A city in the
territory
of the Bruttii, near the
western coast, and often confounded with the prece-
ding.
western coast, and often confounded with the prece-
ding.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
tructer of Apollo in divination.
(Apollod.
, 1, 4, 1.
)
--The worship of Pan seems to have been confined to
Arcadia till the time of the battle of Marathon, when
Phidippides. the courier who was sent from Athens to
Sparta to call on the Spartans for aid against the Per-
sians, declared that, as he was passing by Mount Par-
thenius, near Tegea in Arcadia, he heard the voice of
Pan calling to him, and desiring him to ask the Athe-
nians why they paid no regard to him, who was al-
ways, and still would be, friendly and willing to aid.
After the battle, the Athenians consecrated a cave to
Pan under the Acropolis, and offered him annual sac-
rifices. (Herod. , 6, 105. -- Plut. , Kit. Arist. , 11. )
Long before this time, the Grecian and Egyptian sys-
tems of religion had begun to mingle and combine.
The goat-formed Mendcs of Egypt was now regarded
as identical with the horned and goat-footed god of the
Arcadian herdsmen (Herod. , 2, 46); and Pan was el-
evated to great dignity by priests and philosophers, be-
coming a symbol of the universe, for his name signi-
fied all. Moreover, as he dwelt in the woods, he was
called " Lord of the Hyle" ('0 rijc iXnc Kvpioc); and
as the word hyle (vf. i]), by a lucky ambiguity, signi-
fied either wood or primitive matter, this was another
ground for exalting him. It is amusing to read how
all the attributes of the Arcadian god were made to
accord with this notion. "Pan," says Servius, " is a
rustic god, formed in similitude of nature, whence he
is called Pan, i. e. . All: for he has horns, in simili-
tude of the rays of the sun and the horns of the moon;
his face is ruddy, in imitation of the ether; ho has a
spotted fawnskin upon his breast, in likeness of the
stars; his lower parts are shaggy, on account of the
trees, shrubs, and wild beasts; he has goat's feet, to
denote the stability of the earth; he has a pipe of
seven teeds, on account of the harmony of the heav-
ens, in which there are seven sounds; he has a crook,
thct is, a curved staff, on account of the year, which
? ? nuts back on itself, because he is the god of all nature.
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? P A IS
PAN A THENCE A.
After a time Panaelius returned to Athens, where he
became the leader of the Stoic school, and where he
died at a very advanced age. Posidonius, Scylax of
Halicamassus, Hecaton, and Mnesarchus are mention-
ed among his disciples. Panaelius was not apparently
a strict Stoic, but rather an Eclectic philosopher, who
tempered tho austerity of his sect by adopting some-
thing of the more refined style and milder principles
of P'ato and tho other earlier Academicians. (Cic. ,
ie 'Sin. , 4,88. ) Cicero, who speaks repeatedly of the
works of Panaetius in terms of the highest veneration,
and acknowledges that he borrowed much from them,
aays that Pansetius styled Plato "the divine," and
"the Homer of Philosophy," and only dissented from
htm en the subject of the immortality of the soul,
which he seems not i: have admitted. (Tunc.
Quasi. , 1, 32. ) Aulus Gellius says (12, 5) that Pa-
netius rejected the principle of apathy adopted by the
later Stoics, and returned to Zeno's original meaning,
namely, that the wise man ought to know how to mas-
ter the impressions which he receives through the
senses. In a letter of consolation which Pansetius
wrote to Q. Tubero, mentioned by Cicero (De Fin. ,
1, 9), he instructed him how to endure pain, but he
never laid it down as a principle that pain waa not an
evil. He was very temperate in his opinions, and he
often replied to difficult questions with modest hesita-
tion, saying, irzixui, " I will consider. "--None of tho
works of Panattius have come down to us; but their
titles, and a few sentences from them, are quoted by
Cicero, Diogenes Laertius, and others. He wrote a
treatise " On Duties," the substance of which Cicero
merged in his own work "De Officii*. " Panetius
wrote also a treatise " On Divination," of which Cicero
probably made use in his own work on the same sub-
Kct. He wrote likewise a work " On Tranquillity of
ind," which some suppose may have been made use
of by Plutarch in his work bearing the same title.
Cicero mentions also a treatise "On Providence,"
another "On Magistrates," and one "On Heresies,"
or sects of philosophers. His book " On Socrates,"
quoted by Diogenes Laertius, and by Plutarch in his
"Life of Ansiidcs. " made probably a part of the last-
mentioned wor'. c. Laertius and Seneca quote several
opinions of Panetius concerning ethics and metaphys-
ics, and also physics. (Encycl. Us. Knowl. , vol. 17,
p. 178. -- Van Lyndcn, Disp. Historico-Crit. de Pa-
natio Rhodio, Lugd. Bat. , 1802. -- Chardon de la
Rochctte, Melanges, &c, vol. 1, Paris, 1812. )
Panathewea (Uavad^vaia), the greatest of the
Athenian festivals, was celebrated in honour of Miner-
va (Athena) as the guardian deity of the city. It is
raid lo have been instituted by Erichthonius, and to
have been called originally Athencea ('ASqvata), but it
obtained the name of Panathenaa in the time of The-
seus, in consequence of his uniting into one state the
different independent communities into which Attica
had been previously divided. (Pausan. , 8, 2, 1. --
Pint, Vit. Thcs. , c. 20. -- Thucyd. , 2, 15. ) There
were two Athenian festivals which had the name of
Panathena-a; one of which was called the Great Pan-
athenaa (MtyuXa TlavaBrjvaia), and the other the
Less (Mtxpa). The Great Panathenaea was celebra-
ted once every five years, wish very great magnificence,
and attracted spectators from all parts of Greece. The
Less Panathensea was celebrated every year in the
Piieus. (Harpoerat. , s. v. TlavaB. -- Plat. , Rep. , 1,
? ? 1. ) When the Greek writers speak simply of the fes-
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? PAN
FAXDORA
Do seventh volumi of the "Thesaurus" of Grono7ius
Kncycl. Vt. Knowi, vol. 17, p. 182. )
Panchaia, a fabled island in the Eastern or In-
lian Ocean, which Euhemerus pretended to have dis-
covered, and to have found in its capital, Panara, a
temple of the Triphylian Jupiter, containing a column
inscribed with the date of the births and deaths of
many of the gods. (Vid. Euhemerus. )--Virgil makes
mention of Panchaia and its "lurifera arena. "
(Ceorg. , 2, 139. ) The poet borrows the name from
Euhemerus, but evidently refers to Arabia Felix.
(Compare Heync and Von, ad loc. )
Pandarus, son of I. ycaon, and one of the chieftains
? rat fought on the side of the Trojans in the war
with the Greeks. He led the allies of Zelea from the
banks of the -? Esepus in Mvsia, and was famed for his
skill with the bow. (II, 2, 824, seqq. ) It was Pan-
darus that broke the truce between the Greeks and
Trojans by wounding Menclans. (II. , 4, 93, seqq. )
He was afterward slain by Diomede. (//. , 5, 290. ) In
3ne part of the Iliad (5, 105) he is spoken of as com-
ing from Lycia, but the Lycia there meant is uiily a
part of Troas, forming the territory around Zelea, and
inhabited by Lycian colonists. (Consult Euslatk. ad
II. , 2, 824-- Htyne, ad lac. )
Pandataria, an island in the Mare Tyrrhenum, in
the Sinus Puteolanus, on the coast of Italy. It was
the place of banishment for Julia, the daughter of Au-
gustus, and manv others. It is now Isola Vandotina.
(Liny, 53, 14. -- Mela, 2, 7. --Pliny, 3, 6--//in.
M'. rit. , 515. )
Pandiow, I. an early king of Athens, belonging to
mythology rather than to history. He was the son of
Erichthonius, and succeeded his father in the kingdom.
In his reign Ceres and Bacchus are said to have come
to Attica. - The former was entertained by Celeus,
the Utter by Icarius. Pandion married Xcuxippe, the
sister of his mother, by whom he had two sons, Erech-
theus and Bates, and two daughters, Procne and Phi-
. t'nclj Being at war with Labdacus, king of Thebes,
lbout boundaries, he called to his aid Tercus, the sou
of Mors, out of Thrace; and having, with his assist-
ance, come off victorious in the contest, he gave him
lis daughter Procne in marriage, by whom Tereus
lad a sod named Itya. The tragic tale of Procne and
'hilomela is related elsewhere. (Vid. Philomela. )
Pandion is said to have died of grief at the misfortunes
3( his family, after a reign of 40 years. He was suc-
ceeded by Erechtheus. (Apollod. , 3, 14, 5, seqq. )
The visit paid by Ceres and Bacchus to Attica, during
the reign of Pandion, refers merely to improvements
in agriculture which were then introduced. (Words-
worth's Greece, p. 96 )--II. The second of the name,
was also king of Attica, and succeeded Cecrops II. ,
the son of Erechtheus. He was expelled by the Me-
tionidas, and retired to Megara, where he married Pylia,
the daughter of King Pylos. This last-mentioned
monarch being obliged to fly for the murder of his
brother Bias, resigned Megara to his son-in-law, and,
retiring to the Peloponnesus, built Pylos. Pandion
bad four sons, -Egeus. Pallas, Nisus, and Lyons, who
conquered and divided among them the Attic territory,
^Egcus, as the eldest, having the supremacy. (Apol-
lod. , 3, 15, 4. --Consult Htyne, ad loc. )
Pandora, the first created female, and celebrated
ta one of the early legends of the Greeks as having
seen the cause of the introduction of evil into the
? ? no-Id. Jupiter, it seems, incensed at Prometheus for
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? PAW
PAN
Ev ? was tempted, Pandora was not; the former was
actuated by a noble instinct, the love of knowltdge,
the latter by mere female curiosity. --It seems very
strange that the ancients should have taken so little
notice cf this myth. There is no allusion to it in Pin-
dar cr the tragedians, excepting Sophocles, one of
v'iosc lost satyric dramas was named " Pandora, or
ih* Hammerers. " It was equally neglected by the
Alcxandreanr Apollodorus merely calls Pandora the
*r>t woman. In fact, with the exception of a dubious
? *rjage ir. Theognis (Paran. , 1135, seq. ), where
Mope is said to have been the only good deity that re-
mained omeng men, we find no allusion to it in Gre-
cian literature except in the fables of Babrius, in Non-
miu (Divnys. , 7, 56), and in the epigrammatic Mace-
Jjiiiiis. (Anthol. l'olat. , 10, 71. ) It seems to have
htiJ as little charms for the Latin poets, even Ovid
parsing over it in silence. --It is also deserving of no-
tic. ', that Hcsiod and all the others agree in naming
the vessel which Pandora opened a jar (mdo;), and
never hint at her having brought it with her to the
house of Epimetheus. Yet the idea has been univer-
sal among the moderns, that she brought all the evils
with her from heaven, shut up in a box (irvfi'c). The
only way of accounting for this is, that, at the resto-
ration of learning, the narrative in Hcsiod was misun-
derstood. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 292, stay --
Bultmann, Mythologus, vol. 1, p. 48, seqq. )
Panoosia, 1. a city of Lucania, in Lower Italy, on
the banks of the Aciris, and not far from Hcraclea.
The modern Angioma is thought to represent the an-
cient place. (Cromer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 351. )
--II.
A city in the territory of the Bruttii, near the
western coast, and often confounded with the prece-
ding. It was anciently possessed by the CEnotri, as
Strabo reports, but is better known in history as hav-
ing witnessed the defeat and death of Alexander, king
of Epirus. (Strabo, 255-- Lit. , 39, 38. )--The pre-
cise position which ought to be assigned to the Brut-
tiar. Pandosia remains yet uncertain. The early Cala-
brian antiquaries placed it at Caslcl Franco, about
five miles from Consenza. D'Anvillo lays it down, in
his map of ancient Italy, near Lao and Cirella, on the
confines of Lucania. Cluverius supposes that it may
have stood between Couscntia and Thurii; but more
modern critics have, with greater probability, sought
its ruins in a more westerly direction, near the village
of Mencfocino, between Consentia and the sea, a hill
with three summits having been remarked there, which
answers to the fatal height pointed out by the oracle,
Xlavioaia rptKo'kuve, rtoXiv ttotc Xaiv bXiooeic,
together with the rivulet Marcsanlo or Arconti, which
last name recalls the Acheron, denounced by another
prediction as so inauspicious to the Molossian king.
(Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 436. )--III. A city of
Epirus, not far removed from the Acheron and the
Acherusian Lake, as we may infer from the passage
in which Livy speaks of this city with reference to the
oracle delivered to Alexander, king of Epirus (8, 24).
_t is not improbable that the antiquities which have
been discovered at Paramythia, on the borders of the
Souliot territory, may belong to this ancient place.
[Hughes's Travels, vol. 2, p. 306. -- Holland's Trav-
els, vol. 2, p. 251. --Strabo, 324. --Win. , 4, 1. --Cra-
mer'* Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 132. )
Pandr5s08, a daughter of Cecrops, king of Athens,
? ister to Aglauros and Herso. For an explanation of
? ? the name, consult remarks under the article Cecrops.
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? PAN
PAN
af Ptnr. cmta Secunda. --The Pannonii were of Illynan
origin, and their earlier seats extended from the river
Colapis, on the southern side of the Savus, in a south-
easterly direction, as far as the Dardanii and the con-
fine* of Macedonia. With one branch of their race,
under the name of Pajones, the Greeks were acquaint-
ed from an early period, along the aouthern coast of
Thrace. That the Paeones, however, were one and
the same race with the distant Pannonii to the north-
west, they first discovered at a later period, and from
this time the appellation of Pa-ones was applied by
the Grecian historical writers to both divisions. (Man-
nerl, Gcogr. , vol. 3, p. 502. --Cramer's Anc. Greece,
vol. 1, p. 46. ) The Romans, on the other hand, be-
coming acquainted with the race from the west, learned
the name Pannonii as the national appellation, and re-
tained it as such. The etymology assigned to this
name by some, from the patches (panni) of which their
long-sleeved tunics were formed, is too ridiculous to
require refutation. (Dio Cats. , 49, 36. ) They were
reduced under the Roman sway in the reign of Augus-
tus, especially during the campaigns of Tiberius and
Drusus; and, after their subjection, were transplant-
ed to the country beyond the Savus, which had been
occupied by the Scordisci, and which now received
from them the name of Pannouia. The Pannonians
becoming, in process of time, completely Romanized in
laws, customs, and language, served as a rampart that
might be confided in against the Sclavonian Iazyges
and the Marcomanni, beyond the Danube. --After the
fall of the Roman empire, Pannonia passed under the
power of the barbarians, especially the Huns, Avares,
and Bulgarians. (Manner! , Gcogr. , vol. 3, p. 304. )
The chief city in Pannonia Superior was Carnuntum,
now AUcnbourg, a little to the east of Vindobona or
Vienna. The chief city in Pannonia Inferior was Sir-
mum.
I'. iNoMPH. -Kirs, a surname of Jupiter, from his being
the parent source of omen and augury, " omnium onu-
iu omnisque vaticimi auclor. " (Heyne ad II. , 8,
850. )
Panope or Panopea, one of the Nereids, named
By Virgil as a representative of the whole number, and
often invoked by mariners. (Hesiod, Theog. , 250. --
Vtrg. , Georg. , 1, 437-- Id. , Ma. , 5, 240, &c. )
Panopoms, a city of Egypt in the Thebaid, on the
eastern bank of the Nile, and south of Antasopolis. It
was the capital of the Panopolitic Nome, and, as its
name implies, sacred to the god Pan ("City of Pan").
According to the later traditions, however, it would
teem to have been sacred to the Pans or wood-deitiea
collectively, and hence we find it in Sirabo (812) des-
ignated by the appellation of VXavuv -oXjf. (Com-
pare Diod. Sic. , 1, 18. -- Plut. , de Is. el Os. ) In some
of the subsequent writers we find the place called Pa-
nes, the term polis being omitted, (//in. Ant. , p.
166. ) The name Panopolis (Uavoc nolle) is sup-
posed to be merely a translation of the Egyptian term
Chcmmis, by which this city was known to the natives
of the land. This Cheminis, however, must not be
confounded with the place of that name mentioned by
Herodotus (2, 91), and by which that historian intends
evidently to designate Coplos. (Manner! , Gcogr. ,
vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 374. ) The modern Akhtnyn is sup-
posed to occupy part of iho site of the ancient Pano-
polis. (Description de VEgypic, vol. 4, p. 43, seqq. )
Panobmus, I. now called Palermo, a town of Sici-
? ? ly, built by the Phoenicians, on the northwest part
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? PANTHEOIs.
PAN
affected by (he Romans both in their temples and oth-
er buildings, on which account their architecture pre-
sents a variety that does not occur in that of Greece.
--The structure was dedicated to Jupiter Ultor. Be-
sides the statue of this god, however, there were in
six other niches as many colossal statues of other dei-
ties, among which were those of Mars and Venus, the
founders of the Julian line, and that of Juti-ts Cojsar.
About the other three we know nothing; i'Jt in all
probability they were the images of -Ktieas, lulus,
Uid Romulus. The edilice was called the Pantheon
(llavdtiov or ttuvdcov), not, as is commonly supposed,
from its having been sacred to all the god* (~"f, "all,"
and wVdf, " a god"), but from its majestic dome, which
represented, as it were, the "all-divine" firmament
(trav, " all," and detov, "divine"). --The Pantheon i>>
by far the largest structure of ancient times, the ex-
ternal diameter being 188 feet, and the height to the
summit of the upper cornice 102, exclusive of the flat
dome or calotte, which makes the entire height about
148 feet. The portico (103 feet wide) is, as has been
said, octastyle, yet there arc in all sixteen columns,
namely, two at the returns, exclusive of those at the
angles, and two others behind the third column from
each end, dividing the portico, internally, into three
aisles or avenues, the centre one of which is consider-
ably the widest, and contains the great doorway within
a very deep recess, while each of the others has a
large semicircular tribune or rocess. But, although,
independently of its recessed parts, the portico is only
three intercolumns in depth, its flanks present the
order continued in pilasters, making two additional
closed intercolumns, and the projection there from the
main structure) about 70 feet; which circumstance
produces an extraordinary air of majesty. The col-
umns are 47 English feet high, with bases and capitals
of white marble, and granite shafts, each formed out of
a single piece. The interior diameter of the rotunda
is 142 feet, the thickness of the wall being 23 feet
througn the piers, between the exhedras or recesses,
which, including that containing the entrance, are
eight id number, and each, except that facing the en-
trance, is divided into three intercolumns by two col-
umns (34. 7 feet high), between antas or angular pilas-
ters. But as, besides being repaired and altered by
Septimius Severus, the interior has undergone many
changes, or, rather, corruptions, it is hardly possible
now to determine what it originally was. --The dome
has five rows of coffers (now stripped of their deco-
rations), and a circular opening in the centre, 26 feet
in diameter, which not only lights the interior perfect-
ly, but in the most charming and almost magical man-
ner. Indeed, there has scarcely ever been but one
opinion as to the captivating effect thus produced, anil
the exquisite beauty of the whole as regards plan and
general proportions. (Encydop. Us. Knowl. , vol. 17,
p. 192. --Hirt, Gesehichle der Baukunst, vol. 2, p.
283, seqq. ) The Pantheon is now commonly called
the Rotunda, from its circular form. It was given to
Boniface IV. by the Emperor Phoca's in 609, and was
dedicated as a Christian church to the Virgin and the
Holy Martyrs, a quantity of whose relics were placed
under the great altar. In 830 Gregory IV. dedicated
it to all the saints. This consecration of the edifice,
however, seems to have afforded it no defence against
the subsequent spoliations, both of emperors and popes.
The plates of gilded bronze that covered the roof, the
? ? bronze bassi relievi of the pediment, and the silver that
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? PAP
PAP
fragments lound in the collection of the works of Tle-
ocritus, but which others attribute to Pisander. Both
parties, however, agree in regarding them as worthy
of a writer of the first merit, and above the strength of
Theocritus. Hermann, however, does not adopt this
Opinion. He recognises, it is true, in these pieces an
iniitaticn of Homer; but he discovers in the prosody
certain licenses which were unknown to the epic poets,
and or. l? introduced by the bucolic ones. (Orphita,
rf. Hermann, p. 691. ) Besides, these pieces are writ-
Mil in Doric, whereas Panyasis made use of the Ionic
dialect. According to Suidas, he also composed Ele-
gies entitled 'luvtuii. There exist, likewise, some oth-
er fragments of Panyasis. They are all found in the
collections of Winterton, Gaisford, and Boissonade.
(Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 3, p. 121. -- Miiller, Die
Doner, vol. 3, p. 471, German work. )
PaphIa, I. a surname of Venus, because worship-
ped at Paphos. --II. An ancient name of the island of
Cyprus.
PapiilaognTa (TlafXayovia), a province of Asia
Minor, also called Pylsinenia, according to Pliny (6,
2). It was bounded on the north by the Euxine, on
the south by the part of Phrygia afterward called Ga-
lalia, on the oast by Pontus, and on the west by Bi-
thynia. It was separated from Bithynia by the river
Parthenius, and from Pontus by the Halys, which was
also its eastern boundary in the time of Herodotus (1,
6). Paphlagonia is described by Xenophon (Anab. , 5,
6,6) as a country having very beautiful plains and very
high mountains. It is traversed by two chains of
mountains ranning parallel to one another from west
to east. The higher and more southerly of these
chains, called Olgasays by Ptolemy, is a continuation of
toe great mountain chain which extends from the Hel-
lespont to Armenia, and was known to the ancients
under the names of Ida and Tcmnon in Mysia, and
Olympus in the neighbourhood of Prusias. Strabo,
however, appears to give the name of Olgassys to the
chain of mountains in the northern part of Paphlago-
nia, on which the Paphlagonians had built many tem-
ples. The country between these two chains is drain-
ed by the Animas, which flows into the Halys. The
only river of importance, besides the Amnias and the
Halys, was the Parthenius, which is said by Xenophon
to be impassable (Anab. , 5, 6, 9). In the neighbour-
hood of Pompeiopolis, in the central part of the prov-
ince, was a mountain called Sandaracurgium, where,
according to Strabo (562), sandaraca was obtained in
mines, which were worked by criminals, who died in
great numbers on account of the unhealthiness of the
labour. The sandaraca spoken of by Strabo was
probably the same as sinopis, which was a kind of red
ochre, obtained by the Greeks from Sinope, from
which place it derived its name. --The Paphlagonians
are said by Homer (27. . 2, 851, acq. ) to have come to
the assistance of the Trojans under the command of
Pylamenes, from the country of the Hcneti. This
mention of the Hencti in connexion with the Paphla-
gonians seems to have puzzled some of the ancient
writers. Several explanations of the passage were
given; but the one which appeared most probable to
Strabo (544) was, that the Heneti were a Paphlago-
ni in people, who followed Pylasmenes to Troy, and
after the death of their leader emigrated to Thrace,
? i-d at length wandered to Italy, where they settled
under the name of Veneti. Pliny (6, 2) also connects
? ? the Heneti of Homer with the Veneti of Italy, upon
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--The worship of Pan seems to have been confined to
Arcadia till the time of the battle of Marathon, when
Phidippides. the courier who was sent from Athens to
Sparta to call on the Spartans for aid against the Per-
sians, declared that, as he was passing by Mount Par-
thenius, near Tegea in Arcadia, he heard the voice of
Pan calling to him, and desiring him to ask the Athe-
nians why they paid no regard to him, who was al-
ways, and still would be, friendly and willing to aid.
After the battle, the Athenians consecrated a cave to
Pan under the Acropolis, and offered him annual sac-
rifices. (Herod. , 6, 105. -- Plut. , Kit. Arist. , 11. )
Long before this time, the Grecian and Egyptian sys-
tems of religion had begun to mingle and combine.
The goat-formed Mendcs of Egypt was now regarded
as identical with the horned and goat-footed god of the
Arcadian herdsmen (Herod. , 2, 46); and Pan was el-
evated to great dignity by priests and philosophers, be-
coming a symbol of the universe, for his name signi-
fied all. Moreover, as he dwelt in the woods, he was
called " Lord of the Hyle" ('0 rijc iXnc Kvpioc); and
as the word hyle (vf. i]), by a lucky ambiguity, signi-
fied either wood or primitive matter, this was another
ground for exalting him. It is amusing to read how
all the attributes of the Arcadian god were made to
accord with this notion. "Pan," says Servius, " is a
rustic god, formed in similitude of nature, whence he
is called Pan, i. e. . All: for he has horns, in simili-
tude of the rays of the sun and the horns of the moon;
his face is ruddy, in imitation of the ether; ho has a
spotted fawnskin upon his breast, in likeness of the
stars; his lower parts are shaggy, on account of the
trees, shrubs, and wild beasts; he has goat's feet, to
denote the stability of the earth; he has a pipe of
seven teeds, on account of the harmony of the heav-
ens, in which there are seven sounds; he has a crook,
thct is, a curved staff, on account of the year, which
? ? nuts back on itself, because he is the god of all nature.
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? P A IS
PAN A THENCE A.
After a time Panaelius returned to Athens, where he
became the leader of the Stoic school, and where he
died at a very advanced age. Posidonius, Scylax of
Halicamassus, Hecaton, and Mnesarchus are mention-
ed among his disciples. Panaelius was not apparently
a strict Stoic, but rather an Eclectic philosopher, who
tempered tho austerity of his sect by adopting some-
thing of the more refined style and milder principles
of P'ato and tho other earlier Academicians. (Cic. ,
ie 'Sin. , 4,88. ) Cicero, who speaks repeatedly of the
works of Panaetius in terms of the highest veneration,
and acknowledges that he borrowed much from them,
aays that Pansetius styled Plato "the divine," and
"the Homer of Philosophy," and only dissented from
htm en the subject of the immortality of the soul,
which he seems not i: have admitted. (Tunc.
Quasi. , 1, 32. ) Aulus Gellius says (12, 5) that Pa-
netius rejected the principle of apathy adopted by the
later Stoics, and returned to Zeno's original meaning,
namely, that the wise man ought to know how to mas-
ter the impressions which he receives through the
senses. In a letter of consolation which Pansetius
wrote to Q. Tubero, mentioned by Cicero (De Fin. ,
1, 9), he instructed him how to endure pain, but he
never laid it down as a principle that pain waa not an
evil. He was very temperate in his opinions, and he
often replied to difficult questions with modest hesita-
tion, saying, irzixui, " I will consider. "--None of tho
works of Panattius have come down to us; but their
titles, and a few sentences from them, are quoted by
Cicero, Diogenes Laertius, and others. He wrote a
treatise " On Duties," the substance of which Cicero
merged in his own work "De Officii*. " Panetius
wrote also a treatise " On Divination," of which Cicero
probably made use in his own work on the same sub-
Kct. He wrote likewise a work " On Tranquillity of
ind," which some suppose may have been made use
of by Plutarch in his work bearing the same title.
Cicero mentions also a treatise "On Providence,"
another "On Magistrates," and one "On Heresies,"
or sects of philosophers. His book " On Socrates,"
quoted by Diogenes Laertius, and by Plutarch in his
"Life of Ansiidcs. " made probably a part of the last-
mentioned wor'. c. Laertius and Seneca quote several
opinions of Panetius concerning ethics and metaphys-
ics, and also physics. (Encycl. Us. Knowl. , vol. 17,
p. 178. -- Van Lyndcn, Disp. Historico-Crit. de Pa-
natio Rhodio, Lugd. Bat. , 1802. -- Chardon de la
Rochctte, Melanges, &c, vol. 1, Paris, 1812. )
Panathewea (Uavad^vaia), the greatest of the
Athenian festivals, was celebrated in honour of Miner-
va (Athena) as the guardian deity of the city. It is
raid lo have been instituted by Erichthonius, and to
have been called originally Athencea ('ASqvata), but it
obtained the name of Panathenaa in the time of The-
seus, in consequence of his uniting into one state the
different independent communities into which Attica
had been previously divided. (Pausan. , 8, 2, 1. --
Pint, Vit. Thcs. , c. 20. -- Thucyd. , 2, 15. ) There
were two Athenian festivals which had the name of
Panathena-a; one of which was called the Great Pan-
athenaa (MtyuXa TlavaBrjvaia), and the other the
Less (Mtxpa). The Great Panathenaea was celebra-
ted once every five years, wish very great magnificence,
and attracted spectators from all parts of Greece. The
Less Panathensea was celebrated every year in the
Piieus. (Harpoerat. , s. v. TlavaB. -- Plat. , Rep. , 1,
? ? 1. ) When the Greek writers speak simply of the fes-
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? PAN
FAXDORA
Do seventh volumi of the "Thesaurus" of Grono7ius
Kncycl. Vt. Knowi, vol. 17, p. 182. )
Panchaia, a fabled island in the Eastern or In-
lian Ocean, which Euhemerus pretended to have dis-
covered, and to have found in its capital, Panara, a
temple of the Triphylian Jupiter, containing a column
inscribed with the date of the births and deaths of
many of the gods. (Vid. Euhemerus. )--Virgil makes
mention of Panchaia and its "lurifera arena. "
(Ceorg. , 2, 139. ) The poet borrows the name from
Euhemerus, but evidently refers to Arabia Felix.
(Compare Heync and Von, ad loc. )
Pandarus, son of I. ycaon, and one of the chieftains
? rat fought on the side of the Trojans in the war
with the Greeks. He led the allies of Zelea from the
banks of the -? Esepus in Mvsia, and was famed for his
skill with the bow. (II, 2, 824, seqq. ) It was Pan-
darus that broke the truce between the Greeks and
Trojans by wounding Menclans. (II. , 4, 93, seqq. )
He was afterward slain by Diomede. (//. , 5, 290. ) In
3ne part of the Iliad (5, 105) he is spoken of as com-
ing from Lycia, but the Lycia there meant is uiily a
part of Troas, forming the territory around Zelea, and
inhabited by Lycian colonists. (Consult Euslatk. ad
II. , 2, 824-- Htyne, ad lac. )
Pandataria, an island in the Mare Tyrrhenum, in
the Sinus Puteolanus, on the coast of Italy. It was
the place of banishment for Julia, the daughter of Au-
gustus, and manv others. It is now Isola Vandotina.
(Liny, 53, 14. -- Mela, 2, 7. --Pliny, 3, 6--//in.
M'. rit. , 515. )
Pandiow, I. an early king of Athens, belonging to
mythology rather than to history. He was the son of
Erichthonius, and succeeded his father in the kingdom.
In his reign Ceres and Bacchus are said to have come
to Attica. - The former was entertained by Celeus,
the Utter by Icarius. Pandion married Xcuxippe, the
sister of his mother, by whom he had two sons, Erech-
theus and Bates, and two daughters, Procne and Phi-
. t'nclj Being at war with Labdacus, king of Thebes,
lbout boundaries, he called to his aid Tercus, the sou
of Mors, out of Thrace; and having, with his assist-
ance, come off victorious in the contest, he gave him
lis daughter Procne in marriage, by whom Tereus
lad a sod named Itya. The tragic tale of Procne and
'hilomela is related elsewhere. (Vid. Philomela. )
Pandion is said to have died of grief at the misfortunes
3( his family, after a reign of 40 years. He was suc-
ceeded by Erechtheus. (Apollod. , 3, 14, 5, seqq. )
The visit paid by Ceres and Bacchus to Attica, during
the reign of Pandion, refers merely to improvements
in agriculture which were then introduced. (Words-
worth's Greece, p. 96 )--II. The second of the name,
was also king of Attica, and succeeded Cecrops II. ,
the son of Erechtheus. He was expelled by the Me-
tionidas, and retired to Megara, where he married Pylia,
the daughter of King Pylos. This last-mentioned
monarch being obliged to fly for the murder of his
brother Bias, resigned Megara to his son-in-law, and,
retiring to the Peloponnesus, built Pylos. Pandion
bad four sons, -Egeus. Pallas, Nisus, and Lyons, who
conquered and divided among them the Attic territory,
^Egcus, as the eldest, having the supremacy. (Apol-
lod. , 3, 15, 4. --Consult Htyne, ad loc. )
Pandora, the first created female, and celebrated
ta one of the early legends of the Greeks as having
seen the cause of the introduction of evil into the
? ? no-Id. Jupiter, it seems, incensed at Prometheus for
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? PAW
PAN
Ev ? was tempted, Pandora was not; the former was
actuated by a noble instinct, the love of knowltdge,
the latter by mere female curiosity. --It seems very
strange that the ancients should have taken so little
notice cf this myth. There is no allusion to it in Pin-
dar cr the tragedians, excepting Sophocles, one of
v'iosc lost satyric dramas was named " Pandora, or
ih* Hammerers. " It was equally neglected by the
Alcxandreanr Apollodorus merely calls Pandora the
*r>t woman. In fact, with the exception of a dubious
? *rjage ir. Theognis (Paran. , 1135, seq. ), where
Mope is said to have been the only good deity that re-
mained omeng men, we find no allusion to it in Gre-
cian literature except in the fables of Babrius, in Non-
miu (Divnys. , 7, 56), and in the epigrammatic Mace-
Jjiiiiis. (Anthol. l'olat. , 10, 71. ) It seems to have
htiJ as little charms for the Latin poets, even Ovid
parsing over it in silence. --It is also deserving of no-
tic. ', that Hcsiod and all the others agree in naming
the vessel which Pandora opened a jar (mdo;), and
never hint at her having brought it with her to the
house of Epimetheus. Yet the idea has been univer-
sal among the moderns, that she brought all the evils
with her from heaven, shut up in a box (irvfi'c). The
only way of accounting for this is, that, at the resto-
ration of learning, the narrative in Hcsiod was misun-
derstood. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 292, stay --
Bultmann, Mythologus, vol. 1, p. 48, seqq. )
Panoosia, 1. a city of Lucania, in Lower Italy, on
the banks of the Aciris, and not far from Hcraclea.
The modern Angioma is thought to represent the an-
cient place. (Cromer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 351. )
--II.
A city in the territory of the Bruttii, near the
western coast, and often confounded with the prece-
ding. It was anciently possessed by the CEnotri, as
Strabo reports, but is better known in history as hav-
ing witnessed the defeat and death of Alexander, king
of Epirus. (Strabo, 255-- Lit. , 39, 38. )--The pre-
cise position which ought to be assigned to the Brut-
tiar. Pandosia remains yet uncertain. The early Cala-
brian antiquaries placed it at Caslcl Franco, about
five miles from Consenza. D'Anvillo lays it down, in
his map of ancient Italy, near Lao and Cirella, on the
confines of Lucania. Cluverius supposes that it may
have stood between Couscntia and Thurii; but more
modern critics have, with greater probability, sought
its ruins in a more westerly direction, near the village
of Mencfocino, between Consentia and the sea, a hill
with three summits having been remarked there, which
answers to the fatal height pointed out by the oracle,
Xlavioaia rptKo'kuve, rtoXiv ttotc Xaiv bXiooeic,
together with the rivulet Marcsanlo or Arconti, which
last name recalls the Acheron, denounced by another
prediction as so inauspicious to the Molossian king.
(Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 436. )--III. A city of
Epirus, not far removed from the Acheron and the
Acherusian Lake, as we may infer from the passage
in which Livy speaks of this city with reference to the
oracle delivered to Alexander, king of Epirus (8, 24).
_t is not improbable that the antiquities which have
been discovered at Paramythia, on the borders of the
Souliot territory, may belong to this ancient place.
[Hughes's Travels, vol. 2, p. 306. -- Holland's Trav-
els, vol. 2, p. 251. --Strabo, 324. --Win. , 4, 1. --Cra-
mer'* Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 132. )
Pandr5s08, a daughter of Cecrops, king of Athens,
? ister to Aglauros and Herso. For an explanation of
? ? the name, consult remarks under the article Cecrops.
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? PAN
PAN
af Ptnr. cmta Secunda. --The Pannonii were of Illynan
origin, and their earlier seats extended from the river
Colapis, on the southern side of the Savus, in a south-
easterly direction, as far as the Dardanii and the con-
fine* of Macedonia. With one branch of their race,
under the name of Pajones, the Greeks were acquaint-
ed from an early period, along the aouthern coast of
Thrace. That the Paeones, however, were one and
the same race with the distant Pannonii to the north-
west, they first discovered at a later period, and from
this time the appellation of Pa-ones was applied by
the Grecian historical writers to both divisions. (Man-
nerl, Gcogr. , vol. 3, p. 502. --Cramer's Anc. Greece,
vol. 1, p. 46. ) The Romans, on the other hand, be-
coming acquainted with the race from the west, learned
the name Pannonii as the national appellation, and re-
tained it as such. The etymology assigned to this
name by some, from the patches (panni) of which their
long-sleeved tunics were formed, is too ridiculous to
require refutation. (Dio Cats. , 49, 36. ) They were
reduced under the Roman sway in the reign of Augus-
tus, especially during the campaigns of Tiberius and
Drusus; and, after their subjection, were transplant-
ed to the country beyond the Savus, which had been
occupied by the Scordisci, and which now received
from them the name of Pannouia. The Pannonians
becoming, in process of time, completely Romanized in
laws, customs, and language, served as a rampart that
might be confided in against the Sclavonian Iazyges
and the Marcomanni, beyond the Danube. --After the
fall of the Roman empire, Pannonia passed under the
power of the barbarians, especially the Huns, Avares,
and Bulgarians. (Manner! , Gcogr. , vol. 3, p. 304. )
The chief city in Pannonia Superior was Carnuntum,
now AUcnbourg, a little to the east of Vindobona or
Vienna. The chief city in Pannonia Inferior was Sir-
mum.
I'. iNoMPH. -Kirs, a surname of Jupiter, from his being
the parent source of omen and augury, " omnium onu-
iu omnisque vaticimi auclor. " (Heyne ad II. , 8,
850. )
Panope or Panopea, one of the Nereids, named
By Virgil as a representative of the whole number, and
often invoked by mariners. (Hesiod, Theog. , 250. --
Vtrg. , Georg. , 1, 437-- Id. , Ma. , 5, 240, &c. )
Panopoms, a city of Egypt in the Thebaid, on the
eastern bank of the Nile, and south of Antasopolis. It
was the capital of the Panopolitic Nome, and, as its
name implies, sacred to the god Pan ("City of Pan").
According to the later traditions, however, it would
teem to have been sacred to the Pans or wood-deitiea
collectively, and hence we find it in Sirabo (812) des-
ignated by the appellation of VXavuv -oXjf. (Com-
pare Diod. Sic. , 1, 18. -- Plut. , de Is. el Os. ) In some
of the subsequent writers we find the place called Pa-
nes, the term polis being omitted, (//in. Ant. , p.
166. ) The name Panopolis (Uavoc nolle) is sup-
posed to be merely a translation of the Egyptian term
Chcmmis, by which this city was known to the natives
of the land. This Cheminis, however, must not be
confounded with the place of that name mentioned by
Herodotus (2, 91), and by which that historian intends
evidently to designate Coplos. (Manner! , Gcogr. ,
vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 374. ) The modern Akhtnyn is sup-
posed to occupy part of iho site of the ancient Pano-
polis. (Description de VEgypic, vol. 4, p. 43, seqq. )
Panobmus, I. now called Palermo, a town of Sici-
? ? ly, built by the Phoenicians, on the northwest part
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? PANTHEOIs.
PAN
affected by (he Romans both in their temples and oth-
er buildings, on which account their architecture pre-
sents a variety that does not occur in that of Greece.
--The structure was dedicated to Jupiter Ultor. Be-
sides the statue of this god, however, there were in
six other niches as many colossal statues of other dei-
ties, among which were those of Mars and Venus, the
founders of the Julian line, and that of Juti-ts Cojsar.
About the other three we know nothing; i'Jt in all
probability they were the images of -Ktieas, lulus,
Uid Romulus. The edilice was called the Pantheon
(llavdtiov or ttuvdcov), not, as is commonly supposed,
from its having been sacred to all the god* (~"f, "all,"
and wVdf, " a god"), but from its majestic dome, which
represented, as it were, the "all-divine" firmament
(trav, " all," and detov, "divine"). --The Pantheon i>>
by far the largest structure of ancient times, the ex-
ternal diameter being 188 feet, and the height to the
summit of the upper cornice 102, exclusive of the flat
dome or calotte, which makes the entire height about
148 feet. The portico (103 feet wide) is, as has been
said, octastyle, yet there arc in all sixteen columns,
namely, two at the returns, exclusive of those at the
angles, and two others behind the third column from
each end, dividing the portico, internally, into three
aisles or avenues, the centre one of which is consider-
ably the widest, and contains the great doorway within
a very deep recess, while each of the others has a
large semicircular tribune or rocess. But, although,
independently of its recessed parts, the portico is only
three intercolumns in depth, its flanks present the
order continued in pilasters, making two additional
closed intercolumns, and the projection there from the
main structure) about 70 feet; which circumstance
produces an extraordinary air of majesty. The col-
umns are 47 English feet high, with bases and capitals
of white marble, and granite shafts, each formed out of
a single piece. The interior diameter of the rotunda
is 142 feet, the thickness of the wall being 23 feet
througn the piers, between the exhedras or recesses,
which, including that containing the entrance, are
eight id number, and each, except that facing the en-
trance, is divided into three intercolumns by two col-
umns (34. 7 feet high), between antas or angular pilas-
ters. But as, besides being repaired and altered by
Septimius Severus, the interior has undergone many
changes, or, rather, corruptions, it is hardly possible
now to determine what it originally was. --The dome
has five rows of coffers (now stripped of their deco-
rations), and a circular opening in the centre, 26 feet
in diameter, which not only lights the interior perfect-
ly, but in the most charming and almost magical man-
ner. Indeed, there has scarcely ever been but one
opinion as to the captivating effect thus produced, anil
the exquisite beauty of the whole as regards plan and
general proportions. (Encydop. Us. Knowl. , vol. 17,
p. 192. --Hirt, Gesehichle der Baukunst, vol. 2, p.
283, seqq. ) The Pantheon is now commonly called
the Rotunda, from its circular form. It was given to
Boniface IV. by the Emperor Phoca's in 609, and was
dedicated as a Christian church to the Virgin and the
Holy Martyrs, a quantity of whose relics were placed
under the great altar. In 830 Gregory IV. dedicated
it to all the saints. This consecration of the edifice,
however, seems to have afforded it no defence against
the subsequent spoliations, both of emperors and popes.
The plates of gilded bronze that covered the roof, the
? ? bronze bassi relievi of the pediment, and the silver that
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? PAP
PAP
fragments lound in the collection of the works of Tle-
ocritus, but which others attribute to Pisander. Both
parties, however, agree in regarding them as worthy
of a writer of the first merit, and above the strength of
Theocritus. Hermann, however, does not adopt this
Opinion. He recognises, it is true, in these pieces an
iniitaticn of Homer; but he discovers in the prosody
certain licenses which were unknown to the epic poets,
and or. l? introduced by the bucolic ones. (Orphita,
rf. Hermann, p. 691. ) Besides, these pieces are writ-
Mil in Doric, whereas Panyasis made use of the Ionic
dialect. According to Suidas, he also composed Ele-
gies entitled 'luvtuii. There exist, likewise, some oth-
er fragments of Panyasis. They are all found in the
collections of Winterton, Gaisford, and Boissonade.
(Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 3, p. 121. -- Miiller, Die
Doner, vol. 3, p. 471, German work. )
PaphIa, I. a surname of Venus, because worship-
ped at Paphos. --II. An ancient name of the island of
Cyprus.
PapiilaognTa (TlafXayovia), a province of Asia
Minor, also called Pylsinenia, according to Pliny (6,
2). It was bounded on the north by the Euxine, on
the south by the part of Phrygia afterward called Ga-
lalia, on the oast by Pontus, and on the west by Bi-
thynia. It was separated from Bithynia by the river
Parthenius, and from Pontus by the Halys, which was
also its eastern boundary in the time of Herodotus (1,
6). Paphlagonia is described by Xenophon (Anab. , 5,
6,6) as a country having very beautiful plains and very
high mountains. It is traversed by two chains of
mountains ranning parallel to one another from west
to east. The higher and more southerly of these
chains, called Olgasays by Ptolemy, is a continuation of
toe great mountain chain which extends from the Hel-
lespont to Armenia, and was known to the ancients
under the names of Ida and Tcmnon in Mysia, and
Olympus in the neighbourhood of Prusias. Strabo,
however, appears to give the name of Olgassys to the
chain of mountains in the northern part of Paphlago-
nia, on which the Paphlagonians had built many tem-
ples. The country between these two chains is drain-
ed by the Animas, which flows into the Halys. The
only river of importance, besides the Amnias and the
Halys, was the Parthenius, which is said by Xenophon
to be impassable (Anab. , 5, 6, 9). In the neighbour-
hood of Pompeiopolis, in the central part of the prov-
ince, was a mountain called Sandaracurgium, where,
according to Strabo (562), sandaraca was obtained in
mines, which were worked by criminals, who died in
great numbers on account of the unhealthiness of the
labour. The sandaraca spoken of by Strabo was
probably the same as sinopis, which was a kind of red
ochre, obtained by the Greeks from Sinope, from
which place it derived its name. --The Paphlagonians
are said by Homer (27. . 2, 851, acq. ) to have come to
the assistance of the Trojans under the command of
Pylamenes, from the country of the Hcneti. This
mention of the Hencti in connexion with the Paphla-
gonians seems to have puzzled some of the ancient
writers. Several explanations of the passage were
given; but the one which appeared most probable to
Strabo (544) was, that the Heneti were a Paphlago-
ni in people, who followed Pylasmenes to Troy, and
after the death of their leader emigrated to Thrace,
? i-d at length wandered to Italy, where they settled
under the name of Veneti. Pliny (6, 2) also connects
? ? the Heneti of Homer with the Veneti of Italy, upon
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