Gallienus returned quickly,
repulsed
Aureolus, and de-
feated him in a great battle, near the Addua, after
which the usurper shut himself up in Mediolanum.
feated him in a great battle, near the Addua, after
which the usurper shut himself up in Mediolanum.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
iA.
GALLIA.
(Orig. , 9, 2) ; as did also Solinus and Scrvius. The
Greek writers also followed in the same train, with
few exceptions, notwithstanding an etymology very
popular in Greece, which made the word Umbrian
(Ombrian) to be derived from *0/ity>>r, "a shower,"
"rain. " because the nation in question had, according
to some, escaped from a deluge. The Umbrians were
regarded as one of the most ancient nations of Italy.
{Plin. , 2,14. --Florut, 1,17. ) After long and bloody
conflicts, they drove the Siculi from the country around
tne Pa Now, aa the Siculi passed into Sicily about
1364 D. C. , the Umbrian invasion may have taken
nlace in the course of the 15th century. They be-
came a very powerful race, and their sway extended
from the upper to the lower sea, as far south as the
mouths of the Tiber and Trento. The Etrurian power
eventually put an end to their wide-spread dominion.
The words Umhri, Ombri. and Ombrici, by which the
Romans and the Greeks designated this people, would
seem to have been nothing else but the Gaelic Ambra
or Amhra, which signifies " valiant," "noble;" and to
have been appropriated to itself as a military title by
some invading horde. --The geographical division es-
tablished by the Umbrians is not only in conform :*v
with the customs of the Gallic race, but belongs to
their very language. Umbria was divided into three
provinces: OU-Ombria, or "High Umbria," which
comprised the mountainous country between the Apen-
nines and the Ionian Sea: Is-Ombria, or " Low Um-
bria," which embraced the country around the Po:
and Vil-Ombria, or " Umbria along the shore," which
tut, at a later period, became Etruria. A lthough the
Etrurian influence produced a rapid change in the lan-
guage, religion, and social order of the Umbrians,
there still were preserved among the mountaineers of
C. 'li-Ombria some remarkable traces of the character
and customs of the Gauls: for example, the gsesum or
fail, a weapon both in its invention and name pointing
to a Gallic origin, was always the national Javelin of
the Umbrian peasant. {Liv. , 9, 36. ) The Umbrians,
who had been dispersed by the Etrurian conquerors,
were received as brothers on the banks of the Sadne
md among the Helvetian tribes, where they perpetu-
ated their name of Insubres (Isombres). "Insulres,"
t observes Livy, "pagus AZduorum" (5, 23). Others
found a hospitable reception among the Ligurians of
the Maritime Alps {Plin. . 3, 17, seqq), and carried
thither their name of Ambrones. This alone can ex-
plain a point which has occasioned much perplexity to
historians, and has given rise to numerous contradic-
tory theories; how, namely, a tribe of Alpine Ligurians,
snd another of Hclvetii, warring against each other
under the respective banners of the Romans and the
Cimbri, found, to their great astonishment, that they had
each the ssme name and the same war-cry. {Pint. ,
Vit. Mar. )--From what has been said, it would seem
to result, that upper Italy was conquered in the 15th
century before our. era by a confederation of Gallic
tribes bearing the name of Ambra or Ambrones. --Sa-
nd conquest. The first invasion had been made en
swue, with something of order, and by a single con-
federation ; the second was successive and tumultuous.
During the space of sixty-six years, Gaul poured her
population upon Italy by the Maritime, the Graian, and
the Pennine Alps. If we bear in mind that, about the
same epoch (B. C. 587), an emigration not less consid-
erable took place from Gaul tc Illyria, under the con-
? ? duct of Sigovcsus, we cannot but believe that these
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? GALLI. '.
GALLIA
h'ubeas ; beyond this they styled it Cronium. (Plin. ,
i, 13) These two names are easily explained by the
Cymric language: mar there signifies " sea;" marts,
"to die ;" marwsis, " death ;" and crumn, "congeal-
ed," " frozen :" in Gaelic, croin has the same force:
Murchroinn is "the frozen sea. " (Adelung, altcstc
Gesch der Teutscken, p. 48. --Toland's icveral pieces,
pt. 1, p. 150. )--Ephorus, who lived about the same
period, knew the Cimbri, and gives them the name of
Celts; but in his geographical system, this very vague
denomination designates at the same time a Gaul and
an inhabitant of Western Europe. (Strabo, 803. )
When, between the years 113 and 101 before our era,
a deluge of Cimbri poured its desolating fury on Gaul,
Spain, and Italy, the belief was general, that they came
from the extremities of the West, from the frozen re-
gions bordering on the Northern Ocean, from the Cim-
bric Chersonese, from the shores of the Cimbric The-
tis. (Floras, 3, 3. --Polyatn. , 8,10. --Ammian. Mar-
tell. , 31, 5. --Claudian, BcU. Get. , v. 638. --Plul. , Vit.
Mar. ) In the time of Augustus, the Cimbri occupied
portion of Jutland, and they acknowledged them-
selves to be tho descendants of those who, in a pre-
ceding age, had committed so many ravages. Alarmed
at the conquests of the Romans beyond the Rhine, and
supposing that their object was to inflict vengeance
upon them for the inroad of their ancestors, ihey sent
hi embassy to the emperor to supplicate for pardon.
(Strabo, 292. ) Strabo and Mela (3, 3) place these
Cimbri to the north of the Elbe. Tacitus found them
there in his own time. (Germ. , c. 37. ) Pliny gives
a much more extensive signification to this name of
Cimbri; he would seem to make it a generic term.
He not only, for example, recognises the Cimbri of the
present Jutland, but he speaks also of tho Mediterra-
nean Cimbri (4, 3) in the vicinity of the Rhine, com-
prehending, under . this common appellation, various
Tribes which in other writers bear widely different
names. These Cimbri, inhabiting Jutland and the
countries round about, were generally regarded as
Gauls, that is to say, as belonging to one of the two
races which then held possession of Gaul. Cicero, in
speaking of the great invasion of Cimbri, says in many
places that Marius had conquered the Gauls. In like
manner. Sallust (Bell. Jug. , c. 114) makes Cnepio, who
was defeated by the Cimbri, to have been so by Gauls.
Most of the subsequent writers hold the same lan-
guage : finally, the Cimbric buckler of Marius bore the
figure of a Gaul. To this we may add, that Ceso-rix,
Boio-rix, etc. , names of chieftains in the Cimbric ar-
my, are to all appearance Gallic appellations. --When
we read the details of this terrible invasion, we are
struck with the promptitude and facility with which
the Cimbri and Belgae came to an understanding and
arranged matters among themselves, while all the ca-
lamities of the inroad appear to have fallen on central
and southern Gaul. Cssar informs us, that the Belga!
vigorously sustained the first shock of the invaders, and
arrested the torrent on their frontiers. This msy all
have been so; but we see them almost immediately
after entering into an agreement with each other. Tho
Belga cede to the invaders one of their fortresses,
Aduaticum, in which to deposite their baggage; and the
Cimbri, on their part, leave as a guard for their bag-
gage, which contained all their riches, a body of only
six thousand men, and continue on their way; they
must have been well assured, then, of the fidelity of the
? ? Belgte. After the overthrow of the Cimbri in Italy,
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? UAL 1. 1 A.
GALLIA.
simply says, tint the Cymri came from Asia. (Welsh
Arehaol. , vol. 1, p. 76. ) The Triads and Druidic
bards agree in many particulars respecting the settle-
ment of the Cymri on their arrival in Western Eu-
rope. It was Hu, the powerful, who conducted them:
a priest, a warrior, b legislator, and, after death, a god,
be united in himself all the attributes requisite for the
chief of a theocracy. Now we know that a part of the
tillic race was long subject to the theocratic govern-
ment of the Druids. This name of Hu, was not un-
known to the Greeks and Romans, who give the ap-
iicllatii-n of Hens and Hesus to one of the deities of
Druidism. --The Irish have also their national tradi-
tions, but so confused and evidently fabulous, that it
would be improper to employ them on the present
occasion. They contain, however, one thing which
ooght not to be omitted here, the mention of a people
? . ermed Bolg (Fir-Bolg), who came from the borders
if the Rhine and conquered the south of Ireland. It
? not difficult to recognise in these strangers a colo-
ny of the Belgic Cymri, though nothing probable is
stated respecting their history or their settlement. --
Ammianus Marcellinns (15, 9), or rather Timngenes,
whom he appears to be quoting, gives an ancient tra-
dition of the Gallic Druids concerning the origin of the
nations of Gaul. This tradition stated, that a part of
the Gallic population was indigenous, but that another
part had come from far distant islands and countries be-
yond the Rhine, whence they had been driven by fre-
quent wars and by inundations of the sea. --We find,
then, in the tradition)! history of the Gauls, as well as
in the testimony of foreign writers, and in the charac-
ters of the languages spoken throughout the country,
the fact well established of the division of the Gallic
family into two distinct branches or races.
General Conclusions.
1. The Aquitani and Ligures, though inhabitants of
Gaul, were not of Gallic blood, but belonged to the
Iberian stock.
2. The nations of Gallic blood were divided into
two branchee, the Galli and the Cijmri. The relation-
ship of these two branches to each other is confirmed
by their idioms, their manners and customs, and their
national characters in general. It becomes still more
apparent, however, when we compare with them the
other communities that dwelt in their vicinity, name-
ly, the Iberians, the Italians, and the Germans. And
yet there exists a sufficient diversity in their respective
manners, idioms, and moral characters, to authorize
us to trace a line of demarcation between these two
branches, which is warranted also as well by their na-
tional traditions as by the testimony of history.
3. The origin of the Gallic race belongs to the
East. Their language, their traditions, their history,
in fine, point to Asia as the cradle of their nation.
[Thierry, Histoire des Gaulois, vol. 1, Jntrod. , p. zii. --
Uviii. ) At what period, however, they left their pa-
rrot-home and commenced their migration to the West,
! ? beyond the reach of positive history. On this
,'ioint we are left in a great measure to our own con-
jectures, although Linguistic, or the science of com-
parative philology, furnishes us with aids to the prose-
cution of this inquiry, by no means unimportant in
their character. One thing, at least, is certain, from
in attentive examination of the Celtic language, that
ir. e race who spoke this tongue came first into the
Woe, and in all probability was the first too that sep-
? ? utted from the parent stock. This circumstance,
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? O AL
century of partial conflicts and nine years of general
war under Ccesar. In fine, the names of Caractacus
and Galgacus shed a splendour on the last and ineffect-
ual efforts of British freedom. It is everywhere an
unequal conflict between ardent and undisciplined val-
our on the one hand, and cool and steady perseverance
on the other. --The fourth period comprehends the or-
ganization of Gaul into a Roman province, and the
grad'ial assimilation of transalpine maimers to the cus-
toms and institutions of Italy; a work commenced by
Augustus and completed by Claudius. (Thierry,
Htstoirc des Gamuts, vol. 1, Inlrod. , p. vi. , seqq. )
Gallia Cisalpina, Gaul this side of the Alps, with
reference to Rome, a name given to the northern part
of Italy, as occupied by the Gallic tribes which had
poured over the Alps into this extensive tract of coun-
try. Livy assigns to these migrations of the Gauls as
early a date as the reign of Tarquinius Priscus, that
is, about 600 B. C. Having securely established them-
selves in their new possessions, they proceeded to
make farther inroads into various parts of Italy, and
thus came into contact with the forces of Rome.
More than two hundred years had elapsed from the
time of their first invasion, when they totally defeated
the Roman army on the banks of the Allia, andbecame
masters of Rome itself. The defence of the Capitol
and the exploits of Camillus (Lib, 5, 47, seqq. ), or, ra-
her, if Polybius be correct (2, 18), the gold of the van-
quished, and the dangers which threatened the Gauls at
home, preserved the state. From that time, the Gauls,
though they continued, by frequent incursions, to threat-
en, and even ravage, the territory of Rome, could make
no impression on that power. Though leagued with
the Samnites and Etruscans, they were almost always
unsuccessful. Defeated at Senlium in Umbria, near
the Lake Vadimonis in Etruria, and in a still more de-
cisive action near the port of Telamo in the same
province (Polyb. , 2, 19, seqq. ), they soon found them-
selves forced to contend, not for conquest, but for
existence The same ill success, however, attended
their efforts in their own territory. The progress of the
Roman arms was irresistible; the Gauls were beaten
back from the Adriatic to the Po, from the Po to the
Alps, and soon beheld Roman colonies established and
flourishing in many of the towns which had so lately
been theirs. Notwithstanding these successive disas-
ters their spirit, though curbed, was still unsubdued;
and when the enterprise of Hannibal afforded them an
opportunity of retrieving their losses and wreaking their
vengeance on the foe, they eagerly embraced it. It is
to their zealous co-operation that Polybius ascribes in
a great degree the primary success of that expedition.
By the efficient aid which they afforded Hannibal, he
was enabled to commence operations immediately af-
ttt he had set foot in Italy, and to follow up his ear-
ly success with promptitude and vigour. (Polybius,
3, 66. ) As long as that great commander maintained
his ground and gave employment to all the forces of
the enemy, the Gauls remained unmolested, and en-
joyed their former freedom, without being much bur-
dened by a war which was waged at a considerable
distance from ttcir borders. But when the tide of
success had again changed in favour of Rome, and
the defeat of Hasdrubal, together with other disasters,
had paralyzed the efforts ofCarthage, they once more
saw their frontiers menaced; Gaul still offered some
resistance, even after that humbled power had been
obliged to sue for peace; but it was weak and una-
? ? /ailing; and about twelve years after the termination
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? GAL
Invaders; and, putting himself at the head of the le-
gions, he defeated Ingcnus, who had usurped the im-
aerial title in Illyricum. But he disgraced his victory
>>y horrible, cruelties. Meantime Probus, Aurelianus,
and other able commanders, were strenuously sup-
porting the honour of the Roman arms in the East,
where Odenatus, prince of Palmyra, acted as a useful
illy to the Romans against the Persians. Usurpers
arose in Egypt, in the Gauls, in Thrace, in almost
every province of the empire, from which circumstance
this period has been styled the reign of the thirty ty-
rants. At last Aureolus, a man of obscure birth, some
? ay a Dacian shepherd originally, but a brave soldier,
was proclaimed emperor by the troops in Illyricum, en-
tered Italy, took possession of Mcdiolanum, and even
marched against Rome while Gallienus was absent.
Gallienus returned quickly, repulsed Aureolus, and de-
feated him in a great battle, near the Addua, after
which the usurper shut himself up in Mediolanum.
Here he was besieged- by Gallienus; but, during the
siege, the emperor was murdered by some conspira-
tors. (Aurel. Vict. , c. 33. -- Eutrop. , 9, 8. -- Zona-
ras. 12, 24, seqq. )
Gallinaria Svlva, a wood in Campania, near Li-
ternum, that furnished timber for the fleet with which
Sextus Pompeius infested the coasts of the Mediter-
ranean. {Strabo, 243. ) Juvenal mentions the spot
as a noted haunt of robbers and assassins. (Sat. , 3,
305. ) Cicero leads us to suppose that this wood lay
on the road from Sinuesss to Naples. (Ad Fam. , 9,
23. ) It is now celled Pineta di Cattel Volturno.
(Praiiili dHla Via Appia, p. 183. )
Gali. ogracia or Galatia, an extensive country of
Asia Minor, occupied by a horde of Gauls. This re-
gion being merely a dismembered portion of ancient
Phrygia, it will only be necessary here, in inquiring
into its former history, to account for its being occu-
pied by the Gauls or Gallo-Graeci, from whom its new
appellations were derived. We collect from Polybius
and Livy (the latter of whom, however, only copies
from the former), that this Asiatic colony was, in fact,
hut a detachment of those vast hordes which had wan-
dered from Gaul under the conduct of Brennus, and
with which that leader had invaded Greece On their
amval in Dardania, a dispute arose between some of
the chiefs and the principal commander, when the dis-
contented troops, to the number of 20,000, determined
to abandon the main body, and seek their fortunes else-
where, under the direction of Leonorius and Lutarius.
They traversed the plains of Thrace, and, encamping
lear Byzantium, were for a time the bane and terror
>>f the citizens, by the devastations they committed.
and the galling tribute they imposed. At length, how-
wer, tempted by the beautiful aspect of the shores of
Asia, and the reputed wealth and fertility of that coun-
try, they were easily induced to listen to the offers of
Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, for entering into his ser-
vice. They accordingly crossed the Bosporus, and
kaving joined the troops of Nicomedes, were of great
assistance to him in his wars with Zibcetes. They
oow obtained a firm footing in Asia Minor; and, though
not more than 20,000 men, and of these not more than
one half furnished with arms, they spread alarm and
consternation throughout the peninsula, and compelled
whole provinces and even empires to pay them tribute.
They even proceeded to divide the whole of Asia Mi-
nor among their three tribes, allotting to each a por-
tion on which it was to levy impositions. The Hel-
? ? lespont was assigned to the Trocmi, ^Eolis and Ionia
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? GAL
GAXllS.
imits ol Gallo-Graccia. It i>> known generally, that to
the west it bordered upon Phrygia Epictetus, and a
portion of Bithynia, north of the Sangarius: on the
north it ranged along the Bilhynian and Paphlagonian
chains, till it met the Halys, which separated it from
Cappadocia towards the east: on the south it was con-
tiguous to Lycaonia and part of Pisidia, till it met
? gain the Phrygian frontier, somewhere between the
sources of the Sangarius and Alander on the north.
{Cramers Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 79, seqq)
Gai. mis, I. Caius or Cnssus Sulpitius, was consul
B. C. 166. His name is honourably connected with
the history of ancient science, sinco he may be regard-
ed as the first individual among the Romans that turn-
ed his attention to astronomical studies. Liry states,
that, when a tribune in the army of Paulus . -Ennlius
in Maccdon, he foretold an eclipse of the moon, first
to the consul, and then, with his leave, to the Roman
army. The eclipse took place on the evening before
the great battle of Pydna, and the Romans, being pre-
pared for it, were under no alarm, while their oppo-
nents were terrified, and deemed it an omen of the fall
of their king Perses. (Lie, 44, 37. --Compare Cic,
de Scvcct. , 16. ) The date of this eclipse was 168
B. C. Now as the tables of Hipparchus only began
with 162 B. C. , Gallus must have availed himself of
Mime (probably Oriental) mode earlier than that of
Hipparchus, but which has not come down to us. A
passage in Pliny (2, 19) would seem to have reference
to a work composed by Gallus, which may have been a
treatise on eclipses, and such, indeed, is the opinion of
Hardouin (Ad Ptin. , I. c). Cicero praises the as-
trcnomical knowledge of Gallus (de Senecl. , 16), and
L vy, Valerius Majumus, and Frontinus have not for
gotten his name. He is said to have repudiated h't
wife because she appesred on one occssion in pub1 c
without a veil. (Vol. Max. , 6,3, 10. )--II. Cornelii s,
a distinguished Roman, ranked among the chief of'he
Liiim elegiac writers, and compared by Quintilian ~*ith
Tibullus, Propertius, ind Ovid. He was born r. i ooor
? id ignoble parents, A. U. C. 685. Forum J>>ilii is said
? o have been the place of his birth (Chrvn. Euseb),
cut there were two towns of tl>>>t /tame within the
boundaries of the Roman empire. The one, since call-
ed Friuii, lay within the district of that name; the other
(now Frejus, in Provence) was situate on the south-
ern coast of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonen-
sis. Some writers have fixed on the former as the
birthplace of Gallus (Hist. Lit. Aquileiensis, lib. 1,8.
--Liruli, Notiz. dell' Vite ed Opere de Let. de Friuii,
vol. 1, p. 2--Tiraboschi, vol. 1, pt. 1, lib. 3, 1), but a
greater number have maintained that he was a native of
Frejus. (Hist. Litt. de la France, par let Bencdictins.
--Fuhrmann, Handbuch, &c, p. 286. --Harles, In-
trod, in Not. Lit. Rom. , vol. 1, p. 333-- Muller, Ein-
leitung, vol. 2, p. 232 ) The Euscbian chronicle is
the authority which places his birth at Forum Julii;
but, owing to a corruption in some of the manuscripts
of that chronicle, Forum Livii being substituted in its
room, a few writers have supposed that he was born
at that town, now Forli, in the Romagna. (Flavins
Blondus, Jtal. lllustrala. --Morgapni, Opv. sc. Miscell. )
From the obscurity of his birth and of his original sit-
uation, little is known concerning the early years of
Gallus. He is first mentioned in history as accompany-
ing Octavius when he marched to Rome, after the bat-
tle of Modena, to demand the consulship. He had
? ? soon so far ingratiated himself with this leader, that we
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? GALLUS.
GALLUS.
throughout all Egypt, and engraving a record of his
exploits on the pyramids. In unguarded hours, and
when under the influence of the double intoxication of
prosperity and wine, he applied to his master the most
opprobrious and insulting expressions. (Iho Can. ,
53, 33. ) Indiscretion and vanity were quickly fol-
lowed by acts of misgovemment and rapine. He
plundered the ancient city of Thebes, and stripped it
of its principal ornaments (Ammianus Mareell. , 16, 4),
? nd he is even said, though on no very certain au-
thority, to have filled up the measure of his offences
by conspiring against the life of the emperor. In con-
sequence of his misconduct, and of those unguard-
ed expressions, which were probably conveyed to his
master, with exaggeration, by some fulsc friend or
enemy, he was recalled in the fifth year of his gov-
ernment; and immediately after his return to Rome,
one of his most intimate friends, called I. argus, stood
forth as bis accuser. Augustus, in the mean while,
forbade him his presence; and the charges, which now
multiplied from every quarter, were brought before the
senate. Though Gallus had many friends among the
poets, he had few among the senators. No one could
refuse verses to Gallus, but a fair hearing was proba-
bly denied him. He was sentenced to perpetual exile,
and his whole property was confiscated. (Dio Cat*. ,
53, 23. ) Unable to endure the humiliation, which
presented such a contrast to his former brilliant for-
tune, he terminated his existence by a voluntary death.
This sad conclusion to his once prosperous career took
place A. U. C. 727, when he was in the forty-third year
of bis age. Augustus is said to have mourned the
death which his severity had thus occasioned; and
Suetonius, in the life of that emperor (c. 66), has de-
scribed the feelings which he expressed on receiving
intelligence of his melancholy fate. But his sorrow
probably was not sincere; and, if wc may believe
Donatus, he ungenerously carried his resentment so far
beyond the tomb, as to command Virgil to expunge
an eulogy on Gallus, which he had introduced near
me conclusion of the Georgics, and to substitute in its
place the story of Aristsus and the bees, which, how-
ever beautiful in itself, does not compensate for the
loss of the poet's delineation of an eminent friend, by
whom i. e was warmly patronised, and whom, in re-
turn, he warmly loved. --The guilt or the misfortunes
of Gallus as a statesman have been long since forgot-
ten, and he is now remembered only as a distinguished
patron of learning, and as an elegant poet. Gallus
was the friend of Pollio and Maccnas, and rivalled
them, through life, as an eminent promoter of the in-
terests of literature. He protected Parthenius Nice-
nus, a Greek author, who bad been brought to Rome
during tho Milhradalic war, and who inscribed to him
bis collection of amorous mythological stories, entitled
ttepi ipuriKuv noBtiiULTuv, declaring, in his dedica-
tion, that he addressed tbe work to Gallus, as likely to
furnish incidents which might be employed by him in
the poems he was then writing. But Gallus is best
known to posterity as the patron of Virgil, whom he
introduced to the notice of Maecenas, and as also in-
strumental in obtaining for him restitution of his farm,
after the partition of the lands among the soldiery.
(Probut, Vit. Virg. ) In gratitude for these and other
favours conferred on him, the Mantuan bard has in-
troduced an elegant compliment to Gallus in the sixth
eclogue; and has devoted the tenth to the celebration
? ? of his passion for Lycoris. The real name of this fe-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? GAN
OAR
OhoabidjE, a people near the mouths of the Gan-
ges. Ptolemy assign-a them a capital, called Ganga
fvegia, on the western aide of the Ganges, which
D'Anville places in latitude 24? flu", and makes the
site to coincide with thai of Raji-mohol. The Gan-
garida* were allies of the Prasii, who lay nearer the
Indus towards the northwest. The united forces of
these two nations awaited the army of Alexander on
l'ic other side of the Hyphasis; but report made them
so formidable for numbers and valour, that the wearied
and alarmed Macedonians refused to cross the stream,
? n spite of all the efforts and remonstrances of their
king. (Justin, 12, 8. --Curl. , 9, 2. --Virg. , JEn. , 3,
27. )
Ganges, a famous river of India, which, in the lan-
guage of Hindustan, is called Padda, and is alsc
named Burra Gonga, or the Great River, and Gonga,
or the river, by way of eminence; and hence the Eu-
ropean name of the stream is derived. The Sanscrit
name of the Ganges (Padda) signifies foot, because
the Brahmins, in their fabulous legends, make the
river to flow from the foot of Beschan, who is the
same with Vischnou, or the preserving deity. This
great stream, together with the Burrampooter, whose
twin-sister it haa not unaptly been denominated, has
its source in the vast mountains of Thibet. It seeks
considered peculiarly holy. The places most super
stitiously revered are the junctions of riven, called
Prayags, the principal of which ii that of the Jumna
with the Ganges at Allahabad. In the British courts
of justice, the water of the Ganges is used for swear
ing Hindus, as the Koran is for Mohammedans, and
the Gospel for Christians. (Malte-Brun, Gcogr. , to!
3, p. 18, scqq. )
Gangiticus Sinus, now the Bay of Bengal, ij to
which the Ganges falls.
Ganyhedks, son of Tros and of Callirhoe daughter
of the Scamander. He was remarkable for his beau
ty, and on this account, according to the legend, was
carried off to Olympus by an eagle, to be the cup-
bearer of Jove, who gave Tros, as a compensation,
some horses of the Olympian breed. (Horn. , 11, 5,
265, sea. --Id. to. , 20, 234, scq. --Horn. , Hymn, 4,
202. ) One of the Cyclic poets (up. Schot. adEurip,
Orest. , 1390) said, that Jupiter gave Laomedon a gold-
en vine for Ganymede.
GALLIA.
(Orig. , 9, 2) ; as did also Solinus and Scrvius. The
Greek writers also followed in the same train, with
few exceptions, notwithstanding an etymology very
popular in Greece, which made the word Umbrian
(Ombrian) to be derived from *0/ity>>r, "a shower,"
"rain. " because the nation in question had, according
to some, escaped from a deluge. The Umbrians were
regarded as one of the most ancient nations of Italy.
{Plin. , 2,14. --Florut, 1,17. ) After long and bloody
conflicts, they drove the Siculi from the country around
tne Pa Now, aa the Siculi passed into Sicily about
1364 D. C. , the Umbrian invasion may have taken
nlace in the course of the 15th century. They be-
came a very powerful race, and their sway extended
from the upper to the lower sea, as far south as the
mouths of the Tiber and Trento. The Etrurian power
eventually put an end to their wide-spread dominion.
The words Umhri, Ombri. and Ombrici, by which the
Romans and the Greeks designated this people, would
seem to have been nothing else but the Gaelic Ambra
or Amhra, which signifies " valiant," "noble;" and to
have been appropriated to itself as a military title by
some invading horde. --The geographical division es-
tablished by the Umbrians is not only in conform :*v
with the customs of the Gallic race, but belongs to
their very language. Umbria was divided into three
provinces: OU-Ombria, or "High Umbria," which
comprised the mountainous country between the Apen-
nines and the Ionian Sea: Is-Ombria, or " Low Um-
bria," which embraced the country around the Po:
and Vil-Ombria, or " Umbria along the shore," which
tut, at a later period, became Etruria. A lthough the
Etrurian influence produced a rapid change in the lan-
guage, religion, and social order of the Umbrians,
there still were preserved among the mountaineers of
C. 'li-Ombria some remarkable traces of the character
and customs of the Gauls: for example, the gsesum or
fail, a weapon both in its invention and name pointing
to a Gallic origin, was always the national Javelin of
the Umbrian peasant. {Liv. , 9, 36. ) The Umbrians,
who had been dispersed by the Etrurian conquerors,
were received as brothers on the banks of the Sadne
md among the Helvetian tribes, where they perpetu-
ated their name of Insubres (Isombres). "Insulres,"
t observes Livy, "pagus AZduorum" (5, 23). Others
found a hospitable reception among the Ligurians of
the Maritime Alps {Plin. . 3, 17, seqq), and carried
thither their name of Ambrones. This alone can ex-
plain a point which has occasioned much perplexity to
historians, and has given rise to numerous contradic-
tory theories; how, namely, a tribe of Alpine Ligurians,
snd another of Hclvetii, warring against each other
under the respective banners of the Romans and the
Cimbri, found, to their great astonishment, that they had
each the ssme name and the same war-cry. {Pint. ,
Vit. Mar. )--From what has been said, it would seem
to result, that upper Italy was conquered in the 15th
century before our. era by a confederation of Gallic
tribes bearing the name of Ambra or Ambrones. --Sa-
nd conquest. The first invasion had been made en
swue, with something of order, and by a single con-
federation ; the second was successive and tumultuous.
During the space of sixty-six years, Gaul poured her
population upon Italy by the Maritime, the Graian, and
the Pennine Alps. If we bear in mind that, about the
same epoch (B. C. 587), an emigration not less consid-
erable took place from Gaul tc Illyria, under the con-
? ? duct of Sigovcsus, we cannot but believe that these
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? GALLI. '.
GALLIA
h'ubeas ; beyond this they styled it Cronium. (Plin. ,
i, 13) These two names are easily explained by the
Cymric language: mar there signifies " sea;" marts,
"to die ;" marwsis, " death ;" and crumn, "congeal-
ed," " frozen :" in Gaelic, croin has the same force:
Murchroinn is "the frozen sea. " (Adelung, altcstc
Gesch der Teutscken, p. 48. --Toland's icveral pieces,
pt. 1, p. 150. )--Ephorus, who lived about the same
period, knew the Cimbri, and gives them the name of
Celts; but in his geographical system, this very vague
denomination designates at the same time a Gaul and
an inhabitant of Western Europe. (Strabo, 803. )
When, between the years 113 and 101 before our era,
a deluge of Cimbri poured its desolating fury on Gaul,
Spain, and Italy, the belief was general, that they came
from the extremities of the West, from the frozen re-
gions bordering on the Northern Ocean, from the Cim-
bric Chersonese, from the shores of the Cimbric The-
tis. (Floras, 3, 3. --Polyatn. , 8,10. --Ammian. Mar-
tell. , 31, 5. --Claudian, BcU. Get. , v. 638. --Plul. , Vit.
Mar. ) In the time of Augustus, the Cimbri occupied
portion of Jutland, and they acknowledged them-
selves to be tho descendants of those who, in a pre-
ceding age, had committed so many ravages. Alarmed
at the conquests of the Romans beyond the Rhine, and
supposing that their object was to inflict vengeance
upon them for the inroad of their ancestors, ihey sent
hi embassy to the emperor to supplicate for pardon.
(Strabo, 292. ) Strabo and Mela (3, 3) place these
Cimbri to the north of the Elbe. Tacitus found them
there in his own time. (Germ. , c. 37. ) Pliny gives
a much more extensive signification to this name of
Cimbri; he would seem to make it a generic term.
He not only, for example, recognises the Cimbri of the
present Jutland, but he speaks also of tho Mediterra-
nean Cimbri (4, 3) in the vicinity of the Rhine, com-
prehending, under . this common appellation, various
Tribes which in other writers bear widely different
names. These Cimbri, inhabiting Jutland and the
countries round about, were generally regarded as
Gauls, that is to say, as belonging to one of the two
races which then held possession of Gaul. Cicero, in
speaking of the great invasion of Cimbri, says in many
places that Marius had conquered the Gauls. In like
manner. Sallust (Bell. Jug. , c. 114) makes Cnepio, who
was defeated by the Cimbri, to have been so by Gauls.
Most of the subsequent writers hold the same lan-
guage : finally, the Cimbric buckler of Marius bore the
figure of a Gaul. To this we may add, that Ceso-rix,
Boio-rix, etc. , names of chieftains in the Cimbric ar-
my, are to all appearance Gallic appellations. --When
we read the details of this terrible invasion, we are
struck with the promptitude and facility with which
the Cimbri and Belgae came to an understanding and
arranged matters among themselves, while all the ca-
lamities of the inroad appear to have fallen on central
and southern Gaul. Cssar informs us, that the Belga!
vigorously sustained the first shock of the invaders, and
arrested the torrent on their frontiers. This msy all
have been so; but we see them almost immediately
after entering into an agreement with each other. Tho
Belga cede to the invaders one of their fortresses,
Aduaticum, in which to deposite their baggage; and the
Cimbri, on their part, leave as a guard for their bag-
gage, which contained all their riches, a body of only
six thousand men, and continue on their way; they
must have been well assured, then, of the fidelity of the
? ? Belgte. After the overthrow of the Cimbri in Italy,
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? UAL 1. 1 A.
GALLIA.
simply says, tint the Cymri came from Asia. (Welsh
Arehaol. , vol. 1, p. 76. ) The Triads and Druidic
bards agree in many particulars respecting the settle-
ment of the Cymri on their arrival in Western Eu-
rope. It was Hu, the powerful, who conducted them:
a priest, a warrior, b legislator, and, after death, a god,
be united in himself all the attributes requisite for the
chief of a theocracy. Now we know that a part of the
tillic race was long subject to the theocratic govern-
ment of the Druids. This name of Hu, was not un-
known to the Greeks and Romans, who give the ap-
iicllatii-n of Hens and Hesus to one of the deities of
Druidism. --The Irish have also their national tradi-
tions, but so confused and evidently fabulous, that it
would be improper to employ them on the present
occasion. They contain, however, one thing which
ooght not to be omitted here, the mention of a people
? . ermed Bolg (Fir-Bolg), who came from the borders
if the Rhine and conquered the south of Ireland. It
? not difficult to recognise in these strangers a colo-
ny of the Belgic Cymri, though nothing probable is
stated respecting their history or their settlement. --
Ammianus Marcellinns (15, 9), or rather Timngenes,
whom he appears to be quoting, gives an ancient tra-
dition of the Gallic Druids concerning the origin of the
nations of Gaul. This tradition stated, that a part of
the Gallic population was indigenous, but that another
part had come from far distant islands and countries be-
yond the Rhine, whence they had been driven by fre-
quent wars and by inundations of the sea. --We find,
then, in the tradition)! history of the Gauls, as well as
in the testimony of foreign writers, and in the charac-
ters of the languages spoken throughout the country,
the fact well established of the division of the Gallic
family into two distinct branches or races.
General Conclusions.
1. The Aquitani and Ligures, though inhabitants of
Gaul, were not of Gallic blood, but belonged to the
Iberian stock.
2. The nations of Gallic blood were divided into
two branchee, the Galli and the Cijmri. The relation-
ship of these two branches to each other is confirmed
by their idioms, their manners and customs, and their
national characters in general. It becomes still more
apparent, however, when we compare with them the
other communities that dwelt in their vicinity, name-
ly, the Iberians, the Italians, and the Germans. And
yet there exists a sufficient diversity in their respective
manners, idioms, and moral characters, to authorize
us to trace a line of demarcation between these two
branches, which is warranted also as well by their na-
tional traditions as by the testimony of history.
3. The origin of the Gallic race belongs to the
East. Their language, their traditions, their history,
in fine, point to Asia as the cradle of their nation.
[Thierry, Histoire des Gaulois, vol. 1, Jntrod. , p. zii. --
Uviii. ) At what period, however, they left their pa-
rrot-home and commenced their migration to the West,
! ? beyond the reach of positive history. On this
,'ioint we are left in a great measure to our own con-
jectures, although Linguistic, or the science of com-
parative philology, furnishes us with aids to the prose-
cution of this inquiry, by no means unimportant in
their character. One thing, at least, is certain, from
in attentive examination of the Celtic language, that
ir. e race who spoke this tongue came first into the
Woe, and in all probability was the first too that sep-
? ? utted from the parent stock. This circumstance,
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? O AL
century of partial conflicts and nine years of general
war under Ccesar. In fine, the names of Caractacus
and Galgacus shed a splendour on the last and ineffect-
ual efforts of British freedom. It is everywhere an
unequal conflict between ardent and undisciplined val-
our on the one hand, and cool and steady perseverance
on the other. --The fourth period comprehends the or-
ganization of Gaul into a Roman province, and the
grad'ial assimilation of transalpine maimers to the cus-
toms and institutions of Italy; a work commenced by
Augustus and completed by Claudius. (Thierry,
Htstoirc des Gamuts, vol. 1, Inlrod. , p. vi. , seqq. )
Gallia Cisalpina, Gaul this side of the Alps, with
reference to Rome, a name given to the northern part
of Italy, as occupied by the Gallic tribes which had
poured over the Alps into this extensive tract of coun-
try. Livy assigns to these migrations of the Gauls as
early a date as the reign of Tarquinius Priscus, that
is, about 600 B. C. Having securely established them-
selves in their new possessions, they proceeded to
make farther inroads into various parts of Italy, and
thus came into contact with the forces of Rome.
More than two hundred years had elapsed from the
time of their first invasion, when they totally defeated
the Roman army on the banks of the Allia, andbecame
masters of Rome itself. The defence of the Capitol
and the exploits of Camillus (Lib, 5, 47, seqq. ), or, ra-
her, if Polybius be correct (2, 18), the gold of the van-
quished, and the dangers which threatened the Gauls at
home, preserved the state. From that time, the Gauls,
though they continued, by frequent incursions, to threat-
en, and even ravage, the territory of Rome, could make
no impression on that power. Though leagued with
the Samnites and Etruscans, they were almost always
unsuccessful. Defeated at Senlium in Umbria, near
the Lake Vadimonis in Etruria, and in a still more de-
cisive action near the port of Telamo in the same
province (Polyb. , 2, 19, seqq. ), they soon found them-
selves forced to contend, not for conquest, but for
existence The same ill success, however, attended
their efforts in their own territory. The progress of the
Roman arms was irresistible; the Gauls were beaten
back from the Adriatic to the Po, from the Po to the
Alps, and soon beheld Roman colonies established and
flourishing in many of the towns which had so lately
been theirs. Notwithstanding these successive disas-
ters their spirit, though curbed, was still unsubdued;
and when the enterprise of Hannibal afforded them an
opportunity of retrieving their losses and wreaking their
vengeance on the foe, they eagerly embraced it. It is
to their zealous co-operation that Polybius ascribes in
a great degree the primary success of that expedition.
By the efficient aid which they afforded Hannibal, he
was enabled to commence operations immediately af-
ttt he had set foot in Italy, and to follow up his ear-
ly success with promptitude and vigour. (Polybius,
3, 66. ) As long as that great commander maintained
his ground and gave employment to all the forces of
the enemy, the Gauls remained unmolested, and en-
joyed their former freedom, without being much bur-
dened by a war which was waged at a considerable
distance from ttcir borders. But when the tide of
success had again changed in favour of Rome, and
the defeat of Hasdrubal, together with other disasters,
had paralyzed the efforts ofCarthage, they once more
saw their frontiers menaced; Gaul still offered some
resistance, even after that humbled power had been
obliged to sue for peace; but it was weak and una-
? ? /ailing; and about twelve years after the termination
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? GAL
Invaders; and, putting himself at the head of the le-
gions, he defeated Ingcnus, who had usurped the im-
aerial title in Illyricum. But he disgraced his victory
>>y horrible, cruelties. Meantime Probus, Aurelianus,
and other able commanders, were strenuously sup-
porting the honour of the Roman arms in the East,
where Odenatus, prince of Palmyra, acted as a useful
illy to the Romans against the Persians. Usurpers
arose in Egypt, in the Gauls, in Thrace, in almost
every province of the empire, from which circumstance
this period has been styled the reign of the thirty ty-
rants. At last Aureolus, a man of obscure birth, some
? ay a Dacian shepherd originally, but a brave soldier,
was proclaimed emperor by the troops in Illyricum, en-
tered Italy, took possession of Mcdiolanum, and even
marched against Rome while Gallienus was absent.
Gallienus returned quickly, repulsed Aureolus, and de-
feated him in a great battle, near the Addua, after
which the usurper shut himself up in Mediolanum.
Here he was besieged- by Gallienus; but, during the
siege, the emperor was murdered by some conspira-
tors. (Aurel. Vict. , c. 33. -- Eutrop. , 9, 8. -- Zona-
ras. 12, 24, seqq. )
Gallinaria Svlva, a wood in Campania, near Li-
ternum, that furnished timber for the fleet with which
Sextus Pompeius infested the coasts of the Mediter-
ranean. {Strabo, 243. ) Juvenal mentions the spot
as a noted haunt of robbers and assassins. (Sat. , 3,
305. ) Cicero leads us to suppose that this wood lay
on the road from Sinuesss to Naples. (Ad Fam. , 9,
23. ) It is now celled Pineta di Cattel Volturno.
(Praiiili dHla Via Appia, p. 183. )
Gali. ogracia or Galatia, an extensive country of
Asia Minor, occupied by a horde of Gauls. This re-
gion being merely a dismembered portion of ancient
Phrygia, it will only be necessary here, in inquiring
into its former history, to account for its being occu-
pied by the Gauls or Gallo-Graeci, from whom its new
appellations were derived. We collect from Polybius
and Livy (the latter of whom, however, only copies
from the former), that this Asiatic colony was, in fact,
hut a detachment of those vast hordes which had wan-
dered from Gaul under the conduct of Brennus, and
with which that leader had invaded Greece On their
amval in Dardania, a dispute arose between some of
the chiefs and the principal commander, when the dis-
contented troops, to the number of 20,000, determined
to abandon the main body, and seek their fortunes else-
where, under the direction of Leonorius and Lutarius.
They traversed the plains of Thrace, and, encamping
lear Byzantium, were for a time the bane and terror
>>f the citizens, by the devastations they committed.
and the galling tribute they imposed. At length, how-
wer, tempted by the beautiful aspect of the shores of
Asia, and the reputed wealth and fertility of that coun-
try, they were easily induced to listen to the offers of
Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, for entering into his ser-
vice. They accordingly crossed the Bosporus, and
kaving joined the troops of Nicomedes, were of great
assistance to him in his wars with Zibcetes. They
oow obtained a firm footing in Asia Minor; and, though
not more than 20,000 men, and of these not more than
one half furnished with arms, they spread alarm and
consternation throughout the peninsula, and compelled
whole provinces and even empires to pay them tribute.
They even proceeded to divide the whole of Asia Mi-
nor among their three tribes, allotting to each a por-
tion on which it was to levy impositions. The Hel-
? ? lespont was assigned to the Trocmi, ^Eolis and Ionia
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? GAL
GAXllS.
imits ol Gallo-Graccia. It i>> known generally, that to
the west it bordered upon Phrygia Epictetus, and a
portion of Bithynia, north of the Sangarius: on the
north it ranged along the Bilhynian and Paphlagonian
chains, till it met the Halys, which separated it from
Cappadocia towards the east: on the south it was con-
tiguous to Lycaonia and part of Pisidia, till it met
? gain the Phrygian frontier, somewhere between the
sources of the Sangarius and Alander on the north.
{Cramers Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 79, seqq)
Gai. mis, I. Caius or Cnssus Sulpitius, was consul
B. C. 166. His name is honourably connected with
the history of ancient science, sinco he may be regard-
ed as the first individual among the Romans that turn-
ed his attention to astronomical studies. Liry states,
that, when a tribune in the army of Paulus . -Ennlius
in Maccdon, he foretold an eclipse of the moon, first
to the consul, and then, with his leave, to the Roman
army. The eclipse took place on the evening before
the great battle of Pydna, and the Romans, being pre-
pared for it, were under no alarm, while their oppo-
nents were terrified, and deemed it an omen of the fall
of their king Perses. (Lie, 44, 37. --Compare Cic,
de Scvcct. , 16. ) The date of this eclipse was 168
B. C. Now as the tables of Hipparchus only began
with 162 B. C. , Gallus must have availed himself of
Mime (probably Oriental) mode earlier than that of
Hipparchus, but which has not come down to us. A
passage in Pliny (2, 19) would seem to have reference
to a work composed by Gallus, which may have been a
treatise on eclipses, and such, indeed, is the opinion of
Hardouin (Ad Ptin. , I. c). Cicero praises the as-
trcnomical knowledge of Gallus (de Senecl. , 16), and
L vy, Valerius Majumus, and Frontinus have not for
gotten his name. He is said to have repudiated h't
wife because she appesred on one occssion in pub1 c
without a veil. (Vol. Max. , 6,3, 10. )--II. Cornelii s,
a distinguished Roman, ranked among the chief of'he
Liiim elegiac writers, and compared by Quintilian ~*ith
Tibullus, Propertius, ind Ovid. He was born r. i ooor
? id ignoble parents, A. U. C. 685. Forum J>>ilii is said
? o have been the place of his birth (Chrvn. Euseb),
cut there were two towns of tl>>>t /tame within the
boundaries of the Roman empire. The one, since call-
ed Friuii, lay within the district of that name; the other
(now Frejus, in Provence) was situate on the south-
ern coast of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonen-
sis. Some writers have fixed on the former as the
birthplace of Gallus (Hist. Lit. Aquileiensis, lib. 1,8.
--Liruli, Notiz. dell' Vite ed Opere de Let. de Friuii,
vol. 1, p. 2--Tiraboschi, vol. 1, pt. 1, lib. 3, 1), but a
greater number have maintained that he was a native of
Frejus. (Hist. Litt. de la France, par let Bencdictins.
--Fuhrmann, Handbuch, &c, p. 286. --Harles, In-
trod, in Not. Lit. Rom. , vol. 1, p. 333-- Muller, Ein-
leitung, vol. 2, p. 232 ) The Euscbian chronicle is
the authority which places his birth at Forum Julii;
but, owing to a corruption in some of the manuscripts
of that chronicle, Forum Livii being substituted in its
room, a few writers have supposed that he was born
at that town, now Forli, in the Romagna. (Flavins
Blondus, Jtal. lllustrala. --Morgapni, Opv. sc. Miscell. )
From the obscurity of his birth and of his original sit-
uation, little is known concerning the early years of
Gallus. He is first mentioned in history as accompany-
ing Octavius when he marched to Rome, after the bat-
tle of Modena, to demand the consulship. He had
? ? soon so far ingratiated himself with this leader, that we
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? GALLUS.
GALLUS.
throughout all Egypt, and engraving a record of his
exploits on the pyramids. In unguarded hours, and
when under the influence of the double intoxication of
prosperity and wine, he applied to his master the most
opprobrious and insulting expressions. (Iho Can. ,
53, 33. ) Indiscretion and vanity were quickly fol-
lowed by acts of misgovemment and rapine. He
plundered the ancient city of Thebes, and stripped it
of its principal ornaments (Ammianus Mareell. , 16, 4),
? nd he is even said, though on no very certain au-
thority, to have filled up the measure of his offences
by conspiring against the life of the emperor. In con-
sequence of his misconduct, and of those unguard-
ed expressions, which were probably conveyed to his
master, with exaggeration, by some fulsc friend or
enemy, he was recalled in the fifth year of his gov-
ernment; and immediately after his return to Rome,
one of his most intimate friends, called I. argus, stood
forth as bis accuser. Augustus, in the mean while,
forbade him his presence; and the charges, which now
multiplied from every quarter, were brought before the
senate. Though Gallus had many friends among the
poets, he had few among the senators. No one could
refuse verses to Gallus, but a fair hearing was proba-
bly denied him. He was sentenced to perpetual exile,
and his whole property was confiscated. (Dio Cat*. ,
53, 23. ) Unable to endure the humiliation, which
presented such a contrast to his former brilliant for-
tune, he terminated his existence by a voluntary death.
This sad conclusion to his once prosperous career took
place A. U. C. 727, when he was in the forty-third year
of bis age. Augustus is said to have mourned the
death which his severity had thus occasioned; and
Suetonius, in the life of that emperor (c. 66), has de-
scribed the feelings which he expressed on receiving
intelligence of his melancholy fate. But his sorrow
probably was not sincere; and, if wc may believe
Donatus, he ungenerously carried his resentment so far
beyond the tomb, as to command Virgil to expunge
an eulogy on Gallus, which he had introduced near
me conclusion of the Georgics, and to substitute in its
place the story of Aristsus and the bees, which, how-
ever beautiful in itself, does not compensate for the
loss of the poet's delineation of an eminent friend, by
whom i. e was warmly patronised, and whom, in re-
turn, he warmly loved. --The guilt or the misfortunes
of Gallus as a statesman have been long since forgot-
ten, and he is now remembered only as a distinguished
patron of learning, and as an elegant poet. Gallus
was the friend of Pollio and Maccnas, and rivalled
them, through life, as an eminent promoter of the in-
terests of literature. He protected Parthenius Nice-
nus, a Greek author, who bad been brought to Rome
during tho Milhradalic war, and who inscribed to him
bis collection of amorous mythological stories, entitled
ttepi ipuriKuv noBtiiULTuv, declaring, in his dedica-
tion, that he addressed tbe work to Gallus, as likely to
furnish incidents which might be employed by him in
the poems he was then writing. But Gallus is best
known to posterity as the patron of Virgil, whom he
introduced to the notice of Maecenas, and as also in-
strumental in obtaining for him restitution of his farm,
after the partition of the lands among the soldiery.
(Probut, Vit. Virg. ) In gratitude for these and other
favours conferred on him, the Mantuan bard has in-
troduced an elegant compliment to Gallus in the sixth
eclogue; and has devoted the tenth to the celebration
? ? of his passion for Lycoris. The real name of this fe-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? GAN
OAR
OhoabidjE, a people near the mouths of the Gan-
ges. Ptolemy assign-a them a capital, called Ganga
fvegia, on the western aide of the Ganges, which
D'Anville places in latitude 24? flu", and makes the
site to coincide with thai of Raji-mohol. The Gan-
garida* were allies of the Prasii, who lay nearer the
Indus towards the northwest. The united forces of
these two nations awaited the army of Alexander on
l'ic other side of the Hyphasis; but report made them
so formidable for numbers and valour, that the wearied
and alarmed Macedonians refused to cross the stream,
? n spite of all the efforts and remonstrances of their
king. (Justin, 12, 8. --Curl. , 9, 2. --Virg. , JEn. , 3,
27. )
Ganges, a famous river of India, which, in the lan-
guage of Hindustan, is called Padda, and is alsc
named Burra Gonga, or the Great River, and Gonga,
or the river, by way of eminence; and hence the Eu-
ropean name of the stream is derived. The Sanscrit
name of the Ganges (Padda) signifies foot, because
the Brahmins, in their fabulous legends, make the
river to flow from the foot of Beschan, who is the
same with Vischnou, or the preserving deity. This
great stream, together with the Burrampooter, whose
twin-sister it haa not unaptly been denominated, has
its source in the vast mountains of Thibet. It seeks
considered peculiarly holy. The places most super
stitiously revered are the junctions of riven, called
Prayags, the principal of which ii that of the Jumna
with the Ganges at Allahabad. In the British courts
of justice, the water of the Ganges is used for swear
ing Hindus, as the Koran is for Mohammedans, and
the Gospel for Christians. (Malte-Brun, Gcogr. , to!
3, p. 18, scqq. )
Gangiticus Sinus, now the Bay of Bengal, ij to
which the Ganges falls.
Ganyhedks, son of Tros and of Callirhoe daughter
of the Scamander. He was remarkable for his beau
ty, and on this account, according to the legend, was
carried off to Olympus by an eagle, to be the cup-
bearer of Jove, who gave Tros, as a compensation,
some horses of the Olympian breed. (Horn. , 11, 5,
265, sea. --Id. to. , 20, 234, scq. --Horn. , Hymn, 4,
202. ) One of the Cyclic poets (up. Schot. adEurip,
Orest. , 1390) said, that Jupiter gave Laomedon a gold-
en vine for Ganymede.
