_ Democritus of Abdera, and
Heracleitus
of
Ephesus.
Ephesus.
Satires
such wrinkles, as, where Tabraca[631] extends
her shady dells, the antiquated ape[632] scratches on her wizened
jowl! There are many points of difference in the young: this youth is
handsomer than that; and he again than a third: one is far sturdier
than another. Old mens faces are all alike--limbs tottering and
voice feeble,[633] a smooth bald pate, and the second childhood of a
driveling nose; the poor wretch must mumble his bread with toothless
gums; so loathsome to his wife, his children, and even to himself,
that he would excite the disgust even of the legacy-hunter Cossus! His
palate[634] is grown dull; his relish for his food and wine[635] no
more the same; the joys of love are long ago forgotten; and in spite
of all efforts to reinvigorate them, all manly energies are hopelessly
extinct. Has this depraved and hoary lechery aught else to hope? Do we
not look with just suspicion on the lust that covets the sin but lacks
the power? [636]
Now turn your eyes to the loss of another sense. For what pleasure
has he in a singer, however eminent a harper it may be; nay, even
Seleucus himself; or those whose habit it is to glitter in a cloak
of gold? [637] What matters it in what part of the wide theatre he
sits, who can scarcely hear the horn-blowers, and the general clang
of trumpets? You must bawl out loud before his ear can distinguish
who it is his slave says has called, or tells him what o'clock it
is. [638] Besides, the scanty blood that flows in his chill[639] body
is warmed by fever only. Diseases of every kind dance round him in
full choir. If you were to ask their names, I could sooner tell you
how many lovers Hippia had; how many patients Themison[640] killed in
one autumn; how many allies Basilus plundered; how many wards Hirrus
defrauded; how many lovers long Maura received in the day; how many
pupils Hamillus corrupts. I could sooner run through the list of villas
owned by him now, beneath whose razor[641] my stiff beard resounded
when I was in my prime. One is weak in the shoulder; another in the
loins; another in the hip. Another has lost both eyes, and envies the
one-eyed. Another's bloodless lips receive their food from others'
fingers. He that was wont to relax his features to a smile at the sight
of his dinner, now only gapes[642] like the young swallow to whom the
parent bird, herself fasting,[643] flies with full beak. But worse
than all debility of limb is that idiocy which recollects neither the
names of his slaves nor the face of the friend with whom he supped the
evening before; not even those whom he begot and brought up! For by a
heartless will he disinherits them; and all his property is made over
to Phiale:[644]--such power has the breath of her artificial mouth,
that stood for hire so many years in the brothel's dungeon.
Even though the powers of intellect retain their vigor, yet he must
lead forth the funerals of his children; must gaze upon the pyre of
a beloved wife, and the urns filled with all that remains of his
brother and sisters. This is the penalty imposed on the long-lived,
that they must grow old with the death-blow in their house forever
falling fresh--in oft-recurring sorrow--in unremitting mourning, and
a suit of black. [645] The king of Pylos,[646] if you put any faith
in great Homer, was an instance of life inferior in duration only
to the crow's. [647] Happy, no doubt! was he who for so many years
put off his hour of death; and now begins to count his years on his
right hand,[648] and has drunk so often of the new-made wine. I pray
you, lend me your ear a little space; and hear how sadly he himself
complains of the decrees of fate, and too great powers of life, when
he watches the blazing beard of Antilochus[649] in his bloom, and
asks of every friend that stands near, why it is he lingers on to
this day; what crime he has committed to deserve so long a life!
Such, too, is Peleus' strain, when he mourns for Achilles prematurely
snatched from him: and that other, whose lot it was to grieve for the
shipwrecked[650] Ithacensian.
Priam would have joined the shade of Assaracus with Troy still
standing, with high solemnities, with Hector and his brothers
supporting his bier on their shoulders, amid the weeping Troades, so
that Cassandra would lead off the wail, and Polyxena[651] with mantle
rent, had he but died at any time but that, after that Paris had begun
to build his audacious ships. What then did length of days confer on
him? He saw his all o'erthrown: Asia laid low by flame and sword. Then
the poor tottering warrior[652] laid down his diadem and donned his
arms, and fell before the altar of supreme Jove; like some old ox[653]
that yields his attenuated and miserable neck to his owner's knife,
long ago scorned[654] by the ungrateful plow.
That was at all events the death of a human being: but his wife who
survived him barked fiercely from the jaws of a bitch. [655]
I hasten on to our own countrymen, and pass by the king of Pontus, and
Crœsus,[656] whom the eloquent voice of the right-judging Solon bade
look at the closing scene[657] of a life however long. Banishment,
and the jail, and the marshes of Minturnæ,[658] and his bread begged
in conquered Carthage, took their rise from this. What could all
nature, what could Rome, have produced more blessed in the wide world
than that citizen, had he breathed forth his soul[659] glutted with
spoils, while the captive train followed around his chariot, in all
the pomp and circumstance of war, when he was about to alight from his
Teutonic[660] car! Campania,[661] in her foresight for Pompey, had
given him a fever he should have prayed for. But the many cities and
their public prayers prevailed. Therefore his own malignant fortune
and that of Rome preserved him only that conquered he should lose
his head. Lentulus[662] escaped this torment; Cethegus paid not this
penalty, but fell unmutilated; and Catiline lay with corpse entire.
The anxious mother, when she visits Venus' temple, prays for beauty
for her boys with subdued whisper;[663] with louder voice for her
girls, carrying her fond wishes[664] even to the verge of trifling.
"But why should you chide me? " she says; "Latona[665] delights in the
beauty of Diana. " But, Lucretia[666] forbids a face like hers to be the
subject of your prayers: Virginia would gladly give hers to Rutila,
and receive her wen in exchange. But, a son possessed of exquisite
person keeps his parents in a constant state of misery and alarm. So
rare is the union[667] of beauty with chastity. Though the house,
austere in virtue, and emulating the Sabines of old, may have handed
down,[668] like an inheritance, purity of morals, and bounteous Nature
with benignant hand may give, besides, a chaste mind and a face glowing
with modest blood (for what greater boon can Nature bestow on a youth?
Nature, more powerful than any guardian, or any watchful care! ), still
they are not allowed to attain to manhood. For the villainy of the
corrupter, prodigal in its guilt, dares to assail with tempting offers
the parents themselves. So great is their confidence in the success of
bribes! No tyrant in his cruel palace ever castrated a youth that was
deformed; nor did even Nero carry off a stripling if club-footed, or
disfigured by wens, pot-bellied, and humpbacked! Go then, and exult in
the beauty of your darling boy! Yet for whom are there greater perils
in store? He will become the adulterer of the city, and dread all the
punishments[669] that angry husbands inflict. Nor will he be more
lucky than the star of Mars, even though he never fall like Mars into
the net. [670] But sometimes that bitter wrath exacts even more than
any law permits, to satisfy the husband's rage. One dispatches the
adulterer with the sword; another cuts him in two with bloody lashes;
some have the punishment of the mullet. But your Endymion, forsooth,
will of course become the lover of some lady of his affections! But
soon, when Servilia[671] has bribed him, he will serve her whom he
loves not, and will despoil her of all her ornaments. For what will any
woman refuse, to get her passions gratified? whether she be an Oppia,
or a Catulla. A depraved woman has all her morality[672] concentred
there. "But what harm does beauty do one that is chaste? " Nay, what
did his virtuous resolve avail Hippolytus, or what Bellerophon? Surely
she[673] fired at the rejection of her suit, as though treated with
indignity. Nor did Sthenobæa burn less fiercely than the Cretan; and
both lashed themselves into fury. A woman is then most ruthless, when
shame sets sharper spurs[674] to her hate. Choose what course you
think should be recommended him to whom Cæsar's wife[675] purposes to
marry herself. This most noble and most beautiful of the patrician
race is hurried off, poor wretched man, a sacrifice to the lewd eyes
of Messalina. She is long since seated with her bridal veil all ready:
the nuptial bed with Tyrian hangings is openly prepared in the gardens,
and, according to the antique rites, a dowry of a million sesterces
will be given; the soothsayer[676] and the witnesses to the settlement
will be there! Do you suppose these acts are kept secret; intrusted
only to a few? She will not be married otherwise than with all legal
forms. Tell me which alternative you choose. If you refuse to comply,
you must die before nightfall. [677] If you _do_ commit the crime, some
brief delay will be afforded you, until the thing, known to the city
and the people,[678] shall reach the prince's ears. He will be the last
to learn the disgrace of his house! Do you meanwhile obey her behests,
if you set so high a value on a few days' existence. Whichever you hold
the better and the safer course, that white and beauteous neck must be
presented[679] to the sword!
Is there then nothing for which men shall pray? If you will take
advice, you will allow the deities themselves to determine what may
be expedient for us, and suitable to our condition. For instead of
pleasant things, the gods will give us all that is most fitting. Man
is dearer to them than to himself. We, led on by the impulse of our
minds, by blind and headstrong passions, pray for wedlock, and issue
by our wives; but it is known to them what our children will prove;
of what character our wife will be! Still, that you may have somewhat
to pray for, and vow to their shrines the entrails and consecrated
mincemeat[680] of the white porker, your prayer must be that you may
have a sound mind in a sound body. Pray for a bold spirit, free from
all dread of death; that reckons the closing scene of life among
Nature's kindly boons;[681] that can endure labor, whatever it be; that
deems the gnawing cares of Hercules,[682] and all his cruel toils, far
preferable to the joys of Venus, rich banquets, and the downy couch of
Sardanapalus. I show thee what thou canst confer upon thyself. The only
path that surely leads to a life of peace lies through virtue. If _we_
have wise foresight, _thou_, Fortune, hast no divinity. [683] It is we
that make thee a deity, and place thy throne in heaven! [684]
FOOTNOTES:
[550] _Gadibus. _ Gades, now Cadiz, and Ganges were the western and
eastern boundaries of the then known world.
[551] _Nebulâ. _ Cf. Plat. , Alcib. , ii. , τῆς ψυχῆς ἀφελόντα τὴν ἀχλύν;
from which many ideas in this Satire, particularly toward the close,
are borrowed.
"As treacherous phantoms in the mist delude,
Shuns fancied ills, or chases, airy good. " Johnson's imitation.
[552] _Evertere. _ These are almost Cicero's own words. "Cupiditates non
modo singulos homines sed _universas familias evertunt_," de Fin. , i.
Cf. Shakspeare:
"We, ignorant of ourselves,
Beg often our own harms, which the wise powers
Deny us for our good: so find we profit
By losing of our prayers. "
[553] _Torrens. _
"Some who the depths of eloquence have found,
In that unnavigable stream were drown'd. " Dryden.
[554] _Viribus. _ Roscommon, as Gifford says, tells his history in two
lines:
"Remember Milo's end,
Wedged in the timber which he strove to rend. "
Cf. Ovid, Ib. , 609, "Utque Milon robur diducere fissile tentes, nec
possis captas inde referre manus. "
[555] _Balæna Britannica. _ Cf. Hor. , iv. , Od. xiv. , 47, "Te _belluosus_
qui remotis obstrepit Oceanus Britannis. " There is probably an allusion
here to the large sums which Seneca had out at interest in Britain,
where his rigor in exacting his demands occasioned a rebellion.
[556] _Tota cohors. _ "Illo propinquâ vesperâ, tribunus venit, et villam
_globus militum_ sepsit. " Tac. , Ann. , xv. , 60.
[557] _Longinum. _ Cassius Longinus was charged with keeping among his
Imagines one of Cassius, Cæsar's murderer; and allowed an hour to die
in. Suet. , Ner. , 37.
[558] _Seneca. _ Rufus and Tigellinus charged Seneca "tanquam ingentes
et privatum suprà modum evectas opes adhuc augeret--hortorum quoque
amænitate et villarum magnificentiâ quasi Principem supergrederetur;"
and Seneca himself, in his speech to Nero, says, "Tantum honorum atque
opûm in me cumulâsti, ut nihil felicitati meæ desit. " Tacit. , Ann. ,
xiv. , 52, _seq. _
[559] _Puri. _ Cf. ix. , 141.
[560] _Lateranorum. _ Vid. Tac. , Ann. , xv. , 60, for the death of
Plautius Lateranus. His house was on the Cœlian Hill, on the site of
the modern Lateran.
[561] _Motæ ad Lunam. _ Cf. Hor. , i. , Od. xxiii. , 3, "Non sine vano
aurarum et siluæ metu. " Stat. , Theb. , vi. , 158," Impulsæque noto
frondes cassusque valeret exanimare timor. " Claud. , Eutrop. , ii. , 452,
"Ecce levis frondes a tergo concutit aura: credit tela Leo: valuit pro
vulnere terror. "
[562] _Vacuus. _ Cf. Ov. , Nux. , 43, "Sic timet insidias qui scit se
ferre viator cur timeat, tutum carpit inanis iter. " Sen. , Lucil. ,
"Nudum Latro transmittit. "
"While void of care the beggar trips along,
And, in the spoiler's presence, trolls his song. " Gifford.
[563] _Divitiæ. _ Vid. Cic. , "Expetuntur Divitiæ ut utare; _Opes_ ut
colaris: _Honores_ ut lauderis. " De Amicit. , vi.
[564] _Foro. _ The public treasure was in the temple of Saturn. Private
individuals had their money in strong boxes deposited in the Forum
Trajani, or Forum Augusti; in the temple of Mars "Ultor" originally;
afterward in the temple of Castor and others, probably of Pax. Cf.
xiv. , 259, "Æratâ multus in arcâ fiscus, et ad vigilem ponendi Cartora
nummi. " Cf. Suet. , Jul. , x. Pliny the Younger was once præfectus ærarii
Saturni.
[565] _Gemmata. _ Cf. v. , 39, 41. --_Setinum_, v. , 34.
"Fear the gemm'd goblet, and suspicious hold
The ruby juice that glows in cups of gold. " Badham.
[566] _De Sapientibus.
_ Democritus of Abdera, and Heracleitus of
Ephesus.
[567] _Ridebat. _ Cf. Hor. , ii. , Ep. i. , 194, "Si foret in terris
_rideret_ Democritus. " δεῖσθαι μοι δοκεῖ Ἡρακλείτου ἤ Δημοκρίτου, τοῦ
μὲν γελασομένου τὴν ἄνοιαν αὐτῶν, τοῦ δὲ τὴν ἄγνοιαν ὀδυρομένου. Luc. ,
βι. πρ. , 13, τὸν γελῶντα, τὸν Ἀβδηρόθεν καὶ τὸν κλαίοντα τὸν ἐξ Ἐφέσου.
[568]
"The marvel this, since all the world can sneer,
What fountains fed the ever-needed tear. " Badham.
[569] _Trabeæ. _ Cf. ad viii. , 259.
[570] _Prætor. _ Juvenal has mixed up together the procession of the
prætor to open the Circensian games, and a triumphal procession. The
latter proceeded through the principal streets _to_ the Capitol. The
former, _from_ the Capitol to the _centre_ of the circus. The triumphal
car was in the shape of a turret, gilded, and drawn by four white
horses: it often occurs on coins. The tunica palmata, worn by generals
in their triumph, was kept in the temple of Jupiter. The toga picta was
purple, and so heavily embroidered that it may well be compared to a
brocaded curtain. Tyre was anciently called Sarra, which may be traced
in its modern name Sur.
"His robe a ponderous curtain of brocade,
Inwrought and stiff by Tyrian needles' aid. " Badham.
[571] _Orbem. _ Probably an allusion to Atlas.
[572] _Sufficit. _
"And would have crush'd it with the massy freight,
But that a sweating slave sustain'd the weight. " Dryden.
Probably the crown was _not_ worn, but merely _held_ by the slave at
his side.
"The menial destined in his car to ride,
And cool the swelling consul's feverish pride. " Hodgson.
[573] _Crasso. _ "Bœotum in _crasso_ jurares _ære_ natum. " Hor. , ii. ,
Ep. i. , 244. Bœotia was called the land of hogs, which so much annoyed
Pindar. Vid. Ol. , vi. , 152. Abdera seems to have had as bad a name. Cf.
Mart. , x. , Ep. xxv. , 3, "Abderitanæ pectora plebis habes. "
[574] _Medium unguem. _ Hence called "Infamis digitus. " Pers. , ii. , 33.
Cf. Mart. , ii. , Ep. xxviii. , 2, "digitum porrigito medium. " VI. , Ep.
lxx. , 5, "Ostendit digitum impudicum. "
[575] _Incerare. _ They used to fasten their vows, written on wax
tablets, to the knees or thighs of the gods. When their wishes were
granted, these were replaced by the offerings they had vowed. Cf. Hom. ,
Il. , p. , 514, θεῶν ἐν γούνασι κεῖται.
[576] _Mergit. _ Cf. Sil. , viii. , 285; or mergit may be used _actively_,
as xiii. , 8. Lucr. , v. , 1006. Virg. , Æn. , vi. , 512.
[577] _Statuæ. _ Cf. ad viii. , 18. Tac. , Ann. , vi. , 2. Plin. , Pan. , 52,
"Juvabat illidere solo superbissimos vultus, instare ferro, _sævire
securibus_, ut si singulos ictus sanguis dolorque sequeretur"--"instar
ultionis videretur cernere imagines abjectas excoctasque flammis. "
[578] _Immeritis. _
"The driven axe destroys the conquering car,
And unoffending steeds the ruin share. " Hodgson.
[579] _Adoratum. _ Cf. Tac. , Ann. , iii. , 72; iv. , 2, "Coli per theatra
et fora effigies ejus sineret. " Vid. Suet. , Tib. , lv. , 48, "Solæ nullam
Sejani imaginem inter signa coluissent. " 65, "Sejani imagines aureas
coli passim videret. "
[580] _Sartago. _
"And from the stride of those colossal legs
You buy the useful pan that fries your eggs. " Badham.
Dryden reads "matellæ. "
[581] _Pone domi lauros. _ Cf. ad ix. , 85.
[582] _Sequitur Fortunam. _
"When the king's _trump_, the mob are for the king. " Dryden.
[583] _Nurscia_, Nyrtia, Nortia, or Nurtia, the Etruscan goddess of
Fortune, nearly identical with Atropos, and cognate with Minerva. The
old Schol. says, "Fortuna apud Nyrtiam colitur _unde fuit Sejanus_. "
But Tacitus tells us (Ann. , iv. , l; vi. , 8) that Sejanus was a native
of Volsinii, now Bolsena. Outside the Florence gate of Bolsena stands
the ruin of a temple still called Tempio di Norzia. Cf. Liv. , vii. , 3;
Tertull. , Apoll. , 24, ad Nat. , ii. , 8; Müller's Etrusker, IV. , vii. , 6;
Dennis's Etruria, i. , p. 258, 509.
[584] _Fornacula. _ "A fire so fierce for one was scarcely made. "
Gifford.
[585] _Brutidius. _ Tacitus speaks thus of him: "Brutidium artibus
honestis copiosum et, si rectum iter pergeret, ad clarissima quæque
iturum festinatio exstimulabat, dum æquales, dein superiores, postremo
suasmet ipse spes anteire parat. " Ann. , iii. , 66. He had been one of
the accusers of Silanus, and was involved in Sejanus' fall. "Magna est
fornacula" is well borne out by Tacitus' account. "Cunctos qui carcere
attinebantur, accusati societatis cum Sejano, necari jubet. _Jacuit
immensa strages_; omnis sexus omnis ætas: inlustres ignobiles--corpora
adsectabantur dum in Tiberim traherentur. " Ann. , vi. , 19.
[586] _Victus. _ Fierce as Ajax, when worsted in the contest for the
arms of Achilles.
[587] _Exercitibus præponere. _ Vid. Tac. , Ann. , iv. , 2, "Centuriones ac
Tribunos ipse deligere: neque senatorio ambitu abstinebat clientes suos
honoribus aut provinciis ornando, facili Tiberio atque ita prono ut
socium laborum celebraret. "
[588] _Tutor. _
"Arraign
Thy feeble sovereign in a guardian's strain,
Who sits amid his foul Chaldæan herd
In that august domain to Rome preferr'd. " Badham.
[589] _Sedentis. _ Cf. Suet. , Tib. , 43; Tac. , Ann. , vi. , 1. Grangæus
supposes this word to have reference to the Sellaria there described.
It probably only refers to his luxury and indolence. Tiberius was with
Augustus when he visited Capreæ shortly before his death: "remisissimo
ad otium et ad omnem comitatem animo. Vicinam Capreis insulam
ἀπραγοπόλιν appellabat à desidiâ secedentium illuc e comitatu suo. " Cf.
c. 40. Tac. , Ann. , iv. , 67.
[590] _Augusta. _ The old reading was angustâ. The alteration of a
single letter converts a forceless expletive into an epithet full of
picturesque and historic truth.
[591] _Egregios equites. _ The flower of the Roman army, the prætorian
troops, of which Sejanus was præfect.
[592] _Vasa minora.
her shady dells, the antiquated ape[632] scratches on her wizened
jowl! There are many points of difference in the young: this youth is
handsomer than that; and he again than a third: one is far sturdier
than another. Old mens faces are all alike--limbs tottering and
voice feeble,[633] a smooth bald pate, and the second childhood of a
driveling nose; the poor wretch must mumble his bread with toothless
gums; so loathsome to his wife, his children, and even to himself,
that he would excite the disgust even of the legacy-hunter Cossus! His
palate[634] is grown dull; his relish for his food and wine[635] no
more the same; the joys of love are long ago forgotten; and in spite
of all efforts to reinvigorate them, all manly energies are hopelessly
extinct. Has this depraved and hoary lechery aught else to hope? Do we
not look with just suspicion on the lust that covets the sin but lacks
the power? [636]
Now turn your eyes to the loss of another sense. For what pleasure
has he in a singer, however eminent a harper it may be; nay, even
Seleucus himself; or those whose habit it is to glitter in a cloak
of gold? [637] What matters it in what part of the wide theatre he
sits, who can scarcely hear the horn-blowers, and the general clang
of trumpets? You must bawl out loud before his ear can distinguish
who it is his slave says has called, or tells him what o'clock it
is. [638] Besides, the scanty blood that flows in his chill[639] body
is warmed by fever only. Diseases of every kind dance round him in
full choir. If you were to ask their names, I could sooner tell you
how many lovers Hippia had; how many patients Themison[640] killed in
one autumn; how many allies Basilus plundered; how many wards Hirrus
defrauded; how many lovers long Maura received in the day; how many
pupils Hamillus corrupts. I could sooner run through the list of villas
owned by him now, beneath whose razor[641] my stiff beard resounded
when I was in my prime. One is weak in the shoulder; another in the
loins; another in the hip. Another has lost both eyes, and envies the
one-eyed. Another's bloodless lips receive their food from others'
fingers. He that was wont to relax his features to a smile at the sight
of his dinner, now only gapes[642] like the young swallow to whom the
parent bird, herself fasting,[643] flies with full beak. But worse
than all debility of limb is that idiocy which recollects neither the
names of his slaves nor the face of the friend with whom he supped the
evening before; not even those whom he begot and brought up! For by a
heartless will he disinherits them; and all his property is made over
to Phiale:[644]--such power has the breath of her artificial mouth,
that stood for hire so many years in the brothel's dungeon.
Even though the powers of intellect retain their vigor, yet he must
lead forth the funerals of his children; must gaze upon the pyre of
a beloved wife, and the urns filled with all that remains of his
brother and sisters. This is the penalty imposed on the long-lived,
that they must grow old with the death-blow in their house forever
falling fresh--in oft-recurring sorrow--in unremitting mourning, and
a suit of black. [645] The king of Pylos,[646] if you put any faith
in great Homer, was an instance of life inferior in duration only
to the crow's. [647] Happy, no doubt! was he who for so many years
put off his hour of death; and now begins to count his years on his
right hand,[648] and has drunk so often of the new-made wine. I pray
you, lend me your ear a little space; and hear how sadly he himself
complains of the decrees of fate, and too great powers of life, when
he watches the blazing beard of Antilochus[649] in his bloom, and
asks of every friend that stands near, why it is he lingers on to
this day; what crime he has committed to deserve so long a life!
Such, too, is Peleus' strain, when he mourns for Achilles prematurely
snatched from him: and that other, whose lot it was to grieve for the
shipwrecked[650] Ithacensian.
Priam would have joined the shade of Assaracus with Troy still
standing, with high solemnities, with Hector and his brothers
supporting his bier on their shoulders, amid the weeping Troades, so
that Cassandra would lead off the wail, and Polyxena[651] with mantle
rent, had he but died at any time but that, after that Paris had begun
to build his audacious ships. What then did length of days confer on
him? He saw his all o'erthrown: Asia laid low by flame and sword. Then
the poor tottering warrior[652] laid down his diadem and donned his
arms, and fell before the altar of supreme Jove; like some old ox[653]
that yields his attenuated and miserable neck to his owner's knife,
long ago scorned[654] by the ungrateful plow.
That was at all events the death of a human being: but his wife who
survived him barked fiercely from the jaws of a bitch. [655]
I hasten on to our own countrymen, and pass by the king of Pontus, and
Crœsus,[656] whom the eloquent voice of the right-judging Solon bade
look at the closing scene[657] of a life however long. Banishment,
and the jail, and the marshes of Minturnæ,[658] and his bread begged
in conquered Carthage, took their rise from this. What could all
nature, what could Rome, have produced more blessed in the wide world
than that citizen, had he breathed forth his soul[659] glutted with
spoils, while the captive train followed around his chariot, in all
the pomp and circumstance of war, when he was about to alight from his
Teutonic[660] car! Campania,[661] in her foresight for Pompey, had
given him a fever he should have prayed for. But the many cities and
their public prayers prevailed. Therefore his own malignant fortune
and that of Rome preserved him only that conquered he should lose
his head. Lentulus[662] escaped this torment; Cethegus paid not this
penalty, but fell unmutilated; and Catiline lay with corpse entire.
The anxious mother, when she visits Venus' temple, prays for beauty
for her boys with subdued whisper;[663] with louder voice for her
girls, carrying her fond wishes[664] even to the verge of trifling.
"But why should you chide me? " she says; "Latona[665] delights in the
beauty of Diana. " But, Lucretia[666] forbids a face like hers to be the
subject of your prayers: Virginia would gladly give hers to Rutila,
and receive her wen in exchange. But, a son possessed of exquisite
person keeps his parents in a constant state of misery and alarm. So
rare is the union[667] of beauty with chastity. Though the house,
austere in virtue, and emulating the Sabines of old, may have handed
down,[668] like an inheritance, purity of morals, and bounteous Nature
with benignant hand may give, besides, a chaste mind and a face glowing
with modest blood (for what greater boon can Nature bestow on a youth?
Nature, more powerful than any guardian, or any watchful care! ), still
they are not allowed to attain to manhood. For the villainy of the
corrupter, prodigal in its guilt, dares to assail with tempting offers
the parents themselves. So great is their confidence in the success of
bribes! No tyrant in his cruel palace ever castrated a youth that was
deformed; nor did even Nero carry off a stripling if club-footed, or
disfigured by wens, pot-bellied, and humpbacked! Go then, and exult in
the beauty of your darling boy! Yet for whom are there greater perils
in store? He will become the adulterer of the city, and dread all the
punishments[669] that angry husbands inflict. Nor will he be more
lucky than the star of Mars, even though he never fall like Mars into
the net. [670] But sometimes that bitter wrath exacts even more than
any law permits, to satisfy the husband's rage. One dispatches the
adulterer with the sword; another cuts him in two with bloody lashes;
some have the punishment of the mullet. But your Endymion, forsooth,
will of course become the lover of some lady of his affections! But
soon, when Servilia[671] has bribed him, he will serve her whom he
loves not, and will despoil her of all her ornaments. For what will any
woman refuse, to get her passions gratified? whether she be an Oppia,
or a Catulla. A depraved woman has all her morality[672] concentred
there. "But what harm does beauty do one that is chaste? " Nay, what
did his virtuous resolve avail Hippolytus, or what Bellerophon? Surely
she[673] fired at the rejection of her suit, as though treated with
indignity. Nor did Sthenobæa burn less fiercely than the Cretan; and
both lashed themselves into fury. A woman is then most ruthless, when
shame sets sharper spurs[674] to her hate. Choose what course you
think should be recommended him to whom Cæsar's wife[675] purposes to
marry herself. This most noble and most beautiful of the patrician
race is hurried off, poor wretched man, a sacrifice to the lewd eyes
of Messalina. She is long since seated with her bridal veil all ready:
the nuptial bed with Tyrian hangings is openly prepared in the gardens,
and, according to the antique rites, a dowry of a million sesterces
will be given; the soothsayer[676] and the witnesses to the settlement
will be there! Do you suppose these acts are kept secret; intrusted
only to a few? She will not be married otherwise than with all legal
forms. Tell me which alternative you choose. If you refuse to comply,
you must die before nightfall. [677] If you _do_ commit the crime, some
brief delay will be afforded you, until the thing, known to the city
and the people,[678] shall reach the prince's ears. He will be the last
to learn the disgrace of his house! Do you meanwhile obey her behests,
if you set so high a value on a few days' existence. Whichever you hold
the better and the safer course, that white and beauteous neck must be
presented[679] to the sword!
Is there then nothing for which men shall pray? If you will take
advice, you will allow the deities themselves to determine what may
be expedient for us, and suitable to our condition. For instead of
pleasant things, the gods will give us all that is most fitting. Man
is dearer to them than to himself. We, led on by the impulse of our
minds, by blind and headstrong passions, pray for wedlock, and issue
by our wives; but it is known to them what our children will prove;
of what character our wife will be! Still, that you may have somewhat
to pray for, and vow to their shrines the entrails and consecrated
mincemeat[680] of the white porker, your prayer must be that you may
have a sound mind in a sound body. Pray for a bold spirit, free from
all dread of death; that reckons the closing scene of life among
Nature's kindly boons;[681] that can endure labor, whatever it be; that
deems the gnawing cares of Hercules,[682] and all his cruel toils, far
preferable to the joys of Venus, rich banquets, and the downy couch of
Sardanapalus. I show thee what thou canst confer upon thyself. The only
path that surely leads to a life of peace lies through virtue. If _we_
have wise foresight, _thou_, Fortune, hast no divinity. [683] It is we
that make thee a deity, and place thy throne in heaven! [684]
FOOTNOTES:
[550] _Gadibus. _ Gades, now Cadiz, and Ganges were the western and
eastern boundaries of the then known world.
[551] _Nebulâ. _ Cf. Plat. , Alcib. , ii. , τῆς ψυχῆς ἀφελόντα τὴν ἀχλύν;
from which many ideas in this Satire, particularly toward the close,
are borrowed.
"As treacherous phantoms in the mist delude,
Shuns fancied ills, or chases, airy good. " Johnson's imitation.
[552] _Evertere. _ These are almost Cicero's own words. "Cupiditates non
modo singulos homines sed _universas familias evertunt_," de Fin. , i.
Cf. Shakspeare:
"We, ignorant of ourselves,
Beg often our own harms, which the wise powers
Deny us for our good: so find we profit
By losing of our prayers. "
[553] _Torrens. _
"Some who the depths of eloquence have found,
In that unnavigable stream were drown'd. " Dryden.
[554] _Viribus. _ Roscommon, as Gifford says, tells his history in two
lines:
"Remember Milo's end,
Wedged in the timber which he strove to rend. "
Cf. Ovid, Ib. , 609, "Utque Milon robur diducere fissile tentes, nec
possis captas inde referre manus. "
[555] _Balæna Britannica. _ Cf. Hor. , iv. , Od. xiv. , 47, "Te _belluosus_
qui remotis obstrepit Oceanus Britannis. " There is probably an allusion
here to the large sums which Seneca had out at interest in Britain,
where his rigor in exacting his demands occasioned a rebellion.
[556] _Tota cohors. _ "Illo propinquâ vesperâ, tribunus venit, et villam
_globus militum_ sepsit. " Tac. , Ann. , xv. , 60.
[557] _Longinum. _ Cassius Longinus was charged with keeping among his
Imagines one of Cassius, Cæsar's murderer; and allowed an hour to die
in. Suet. , Ner. , 37.
[558] _Seneca. _ Rufus and Tigellinus charged Seneca "tanquam ingentes
et privatum suprà modum evectas opes adhuc augeret--hortorum quoque
amænitate et villarum magnificentiâ quasi Principem supergrederetur;"
and Seneca himself, in his speech to Nero, says, "Tantum honorum atque
opûm in me cumulâsti, ut nihil felicitati meæ desit. " Tacit. , Ann. ,
xiv. , 52, _seq. _
[559] _Puri. _ Cf. ix. , 141.
[560] _Lateranorum. _ Vid. Tac. , Ann. , xv. , 60, for the death of
Plautius Lateranus. His house was on the Cœlian Hill, on the site of
the modern Lateran.
[561] _Motæ ad Lunam. _ Cf. Hor. , i. , Od. xxiii. , 3, "Non sine vano
aurarum et siluæ metu. " Stat. , Theb. , vi. , 158," Impulsæque noto
frondes cassusque valeret exanimare timor. " Claud. , Eutrop. , ii. , 452,
"Ecce levis frondes a tergo concutit aura: credit tela Leo: valuit pro
vulnere terror. "
[562] _Vacuus. _ Cf. Ov. , Nux. , 43, "Sic timet insidias qui scit se
ferre viator cur timeat, tutum carpit inanis iter. " Sen. , Lucil. ,
"Nudum Latro transmittit. "
"While void of care the beggar trips along,
And, in the spoiler's presence, trolls his song. " Gifford.
[563] _Divitiæ. _ Vid. Cic. , "Expetuntur Divitiæ ut utare; _Opes_ ut
colaris: _Honores_ ut lauderis. " De Amicit. , vi.
[564] _Foro. _ The public treasure was in the temple of Saturn. Private
individuals had their money in strong boxes deposited in the Forum
Trajani, or Forum Augusti; in the temple of Mars "Ultor" originally;
afterward in the temple of Castor and others, probably of Pax. Cf.
xiv. , 259, "Æratâ multus in arcâ fiscus, et ad vigilem ponendi Cartora
nummi. " Cf. Suet. , Jul. , x. Pliny the Younger was once præfectus ærarii
Saturni.
[565] _Gemmata. _ Cf. v. , 39, 41. --_Setinum_, v. , 34.
"Fear the gemm'd goblet, and suspicious hold
The ruby juice that glows in cups of gold. " Badham.
[566] _De Sapientibus.
_ Democritus of Abdera, and Heracleitus of
Ephesus.
[567] _Ridebat. _ Cf. Hor. , ii. , Ep. i. , 194, "Si foret in terris
_rideret_ Democritus. " δεῖσθαι μοι δοκεῖ Ἡρακλείτου ἤ Δημοκρίτου, τοῦ
μὲν γελασομένου τὴν ἄνοιαν αὐτῶν, τοῦ δὲ τὴν ἄγνοιαν ὀδυρομένου. Luc. ,
βι. πρ. , 13, τὸν γελῶντα, τὸν Ἀβδηρόθεν καὶ τὸν κλαίοντα τὸν ἐξ Ἐφέσου.
[568]
"The marvel this, since all the world can sneer,
What fountains fed the ever-needed tear. " Badham.
[569] _Trabeæ. _ Cf. ad viii. , 259.
[570] _Prætor. _ Juvenal has mixed up together the procession of the
prætor to open the Circensian games, and a triumphal procession. The
latter proceeded through the principal streets _to_ the Capitol. The
former, _from_ the Capitol to the _centre_ of the circus. The triumphal
car was in the shape of a turret, gilded, and drawn by four white
horses: it often occurs on coins. The tunica palmata, worn by generals
in their triumph, was kept in the temple of Jupiter. The toga picta was
purple, and so heavily embroidered that it may well be compared to a
brocaded curtain. Tyre was anciently called Sarra, which may be traced
in its modern name Sur.
"His robe a ponderous curtain of brocade,
Inwrought and stiff by Tyrian needles' aid. " Badham.
[571] _Orbem. _ Probably an allusion to Atlas.
[572] _Sufficit. _
"And would have crush'd it with the massy freight,
But that a sweating slave sustain'd the weight. " Dryden.
Probably the crown was _not_ worn, but merely _held_ by the slave at
his side.
"The menial destined in his car to ride,
And cool the swelling consul's feverish pride. " Hodgson.
[573] _Crasso. _ "Bœotum in _crasso_ jurares _ære_ natum. " Hor. , ii. ,
Ep. i. , 244. Bœotia was called the land of hogs, which so much annoyed
Pindar. Vid. Ol. , vi. , 152. Abdera seems to have had as bad a name. Cf.
Mart. , x. , Ep. xxv. , 3, "Abderitanæ pectora plebis habes. "
[574] _Medium unguem. _ Hence called "Infamis digitus. " Pers. , ii. , 33.
Cf. Mart. , ii. , Ep. xxviii. , 2, "digitum porrigito medium. " VI. , Ep.
lxx. , 5, "Ostendit digitum impudicum. "
[575] _Incerare. _ They used to fasten their vows, written on wax
tablets, to the knees or thighs of the gods. When their wishes were
granted, these were replaced by the offerings they had vowed. Cf. Hom. ,
Il. , p. , 514, θεῶν ἐν γούνασι κεῖται.
[576] _Mergit. _ Cf. Sil. , viii. , 285; or mergit may be used _actively_,
as xiii. , 8. Lucr. , v. , 1006. Virg. , Æn. , vi. , 512.
[577] _Statuæ. _ Cf. ad viii. , 18. Tac. , Ann. , vi. , 2. Plin. , Pan. , 52,
"Juvabat illidere solo superbissimos vultus, instare ferro, _sævire
securibus_, ut si singulos ictus sanguis dolorque sequeretur"--"instar
ultionis videretur cernere imagines abjectas excoctasque flammis. "
[578] _Immeritis. _
"The driven axe destroys the conquering car,
And unoffending steeds the ruin share. " Hodgson.
[579] _Adoratum. _ Cf. Tac. , Ann. , iii. , 72; iv. , 2, "Coli per theatra
et fora effigies ejus sineret. " Vid. Suet. , Tib. , lv. , 48, "Solæ nullam
Sejani imaginem inter signa coluissent. " 65, "Sejani imagines aureas
coli passim videret. "
[580] _Sartago. _
"And from the stride of those colossal legs
You buy the useful pan that fries your eggs. " Badham.
Dryden reads "matellæ. "
[581] _Pone domi lauros. _ Cf. ad ix. , 85.
[582] _Sequitur Fortunam. _
"When the king's _trump_, the mob are for the king. " Dryden.
[583] _Nurscia_, Nyrtia, Nortia, or Nurtia, the Etruscan goddess of
Fortune, nearly identical with Atropos, and cognate with Minerva. The
old Schol. says, "Fortuna apud Nyrtiam colitur _unde fuit Sejanus_. "
But Tacitus tells us (Ann. , iv. , l; vi. , 8) that Sejanus was a native
of Volsinii, now Bolsena. Outside the Florence gate of Bolsena stands
the ruin of a temple still called Tempio di Norzia. Cf. Liv. , vii. , 3;
Tertull. , Apoll. , 24, ad Nat. , ii. , 8; Müller's Etrusker, IV. , vii. , 6;
Dennis's Etruria, i. , p. 258, 509.
[584] _Fornacula. _ "A fire so fierce for one was scarcely made. "
Gifford.
[585] _Brutidius. _ Tacitus speaks thus of him: "Brutidium artibus
honestis copiosum et, si rectum iter pergeret, ad clarissima quæque
iturum festinatio exstimulabat, dum æquales, dein superiores, postremo
suasmet ipse spes anteire parat. " Ann. , iii. , 66. He had been one of
the accusers of Silanus, and was involved in Sejanus' fall. "Magna est
fornacula" is well borne out by Tacitus' account. "Cunctos qui carcere
attinebantur, accusati societatis cum Sejano, necari jubet. _Jacuit
immensa strages_; omnis sexus omnis ætas: inlustres ignobiles--corpora
adsectabantur dum in Tiberim traherentur. " Ann. , vi. , 19.
[586] _Victus. _ Fierce as Ajax, when worsted in the contest for the
arms of Achilles.
[587] _Exercitibus præponere. _ Vid. Tac. , Ann. , iv. , 2, "Centuriones ac
Tribunos ipse deligere: neque senatorio ambitu abstinebat clientes suos
honoribus aut provinciis ornando, facili Tiberio atque ita prono ut
socium laborum celebraret. "
[588] _Tutor. _
"Arraign
Thy feeble sovereign in a guardian's strain,
Who sits amid his foul Chaldæan herd
In that august domain to Rome preferr'd. " Badham.
[589] _Sedentis. _ Cf. Suet. , Tib. , 43; Tac. , Ann. , vi. , 1. Grangæus
supposes this word to have reference to the Sellaria there described.
It probably only refers to his luxury and indolence. Tiberius was with
Augustus when he visited Capreæ shortly before his death: "remisissimo
ad otium et ad omnem comitatem animo. Vicinam Capreis insulam
ἀπραγοπόλιν appellabat à desidiâ secedentium illuc e comitatu suo. " Cf.
c. 40. Tac. , Ann. , iv. , 67.
[590] _Augusta. _ The old reading was angustâ. The alteration of a
single letter converts a forceless expletive into an epithet full of
picturesque and historic truth.
[591] _Egregios equites. _ The flower of the Roman army, the prætorian
troops, of which Sejanus was præfect.
[592] _Vasa minora.
