§ 3), and
ANTIPHUS
('ALT100s).
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
Clem.
Alex.
Strom.
i.
p.
365.
) Antiphon cially in those actually spoken by Antiphon's clients.
was thus the first who regulated practical eloquence (No. 1, 14, and 15. ) His language is pure and
by certain theoretical laws, and he opened a school correct, and in the three ortions mentioned above,
in which he taught rhetoric. Thucydides, the of remarkable clearness. The treatment and solu-
historian, a pupil of Antiphon, speaks of his tion of the point at issue are always striking and
master with the highest esteem, and many of interesting. (Dionys. Jud. de Thucyd. 51, Deinosth.
the excellencies of his style are ascribed by the 8; Phot. p. 485. )
ancients to the influence of Antiphon. (Schol. ad The ancients possessed sixty orations of different
Thuc. iv. p. 312, ed. Bekker; comp. Dionys. Hal kinds which went by the name of Antiphon, but
de Comp. Verb. 10. ) At the same time, Antiphon Caecilius, a rhetorician of the Augustan age, de-
occupied himself with writing speeches for others, clared twenty-five to be spurious. (Plut. Vil. X.
who delivered them in the courts of justice; and Orat. p. 833, b. ; Phot. I. c. )
We now possess
as he was the first who received money for such only fifteen orations of Antiphon, three of which
orations--a practice which subsequently became were written by him for others, viz. No. 1. Karn-
quite general – he was severely attacked and ridi-γορία φαρμακείας κατά της μητρυιάς ; Νο. 14. Περί
culed, especially by the comic writers, Plato and Toû 'Hpadov pórov, and No. 15. Tepà Toù xopevtoŲ.
Peisander. (Philostr. I. c. ; Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. The remaining twelve were written as specimens
833, c. ) These attacks, however, may also have for his school or exercises on fictitious cases. They
been owing to his political opinions, for he belonged are a peculiar phenomenon in the history of ancient
to the oligarchical party. This unpopularity, to oratory, for they are divided into three tetralogies,
gether with his own reserved character, prevented each of which consists of four orations, two accusa-
his ever appearing as a speaker either in the courts tions and two defences on the same subject. The
or the assembly; and the only time he spoke in subject of the first tetralogy is a murder, the per-
public was in B. c. 411, when he defended himself petrator of which is yet unknown ; that of the
against the charge of treachery. (Thuc. viii. 68; second an unpremeditated murder; and that of the
Lys. c. Eratosth. p. 427; Cic. Brut. 12. )
third a murder committed in self-defence. The clear-
The history of Antiphon's career as a politician ness which distinguishes his other three orations is
is for the most part involved in great obscurity, not perceptible in these tetralogies, which arises in
which is in a great measure owing to the fact, that part from the corrupt and mutilated state in which
Antiphon the orator is frequently confounded by they have come down to us. A great number of
ancient writers with Antiphon the interpreter of the orations of Antiphon, and in fact all those
signs, and Antiphon the tragic poet. Plutarch which are extant, have for their subject the com-
(1. c. ) and Philostratus (Vit. Soph. i. 15. $ 1) men mission of a murder, whence they are sometimes
tion some events in which he was engaged, but referred to under the name of Toyoi poviKoſ. (Her-
Thucydides seems to have known nothing about mog. de Form. Orat. p. 496, &c. ; Ammon. s. e.
them. The only part of his public life of which everunua. ) The genuineness of the extant orations
the detail is known, is that connected with the has been the subject of much discussion, but the
revolution of B. C. 411, and the establishment of best critics are at present pretty nearly agreed that
the oligarchical government of the Four Hundred. all are really the works of Antiphon. As to the
The person chiefly instrumental in bringing it historical or antiquarian value of the three real
about was Peisander ; but, according to the express speeches--the tetralogies must be left out of the
testimony of Thucydides, Antiphon was the man question here-it must be remarked, that they
who had done everything to prepare the change, contain more information than any other ancient
and had drawn up the plan of it. (Comp. Philostr. work respecting the mode of proceeding in the
1. C. ; Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. 832, f. ) On the over- criminal courts of Athens. All the orations of
throw of the oligarchical government six months Antiphon are printed in the collections of the Attic
after its establishment, Antiphon was brought to orators edited by Aldus, H. Stephens, Reiske,
trial for having attempted to negotiate peace with Bekker, Dobson, and others. The best separate
Sparta, and was condemned to death. His speech editions are those of Baiter and Sauppe, Zürich,
in defence of himself is stated by Thucydides (viii. 1838, 16mo. , and of E. Mätzner, Berlin, 1838, 8vo.
68 ; comp. Cic. Brut. 12) to have been the ablest Besides these orations, the ancients ascribe to
that was ever made by any man in similar circum- Antiphon, 1. A Rhetoric (Téxon Stopind) in three
It is now lost, but was known to the books. (Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. 832, d. ; Phot. I. c. ;
ancients, and is referred to by Harpocration (s. v. Quintil. iü. ). S 10. ) When it is said, that he
στασιώτης), who calls it λόγος περί μεταστάσεως. I was the first who wrote a work on rhetoric, this
His property was confiscated, his house razed to statement must be limited to the theory of oratory
the ground, and on the site of it a tablet was in the courts of justice and in the assembly ; for
erected with the inscription "Antiphon the traitor. " treatises on the art of composing show-speeches
His remains were not allowed to be buried in Artic had been written by several sophists before him.
ground, his children, as well as any one who should The work is occasionally referred to by ancient
adopt then, were punished with atimia. (Plut. l. c. ) rhetoricians and grammarians, but it is now lost.
As an orator, Antiphon was highly esteemed by 2. Tipoolula kal ériaoyo, seem to have been model
the ancients. Hermogenes (de Form. Orat. p. 497) speeches or exercises for the use of himself or his
says of his orations, that they were clear, true in scholars, and it is not improbable that his tetralo-
the expression of feeling, and faithful to nature, gies may hare belonged to them. (Suid. s. rv. & uan
and consequently convincing. Others say, that aldnotai, uoxonpós ; Phot. Lex. s. r. moxonpós. )
his orations were beautiful but not graceful, or The best modern works on Antiphon are: P. van
that they had something austere or antique about / Spaan (Ruhnken), Dissertatio historica de Auto-
stances.
v.
## p. 207 (#227) ############################################
ANTIPHON.
207
ANTISTHENES.
phonte, Oratore Attico, Leyden, 1765, 4to. , reprinted 7. A Greek author, who wrote an account of
in Ruhnken's Opuscula, and in Reiske's and Dob men distinguished for virtue (nepl twv év apetin
Bon's Greek orators; Taylor, Lect. Lysiuc. vii. p. *PWTEVOÁVtwv), one of whom was Pythagoras.
268, &c. , ed. Reisko; Westermann, Geschichte der (Diog. Laërt. viii. 3 ; Porphyr. de Vit. Pythag. p. 9. )
Griech. Bered samkeit, SS 40 and 41.
8. A writer on agriculturc, mentioned by Athe-
2. A tragic poet, whom Plutarch (Vit. X. Orat. naeus. (xiv. p. 650. )
(L. S. )
p. 833), Philostratus (l'it. Soph. i. 15.
§ 3), and ANTIPHUS ('ALT100s). 1. A son of Priam
others, confound with the Attic orator Anti- and Hecuba. (Hom. I. iv. 490 ; Apollod. iii. 12.
phon, who was put to death at Athens in B. C. $ 5. ) While he was tending the flocks on mount
411.
Now Antiphon the tragic poet lived at 1da with his brother Isus, he was made prisoner
Syracuse, at the court of the elder Dionysius, by Achilles, but was restored to freedom after a
who did not assume the tyranny till the year ransom was given for him. He afterwards fell by
B. C. 406, that is, five years after the death of the hands of Agamemnon. (Hom. Il. ix. 101, &c. )
the Attic orator. The poet Antiphon is said to 2. A son of Thessalus, and one of the Greek
tyrant, who is not known to have shewn his pas joined the Greeks with thirty ships, and com-
sion for writing poetry until the latter period of manded the men of Carpathos, Casos, Cos, and
his life. These circumstances alone, if there were other islands. (Hom. I. ii. 675, &c. ) According
not many others, would shew that the orator and to Hyginus (Fab. 97) he was a son of Mnesylus
the poet were two different persons, and that the and Chalciope. Four other mythical personages of
latter must have survived the former many years. this name are mentioned in Hom. Il. ii. 846, Oi.
The poet was put to death by the tyrant, accord- ii. 19, xvii. 68; Apollod. i. 7. $ 3. (L. S. )
ing to some accounts, for having used a sarcastic ANTI'STATES, CALLAESCHRUS, ANTI-
expression in regard to tyranny, or, according to MA'CHIDES, and PORI'NOS, were the archi-
others, for baving imprudently censured the ty- tects who laid the foundations of the temple of
rant's compositions. (Plut. , Philostr. U. cc. ; Aris Zeus Olympius at Athens, under Peisistratus.
tot. Rhet. ü. 6. ) We still know the titles of five (Vitruv. vii. Praef. $ 15. )
[P. S. )
of Antiphon's tragedies: viz. Meleager, Andro- ANTI'STHENES ('AVTio Oévms), an AGRIGEN-
mache, Medein, Jason, and Philoctetes. (Bode, TINE, is mentioned by Diodorus (xiii. 84) as an
Gesch. der Dram. Dichtk. der Hellen. i. p. 554, &c. ) instance of the immense wealth which private citi-
3. Of Athens, a sophist and an epic poet. zens possessed at Agrigentum. When his daughter
Suidas, who says that he was surnamed noyo- was married, more than 800 carriages went in the
máveipus, and others state, that he occupied him- nuptial procession.
self with the interpretation of signs. He wrote ANTI'STHENES ('Artionévns), a Cynic
a work on the interpretation of dreams, which philosopher, the son of Antisthenes, an Athenian,
is referred to by Artemidorus, Cicero, and others. was the founder of the sect of the Cynics, which
(Artemid. Oneirocr. ii. 14; Cic. de Divin. i. 20, of all the Greek schools of philosophy was per-
51, ii. 70. ) He is unquestionably the same per haps the most devoid of any scientific purpose.
son as the Antiphon who was an opponent of He flourished B. C. 366 (Diod. xv. 76), and his
Socrates, and who is mentioned by Xenophon mother was a Thracian (Suidas, s. v. ; Diog.
(Memorab. i. 6. & 1; compare Diog. Laërt. ii. 46; Laërt. vi. 1), though some say a Phrygian, an
Senec. Controv. 9), and must be distinguished from opinion probably derived from his replying to
the rhetorician Antiphon of Rhamnus, as well as a man who reviled him as not being a genuine
from the tragic poet of the same nanie, although Athenian citizen, that the inother of the gods was
the ancients themselves appear to have been doubt- a Phrygian. In his youth he fought at Tanagra
ful as to who the Antiphon mentioned by Xeno- (B. c. 426), and was a disciple first of Gorgias, and
phon really was. (Ruhnken, Opusculc, i. pp. 148, then of Socrates, whom he never quitted, and at
&c. , 169, &c. , ed. Friedemann. ) Not a line of his whose death he was present. (Plat. Phaed. § 59. )
poems is extant.
He never forgave his master's persecutors, and is
4. The youngest brother of Plato, whose name even said to have been instrumental in procuring
the philosopher has immortalised in his dialogue their punishment. (Diog. Laërt. vi. 10. )
lle
" Parmenides. ” (Plut. de Frat. Amor. p. 484, £) survived the battle of Leuctra (B. C. 371), as he is
The father of Plato's wife was likewise called reported to have compared the victory of the
Antiphon. (Plut. de Genio Socrat. )
Thebans to a set of schoolboys beating their mas-
5. An Athenian, and a contemporary of De ter (Plut. Lycurg. 30), and died at Athens, ai the
mosthenes. For some offence his name was age of 70. (Eudocia, Violarium, p. 56. ) He
effaced from the list of Athenian citizens, where taught in the Cynosarges
, a gymnasium for the use
upon be went to Philip of Macedonia. He of Athenians born of foreign mothers, near the
pledged himself to the king, that he would de temple of Hercules. Hence probably his followers
stroy by fire the Athenian arsenal in Peiraeeus; were called Cynics, though the Scholiast on Aristotle
but when he arrived there with this intention, (p. 23, Brandis) deduces the name from the habits of
he was arrested by Demosthenes and accused of the school, either their dog-like neglect of all furins
treachery. He was found guilty, and put to and usages of society, sleeping in tubs and in the
death in B. c. 342. (Dem. de Coron. p. 271; streets, and eating whatever they could find, or
Stecbow, de Aeschinis Orat. Vita, p. 73, &c. ; AES from their shameless insolence, or else their perti-
CHINES, p. 38. )
nacious adherence to their own opinions, or lastly
6. A Greek' sophist, who lived before the time from their habit of driving from them all whom
of Aristotle, and whose opinions respecting the they thought unfit for a philosophical life. His
quadrature of the circle, and the genesis of things, writings were very numerous, and chiefly dialogies,
are mentioned by this philosopher. (Aristot. So some of them being vehement attacks on his con-
phist. Elench. i. 10, Phys. i. 2, ii. 1. )
tempomaries, as on Alcibiades in the second of his
## p. 208 (#228) ############################################
208
ANTISTIENES.
ANTISTIIEXES.
e.
two works entitled Cyrus, on Gorgias in his Arche- | any sensible representation, since he is unlike any
laus and a most furious one on Plato in his Sutho. being on earth. . (Clem. Alex. Strom. v. p. 601. )
(Athen. v. p. 220, b. ) lis style was pure and ele- Hle probably held just views of providence, shew-
gant, and Theopompus even said that Plato stole ing the sufficiency of virtue for happiness by the
from him many of his thoughts. (Athen. xi. p. fact, that out ward events are regulated by God so
508, c. ) Cicero, however, calls him “homo acu- as to benefit the wise. Such, at least, was the
tus magis quam eruditus" (ad. Att. xii. 38), and view of his pupil Diogenes of Sinope, and seems
it is impossible that his writings could have de involved in his own statement, that all which be
served any higher praise. He poscssed consider longs to others is truly the property of the wise
able powers of wit and sarcasm, and was fond of man. Of his logic we hear that he held definitions
playing upon words ; saying, for instance, that he to be impossible, since we can only say that every
would rather fall among Kopákes than Kohákes, for individual is what it is and can give no more than
the one devour the dead, but the other the living; a description of its qualities, e. g. that silver is like
and that one of his pupils stood in need Biblia- tin in colour. (Arist. Met. viii. 3.
was thus the first who regulated practical eloquence (No. 1, 14, and 15. ) His language is pure and
by certain theoretical laws, and he opened a school correct, and in the three ortions mentioned above,
in which he taught rhetoric. Thucydides, the of remarkable clearness. The treatment and solu-
historian, a pupil of Antiphon, speaks of his tion of the point at issue are always striking and
master with the highest esteem, and many of interesting. (Dionys. Jud. de Thucyd. 51, Deinosth.
the excellencies of his style are ascribed by the 8; Phot. p. 485. )
ancients to the influence of Antiphon. (Schol. ad The ancients possessed sixty orations of different
Thuc. iv. p. 312, ed. Bekker; comp. Dionys. Hal kinds which went by the name of Antiphon, but
de Comp. Verb. 10. ) At the same time, Antiphon Caecilius, a rhetorician of the Augustan age, de-
occupied himself with writing speeches for others, clared twenty-five to be spurious. (Plut. Vil. X.
who delivered them in the courts of justice; and Orat. p. 833, b. ; Phot. I. c. )
We now possess
as he was the first who received money for such only fifteen orations of Antiphon, three of which
orations--a practice which subsequently became were written by him for others, viz. No. 1. Karn-
quite general – he was severely attacked and ridi-γορία φαρμακείας κατά της μητρυιάς ; Νο. 14. Περί
culed, especially by the comic writers, Plato and Toû 'Hpadov pórov, and No. 15. Tepà Toù xopevtoŲ.
Peisander. (Philostr. I. c. ; Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. The remaining twelve were written as specimens
833, c. ) These attacks, however, may also have for his school or exercises on fictitious cases. They
been owing to his political opinions, for he belonged are a peculiar phenomenon in the history of ancient
to the oligarchical party. This unpopularity, to oratory, for they are divided into three tetralogies,
gether with his own reserved character, prevented each of which consists of four orations, two accusa-
his ever appearing as a speaker either in the courts tions and two defences on the same subject. The
or the assembly; and the only time he spoke in subject of the first tetralogy is a murder, the per-
public was in B. c. 411, when he defended himself petrator of which is yet unknown ; that of the
against the charge of treachery. (Thuc. viii. 68; second an unpremeditated murder; and that of the
Lys. c. Eratosth. p. 427; Cic. Brut. 12. )
third a murder committed in self-defence. The clear-
The history of Antiphon's career as a politician ness which distinguishes his other three orations is
is for the most part involved in great obscurity, not perceptible in these tetralogies, which arises in
which is in a great measure owing to the fact, that part from the corrupt and mutilated state in which
Antiphon the orator is frequently confounded by they have come down to us. A great number of
ancient writers with Antiphon the interpreter of the orations of Antiphon, and in fact all those
signs, and Antiphon the tragic poet. Plutarch which are extant, have for their subject the com-
(1. c. ) and Philostratus (Vit. Soph. i. 15. $ 1) men mission of a murder, whence they are sometimes
tion some events in which he was engaged, but referred to under the name of Toyoi poviKoſ. (Her-
Thucydides seems to have known nothing about mog. de Form. Orat. p. 496, &c. ; Ammon. s. e.
them. The only part of his public life of which everunua. ) The genuineness of the extant orations
the detail is known, is that connected with the has been the subject of much discussion, but the
revolution of B. C. 411, and the establishment of best critics are at present pretty nearly agreed that
the oligarchical government of the Four Hundred. all are really the works of Antiphon. As to the
The person chiefly instrumental in bringing it historical or antiquarian value of the three real
about was Peisander ; but, according to the express speeches--the tetralogies must be left out of the
testimony of Thucydides, Antiphon was the man question here-it must be remarked, that they
who had done everything to prepare the change, contain more information than any other ancient
and had drawn up the plan of it. (Comp. Philostr. work respecting the mode of proceeding in the
1. C. ; Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. 832, f. ) On the over- criminal courts of Athens. All the orations of
throw of the oligarchical government six months Antiphon are printed in the collections of the Attic
after its establishment, Antiphon was brought to orators edited by Aldus, H. Stephens, Reiske,
trial for having attempted to negotiate peace with Bekker, Dobson, and others. The best separate
Sparta, and was condemned to death. His speech editions are those of Baiter and Sauppe, Zürich,
in defence of himself is stated by Thucydides (viii. 1838, 16mo. , and of E. Mätzner, Berlin, 1838, 8vo.
68 ; comp. Cic. Brut. 12) to have been the ablest Besides these orations, the ancients ascribe to
that was ever made by any man in similar circum- Antiphon, 1. A Rhetoric (Téxon Stopind) in three
It is now lost, but was known to the books. (Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. 832, d. ; Phot. I. c. ;
ancients, and is referred to by Harpocration (s. v. Quintil. iü. ). S 10. ) When it is said, that he
στασιώτης), who calls it λόγος περί μεταστάσεως. I was the first who wrote a work on rhetoric, this
His property was confiscated, his house razed to statement must be limited to the theory of oratory
the ground, and on the site of it a tablet was in the courts of justice and in the assembly ; for
erected with the inscription "Antiphon the traitor. " treatises on the art of composing show-speeches
His remains were not allowed to be buried in Artic had been written by several sophists before him.
ground, his children, as well as any one who should The work is occasionally referred to by ancient
adopt then, were punished with atimia. (Plut. l. c. ) rhetoricians and grammarians, but it is now lost.
As an orator, Antiphon was highly esteemed by 2. Tipoolula kal ériaoyo, seem to have been model
the ancients. Hermogenes (de Form. Orat. p. 497) speeches or exercises for the use of himself or his
says of his orations, that they were clear, true in scholars, and it is not improbable that his tetralo-
the expression of feeling, and faithful to nature, gies may hare belonged to them. (Suid. s. rv. & uan
and consequently convincing. Others say, that aldnotai, uoxonpós ; Phot. Lex. s. r. moxonpós. )
his orations were beautiful but not graceful, or The best modern works on Antiphon are: P. van
that they had something austere or antique about / Spaan (Ruhnken), Dissertatio historica de Auto-
stances.
v.
## p. 207 (#227) ############################################
ANTIPHON.
207
ANTISTHENES.
phonte, Oratore Attico, Leyden, 1765, 4to. , reprinted 7. A Greek author, who wrote an account of
in Ruhnken's Opuscula, and in Reiske's and Dob men distinguished for virtue (nepl twv év apetin
Bon's Greek orators; Taylor, Lect. Lysiuc. vii. p. *PWTEVOÁVtwv), one of whom was Pythagoras.
268, &c. , ed. Reisko; Westermann, Geschichte der (Diog. Laërt. viii. 3 ; Porphyr. de Vit. Pythag. p. 9. )
Griech. Bered samkeit, SS 40 and 41.
8. A writer on agriculturc, mentioned by Athe-
2. A tragic poet, whom Plutarch (Vit. X. Orat. naeus. (xiv. p. 650. )
(L. S. )
p. 833), Philostratus (l'it. Soph. i. 15.
§ 3), and ANTIPHUS ('ALT100s). 1. A son of Priam
others, confound with the Attic orator Anti- and Hecuba. (Hom. I. iv. 490 ; Apollod. iii. 12.
phon, who was put to death at Athens in B. C. $ 5. ) While he was tending the flocks on mount
411.
Now Antiphon the tragic poet lived at 1da with his brother Isus, he was made prisoner
Syracuse, at the court of the elder Dionysius, by Achilles, but was restored to freedom after a
who did not assume the tyranny till the year ransom was given for him. He afterwards fell by
B. C. 406, that is, five years after the death of the hands of Agamemnon. (Hom. Il. ix. 101, &c. )
the Attic orator. The poet Antiphon is said to 2. A son of Thessalus, and one of the Greek
tyrant, who is not known to have shewn his pas joined the Greeks with thirty ships, and com-
sion for writing poetry until the latter period of manded the men of Carpathos, Casos, Cos, and
his life. These circumstances alone, if there were other islands. (Hom. I. ii. 675, &c. ) According
not many others, would shew that the orator and to Hyginus (Fab. 97) he was a son of Mnesylus
the poet were two different persons, and that the and Chalciope. Four other mythical personages of
latter must have survived the former many years. this name are mentioned in Hom. Il. ii. 846, Oi.
The poet was put to death by the tyrant, accord- ii. 19, xvii. 68; Apollod. i. 7. $ 3. (L. S. )
ing to some accounts, for having used a sarcastic ANTI'STATES, CALLAESCHRUS, ANTI-
expression in regard to tyranny, or, according to MA'CHIDES, and PORI'NOS, were the archi-
others, for baving imprudently censured the ty- tects who laid the foundations of the temple of
rant's compositions. (Plut. , Philostr. U. cc. ; Aris Zeus Olympius at Athens, under Peisistratus.
tot. Rhet. ü. 6. ) We still know the titles of five (Vitruv. vii. Praef. $ 15. )
[P. S. )
of Antiphon's tragedies: viz. Meleager, Andro- ANTI'STHENES ('AVTio Oévms), an AGRIGEN-
mache, Medein, Jason, and Philoctetes. (Bode, TINE, is mentioned by Diodorus (xiii. 84) as an
Gesch. der Dram. Dichtk. der Hellen. i. p. 554, &c. ) instance of the immense wealth which private citi-
3. Of Athens, a sophist and an epic poet. zens possessed at Agrigentum. When his daughter
Suidas, who says that he was surnamed noyo- was married, more than 800 carriages went in the
máveipus, and others state, that he occupied him- nuptial procession.
self with the interpretation of signs. He wrote ANTI'STHENES ('Artionévns), a Cynic
a work on the interpretation of dreams, which philosopher, the son of Antisthenes, an Athenian,
is referred to by Artemidorus, Cicero, and others. was the founder of the sect of the Cynics, which
(Artemid. Oneirocr. ii. 14; Cic. de Divin. i. 20, of all the Greek schools of philosophy was per-
51, ii. 70. ) He is unquestionably the same per haps the most devoid of any scientific purpose.
son as the Antiphon who was an opponent of He flourished B. C. 366 (Diod. xv. 76), and his
Socrates, and who is mentioned by Xenophon mother was a Thracian (Suidas, s. v. ; Diog.
(Memorab. i. 6. & 1; compare Diog. Laërt. ii. 46; Laërt. vi. 1), though some say a Phrygian, an
Senec. Controv. 9), and must be distinguished from opinion probably derived from his replying to
the rhetorician Antiphon of Rhamnus, as well as a man who reviled him as not being a genuine
from the tragic poet of the same nanie, although Athenian citizen, that the inother of the gods was
the ancients themselves appear to have been doubt- a Phrygian. In his youth he fought at Tanagra
ful as to who the Antiphon mentioned by Xeno- (B. c. 426), and was a disciple first of Gorgias, and
phon really was. (Ruhnken, Opusculc, i. pp. 148, then of Socrates, whom he never quitted, and at
&c. , 169, &c. , ed. Friedemann. ) Not a line of his whose death he was present. (Plat. Phaed. § 59. )
poems is extant.
He never forgave his master's persecutors, and is
4. The youngest brother of Plato, whose name even said to have been instrumental in procuring
the philosopher has immortalised in his dialogue their punishment. (Diog. Laërt. vi. 10. )
lle
" Parmenides. ” (Plut. de Frat. Amor. p. 484, £) survived the battle of Leuctra (B. C. 371), as he is
The father of Plato's wife was likewise called reported to have compared the victory of the
Antiphon. (Plut. de Genio Socrat. )
Thebans to a set of schoolboys beating their mas-
5. An Athenian, and a contemporary of De ter (Plut. Lycurg. 30), and died at Athens, ai the
mosthenes. For some offence his name was age of 70. (Eudocia, Violarium, p. 56. ) He
effaced from the list of Athenian citizens, where taught in the Cynosarges
, a gymnasium for the use
upon be went to Philip of Macedonia. He of Athenians born of foreign mothers, near the
pledged himself to the king, that he would de temple of Hercules. Hence probably his followers
stroy by fire the Athenian arsenal in Peiraeeus; were called Cynics, though the Scholiast on Aristotle
but when he arrived there with this intention, (p. 23, Brandis) deduces the name from the habits of
he was arrested by Demosthenes and accused of the school, either their dog-like neglect of all furins
treachery. He was found guilty, and put to and usages of society, sleeping in tubs and in the
death in B. c. 342. (Dem. de Coron. p. 271; streets, and eating whatever they could find, or
Stecbow, de Aeschinis Orat. Vita, p. 73, &c. ; AES from their shameless insolence, or else their perti-
CHINES, p. 38. )
nacious adherence to their own opinions, or lastly
6. A Greek' sophist, who lived before the time from their habit of driving from them all whom
of Aristotle, and whose opinions respecting the they thought unfit for a philosophical life. His
quadrature of the circle, and the genesis of things, writings were very numerous, and chiefly dialogies,
are mentioned by this philosopher. (Aristot. So some of them being vehement attacks on his con-
phist. Elench. i. 10, Phys. i. 2, ii. 1. )
tempomaries, as on Alcibiades in the second of his
## p. 208 (#228) ############################################
208
ANTISTIENES.
ANTISTIIEXES.
e.
two works entitled Cyrus, on Gorgias in his Arche- | any sensible representation, since he is unlike any
laus and a most furious one on Plato in his Sutho. being on earth. . (Clem. Alex. Strom. v. p. 601. )
(Athen. v. p. 220, b. ) lis style was pure and ele- Hle probably held just views of providence, shew-
gant, and Theopompus even said that Plato stole ing the sufficiency of virtue for happiness by the
from him many of his thoughts. (Athen. xi. p. fact, that out ward events are regulated by God so
508, c. ) Cicero, however, calls him “homo acu- as to benefit the wise. Such, at least, was the
tus magis quam eruditus" (ad. Att. xii. 38), and view of his pupil Diogenes of Sinope, and seems
it is impossible that his writings could have de involved in his own statement, that all which be
served any higher praise. He poscssed consider longs to others is truly the property of the wise
able powers of wit and sarcasm, and was fond of man. Of his logic we hear that he held definitions
playing upon words ; saying, for instance, that he to be impossible, since we can only say that every
would rather fall among Kopákes than Kohákes, for individual is what it is and can give no more than
the one devour the dead, but the other the living; a description of its qualities, e. g. that silver is like
and that one of his pupils stood in need Biblia- tin in colour. (Arist. Met. viii. 3.
