No More Learning

He wrote (Outline of a History of Græco-
Roman Jurisprudence) (1839), History of
Græco-Roman Private Right! (1864); made a
collection of (Græco-Roman Laws) (1856 84);
and edited Justinian's Novella) (1881).
Zachariä von Lingenthal, Karl Salomo.
A German jurist; born at Meissen, Saxony,
Sept. 14, 1709; died March 27, 1843. He was
professor of law at Wittenberg, 1797-1807, and
Heidelberg, 1807-43. He wrote: "The Unity of
State and Church (1797); Forty Books on the
State) (2d ed. 7 vols. , 1839-43); Hand-Book
of French Civil Law) (8th ed. 1894-95); etc.
Zachariasiewicz, Jan (tsä-cha-ri-äs'yā-vich).
A Polish novelist and miscellaneous writer;
born in East Galicia, about 1825. At vari-
ous times in his life he became involved in
political difficulties, and passed several years in
prison; and these experiences have colored
all his books. His first publication was A
Passage from the Life of Unknown People
(1853). In (The Red Cap) and (The Secret
Fund,' he describes the spy system of the
police force; and of like nature are Covered
Cards) (1875), "A Bad Business) (1876), etc.
He has also written a few art novels.
Zacher, Ernst Julius August (tsä'cher). A
German antiquary; born at Obernigk, Feb.
15, 1816; died March 23, 1887, at Halle, where


## p. 593 (#609) ############################################

ZAHIR-ZANGWILL
593
he was professor of German philology. His
principal works are: (Ulfilas's Gothic Alpha-
bet and the Runic Alphabet) (1855); (German
Proverbs) (1852); History of the Palgravine
Genoveva) (1860); Pseudo-Callisthenes' (1867),
dealing with the Alexander myth.
Zahir (zä'hēr). An Arabian poet, father of
the poet Ka'b; contemporary with Mahomet.
He was the author of one of the seven poems
of the Mu'allakát, published by Sir William
Jones, with an English version, in 1782.
Zahn, Johann Karl Wilhelm (tsän). A Ger-
man painter, architect, and writer on art; born at
Rodenberg, Schaumburg, Aug. 21, 1800; died
at Berlin, Aug. 22, 1871. He was professor in
the Academy of Arts, Berlin, 1829. Among
his works were: (The Most Beautiful Orna-
ments and the Most Notable Pictures from
Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabia) (1828–30);
( Ornaments of all Classical Periods of Art)
(1832-39); etc.
zahn, Theodor. A German theological
writer; born at Mörs, Oct. 10, 1838. He was
appointed professor of theology in the Univer-
sity of Erlangen 1878, and is author of Mar-
cellus of Ancyra) (1867); (The Shepherd of
Hermas) (1868); “Ignatius of Antioch (1873);
(The Acts of St. John (1880); (Cyprian of
Antioch and the German Story of Faust) (1882);
(Researches into the History of the New Tes-
tament Canon (5 vols. , 1881-93); (The Gospel
of Peter) (1893); (Introduction to the New
Testament) (1897).
Zaleski, Bondan (zä-les'ski). A noted Po-
lish poet; born at Bohaterka in the Ukraine,
1802; died near Paris, 1886. He passed his
childhood in immediate intercourse with the
Cossacks, but afterwards studied at Warsaw.
After the revolution of 1830, he was obliged
to leave Poland, and went to France. Many
of his poems depict in vivid colors the scenery
of his native country. His chief works are :
(The Spirit of the Steppes) (1842); «The Most
Holy Family; and collections of shorter poems.
Zalewski, Casimir (zä-lev'ski). A Polish
dramatist and journalist; born at Plock, 1848.
He abandoned law for literature; founded the
journal Wiek (1865). Among his successful
dramas are: (Dowerless) (1868), (As the World
Moves) (1873), "Before the Wedding) (1876),
Poor Seed? (1877); the tragedies Marco
Foscarini) (1878), Article 264,' etc.
Zalokostas, Georgios (zäl-o-kos'tas). A dis-
tinguished Greek poet; born at Syrrhako, Epi-
rus, April 17, 1805; died at Athens, Sept. 3,
1858. At the age of sixteen he fought in the
insurrection at Missolonghi. The Greek child-
ren learn his songs. Among his best-known
poems were: Missolonghi); (Armatoles and
Klephts); ( The Entrance of Prevesa); (Hours
of Leisure); Marco Bozzaris); etc. Several
of his pieces have been translated into Italian,
Spanish, English, German, French, and Rus.
sian. (Poetical Works, Athens, 1860. )
Zaluski, Andrew Chrysostom (zä-lös'ke).
A Polish statesman and pulpit orator; born about
1650; died 1711. He was bishop of Ermeland
and grand chancellor of Poland. He wrote:
(Historico-Familiar Epistles,' an interesting and
valuable work,
Zambelios, John (zäm-bēʻli-os). A Greek
poet; born on one of the Ionian isles, 1787 ;
died at Corfu, 1856. He was a judge at Corfu.
He wrote lyric poems, and several successful
tragedies. (Works, Athens, 1856-57. )
Zambelli, Andrea (dzäm-bel'lē). An Italian
historian; born in Lombardy, 1794; died at
Paris, 1862. His chief works are books on
(War) and on (Religion, in which he attempts
to show the profound difference between ancient
and modern nations.
Zamora, Antonio de (thä-mõ'rä). A Span-
ish dramatist; born at Madrid, between 1660
and 1664; died about 1722. He was highly
esteemed by his contemporaries as a lyric and
dramatic poet. Among his best works are:
(Everybody is his Own Pedigree); and (The
Wag of Seville,' on which is based the libretto
of the opera of Don Juan.
Zanella, Giacomo (dzä-nel'lä). An Italian
lyrical poet; born at Chiampo, 1820; died at
Vicenza, 1888. After studying for the priest-
hood, he became professor of philosophy and
Italian literature at the seminary in Vicenza.
His work is noted for beauty of style and mas-
tery of form; his most popular poem being
(The Fossil Shell. His first volume of poems,
(Verses,' appeared in 1868, and was followed
by several others. Among his poetic tales are:
(The Little Calabrese) (1870); (Robin Red-
breast) (1881); etc.
Zanetti, Bernardino (dzä-net'tē). An Italian
historian ; born near Treviso, 1690; died 1762.
He wrote a “History of the Lombards) (2 vols. ,
1753).
Zangemeister, Karl (tsäng'e-mis-ter). A Ger-
man classical philologist; born at Hallungen,
in the Duchy of Gotha, Nov. 28, 1837. He ed-
ited the fourth volume of the Corpus Inscrip-
tionum Latinarum, comprising the parietal
inscriptions at Pompeii, Herculaneum, and
Stabiæ (1871); compiled (Specimens of Latin
MSS. Written in Majuscule Letters) (1882), and
(Fragments of the Old Saxon Bible Poem of
the Palatine Library) (1894).
Zangwill, Israel. An English-Jewish nov-
elist ; born in London, 1864. He began life as
a London teacher, and while teaching, gradu-
ated at the London University. He has pub-
lished: (The Premier and the Painter) (1888,
in collaboration), a romance; (The Bachelors'
Club) (1891); (The Big Bow Mystery) (1891);
(The Old Maids' Club) (1892); (Children of
the Ghetto) (1892), a collection of stories, his
best work ; (Merely Mary Ann' (1893); (Ghetto
Tragedies) (1893); (The King of Schnorrers)
(1894); (The Master) (1895), a novel; (Six
Persons, a comedietta ; (Without Prejudice)
(1896), published originally, under the same
38


## p. 594 (#610) ############################################

ZANNOWICH - ZEISING
594
title, as 'Causerie) in the Pall Mall Magazine;
:
etc.
Zannowich, Stefano (zän'no-vich). An Al-
banian writer; born 1751; died 1785. He had
a wandering and very adventurous life, but
wrote several curious books, among them:
(Turkish Letters) (1877); (Epistles and Love
Songs of an Oriental (1779); and (Fragment
of a Chapter of "The Lame Devil, Sent from
the Other World by Le Sage' (1782).
Zanotti, Jean Pierre (zä-not'tē). A painter
and poet; born of a Polish family at Paris,
1674; died at Bologna, 1767. He left a num-
ber of noted pictures; and published Dido,'
a tragedy (1718); Poems) (1741); and various
works on the art of painting.
Zapf, Georg Wilhelm (tsäpf). A German
antiquary ; born at Nördlingen, 1747; died 1810.
A prolific writer, among his works were : (Bib.
liography of Ancient and Modern History)
(1781); (The Lives of Celebrated Savants and
Artists of All Time) (1800); etc.
Zappi, Giovanni Battista (dzäp'pē). An
Italian miscellaneous writer; born at Imola,
1540; died at the end of the century. He pub-
lished a remarkable book, prose mixed with
verse, entitled (Field of Spiritual Philosophy,
in which is Contained the Sum of Christian
Living) (1577), treating of the life and character
of Christ, the virtues and vices, etc.
Zappi, Giovanni Battista Felice. An Ital.
ian lyrical poet; born at Imola, about 1667;
died at Rome, 1719. He studied law in Rome,
but soon became noted for his poetry, which
was distinguished by elegance and grace of
style. A collection of his poems was first pub-
lished in 1770, and consists of sonnets, songs,
cantatas, and other verse.
Zarate, Agustin de (thä-rä’tā). A Span-
ish historian; born about 1492; died at Madrid
(? ) about 1560. He was comptroller of Cas-
tile; accompanied Nuñez Vela, viceroy of Peru,
to South America in 1543; was afterward treas-
urer of the Spanish Netherlands. He wrote:
History of the Discovery and Conquest of
the Province of Peru) (1555). There have been
many later editions; and it has been trans-
lated into French and Italian.
Zarate, Antonio Gil y. A Spanish dramatic
poet; born at San Lorenzo de l’Escurial, Spain,
1795; died 1860.
His father, an excellent
actor, sent him to study in Paris; and on his
return to Spain he became professor of phys-
ics in Granada. He afterwards wrote dramas
noted for striking situations, lively dialogue,
and elegant versification. Among them are :
(Blanche of Bourbon) (1835); (Guzman the
Brave); (The Czar Demetrius); etc. He also
published a much-esteemed history of Spanish
literature.
Zarncke, Friedrich (tsärn'ke). A German
antiquary ; born near Briel in Mecklenburg-
Schwerin, July 7, 1825; died Oct. 15, 1891; hav-
ing been since 1852 professor in the University
of Leipsic. Among his works are: “The Ger-
man Cato) (1852); “The Nibelungen Question
(1854); Contributions to the Explanation of the
Nibelungenlied (1857); (The Trojan Legend
of the Franks); "German Universities in the
Middle Ages) (1857); (Mediæval Proverbial
Poetry) (1863. )
Zbylitowski, André (zbē-le-tov'ské). A Po-
lish writer, philosopher, and poet; born in
Galicia, 1732; died 1813. He was doctor of
literature and philosophy in Cracow, and after-
wards traveled extensively in Europe and South
America. He wrote poetry with much success;
some of his idyls being noted for beauty of
coloring, elegance, and grace. Among his
works are: “Rhythms in Polish Verse) (1763);
(The Marshal) (historical); A Beard, a novel;
and various books on philosophical, political,
and grammatical themes.
Zbylitowski, Pierre. A Polish poet and
miscellaneous writer; born in the palatinate of
Lublin, 1684; died in Warsaw, 1757. He studied
at the University of Warsaw, and later trav-
eled extensively in Europe and North America,
being a keen observer and profound critic. As
a poet he was a disciple of the French school,
using sarcasm and irony with brilliant effect.
Among his writings are a (Collection of Satires)
(1723); 'Porydia : A Poem (1734); (Epigrams)
(1735); “Studies on Voltaire's Works' (1737);
Lucie : An Erotic Poem (1739); etc.
Zedlitz, Baron Joseph Christian von (tsed'.
lits). An Austrian lyrical poet and dramatic
writer; born at Johannisburg in Austrian Silesia,
1790; died in Vienna, 1862. He was educated
at Breslau, and afterwards took part in the
campaign of 1809. Among his best dramatic
writings are: the tragedies (Two Nights in
Valladolid) (1825), "The Star of Seville) (1830);
and the drama "Prison and Crown) (1834),
treating of the last days of Tasso's life. Of
poems, he has published a collection, (Wreaths
for the Dead); a celebrated ballad, (The
Nightly Review); and poetical tales.
Zeise, Heinrich (tsi zė). A German poet
and translator; born at Altona, 1822. He be-
gan life as an apothecary, but graduated at
the university. He translated a number of
scientific and poetical works from the Danish
into German, and also published original ef-
forts, noted for poetical coloring and beauty of
form, among them a collection of Poems)
(1847); Battle Songs of Schleswig-Holstein
(1848); (Songs of Battle and Sword); etc.
also, in prose, From the Life and Recollec-
tions of a North German Poet) (1888).
Zeising, Adolf (tsi'zing). A German writer
on art; born at Ballenstedt, Sept. 24, 1810;
died at Munich, April 27, 1876. He wrote:
New Doctrine of the Proportions of the Hu-
man Body' (1854); Æsthetic Researches (1855);
(The Metamorphoses in the Ratios of the Hu-
man Figure) (1859); (Religion and Science,
State and Church) (1873); and several novels.


## p. 595 (#611) ############################################

Polish
ZEISSBERG-ZEVECOT
595
Zeissberg, Heinrich, Baron von (zis'bãrg). death unknown. He spent his later years in
An Austrian writer of history; born at Vienna, Athens. Aristotle calls him the father of dia-
July 8, 1839. He was appointed professor of lectics; and Pericles was among his pupils. Of
history in the University of Vienna, 1873. His his writings in prose and in dialogue, only
principal writings are : (Arno, First Archbishop fragments have been preserved, but many of
of Salzburg) (1863); (Polish Historiography in them are known to have been on the philosophy
the Middle Ages) (1873); Minor Sources of of motion.
Zeno the Stoic (zē'no). A Greek philoso-
(Belgium under the General Statthaltership of
the Archduke Karl) (1893).
pher; born at Citium, a Greek colony on the
island of Cyprus, about 350 B. C. ; died, as is
Zeleguy, Zdenko (tsel'eg-wē). A Moravian reported, by his own hand, about 258 B. C. He
poet, writing under the pseudonym of Franz was the son of a merchant, and followed his
Voneisen "); born in Usetin, Jan. 22, 1853. His father's profession, not visiting Athens till his
best-known works are: (World-Pain Voices)
thirtieth year. He then read Xenophon and
(1887); Nirvana) (1893); and (Words of Love) Plato, and later founded a school of his own.
(1894).
None of his writings have been preserved, but
Zeller, Berthold. Son of Jules S. ; born at
he is known to have combined the ethics of
Rennes, 1848. He is author of (Henri IV. and the Cynic school with the physics of Pythag.
Marie de' Medici) (1877); (Critical Studies on
oras and Heraclitus.
the Reign of Louis XIII. (2 vols. , 1879-80);
Marie de' Medici and Villeroy' (1897).
Zerbi, Rocco de (dzır'bē). An Italian pol-
itician, journalist, and miscellaneous writer;
Zeller, Christian Heinrich ( tsel'er). A born at Reggio, Calabria, 1843. He served in
German educator ; born near Tübingen, March the army, 1860-66; founded the influential
29, 1779; died at Beuggen, May 18, 1860. His Giornaletto of Naples, 1868; became member
writings are: (Teachings of Experience for of the chamber of deputies, 1872. He has
Christian Teachers of Rural and Poor Schools) written : (Aspirations) (1865), in verse; Poetry
(3 vols. , 1827); (Soul-Doctrine, Founded on and Prose) (1868), “Without Title) (1870), both
Scripture and Experience) (1846).
romances; (Political Writings) (1876); “Vis-
tilia) (1877), a romance; (Modern Art) (1878);
Zeller, Eduard. A noted German theologian,
(Church and State) (1878); (Faust) (1878), a
philosopher, and historian ; born at Kleinbott-
notable critical work; etc.
mar in Würtemberg, 1814. He studied at Tüb.
ingen and Berlin; and despite the very free Zernitz, Christian Friedrich (tsār'nēts).
tendencies of his thought, strongly influenced A German didactic poet; born at Tanger-
by that of Strauss, he was professor of theology münde, 1717; died 1744. All his works were
at Bern, and later professor of philosophy at posthumous. His Didactic Essays) are highly
Heidelberg and at Berlin. Among his chief esteemed.
works are : Platonic Studies) (1839); (The
Zesen, Philipp von (tsā'zen). A German
Philosophy of the Greeks) (1844-52); “The
poet, and critical and satirical writer; born at
Story of the Apostles, Critically Investigated
(1854); David Friedrich Strauss Depicted in
Priorau near Dessau, 1619; died at Hamburg,
1689. He devoted himself to the study of phil-
his Life and Writings) (1874); (Frederick the
Great as a Philosopher) (1886); etc.
ology and poetry; giving special attention to
perfecting and purifying his mother tongue.
Zeller, Jules Sylvain (zel-lär').
A French Among his numerous writings in prose and
historian; born at Paris, April 23, 1820. He verse are the novels (Adriatic Rosemund
became professor of history in the Polytechnic (1645) and (Samson'; and the poem 'Priorau;
School in 1863, and general inspector of higher or, The Praise of the Fatherland, as well as
education in 1876. Among his works are: some excellent short verse.
(The Roman Emperors : Characters and Por.
traits) (1863); (History of Germany) (1872-91);
Zeuss, Johann Kaspar (tsois). A German
philologist and writer of history; born at
( The Tribunes and the Revolutions in Italy)
(1873); “Pius IX. and Victor Emmanuel : Con-
Vogtendorf in Upper Franconia, July 22, 1806;
died there, Nov. 10, 1856. Among his works
temporary History of Italy) (1879); (Short His-
are : (The Germans and the Neighbor Stocks)
tory of Italy from the Fall of the Roman
(1837); “The Descent of the Bavarians from
Empire to our Time) (4th ed. 1886).
the Marcomanni? (1839); (Witzenburg Tradi-
Zeno, Apostolo (dzā'no). An Italian drama- tions and Possessions) (1942); (The Free Im-
tist and historian; born at Venice, 1668; died perial City of Spires from its Destruction)
in the same city, 1750. He has been called (1843); (Celtic Grammar) (two vols. , 1853),
the father of Italian opera, and acquired great his greatest work.
fame by his dramatic works, published in 1744,
Zevecot, Jacob (zā've-kot'). A Dutch poet
in many volumes. Among his other works are :
(Historical Dissertations) (1752-53); and (Epis-
and dramatist, considered by his contemporaries
tles) (1785).
the greatest Latin poet of his time; born at
Gand, 1604; died 1646. Among his works are:
Zeno of Elea. A Greek philosopher; born (Elegies); "Greek Maria' and (Rosimunda,'
about the fifth century B. C. ; the date of his tragedies; (Esther,' a tragi-comedy ; (The Siege
.
(


## p. 596 (#612) ############################################

596
ZEYER - ZIMMERMANN
of Leyden) (1626), a tragedy written in Flem-
ish; and various collections of shorter poems.
Zeyer, Julius (zā'yer). A Czech novelist
and poet; born at Prague, 1842. After travel.
ing extensively on the Continent, he spent sev.
eral years teaching in Russia. He has written
in prose (Andrew Cernysev,' a notable ro-
mance ; (Miss Olympia);(Count Xavier); (Ma-
drana's Adventure); (Tales of Sosana); (The
True Friendship of Amis and Amil'; etc. : and
in verse, "Vysehrad, a series of epic poems,
based on Bohemian ancient history.
Zezschwitz, Gerhard von (tsāch'vits). A
German theological writer; born at Bautzen,
July 2, 1825; died July 20, 1886, at Erlangen,
where he was a professor in the university.
Among his numerous writings are: (The Cate.
chisms of the Waldensians and the Bohemian
Brethren) (1863); (The Mediæval Drama, from
the End of the Roman Empire) (1878); (Sys-
tem of Practical Theology) (3 vols. , 1876–78);
(Manual of the Theological Sciences) (1883);
(Catechetics) (1883).
Zhukovski, or Joukovski, sometimes written
Shukows. (zhö-kof'skē), Vasiliï Andréevich.
A famous Russian poet; born near Bielev
in the government of Penza, 1783; died 1852.
He succeeded Karamzin as editor of the Viest-
nik Evropui, 1808; was preceptor of the Empe-
ror Alexande II. in his youth, as well as of
Alexander's mother. A monument was erected
to his memory, 1852. He wrote : (The Minstrel
in the Russian Camp,' a collection of spirited
war ballads; (Ziudmilla); (Svietlana,' his best
work; etc. ; and a number of prose essays and
tales, the best-known of which was (Mary's
Grove. He made also numerous translations
from the German, English, etc. ; his translation
of Gray's (Elegy, being one of the finest ever
made. * (See (Russian Lyric Poets. ')
Ziegler, Carl (tségʻlår). An Austrian poet;
born at St. Martin in Upper Austria, 1812;
died at Vienna, 1877. He studied philosophy
at the Vienna University, but takes high rank
among modern Austrian lyrical poets, both as
to substance and form. His language is sim-
ple, but the treatment of his subjects original,
and full of thought and depth of emotion. He
published: (Poems) (1843);"Heaven and Earth,
poems (1856); (Odes) (1866); and a collection
of hymns, rhapsodies, etc. , many of them full
of beauty and power.
Ziegler, Friedrich Wilhelm. A German
actor and dramatist; born at Brunswick, 1760;
died at Vienna, 1827. He played at the Vienna
Court Theatre with steady success for nearly
forty years. Several of his dramas hold the
stage to-day: as (Party Rage,' and (The Four
Temperaments. He wrote : Dramatic Works)
15 vols. , 1791–94); (The Dramatic Art) (1821);
(Man with Relation to the Fine Arts, Partic-
ularly the Art Dramatic) (1825); etc.
Ziegler, Theobald. A German philosophical
writer; born at Göppingen in Würtemberg, Feb.
9, 1846. He became professor of philosophy
in the University of Strasburg, 1886. He is
author of : (With Regard to Strauss's Book,
(The Old Faith and the New)) (1874); (Text-
Book of Logic) (1876); “Republic or Monarchy:
Switzerland or Germany' (1877); (History of
Ethics) (1881); “The Social Question a Moral
Question) (1891); (The German Student at
the End of the Nineteenth Century) (6th ed.
1896).
Ziegler und Kliphausen, Heinrich Anselm
von (tsēGʻlăr önt klip'hou-zen). A German
romance-writer; born at Radmeritz, Jan. 6,
1653; died near Leipsic, Sept. 8, 1697. His
principal work (The Asiatic Banise) (new ed.
1766), in the heroic-gallant style, has exerted
great influence on the formation of the taste
of several generations of Germans.
Ziel, Ernst (tsel). A German poet and
miscellaneous writer; born at Rostock, May 5,
1841. He is author of Literary Rilievos :
Poet Portraits) (4th series, 1885-95).
Zielinski, Felix (zē-lin'ski). A Polish lawyer
and miscellaneous writer; born in Volhynia,
1732; died at Warsaw, 1805. He was marshal
of the nobility for his district. He wrote: (The
Old and the New Style) (1763); "Criticism of
Karamsin) 1764); (A Critical Glance at Pres.
ent Society' (1772); Happy-go-Lucky Louise
(1771), humorous; (A Rustic's Mind) (1775);
(Critical History of Polish Literature (1776);
(Critical Glance at the Works of Voltaire)
(1782); etc.
Zimmermann, Johann Georg (tsim'mer-
män). A German miscellaneous writer; born
in the Swiss canton of Bern, 1728; died 1795.
He studied and practiced medicine, but de-
voted himself to literature as well; publishing
a book (On Solitude) (1784-85), and "On Na-
tional Pride! (1789). His style is rich and
vigorous; and his books, full of deep sentiment
as well as eloquence, have been translated into
many other languages.
Zimmermann, Karl. A German theological
writer; born at Darmstadt, Aug. 23, 1803; died
there June 12, 1877. He wrote: “Life of Luther)
(2d ed. 1855); (Contributions to Comparative
Homiletics) (1866); (The Evangelical Dia-
spora) (1868);( The Gustavus Adolphus Society:
Its History, its Constitution, and its Works)
(1878).
Zimmermann, Wilhelm.
A German poet
and historian; born at Stuttgart, 1807; died at
Mergentheim, 1878. He studied theology at
Tübingen, and occupied various positions, both
as a professor and as a clergyman, but de-
voted himself largely to general literature. He
published: (Poems) (1832); a tragedy, Masa.
niello) (1832); ' History of Würtemberg (1835);
(German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon'
(1836); (History of the Great Peasant War!
(1840-44), considered Zimmermann's best work ;
(History of the Poetry of All Nations) (1856);
(Germany's Heroic Struggle) (1870-71); and
many others.


## p. 597 (#613) ############################################

ZIMMERN - ZÖCKLER
597
Zimmern, Helen (tsim'mărn). A German-
English story-writer ; born at Hamburg, March
25, 1846. From childhood she lived in Eng-
land. She is author of 'Stories in Precious
Stones) (1873); (Told by the Way) (1874);
(Half-Hours with French Novelists) (1881);
(Stories from Foreign Novelists) (2d ed. 1885).
She wrote also (Schopenhauer, his Life and
Philosophy) (1876); (G. E. Lessing, his Life
and Works) (1878); “The Hansa Towns) (1889).
Zmorowicz, Simon (zº-m0'rô-vich). A Pol-
ish poet; born at Lemberg, 1604; died 1629.
His work shows much originality, as well as
variety. Among his writings are: (Russian
Ladies) (1654); a (Collection of Idyls) (1654);
(Fortune) (1655); (The Polish Venus) (1665);
(Grief(1777); etc.
Zincke, Foster Barham. An English re-
ligious and miscellaneous writer. He became
vicar of Wherstead, near Ipswich, and chaplain-
in-ordinary to the Queen. He has written :
(Last Winter in the United States) (1868);
(The Egypt of the Pharaohs and of the Khe-
dive) (new ed. 1873); (A Month in Switzer-
land” (1873); (The Swiss Germans) (1874);
"A Walk in the Grisons) (1875); (The Plow
and the Dollar) (1883); etc.
Zingerle, Ignaz Vincenz (tsing'árl-ė). An
Austrian poet and story-writer, nephew of Pius;
born at Meran, June 6, 1825; died at Inns-
bruck, Sept. 17, 1892. He was made professor
of the German language and literature in the
University of Innsbruck, 1859. Among his
poetical works are : (Primroses) (1848); (From
the Alps); (The Miller's Wife) (1853). He
wrote also (Tyrolese Legends) (1850); (The
Tyrol's Place in German Mediæval Literature)
(1851); <Children's Stories from the Tyrol)
(1852); (Alliteration in the Middle-High-German
Poets) (1864); (Oswald von Walkenstein)
(1870).
Zingerle, Pius. An Austrian theological
writer and Orientalist; born at Meran, March
17, 1801; died Jan. 10, 1881. He became pro-
fessor of the Arabic and Syriac languages in
the Roman University, 1862. Among works,
whether written or edited by him, are : (Select
Work of Ephrem Syrus, Translated from the
Greek and Syriac) (6 vols. , 1830–37); (Genuine
Acts of the Eastern Martyrs, from the Syriac
(1836); Roses of Mary from Damascus) (2d.
ed. 1865); Life and Deeds of St. Simeon Sty-
lites) (1855); (Syriac Chrestomathy) (1871);
(Syriac Lexicon, for use with his Chresto-
mathy) (1873); “Oriental Elements in German
Poetry) (1862).
Zinkeisen, Johann Wilhelm (tsink'i-zen).
A German historian ; born at Altenburg, April
11, 1803; died at Berlin, Jan. 5, 1863. He edited
at Berlin the Official Gazette (Staats-Zeitung:
1840-51). He wrote: (History of the Ottoman
Empire in Europe) (7 vols. , 1840-63); (History
of Greece) (1832-40); etc.
Zinkgref or Zincgref, Julius Wilhelm
(tsink'gref). A German lyric poet; born at
Heidelberg, June 3, 1591; died at St. Goar,
Nov. 12, 1635. His principal work was “Ger-
man Apothegms) (later ed. 1644), a collection
of epigrams, anecdotes, etc. ; (The Soldier's
Praise) (1632), his best poem, an imitation of
Tyrtæus.
Zintgraff, Eugen (tsint'gräf). A German
African traveler; born at Düsseldorf, Jan. 16,
1858. He spent some years in the Congo re-
gion and in the Cameroons country, and wrote
North Cameroons: An Account of Travels in
1886–92) (1895).
Zitelmann, Konrad (tsē'tel-män). A German
poet and novelist; born at Stettin, 1854. He
studied law at Leipsic, but was obliged to
settle in Southern Europe on account of ill
health. He has published the collections of
poems (In Solitude) (1876), Autumn Days in
Meran) (1876), and (From Foreign Lands)
(1889); the novels (At Dawn) (1880), (Gods
and Idols) (1884), (The Game is Over, (Ob-
scure Lives) (1886), and Chords and Discords,
a collection of short stories (1888); etc.
zittel, Emil (tsit'tel). A German theological
writer; born at Lorrach in Baden, Aug. 14,
1831. He wrote: All around the Jungfrau :
A Tourist's Notes) (1874); (Dr. Martin Luther,
1483-1517) (1883); (The Origin of the Bible)
(1891); Bible Knowledge) (11th ed. 1893);
(How Jesus of Nazareth Became the Messiah
or Christ' (1893); (The Writings of the New
Testament Translated and Explained for the
German People) (1894).
Zittel, Karl Alfred. A German geologist
and palæontologist; born at Bahlingen, Sept.
25, 1839. He became professor in the Univer-
sity of Munich, 1866. He is author of (Travels
in Sweden and Norway) (1860); (From Pri-
mordial Times) (2d ed. 1875); "Letters from the
Libyan Desert' (1875); (The Sahara) (1885).
Ziver Pasha (7ē-vār'-pä-shä'). A Turkish
official and poet; born 1793; died 1862. He
was director of the Ministry of Marine, mem-
ber of the Council of Public Instruction, mem-
ber of the Council of State and Justice, etc. ;
and became, a year before his death, a function.
ary of the first rank. He held the title of im-
perial poet; his poetry is highly esteemed by
the Turks. A collection of it was published at
Constantinople, under the title of the Divan. '
Zmaj. See Jovanovic.
Zöckler, Otto (tsėk'ler). A German theologi-
cal writer; born at Grünberg in Upper Hesse,
May 27, 1833. He was appointed professor of
theology in the University of Greifswald, 1866.
Among his numerous works are: Natural The-
ology) (1860); "Critical History of Asceticism)
(1863), afterward rewritten and entitled As-
ceticism and Monasticism' (1897); (The Augs-
burg Confession as the Fundamental Symbol
of the German Church of the Reformation
(1870); (God's Witnesses in the Kingdom of
Nature) (1881); (The Apocrypha of the Old
Testament (1891).


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598
ZOGBAUM - ZOPPRITZ
Zogbaum, Rufus Fairchild. An American
artist; born in Charleston, S. C. , Aug. 28, 1849.
He was educated in New York, studied abroad;
has been successful as a painter of military
scenes; and has written (Horse, Foot, and Dra-
goons; or, Sketches of Army Life. )
Zogoskin (20-gos’kin), or Zagoskin, or Sa-
goskin, Mikhail (zä-gosíkin). A Russian nov-
elist and dramatist; born in the government
of Penza, 1789; died at Moscow, 1852. His
chief work is (The Russians in 1812) (1829).
His historical novels have earned for him the
name of the Russian Walter Scott.
Zola, Émile (zoʻlä). A celebrated French
novelist; born in Paris, April 2, 1840. He
has published: (Tales to Ninon (1864);
(Claude's Confession (1865); (A Dead Wo-
man's Vow) (1866); My Hatreds) (1866);
(My Salon) (1866); (The Mysteries of Mar-
seilles) (1867); Édouard Manet) (1867); “Thé-
rèse Raquin (1867); Madeleine Férat) (1868);
(The Fortune of the Rougons) (1871); La
Curée) (1872); (The Maw (Ventre) of Paris)
(1873); (The Conquest of Plassans) (1874);
(New Tales to Ninon) (1874); (The Sin of
Abbé Mouret) (1875); (His Excellency Eugène
Rougon) (1876); L'Assommoir) (1877); (A
Page of Love) (1878); (The French Republic
and Literature) (1879); Nana) (1880); (The
Experimental Novel) (1880); Literary Docu-
ments, Studies and Portraits) (1881); Natural-
ism on the Stage) (1881); (Our Dramatic Au-
thors) (1881); (The Realistic Novelists) (1881);
(A Campaign) (1881); Pot Bouille) (1882);
(Good Luck to the Ladies) (1883); (The Joy
of Living (1884); (Germinal) (1885); (Work)
(L'Euvre): 1886); Earth' ('La Terre): 1887);
( The Dream) (Le Rêve): 1888); ( The Human
Brute) (La Bête Humaine): 1890); (Money)
(1891); (The Downfall (La Débâcle : 1892);
Doctor Pascal' (1893); Lourdes) (1894);
(Rome) (1895); (Paris) (1897). *
Zoller, Edmund von (tsol'ler). A German
miscellaneous writer; born at Stuttgart, May
20, 1822. He is author of: (The Science of
Library Management) (1846); (Leopold Rob-
ert, a biography (1863); “German and Austrian
Orders and Decorations) (2d ed. 1881); (The
Order of Tunis) (1877); (The Order of the
Golden Fleece) (1879); (The Order of Charles
III. (1888); and has translated several poems
from French, English, Spanish, Portuguese,
Dutch, and the Scandinavian languages.
Zöller, Hugo (tsėl-ler). A German journal-
ist and traveler; born at Oberhausen, Prussia,
Jan. 12, 1852. He was for a number of years
traveling correspondent of the Cologne Ga-
zette, and explored and annexed to Germany
various tracts of country in West Africa (1884-
85). He has written : (Round the World)
(1881); (The Panama Canal) (1882); (The
Germans in the Brazilian Primeval Forest)
(1883); (Pampas and Andes) (1884); (The
German Possessions on the West African
Coast) (1885); (German New Guinea) (1891).
Zolling, Théophile (tsoʻling).