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Rule. -- Multa renascentur, quce jam cecidere ; cadentque.
Hor.
Quandoquidem data sunt ipsis quoquefata sepulcris. Juv.
Exc. Et Bellona manet te proniiba ; nee face tantum. Virg.
Note. Conniibio jungam stabili, propriamque dicabo. Id.
Of Preterites of two Syllables,
Prseterita assumunt primam dissyllaba longam.
Sto, do, scindo, fero rapiunt, bibo, findo, priores.
Preterperfect tenses of two syllables have the first
syllable long ; as, veni,\ v'idl, v'lci^ fiigi, crevi, &c.
* Ambitus should not be derived from ambio but from the supine ambttum;
while ambitus and ambitio must be formed from the supine ambttum, from the
obsolete verb amb-eo, ambltum. In this manner, can the curious student be
taught to explain many of the deviations from the rule.
t Agreeably to the theory of many able writers on Philology, most verbs which
change the short vowel of the present ten^e into long e of the perfect, had origin-
ally a reduplicating perfect; thus panpo [pago\ in the present, makes pejngi in
the perfect; so also video made r'-rl'/i. l>>y syncope, viidi, and by oralis, vidi ;
fugio, made fufuzi, by syncoj>e. /7r-'? "' ; and by crisis, fugi J ? >><</>>'>> made vcveni,
by syncope, veeni, and by crasis. r. ? ni, fice. , &c. Other verbs having a long vowel
in the perfect, underwent a different formation ; thus, rideomzde ridsi, by syn-
cope, Tisij mitto made mittsi, by syncope, mist, &c, &c.
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? REDUPLICATING PRETERITES. 15
Exceptions. Steti, dedi, scldi^ [fr. scindo] tuli, MM
and fidi, [fr. findo] have the first syllable short.
Note. Abscidi from c&do has the penultima long;
but abscidit fr. scindo has it short.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Misi, vidi, jeci. Excep. Steti, tuli, bibi.
Promiscuous Examples. -- Pervicet [3, 7], contulerunt
[3, 7, 3], dixisti [3, 3], elegia [fr. Gr. srtep/a,-- 5, 5, 1],
fieri [1], spei [1], biberunt [7, 3].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Cur aliquid vidi ? cur noxia lumina feci ? Ovid.
Exc. Cui mater media sese tulit obvia sylva, Virg.
Note. Abscidit nostra multum sors invida laudi. Lucan.
RULE VIII.
Of Preterites doubling the first Syllable,
Praeteritum geminans primam breviabit utramque ;
JJtpario, peperi, vetet id nisi consona bina;
Cado cecidit habet, longa, ceu pedo, secunda.
Preterperfect tenses doubling their first syllable, make
both first and second syllable short; as, peperi, tetigi,
didici, cecini, &c, &c
Excep. 1. The second syllable frequently becomes
long by position, the first remaining short according to
the rule ; as, momordi, tetendi, cucurri, &c.
Excep. 2. Cecidi from cado, and pepedi from pedo
have the second long.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS,
Rule. Cecini, tetigi, pepuli, cecini. Excep. 1. Fefelli,
cucurri. Excep. 2. Cecidi.
Promiscuous Examples. Novi [7], dedlsti [7, 3], ab-
scidit [3, 7], majores [3], vixisse [3], liculsset [1, 3],
3
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? 16 SUPINES OF TWO SYLLABLES.
steteram [7], pepuli [8, 8], Arion [Gr. 1], sedes -- fr.
sedeo -- [5], injicio -- fr. jacio -- [6, 1].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Tityre, te patulce cecini sub tegmine fagi. Virg.
Litora, qua cornu pepulit Satumus equino. Val. Flac.
Exc. 1. Stella facem ductus multa cum luce cucurrit. Vir.
Exc. 2. Ebrius ac petulans, qui nullum forte cecidit. Juv.
Of Supines of two Syllables.
Cuncta supina volunt primam dissyllaba longam.
At reor et cieo, sero et ire, sinoqne linoque.
Do, queo, et orta ruo, breviabunt rite priores.
Supines of two syllables, as well as those parts of the
verb derived therefrom, have the first syllable long; as,
visum, motum ; visus, visurus ; mbtus, moturus, &c.
Excep. 1. Rdtum from reor, citum from cieo, satum
from sero, itum from eo, situm from sxno, litum* from lino,
datum from do, quttum from queo, and rutum from ruo --
[with futum from the obsolete fuo, whence futurus,~] have
the first syllable short.
Note. Although citum from cieo of the second con-
jugation has the first syllable short -- whence citus, con-
citus, excitus, &c. ; -- Citum from cio of the fourth conju-
gation, has the first syllable long : whence, also, citus,
accitus, concitus, &c, &c. Some Prosodians would have
statum common ; but stdtum or stitum comes from sto or
sisto of the third conjugation, while statum is of the first.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Motum, visum, fletum. Excep. Ratum, statum,
itum, obrutum, citum [fr. cieo].
* ObUtus, "smeared," from lino, must be distinguished from oblitus, "having
forgotten," which comes from obliviscor.
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? POLYSYLLABIC SUPINES. 17
Note. Citum [fr. cio] citus, incltus.
Promiscuous Examples. Jtrum -- fr. ater -- [4], aera
[1], sapiens [1, 3], laudant [2, 3], sollus [1], csedo [2],
peperit [8], status [9], jecisti [7, 3] dedit, [7], tutudi [8],
lturus [9].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Lusum it Mcecenas, dormitum ego Virgiliusque.
Hor.
Nascitur et casus abies visura marinos. Virg.
Exc. 1. Cui ddtus hcerebam, custos cursusque regebam. Id.
Note. Altior insurgens et cursu concitus heros. Id.
Rupta quies populis, stratisque exclta juventus. Luc.
Tunc res immemo placuit stdtura labore. Id.
RULE X.
Of Polysyllabic Supines.
Utum producunt polysyllaba quaeque supina.
-ivi prseterito semper producitur -itum.
Csetera corripias in -itu? n qusecunque supina.
Supines in utum [and also atum and etum] of more
than two syllables, as well as all parts of the verb de-
rived therefrom, have the penultima long; as, solutum,
argutum, indutum ; [amdtuf/i, deletum. ]
Excep. ]. Supines in itum from preterites in ivi are,
in like manner long ; as, petitum, qucesitum, cupltum.
Excep. 2. Supines in itum from any other preterites,
have the penultima short ; as, monitum, taciturn, cubitum. *
Note. This exception does not include polysyllabic
compounds from supines of two syllables : whereas these
compounds retain the quantity of the supines whence
they had been formed ; as, obitum from itum, abditum fr.
datum, insitum fr. satum, &c. ; except cognitum and agni-
tum fr. notum.
* Recensitum usually given as an exception, may be derived from censio,
censivi, and not from censeo, censivi.
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? 18 PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Solutum, indutum, argutum. Ezcep. 1. Audi-
tum, politum, cupltum. Ezcep. 2. Credhum, agnitum,
cubitum. Note. Conditum, insitum, redditum.
Promiscuous Examples. Conditum -- fr. condio -- [3,
10], conditum -- fr.
condo -- [3, 10], fletus [9], rasit [7],
diruturn [9], biberunt [7, 3], hgerentis [2, 3], gaza [3. ]
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Kule. Implet et ilia manum, sed parcius, aire minuto. Juv.
Lumina rara micant, somno vinoque soluti. Virg.
Exc. 1. Exilium requiesque mihi, non fama petlta est. Ov.
Ne male conditum jus apponatur ; ut omnes. Hor.
Exc. 2. Discite justitiam moniti, et non temnere Divos.
Virg.
Note. Morte obita, quorum tellus amplectitur ossa. Lucret.
RULE XI.
Of Prepositions in Composition.
Longa a, de, e, se, di praeter dirimo atque disertus.
Sit Re breve, at refert a res producito semper.
Corripe Pro Grsecum, sed produc rite Latinum.
Contrahe quae fundus, fugio, neptisque neposque,
Et festus, fori, fateor, fanumqae crearunt.
Hisce profecto addas, pariterque prbcella, protervus ;
At prim am variant prjpago, propina, prof undo,
Prjpulso, prjcurro, propello ; Prhserpina junge. ,
Corripe ab, et reliquas, obstet nisi consona bina.
In compound words, tbe prepositions or particles a,
de, e, se, di, are long ; as, amitto, deduco, erumpo, separo,
dirigo.
Excep. 1. Di in dirimo and disertus, is short.
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? PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION. 19
Excep. 2. Re is generally short ; as, relinquo, refero :
but re in refert, the impersonal verb [" it concerns"] from
the substantive res, has the first syllable long.
Excep. 3. Pro is short in Greek words ; as, Prome-
theus, Propontis: in Latin words it is usually long; as,
procudo, procurvus, prbveho : except when compounded
with the words enumerated in the rule ; as, profundus,
prbfugio, prbneptis, &c, &c.
Excep. 4. In the following words the pro is doubtful ;
viz. , pr^pago,prpino,prj "undo, &c, as given in the rule.
Excep. 5. The prepositions ab, ad, in, ob, per, and
sub, are short in composition before vowels; as are also
the final syllables of ante, circum and super ; as, abeo,
adero, circumago, super addo, &c, &c.
Note. Trans in composition frequently drops the last
two letters, still preserving its proper quantity ; as, trado
[from transdo] ; trdduco [from transduco]. Ob and ab in
like manner, before a consonant -- where they should be-
come long by position -- drop the final letter, still retaining
the short quantity; as, bmitto [from obmitto], aperio,
[from dbperio].
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Amisit, deduxit, divisus. Excep. 1. Dirimo,
disertus. Excep. 2. Retulit, reditus, refert (" brings
back") refert ( ;< it concerns. " Excep. 3. Propontis, pro-
pheta,pr51ogus: processit, promisit: profundus, procella,
profectus, proficiscor. Excep. 4. Propago, propino pro-
pulso. Excep. 5. Xbesset, adegit, abitus, circumagis;
admitto, percello.
Note. Trano, omitto.
Promiscuous Examples. Quantum [2, 10], reditum
[11, 9], ejiciunt [11, 6, 1], ratas [9], siistulerunt [3, 7,3],
3#
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? 20 A, E, AND I, IN COMPOSITION.
pei\"git [11, 7], vetitum [10], dddsculor [1,3], datus [9],
audiit [2, 1J.
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule, jynissos longo socios sermone requirunt. Virg.
Exc. 1. Cede deo dixitque et prcelia voce diremit. Id.
2. Quid tamen hoc refert, si se pro classe Pelasga
Arma tulisse refert. . . . Ovid.
3. Qualiter in Scythica religatus rupe Prometheus. Mart.
Provehimur portu ; terrceque urbesque recedunt. Virg.
Exc. 4. Sed truncis olece melius, prbpagine vites. Id.
5. Omnibus umbra locis ddero, dabis, improbe, pcenas. Id.
Note. Pleraque differat, et presens in tempus bmittat. Hor.
RULE XII.
Of A, E, and I, in compound words.
Produc a semper composti parte priori,
Ac simul e, simul i, ferme breviare memento ;
Nequidquam produc, nequando, venefica, nequam,
Nequaquam, nequis sociosque ; videlicet addas.
idem masculeum produc, et siquis, ibidem,
Scilicet et blgre, tiblcen, ubique, quadriga,
Bimus, tantzdem, quldam et composta diei.
Compositum variabis ubi ; variabis ibidem.
A in the first part of a compound Latin word,* is long;
as trddo, malo, quare, quatenus. E in the first part of
compounds, is generally short; as, liquefacio, equidem,
* In Greek compounds, the a is sometimes long ; as, Neapolis ; and sometimes
short ; as, aiipsos : these words, however, belong to the rules of Greek Prosody.
t In Malo, the a -- originally short in masris -- becomes long in the compound,
by syncope and crasis ; thus, Mtivolo, or Mawolo, MauPlo, Malo.
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? A, E, AND I, IN COMPOSITION. 21
nefas, trecenti ;* in like manner, i in the first part of a
compound, is generally short ; as, omnipotens, causidicus,
biceps, siquidem.
Excep. 1. Nequidquam, nequando, and the other words
enumerated in the rule, with nequis, nequa, nequid, have
the e long. Semodius, semestris, sedecim, have the e long.
Selibra is short in Martial.
Excep. 2. Idem ( mascul. ) , siquis, ibidem, scilicet, bigce,
and the other words enumerated, have the i long ; as
also, biduum, trlduum, quotidie, and other compounds of
dies. Ludimagister, lucrlfacio, agrlcultura, and a few
others have the i long. Tibicen has the second syllable
long, being formed by crasis from Tibiicen ; but Tubicen
is short according to the rule. The first i in nimirum is
also long: -- the second being long from derivation.
Note. The a in eadem is short, unless it should be
the ablative case. Although in ublque and ibidem the
middle syllable is long according to the rule, in ubicunque
and ubivis, it is common ; as in the primitive ubi.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
On Rule. Quare, traductum, quacunque; patefecit,
nequeo, valedica ; fatidicus, significo, tubicen.
Excep. 1. Nequaquam, videlicet, secedo. Excep. 2.
Scilicet, tantidem, merldies, tibicen.
Promiscuous Examples. Unigenitus [12, 5, 5], abest
[11, 3], gavisum [10], fleturi [9], tetiglsse [8, 8, 3], crevi
[7], venumdata [3, 6], repudium -- fr. pudor -- [5, 1], mi-
gran tes [4, 3-], rejice [3], ccelum [2], patriae [4, 1, 2].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Quare agite 6 proprios generatim discite cultus. Vir.
Scepe petens Hero,juvenis tranavcrat undas. Ovid.
* And all compounds from tres or tris ; as. trrdedrn \ triplex, triform/is, Sec ;
but the i in trxginta and its derivatives trigeminus, trireni, Sec, is long, because
trlginta is not, properly speaking, a compound word ; ginia being merely a ter-
mination.
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? 22 0, V, AND Y, IN COMPOSITION.
Credebant hoc grande riefas, et morte piandum. Juv.
Bum nimium vano tumefactus nomine gaudes. Mart.
Turn pater omnipotent, rerum cut summa potestas. Vir.
Exc. 1. Barbara narratus venisse venejica tecum. Ovid.
Exc. 2. Omnibus idem animus, scelerata excedere terra. Vir.
Note. Canities eadem est, eadem violentia vultu. Ovid.
RULE XIII.
Of the O, U, and Y, in Composition.
Grsecum 0-? mcro? i, prima composti corripe parte ;
O-mega produces : ast Y-psilon breviabis. --
O Latium in variis breviat vel protrahit usus.