For the palace
of this monarch he executed numerous pictures.
of this monarch he executed numerous pictures.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
The mod-
ern name is Zaiut. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2,
p. 56, scqq. )
? ? Zaleucus, a lawgiver m Magna Grascia, and tho
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? ZEN
ZENO.
ase of the well-knuvn expressions, "Vcni, nidi, vtci. "
--The raocern village of Zile or Kiel occupies the
? itc of (he ancient city. (Plin. , C3. --Hirttiu, B.
A. . 72. )
ZKNO, I. the founder of the sect of the Stoics, born
at Citiurn, in the island of Cyprus. His father was by
profession a merchant, but, discovering in his sou a
strong propensity towards learning, he early devoted
him to the study of philosophy In his mercantile ca-
|>acity, the former had frequent occasions to visit Ath-
ens, win'H' he purchased for the young Zeno several of
the writings of the most eminent Socratic philosophers.
These he read with great avidity; and, when he was
about thirty years of age, he determined to take a voy-
age to a city which was so celebrated both as a mart
of trade and of science. Whether this voyage was in
part mercantile, or wholly undertaken for the sake of
conversing. with those philosophers whose writings
Zeno'had long admired, is uncertain. If it be true,
as some writers relate, that he brought with him a val-
uable cargo of Phoenician purple, which was lost by
shipwreck upon the coast of Attica, this circumstance
will account for the facility with which he at first at-
tached himself to a sect whose leading principle was
contempt of riches. Upon his first arrival in Athens,
going accidentally into the shop of a bookseller, he took
up a volume of the commentaries of Xenophon, and,
after reading a few passages, was so much delighted
with the work, and formed so high an idea of its author,
that he asked the bookseller where he might meet with
such men. Crates, the Cynic philosopher, happening
at that instant to be passing by, the bookseller pointed
to him, and said, "Follow that man. " Zeno soon
found an opportunity of attending upon the instruc-
tions of Crates, and was so well pleased with his doc-
trine that he became one of his disciples. But, though
he highly admired the general principles and spirit of
the Cynic school, he could not easily reconcile him-
self to their peculiar manners. Besides, his inquisi-
tive turn of mind would not allow him to adopt that
indifference to every scientific inquiry which was one
of the characteristic distinctions of the sect. He there-
fore attended upon other masters, who professed to
instruct their disciples in the nature and causes of
ihings. When Crates, displeased at his following
itlnT philosophers, attempted to drag him by force
out of the school of Stilpo, Zeno said to him, "You
may seize my body, but Stilpo has laid hold of my
mind. " After continuing to attend upon the-lectures
of Stilpo for several years, he passed over to other
schools, particularly those of Xenocratcs and Diodo-
rus Chronus. By the latter he was instructed in dia-
lectics. At last, after attending almost every other
master, he offered himself as a disciple of Polerno.
This philosopher appears to have been aware that Ze-
no's intention in thus removing from one school to
another was to collect materials from various quarters
for a new system of his own; for, when he came into
Polemo's school, the latter said to him, "I am no
stranger to your Phosnician arts, Zeno; I perceive
that your design is to creep slyly into my garden and
steal away my fruit. " Polemo was not mistaken in
his opinion. Having made himself master of the ten-
ets of others, Zeno determined to become the found-
er of a new sect. The place which he made choice
of for his school was called the Facile (Ilo<<U>7 Zroo),
or Painted Porch; a public portico, so called from
? ? the pictures of Polygnotus, and other eminent mas-
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? ZENO.
nerung his masters especially those of the Platonic
fcluxii, and that he was not so much an inventor of
new opinions as of new terms. That, this was the
leal character of the Porch will fully appear from an
attentive perusal of the clear and accurate comparison
which Cicero has drawn between the doctrines of the
Old Academy and those of the Stoics, in hia Academ-
ic Ques;iins. As to the moral doctrine of the Cynic
sect, to which Zeno adhered to the last, there can be
no doubt that he transferred it almost without alloy
into his own school. In morals, the principal differ-
ence between the Cynics arid the Stoics was, that
the former disdained the cultivation of nature, the
latter affected to rise above it. On the subject of
physics, Zeno received his doctrine from Pythagoras
and Hcraclitus through the channel of the Platonic
school, as will fully appear from a careful compar-
ison of their respective systems. The moral part of
the Stoical philosophy partook of the defects of its
origin. It may as justly be objected against the Sto-
ics as the Cynics, that they assumed an artificial se-
verity of manners and a lone of virtue above the
condition of man. Their doctrine of moral wisdom
was an ostentatious display of words, in which lit-
tle regard was paid to nature and reason. It professed
to raise human nature to a degree of perfection before
unknown; but its real effect was merely to amuse the
ear and captivate the fancy with fictions that can never
be realized. The Stoical doctrine concerning nature
is as follows: . according to Zeno and his followers,
there existed from eternity a dark and confused chaos,
in which were contained the first principles of all fu-
. ture beings. This chaos being at length arranged,
and emerging into variable forms, became the world
as it now subsists. The world, or nature, is that
whole which comprehends all things, and of which all
things are parts and members. The universe, though
ORB whole, contains two principles, distinct from ele-
caents, one passive and the other active. The passive
principle is pure matter without qualities; the active
principle is reason, or God. This is the fundamental
doctrine of the Stoics concerning nature. If the doc-
trine of Plato, which derives the human mind from the
soul of the world, has a tendency towards enthusiasm,
much more must this be the case with the Stoical doc-
trine, which supposes that all human souls have im-
mediately proceeded from, and will at last return into,
the divine nature. As regards a divine providence, if
we compare the popular language of the Stoics upon
this head with their general system, and explain the
former with the fundamental principles of the latter,
we shall And that the agency of deity is, according to
them, nothing more than the active motion of a celes-
tial ether, or fire, possessed of intelligence, which at
first gave form to the shapeless mass of gross matter,
and being always essentially united to the visible world,
by the same necessary agency, preserves its order and
harmony. Providence, in the Stoic creed, is only an-
other name for absolute necessity, or fate, to which
God and matter, or the universe, which consists of
both, is immutably subject. The Stoic doctrine of
the resurrection of the body, upon which Seneca has
written with so much elegance, must not be confound-
ed with the Christian doctrine; for, according to the
Stoics, men return to life, not by the voluntary ap-
Doir. tment of a wise and merciful God, but by the law
if fate; and are not renewed for the enjoyment of a
better and happier condition, but drawn back into their
? ? ibrr. er state of imperfection and misery. Accordingly,
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? ZEN
extravagant and impracticable. The piety which it
teaches is nothing more than a quiet submission to ir-
resistible fate; the self-command which it enjoins an-
nihilates the best affections of the human heart; the
indulgence which it grants to suicide is inconsistent,
not only with the general principles of piety, but even
with that constancy which was the height of Stoical
nerfection ; and even its moral doctrine of benevolence
* tinctured with the fanciful principle, which lay at the
foundation of the whole Stoical system, that e;ery
being is a portion of one great whole, from which it
tvoull be unnatural and impious to attempt a separa-
tion. (Enfield's History of Philosirphy, vol. 1, p. 315,
teqj. )--II. A philosopher, a native of Tarsus, or,Ac-
cording to some, of Sidon. and the immediate succes-
sor of Chrysippus in the Stoic school. He docs not
appear to have receded in any respect from the Stoic
tenets, except that he withheld his assent to the doc-
trine of the final conflagration. (Diog. Laert. , 7, 38.
--Euseb. , Prttp. En. , 15, 18. )--III. A philosopher of
Elea, called the Eleatic, to distinguish him from Ze-
no the Stoic. He flourished about 444 B. C. Zcno
was a zealous friend of civil liberty, and is celebrated
for his courageous and successful opposition to tyrants;
but the inconsistency of the stories related by different
writers concerning him in a great measure destroys
their credit. --The invention of the dialectic art has
oeen improperly ascribed to him; but there can be no
doubt that this philosopher, and other metaphysical
disputants in the Eleatic seat, employed much inge-
nuity and subtlety in exhibiting examples of most of
the logical arts which were afterward reduced to rule
by Aristotle and others. According to Aristotle, Ze-
no of Elea taught that nothing can be produced either
from that which is similar or dissimilar; that there is
only one being, and that is God; that this being is
eternal, homogeneous, and spherical, neither finite nor
infinite, neither quiescent nor movealile; that there
are many worlds; that there is in nature no vacuum,
Ac. If Seneca's account of this philosopher deserves
tredit, he reached the highest point of scepticism, and
denied the real existence of external objects. (Sen-
eca, Ep. , 5S. -- Enfield, Hist. Philot. , vol. 1, p. 419,
teg. )
ZENOBIA, a celebrated princess, wife of Odenatus,
and after his death queen of Palmyra. (Vid. Odena-
tus, and Palmyra. ) With equal talents for jurispru-
dence and finance, thoroughly skilled in the arts and
duties of government, and adapting severity and clem-
ency with nice discernment to the exigency of the
circumstances, her agile and elastic frame enabled her
to direct and share the labours and enterprises of war.
Disdaining the female litter, she was continually on
horseback, and could even keep pace on foot with the
march of her soldiery. History has preserved some
reminiscences of her personal appearance, her dress,
and" her habits, which represent this apparent amazon
as a woman of the most engaging beauty, gifted with
the versatile graces of a court, and accomplished in
literary endowments. In complexion a brunette, her
teeth were of a pearly whiteness, and her eyes black
and sparkling; her mien was animated, and her voice
clear and powerful. With a helmet on ner neaa, ana
wearing a purple mantle fringed with gems and clasp-
ed with a buckle at the waist, so as to leave one of her
<<rm>> bare to the shoulder, sho presented herself at the
council of war; and affecting, from the policy of her
country, a regal pomp, she was worshipped with Per-
? ? sian prostration. Pure in her manners to the utmost
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? ZEU
ZEUXIS.
fia, who accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis along
with his brother Calais. In Biluynia, the two broth-
era, who are represented with wings, delivered 1'hin-
eus from the persecution of the Harpies, and drove
these monsters as far as the islands called Strophades.
Vid. Strophades, and Harpyia*. --Apollod. , 1, 9; 3, 15.
--Hygm. , fab. , U. --Otid, Met. , 8, 716. -- Pausan. ,
3, 16. ) .
ZETIIUS, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, brother ,>>
Amphion. (Vid. Amph. on. )
ZKUGIS or ZEUOITANA, a district of Africa in which
Carthage waq eituated. It extended from the river
Tusca to the Herrmean promontory, and from the
coast to 11m mountains that separated it from Uyzaci-
uro. (Irid. , Hist. , 14, 5. --Plin. , 5, 4. )
ZEUOMA, or the Bridge, the name of the principal
passage of the river Euphrates, southwest of Edessa.
An ancient fortress by which it was commanded is
still called Roum-Cala, or the Roman Castle; to
which may be added, that on the opposite shore there
is a place called Zcueme. (Plin. , 5, 24. --Curt. , 3,
7. --Tacit. , Ann. , 12, 12. )
ZEUS, the name of Jupiter among the Greeks.
(Vid. remarks under the article Jupiter. )
ZGUXIS, a celebrated painter, born at Heraclea, in
Magna Graceia, and who flourished about B. C. 400.
(Ptin. , 35, 9, 36. --JElian, V. H. , 4, Vt. --Hardouin,
ad Plin, I. c. --Sillig, Diet. Art. , p. 130, not. ) He
studied under either IJemophilus or Neseas, artists re-
specting whom nothing is known but that one of them
was his master. Soon, however, he far outstripped
his instructer, as Apollodorus intimated in verses ex-
pressive of his indignation that Zeuxis should have
moulded to his own use all previous inventions, and
stolen the graces of the best masters; thus paying a
high though involuntary compliment to his gifted rival.
Apollodorus having first practised chiaro-oscuro, could
not endure that his glory should be eclipsed by a
irounger artist, who availed himself of his improve-
ments to rise to a higher degree of excellence. Zeux-
* seems to have rapidly risen to the highest distinc-
tion in Greece, and acquired by the exercise of his
<<-. , not only renown, but riches. Of the latter ad-
r. i. :. :'_! '? hi- was more vain than became a man of cx-
ilted genius. He appeared at the Olympic games
<ttired in a mantle on which. his name was embroidered
in letters of gold, a piece of most absurd display in
one whose name was deeply impressed on the hearts
*nd imaginations of those by whom he was surrounded.
He does not, however, eeern to have been chargeable
with avarice; or, at least, this passion, if it existed,
was subservient to his pride; for, when he had attained
the height of his fame, he refused any longer to re-
ceive money for his pictures, but made presents of
them, because he regarded them as above all pecuni-
ary value. In the earlier part of his career he was
accustomed, however, to exhibit his productions for
money, especially his most celebrated painting of Hel-
en. The truth seems to have been, that the ruling pas-
<<ion of Zeuxis was the love of pomp, an ever-restless
vanity, a constant desire and craving after every kind
of distinction. --Very little is known respecting the
events of the lifo-of this celebrated painter. He was
not only successful in securing wealth and the applause
of the multitude, but was honoured with the friend-
ship of Archelaiis, king of Macedon.
For the palace
of this monarch he executed numerous pictures. Ci-
? ? cero informs us, that the inhabitants of Crotona pre-
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? ZON
extraoidinary a circumstance, however, vrould surely
rave been alluded to by some other writer, had it been
? rue. There seems good reason, therefore, to believe
it fictitious. (Encyclop. Mctropol. , div. 2, vol. 1, p.
405, . '. . '/</)
/mi. i *, a sophist and grammarian of Amphipolis,
wh8 rendered himself known by his severe criticisms
on the poems of Homer, for which he received the
name of Homeromastix, or the chastiser of Homer,
and also on the productions of Plato and other writers.
. 'Elian ( V. H. , 11, 10) draws a very unfavourable pic-
ture of both his character and personal appearance.
In all this, however, there is very probably much of
exaggeration. Dionysius of Halicarnaasus (/? . '/'. ad
Pomp. ) appears, on the other hand, to praise the man;
be ranks him, at least, among those who have censured
Plato, not from a feeling of envy or enmity, but a de-
sire for the truth. The age of Zoilus is. uncertain.
Vitruvius (Prtef. , ad lib. 7) refers him to the time of
Ptolemy Philadelphus, and is followed by Vossius.
Keinesius, however (far. Leer. , 3, 2), and lonsius
(de Script. Hist. PhU. , c. 9) are opposed lo this, be-
cause Zoilus is said to have been a hearer of Polyc-
rates, who lived in the time of Socrates. (Consult
the remarks of Perizonius on this subject,ml . }'J:,:,! ,,
V, II. I. c. ) Some say that Zoilus was stoned to
death, or exposed on a cross, by order of Ptolemy,
while others maintain that he was burned alive at
Smyrna. According to another account, he recited
his invectives against Homer at the Olympic games,
and was thrown from a rock for his offence. (Julian,
V. H. , I. c. --Longin. , 9, 4. )
ZO. XA or ZONK, a city . on the . t>r;m coast of
Thrace, near the promontory of Serrhium. It is men-
tioned by Herodotus (7, 59) and by Hecatajus (ap.
Steph. lli/~. ). Here Orpheus sang, and by his strains
drew after him both the woods and the beasts that
tenanted them. (Apollon. Rhod. , 1, 28. )
ZONARAS, a Byzantine historian, who flourished to-
wards the close of the eleventh and the commence-
ment of the twelfth centuries. He held the offices
originally of Grand Dungarius (commander of the Beet)
and chief secretary of the imperial cabinet; but he
afterward became a monk, and attached himself to a
religious house on Mount Athos, where he died sub-
sequently to A. D. 1118. His Annals, or Chronicle,
extend from the creation of the world down to 1118
A. D. , the period of the death of Alexis I. They pos-
sess a double interest: for more ancient times, he has
availed himself, independently of Eutropius and Dio
Cassius, of other authors that are lost to us; and at a
later period he details events of which he himself was
a witness. Though deficient in critical spirit, he has
still displayed great good sense in adding nothing of
his own to the extracts which he has inserted in his
history, except what might serve to unite thim to-
gether in regular order. There results from this, it is
true, a great variety of style in his work, but this is
easily paidoned, and the only regret is, that Zonaras
had not indicated with more exactness the authors
whence he drew his materials. The impartiality of
the writer is worthy of praise. This work is found in
the collections of the Byzantine Historians. --Zonaras
was the author also of a Glossary or Lexicon, in the
manner of Hesychius a -J Suidas It was published
ZOS
by Tittman, in 1808, at the Leipzig press, along >>:i
the Lexicon of Photius, in 3 vols. 4to, the first tw<
? ? volumes being devoted to the Lexicon of Zonarai.
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? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SUPPLEMENT.
Ai*i,III. the twelfth king of Argos. He was the
ion of Lynceus and HypgWnnestra, and grandson
? f Danaus. He married Ocaleia, who bore him
iwin sons, Acri. sius and Proetus. (Apollod. , 2, 2,
i. --Hygin. , Fab. , 170. ) When he informed his
father of the death of Danaus, he was rewarded
with the shield of his grandfather, which was sa-
cred to Juno. He is described as a successful con-
queror, and as the founder of the town of Abae in
I'] mi-is (Paui. , 10, 36, 1), and of the Pelasgic Argos
in Thessaly. (Strab. , 9, p. 431. ) The fame of
his warlike spirit was so great, that even after his
death, when people revolted whom he had subdued,
they were put to flight by the simple act of showing
them his shield. (Virg. , JEn. , 3, 286. --Sen. , ad loc. )
! t was from this Abas that the kings of Argos were
called by the patronymic Abantiades.
ABASCANTDB ('AtaoitavTOf), a physician of Lugdu-
num (Lyons), who probably lived in the second cen-
tury after Christ. He is several times mentioned
by Galen (It, Compos. Medicam. secund. Locos, 9,
4, vol. 13, p. 278), who has also preserved an an-
tidote invented fty him against the bite of serpents.
(De Anlid. , 2, 12, vol. 14, p. 177. ) -The name is
to be met with in numerous Latin inscriptions in
Grater's collection, five of which refer to a freed-
man of Augustus, who is supposed by Kiihn (Addi-
tam. ad Blench. Medic. Vet. a J. A. Falrricio in
? ? Bibl. Gr. " Exhib. ) to he the same person that is
nentioned by Galen. This, however, is quite uncer-
tain, as also whether HapaidJTiof 'ASdoitavSoc. in
Galen (De Compot. Medicam. secund. Locos. , 7, 3,
vol. 13, p. 71) refers to the subject of this article.
ABDIAS . 'v. . V,<r), the pretended author of an
Apocryphal book, entitled The History of the Apos-
tolical contest. This work claims to have been writ-
ten in Hebrew, to have been tranriated into Greek
by Eutropius, and thence into Latin by Julius Afri-
'lanus. It was, however, originally written in Latin,
about A. D. 910. It is printed in Fabricius, Codex
Apocrypha Noti Tett. , p. 402, 8vo, Hamb. , 1703.
Abdias was called, too, the first Bishop of Babylon.
ABELLIO is the name of a divinity found in in-
scriptions which were discovered at Comminges in
France. (Gruter, Inter. , p. 37, 4. --J. Sealigcr, Lee-
tiones Ausoniana, 1, 9. ) Buttmann (Mythologus, 1,
p. 167, &c. ) considers Abellio to be the same name
as Apollo, who in Crete and elsewhere was called
'\'<</. ">>? . and by the Italians and some Dorians
Apello (f'est. , s. r. Apcllinem. -- Eustalh. ai II. , 2,
99), and that the deity is the same as the Gallic
Apollo mentioned by Caesar (Bell. Gall. , 6, 17), and
also the same as Belis or Belenus mentioned by
Tertullian (Apolopet. , 23) and Herodian (8, 3. --
Comp. Capitol. , Maximin. , 22). As the root of the
word he recognises the Spartan Beta, i. <? . the sun
(Hesych. , s. >- ), whirli appears in the Syriac and
Chaldaic Belus or Baal.
ABISARES or ABISSARKS ('A</<-m;.
ern name is Zaiut. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2,
p. 56, scqq. )
? ? Zaleucus, a lawgiver m Magna Grascia, and tho
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? ZEN
ZENO.
ase of the well-knuvn expressions, "Vcni, nidi, vtci. "
--The raocern village of Zile or Kiel occupies the
? itc of (he ancient city. (Plin. , C3. --Hirttiu, B.
A. . 72. )
ZKNO, I. the founder of the sect of the Stoics, born
at Citiurn, in the island of Cyprus. His father was by
profession a merchant, but, discovering in his sou a
strong propensity towards learning, he early devoted
him to the study of philosophy In his mercantile ca-
|>acity, the former had frequent occasions to visit Ath-
ens, win'H' he purchased for the young Zeno several of
the writings of the most eminent Socratic philosophers.
These he read with great avidity; and, when he was
about thirty years of age, he determined to take a voy-
age to a city which was so celebrated both as a mart
of trade and of science. Whether this voyage was in
part mercantile, or wholly undertaken for the sake of
conversing. with those philosophers whose writings
Zeno'had long admired, is uncertain. If it be true,
as some writers relate, that he brought with him a val-
uable cargo of Phoenician purple, which was lost by
shipwreck upon the coast of Attica, this circumstance
will account for the facility with which he at first at-
tached himself to a sect whose leading principle was
contempt of riches. Upon his first arrival in Athens,
going accidentally into the shop of a bookseller, he took
up a volume of the commentaries of Xenophon, and,
after reading a few passages, was so much delighted
with the work, and formed so high an idea of its author,
that he asked the bookseller where he might meet with
such men. Crates, the Cynic philosopher, happening
at that instant to be passing by, the bookseller pointed
to him, and said, "Follow that man. " Zeno soon
found an opportunity of attending upon the instruc-
tions of Crates, and was so well pleased with his doc-
trine that he became one of his disciples. But, though
he highly admired the general principles and spirit of
the Cynic school, he could not easily reconcile him-
self to their peculiar manners. Besides, his inquisi-
tive turn of mind would not allow him to adopt that
indifference to every scientific inquiry which was one
of the characteristic distinctions of the sect. He there-
fore attended upon other masters, who professed to
instruct their disciples in the nature and causes of
ihings. When Crates, displeased at his following
itlnT philosophers, attempted to drag him by force
out of the school of Stilpo, Zeno said to him, "You
may seize my body, but Stilpo has laid hold of my
mind. " After continuing to attend upon the-lectures
of Stilpo for several years, he passed over to other
schools, particularly those of Xenocratcs and Diodo-
rus Chronus. By the latter he was instructed in dia-
lectics. At last, after attending almost every other
master, he offered himself as a disciple of Polerno.
This philosopher appears to have been aware that Ze-
no's intention in thus removing from one school to
another was to collect materials from various quarters
for a new system of his own; for, when he came into
Polemo's school, the latter said to him, "I am no
stranger to your Phosnician arts, Zeno; I perceive
that your design is to creep slyly into my garden and
steal away my fruit. " Polemo was not mistaken in
his opinion. Having made himself master of the ten-
ets of others, Zeno determined to become the found-
er of a new sect. The place which he made choice
of for his school was called the Facile (Ilo<<U>7 Zroo),
or Painted Porch; a public portico, so called from
? ? the pictures of Polygnotus, and other eminent mas-
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? ZENO.
nerung his masters especially those of the Platonic
fcluxii, and that he was not so much an inventor of
new opinions as of new terms. That, this was the
leal character of the Porch will fully appear from an
attentive perusal of the clear and accurate comparison
which Cicero has drawn between the doctrines of the
Old Academy and those of the Stoics, in hia Academ-
ic Ques;iins. As to the moral doctrine of the Cynic
sect, to which Zeno adhered to the last, there can be
no doubt that he transferred it almost without alloy
into his own school. In morals, the principal differ-
ence between the Cynics arid the Stoics was, that
the former disdained the cultivation of nature, the
latter affected to rise above it. On the subject of
physics, Zeno received his doctrine from Pythagoras
and Hcraclitus through the channel of the Platonic
school, as will fully appear from a careful compar-
ison of their respective systems. The moral part of
the Stoical philosophy partook of the defects of its
origin. It may as justly be objected against the Sto-
ics as the Cynics, that they assumed an artificial se-
verity of manners and a lone of virtue above the
condition of man. Their doctrine of moral wisdom
was an ostentatious display of words, in which lit-
tle regard was paid to nature and reason. It professed
to raise human nature to a degree of perfection before
unknown; but its real effect was merely to amuse the
ear and captivate the fancy with fictions that can never
be realized. The Stoical doctrine concerning nature
is as follows: . according to Zeno and his followers,
there existed from eternity a dark and confused chaos,
in which were contained the first principles of all fu-
. ture beings. This chaos being at length arranged,
and emerging into variable forms, became the world
as it now subsists. The world, or nature, is that
whole which comprehends all things, and of which all
things are parts and members. The universe, though
ORB whole, contains two principles, distinct from ele-
caents, one passive and the other active. The passive
principle is pure matter without qualities; the active
principle is reason, or God. This is the fundamental
doctrine of the Stoics concerning nature. If the doc-
trine of Plato, which derives the human mind from the
soul of the world, has a tendency towards enthusiasm,
much more must this be the case with the Stoical doc-
trine, which supposes that all human souls have im-
mediately proceeded from, and will at last return into,
the divine nature. As regards a divine providence, if
we compare the popular language of the Stoics upon
this head with their general system, and explain the
former with the fundamental principles of the latter,
we shall And that the agency of deity is, according to
them, nothing more than the active motion of a celes-
tial ether, or fire, possessed of intelligence, which at
first gave form to the shapeless mass of gross matter,
and being always essentially united to the visible world,
by the same necessary agency, preserves its order and
harmony. Providence, in the Stoic creed, is only an-
other name for absolute necessity, or fate, to which
God and matter, or the universe, which consists of
both, is immutably subject. The Stoic doctrine of
the resurrection of the body, upon which Seneca has
written with so much elegance, must not be confound-
ed with the Christian doctrine; for, according to the
Stoics, men return to life, not by the voluntary ap-
Doir. tment of a wise and merciful God, but by the law
if fate; and are not renewed for the enjoyment of a
better and happier condition, but drawn back into their
? ? ibrr. er state of imperfection and misery. Accordingly,
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? ZEN
extravagant and impracticable. The piety which it
teaches is nothing more than a quiet submission to ir-
resistible fate; the self-command which it enjoins an-
nihilates the best affections of the human heart; the
indulgence which it grants to suicide is inconsistent,
not only with the general principles of piety, but even
with that constancy which was the height of Stoical
nerfection ; and even its moral doctrine of benevolence
* tinctured with the fanciful principle, which lay at the
foundation of the whole Stoical system, that e;ery
being is a portion of one great whole, from which it
tvoull be unnatural and impious to attempt a separa-
tion. (Enfield's History of Philosirphy, vol. 1, p. 315,
teqj. )--II. A philosopher, a native of Tarsus, or,Ac-
cording to some, of Sidon. and the immediate succes-
sor of Chrysippus in the Stoic school. He docs not
appear to have receded in any respect from the Stoic
tenets, except that he withheld his assent to the doc-
trine of the final conflagration. (Diog. Laert. , 7, 38.
--Euseb. , Prttp. En. , 15, 18. )--III. A philosopher of
Elea, called the Eleatic, to distinguish him from Ze-
no the Stoic. He flourished about 444 B. C. Zcno
was a zealous friend of civil liberty, and is celebrated
for his courageous and successful opposition to tyrants;
but the inconsistency of the stories related by different
writers concerning him in a great measure destroys
their credit. --The invention of the dialectic art has
oeen improperly ascribed to him; but there can be no
doubt that this philosopher, and other metaphysical
disputants in the Eleatic seat, employed much inge-
nuity and subtlety in exhibiting examples of most of
the logical arts which were afterward reduced to rule
by Aristotle and others. According to Aristotle, Ze-
no of Elea taught that nothing can be produced either
from that which is similar or dissimilar; that there is
only one being, and that is God; that this being is
eternal, homogeneous, and spherical, neither finite nor
infinite, neither quiescent nor movealile; that there
are many worlds; that there is in nature no vacuum,
Ac. If Seneca's account of this philosopher deserves
tredit, he reached the highest point of scepticism, and
denied the real existence of external objects. (Sen-
eca, Ep. , 5S. -- Enfield, Hist. Philot. , vol. 1, p. 419,
teg. )
ZENOBIA, a celebrated princess, wife of Odenatus,
and after his death queen of Palmyra. (Vid. Odena-
tus, and Palmyra. ) With equal talents for jurispru-
dence and finance, thoroughly skilled in the arts and
duties of government, and adapting severity and clem-
ency with nice discernment to the exigency of the
circumstances, her agile and elastic frame enabled her
to direct and share the labours and enterprises of war.
Disdaining the female litter, she was continually on
horseback, and could even keep pace on foot with the
march of her soldiery. History has preserved some
reminiscences of her personal appearance, her dress,
and" her habits, which represent this apparent amazon
as a woman of the most engaging beauty, gifted with
the versatile graces of a court, and accomplished in
literary endowments. In complexion a brunette, her
teeth were of a pearly whiteness, and her eyes black
and sparkling; her mien was animated, and her voice
clear and powerful. With a helmet on ner neaa, ana
wearing a purple mantle fringed with gems and clasp-
ed with a buckle at the waist, so as to leave one of her
<<rm>> bare to the shoulder, sho presented herself at the
council of war; and affecting, from the policy of her
country, a regal pomp, she was worshipped with Per-
? ? sian prostration. Pure in her manners to the utmost
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? ZEU
ZEUXIS.
fia, who accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis along
with his brother Calais. In Biluynia, the two broth-
era, who are represented with wings, delivered 1'hin-
eus from the persecution of the Harpies, and drove
these monsters as far as the islands called Strophades.
Vid. Strophades, and Harpyia*. --Apollod. , 1, 9; 3, 15.
--Hygm. , fab. , U. --Otid, Met. , 8, 716. -- Pausan. ,
3, 16. ) .
ZETIIUS, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, brother ,>>
Amphion. (Vid. Amph. on. )
ZKUGIS or ZEUOITANA, a district of Africa in which
Carthage waq eituated. It extended from the river
Tusca to the Herrmean promontory, and from the
coast to 11m mountains that separated it from Uyzaci-
uro. (Irid. , Hist. , 14, 5. --Plin. , 5, 4. )
ZEUOMA, or the Bridge, the name of the principal
passage of the river Euphrates, southwest of Edessa.
An ancient fortress by which it was commanded is
still called Roum-Cala, or the Roman Castle; to
which may be added, that on the opposite shore there
is a place called Zcueme. (Plin. , 5, 24. --Curt. , 3,
7. --Tacit. , Ann. , 12, 12. )
ZEUS, the name of Jupiter among the Greeks.
(Vid. remarks under the article Jupiter. )
ZGUXIS, a celebrated painter, born at Heraclea, in
Magna Graceia, and who flourished about B. C. 400.
(Ptin. , 35, 9, 36. --JElian, V. H. , 4, Vt. --Hardouin,
ad Plin, I. c. --Sillig, Diet. Art. , p. 130, not. ) He
studied under either IJemophilus or Neseas, artists re-
specting whom nothing is known but that one of them
was his master. Soon, however, he far outstripped
his instructer, as Apollodorus intimated in verses ex-
pressive of his indignation that Zeuxis should have
moulded to his own use all previous inventions, and
stolen the graces of the best masters; thus paying a
high though involuntary compliment to his gifted rival.
Apollodorus having first practised chiaro-oscuro, could
not endure that his glory should be eclipsed by a
irounger artist, who availed himself of his improve-
ments to rise to a higher degree of excellence. Zeux-
* seems to have rapidly risen to the highest distinc-
tion in Greece, and acquired by the exercise of his
<<-. , not only renown, but riches. Of the latter ad-
r. i. :. :'_! '? hi- was more vain than became a man of cx-
ilted genius. He appeared at the Olympic games
<ttired in a mantle on which. his name was embroidered
in letters of gold, a piece of most absurd display in
one whose name was deeply impressed on the hearts
*nd imaginations of those by whom he was surrounded.
He does not, however, eeern to have been chargeable
with avarice; or, at least, this passion, if it existed,
was subservient to his pride; for, when he had attained
the height of his fame, he refused any longer to re-
ceive money for his pictures, but made presents of
them, because he regarded them as above all pecuni-
ary value. In the earlier part of his career he was
accustomed, however, to exhibit his productions for
money, especially his most celebrated painting of Hel-
en. The truth seems to have been, that the ruling pas-
<<ion of Zeuxis was the love of pomp, an ever-restless
vanity, a constant desire and craving after every kind
of distinction. --Very little is known respecting the
events of the lifo-of this celebrated painter. He was
not only successful in securing wealth and the applause
of the multitude, but was honoured with the friend-
ship of Archelaiis, king of Macedon.
For the palace
of this monarch he executed numerous pictures. Ci-
? ? cero informs us, that the inhabitants of Crotona pre-
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? ZON
extraoidinary a circumstance, however, vrould surely
rave been alluded to by some other writer, had it been
? rue. There seems good reason, therefore, to believe
it fictitious. (Encyclop. Mctropol. , div. 2, vol. 1, p.
405, . '. . '/</)
/mi. i *, a sophist and grammarian of Amphipolis,
wh8 rendered himself known by his severe criticisms
on the poems of Homer, for which he received the
name of Homeromastix, or the chastiser of Homer,
and also on the productions of Plato and other writers.
. 'Elian ( V. H. , 11, 10) draws a very unfavourable pic-
ture of both his character and personal appearance.
In all this, however, there is very probably much of
exaggeration. Dionysius of Halicarnaasus (/? . '/'. ad
Pomp. ) appears, on the other hand, to praise the man;
be ranks him, at least, among those who have censured
Plato, not from a feeling of envy or enmity, but a de-
sire for the truth. The age of Zoilus is. uncertain.
Vitruvius (Prtef. , ad lib. 7) refers him to the time of
Ptolemy Philadelphus, and is followed by Vossius.
Keinesius, however (far. Leer. , 3, 2), and lonsius
(de Script. Hist. PhU. , c. 9) are opposed lo this, be-
cause Zoilus is said to have been a hearer of Polyc-
rates, who lived in the time of Socrates. (Consult
the remarks of Perizonius on this subject,ml . }'J:,:,! ,,
V, II. I. c. ) Some say that Zoilus was stoned to
death, or exposed on a cross, by order of Ptolemy,
while others maintain that he was burned alive at
Smyrna. According to another account, he recited
his invectives against Homer at the Olympic games,
and was thrown from a rock for his offence. (Julian,
V. H. , I. c. --Longin. , 9, 4. )
ZO. XA or ZONK, a city . on the . t>r;m coast of
Thrace, near the promontory of Serrhium. It is men-
tioned by Herodotus (7, 59) and by Hecatajus (ap.
Steph. lli/~. ). Here Orpheus sang, and by his strains
drew after him both the woods and the beasts that
tenanted them. (Apollon. Rhod. , 1, 28. )
ZONARAS, a Byzantine historian, who flourished to-
wards the close of the eleventh and the commence-
ment of the twelfth centuries. He held the offices
originally of Grand Dungarius (commander of the Beet)
and chief secretary of the imperial cabinet; but he
afterward became a monk, and attached himself to a
religious house on Mount Athos, where he died sub-
sequently to A. D. 1118. His Annals, or Chronicle,
extend from the creation of the world down to 1118
A. D. , the period of the death of Alexis I. They pos-
sess a double interest: for more ancient times, he has
availed himself, independently of Eutropius and Dio
Cassius, of other authors that are lost to us; and at a
later period he details events of which he himself was
a witness. Though deficient in critical spirit, he has
still displayed great good sense in adding nothing of
his own to the extracts which he has inserted in his
history, except what might serve to unite thim to-
gether in regular order. There results from this, it is
true, a great variety of style in his work, but this is
easily paidoned, and the only regret is, that Zonaras
had not indicated with more exactness the authors
whence he drew his materials. The impartiality of
the writer is worthy of praise. This work is found in
the collections of the Byzantine Historians. --Zonaras
was the author also of a Glossary or Lexicon, in the
manner of Hesychius a -J Suidas It was published
ZOS
by Tittman, in 1808, at the Leipzig press, along >>:i
the Lexicon of Photius, in 3 vols. 4to, the first tw<
? ? volumes being devoted to the Lexicon of Zonarai.
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? SUPPLEMENT.
Ai*i,III. the twelfth king of Argos. He was the
ion of Lynceus and HypgWnnestra, and grandson
? f Danaus. He married Ocaleia, who bore him
iwin sons, Acri. sius and Proetus. (Apollod. , 2, 2,
i. --Hygin. , Fab. , 170. ) When he informed his
father of the death of Danaus, he was rewarded
with the shield of his grandfather, which was sa-
cred to Juno. He is described as a successful con-
queror, and as the founder of the town of Abae in
I'] mi-is (Paui. , 10, 36, 1), and of the Pelasgic Argos
in Thessaly. (Strab. , 9, p. 431. ) The fame of
his warlike spirit was so great, that even after his
death, when people revolted whom he had subdued,
they were put to flight by the simple act of showing
them his shield. (Virg. , JEn. , 3, 286. --Sen. , ad loc. )
! t was from this Abas that the kings of Argos were
called by the patronymic Abantiades.
ABASCANTDB ('AtaoitavTOf), a physician of Lugdu-
num (Lyons), who probably lived in the second cen-
tury after Christ. He is several times mentioned
by Galen (It, Compos. Medicam. secund. Locos, 9,
4, vol. 13, p. 278), who has also preserved an an-
tidote invented fty him against the bite of serpents.
(De Anlid. , 2, 12, vol. 14, p. 177. ) -The name is
to be met with in numerous Latin inscriptions in
Grater's collection, five of which refer to a freed-
man of Augustus, who is supposed by Kiihn (Addi-
tam. ad Blench. Medic. Vet. a J. A. Falrricio in
? ? Bibl. Gr. " Exhib. ) to he the same person that is
nentioned by Galen. This, however, is quite uncer-
tain, as also whether HapaidJTiof 'ASdoitavSoc. in
Galen (De Compot. Medicam. secund. Locos. , 7, 3,
vol. 13, p. 71) refers to the subject of this article.
ABDIAS . 'v. . V,<r), the pretended author of an
Apocryphal book, entitled The History of the Apos-
tolical contest. This work claims to have been writ-
ten in Hebrew, to have been tranriated into Greek
by Eutropius, and thence into Latin by Julius Afri-
'lanus. It was, however, originally written in Latin,
about A. D. 910. It is printed in Fabricius, Codex
Apocrypha Noti Tett. , p. 402, 8vo, Hamb. , 1703.
Abdias was called, too, the first Bishop of Babylon.
ABELLIO is the name of a divinity found in in-
scriptions which were discovered at Comminges in
France. (Gruter, Inter. , p. 37, 4. --J. Sealigcr, Lee-
tiones Ausoniana, 1, 9. ) Buttmann (Mythologus, 1,
p. 167, &c. ) considers Abellio to be the same name
as Apollo, who in Crete and elsewhere was called
'\'<</. ">>? . and by the Italians and some Dorians
Apello (f'est. , s. r. Apcllinem. -- Eustalh. ai II. , 2,
99), and that the deity is the same as the Gallic
Apollo mentioned by Caesar (Bell. Gall. , 6, 17), and
also the same as Belis or Belenus mentioned by
Tertullian (Apolopet. , 23) and Herodian (8, 3. --
Comp. Capitol. , Maximin. , 22). As the root of the
word he recognises the Spartan Beta, i. <? . the sun
(Hesych. , s. >- ), whirli appears in the Syriac and
Chaldaic Belus or Baal.
ABISARES or ABISSARKS ('A</<-m;.
