribed to the turbulence of a spirit, which preferred war
and bloodshed to the calm routine of a life of commerce. His dark and
terrible visage, and short stature contrasted strongly with the fair com-
plexion, beautiful features, and stately form of his wife Isabella, who to the
charms of beauty added piety, wisdom, humility, and gentleness. Her
hours were given to devotion and fasting, while Francesco's were spent
in feats of arms.
Pietro resembled his mother, especially in the full dark eyes,/which
even to old age lighted up his finely formed features. Their expression
was penetrating, but not inquisitive, calm yet resolute. The Whole face
bespoke intellect' of no ordinary power, blended with an extreme modesty,
and taught of heaven, his mind was early impressed with those principles
of religion for which throughout life he was so distinguished. In infancy,
Pietro was so small that he was called Berino, or little Peter, and he con-
tinued to be short in stature.
In childhood, he was silent and grave, but early misfortune may have
contributed to cloud his brow, and for a time have robbed him of that
cheerfulness which he afterwards evinced, even in his deepest sorrows. The
death of his father left his mother and sister in reduced circumstances,
when he was of such tender age as to be unable to lend them aid, and this
could not fail to produce a deep impression on his mind.
But generous succour came, and in this exigency his maternal uncle,
Morelli, a priest of the Collegiate church of S. Ermacora, nobly rescued
Isabella and her children, Heriuo and his sister, from their forlorn condi-
tion, and not only provided for their maintenance, but devoted himself
with well directed energy to Herino's education; and both he and Isabel-
la " fostered those seeds of true religion, which by divine aid were in pro-
gress of time so fully developed, like the grain of mustard seed to which
our Saviour compares the kingdom of heaven. " '
Morelli was the Head of a school of high classical repute, to which the
nobles of Venice sent their sons, and thus Berino had the advantage of
1 Vita di F. P. Sarpi, MS.
3 Ibid.
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? am 1-13. ] FRA mono sanm. B
being educated with youths, who were destined in after years to fill the
most influential positions in the state; and they, attracted by his genial
and pleasing manners, formed friendships with him which were only
severed by death. .
The good Morelli soon discovered Berino's aptitude for learning,
taxed his abilities to the utmost, and, alive to the value of that rare
union which he found in Herino of a retentive memory combined with
profound judgment, resolved to cultivate both to their full extent. He
obliged him to recite much by heart, as Well as to repeat verbatim what
was once read to him, and in order to exercise his judgment, required him
to Write frequent compositions, but it is to be regretted that not one of
these earliest productions of his pen has escaped the destructive hand of
time. The Fathers of the Servi, who Were conversant with his great lear-
ning, related marvellous anecdotes of his memory, but Perino assured
them seriously, that his uncle had never asked him to repeat more than
thirty lines of Virgil, or any author, after having heard them only once.
Having soon acquired proficiency in the Latin language, as well as in
the other branches of a solid and classical education, Herino proceeded to
_ higher attainments. Mathematics, in youth and in age, may be said to have
been one of his favorite recreations. Philosophy, even in his boyhood, was
not left unexplored, and Logic, to a mind so capable of its perception, was
peculiarly attractive.
In this study he was assisted by Capella of Cremona, who was deeply
versed in the abstruse theology of Duns Scotus, and who having discer-
ned the great genius of Perino, read logic with him. Apparently this was
an act of condescension, or at least of kindness, to the youthful student,
but Capella soon avowed that his pupil, not only advanced opinions in
opposition to his own, but proved them by such force of reasoning that
he was constrained to adopt them, and confessed that he could teach him
nothing more. Capella, however, was the means of gaining the youthful
Sarpi to the Order of the Servi. He was one of the Servites, and being
then resident at their great convent in the neighborhood of the house of
Morelli, Perino had thus constantly associated with the Friars, and was
so satisfied with their manner of life as to long to be one of their
number.
His grave and silent disposition, added to his love of learning, tended to
foster in his mind a desire for the cloister. To devote his time to God, and
to be able to pursue his studies without molestation, appeared to him pre-
ferable to the life of a priest, which his mother and his uncle Morelli had
resolved that he should be. In fact, they provided him with a habit similar
to that of the priests of S. Ermacora, and endeavored by harsh treatment
to extort submission to their wishes; but Perino was not to be overcome.
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? 4 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1552-1565.
I;
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All their efforts were unavailing; one of the Servi, and one of the Servi
only, would Perino be.
. The tonsure could not be given without parental authority; ' the
time of this ceremony was yet distant, but even for permission to join the
Servi as a novice, he had to wait in patient hope. He knew that being a
native of Venice, according to the rules of the Servites, he could be receiv-
ed into their principal convent, and their eagerness to display his talents
immediately after his reception, affords strong proof that these Friars wish-
ed to number Perino amongst them.
The pomp and glitter of the great world seemed to have little place in
his mind. He was not insensible to the advantages of rank or position, but
even in his early youth his mind rose to the magnificence of eternity;
he weighed time and the things of time in the balance of true wisdom,
and on no occasion did he betray that love of splendour common to the
Venetians. This people, gifted by nature with a climate so favorable to
display, were accustomed in the time of Sarpi to expend their wealth upon
all that could minister either to luxury or to ease. ' The palaces of the
nobles were adorned within by the matchless efforts of the pencil of Ti-
tian , for twenty four years Sarpi's contemporary, as well as by the
works of Paul Veronese, Tintoretto, and other great masters, by classic
sculpture, both antique and modern, by costly and gorgeous furniture, by
rich and rare plate, all reflected in the brilliant mirrors of Venetia, while
without, the graceful piles which Palladio or Sansovino, or others of lit-
tle less renown had reared, drew admiration from every eye.