This is a considerable improvement over the results
obtained
with Form 78, where F correlated ?
Adorno-T-Authoritarian-Personality-Harper-Bros-1950
No weakness or difficulty can hold us back if we have enough will power.
5? Any red-blooded American will fight to defend his property. 17. An insult to our honor should always be punished.
19. What the youth needs most is strict discipline, rugged deter-
mination, and the will to work and fight for family and country. 32. What this country needs most, more than laws and political programs, is a few courageous, tireless, devoted leaders in whom
the people can put their faith.
35? People can be divided into two distinct classes: the weak and
the strong.
57? Most people don't realize how much our lives are controlled by
plots hatched in secret by politicians.
7? 1x. 18.
24. 30. 35?
40. 46.
50.
Science has carried man very far, but there are many important things that can never possibly be understood by the human mind. Every person should have complete faith in some supernatural power whose decisions he obeys without question.
It is more than just chance that Japan had an earthquake on Pearl Harbor Day, December 7, 1944.
Some people are born with the urge to jump from high places. Some cases of feeblemindedness are caused by overstudy. People can be divided into two distinct classes: the weak and the strong.
Some day it will probably be shown that astrology can explain a lot of things.
It is possible that wars and social troubles will be ended once and for all by an earthquake or flood that will destroy the whole world.
It's a mistake to trust anybody who doesn't look you straight in the eye.
MEASUREMENT OF ANTIDEMOCRA TIC TRENDS
249
g. Destructiveness and Cynicism: Generalized hostility, vilification of the human.
10. Human nature being what it is, there will always be war and conflict.
? h.
z5. Familiarity breeds contempt.
41. The true American way of life is disappearing so fast that force
may be necessary to preserve it.
Projectivity: The disposition to believe that wild and dangerous things go on in the world; the projection outward of unconscious emo- tional impulses.
36. Nowadays when so many different kinds of people move around so much and mix together so freely, a person has to be especially careful to protect himself against infection and disease.
45? Nowadays more and more people are prying into matters that should remain personal and private.
46. It is possible that wars and social troubles will be ended once and for all by an earthquake or flood that will destroy the whole world.
52. The wild sex life of the old Greeks and Romans was tame com- pared to some of the goings-on in this country, even in places where people might least expect it.
57? Most people don't realize how much our lives are controlled by plots hatched in secret by politicians.
Sex: Exaggerated concern with sexual "goings-on. "
1.
34?
52.
58.
Sex crimes, such as rape and attacks on children, deserve more than mere imprisonment; such criminals ought to be publicly whipped or worse.
The wild sex life of the old Greeks and Romans was tame com- pared to some of the goings-on in this country, even in places where people might least expect it.
Homosexuals are nothing but degenerates and ought to be severely punished.
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
out sacrificing breadth or meaningfulness, it seemed the better part of wis- dom not to undertake much shortening of it at this stage.
The I9 items from the F scale (Form 78) that ranked highest in order of goodness were retained, in the same or slightly revised form, in the new scale. Thus, statistical differentiating power of the item was the main basis of selection. As stated above, however, the items which came out best statis- tically were, in general, those which seemed best from the point of view of theory, so that retaining them required no compromise with the original purpose of the scale. Of these items, 5 were changed in no way; revision of the others involved change in wording but not in essential meaning, the aim being to avoid too much uniformity of agreement or disagreement and, hence, to produce mean scores as close as possible to the neutral point.
Given I 9 items of known dependability, the task was to formulate I 5 additional ones which, singly, met the requirements of good items and which, taken together, covered the ground mapped out according to our theory. Here, criteria other than statistical ones played an important role. In attempt- ing to achieve a maximum of indirectness we not only eliminated items which were too openly aggressive (they had low D. P. 's anyway) but retained, in
? Reliability
Mean (total) Mean (odd half) Mean (even half)
S. D. (total)
S. D. (Odd half) S. D. (even half)
N
Range
86
3. 32 3. 41 3. 24
. 86 . 97 . 75
. 91 . 89
3. 39 3. 82 3. 42 4. 09 3. 36 3. 56
. 96 . 93 1. 03 . 99 . 96 . 97
. 87
3. 74 3. 78 3. 73
. 81 ? 77 . 93
. 81
3. 25 3. 19 3. 28
. 71 . 83 . 76
MEASUREMENT OF ANTIDEMOCRA TIC TRENDS
a slightly revised form, Item 65 (World catastrophe) despite its relatively low D. P. (R. 0. 2 3? 5), because it expressed a theoretically important idea and appeared on the surface to be almost completely removed from "race" prejudice and fascism. In the name of breadth, Item 67 (Eye to profit), whose D. P. was not low (R. 0. 2I), was eliminated because of its too great similarity to the highly discriminating Item 59 (Always war). To cover a great variety of ideas as efficiently as possible, two or more of them were combined in the same statement, e. g. , "Any red-blooded American will fight to defend his property" or ". . . people think too much and work too little. " With attention to these criteria, and to meaningfulness, contribution to the structural unity of the scale, and proper degree of rational justification, 4 items from the F scale (Form 78) whose D. P. rank orders were lower than I 9, were revised and I I new items were formulated to complete the new form. The 34 items, grouped according to the variables which they were supposed to represent, are shown in table 4 (VII).
Reliability of the scale, mean score per item, S. D. , and the range of scores for each of the five groups to whom the F scale (Form 6o) was given are shown in Table 5 (VII). The reliability of the scale is a considerable im- provement over that obtained with Form 78 (. 87 as compared with . 74); it
TABLE 5 (VII)
RELIABILITY OF THE F SCALE (FORM 6 0 ) a
Property Group
I II III IV v
Over-allb
. 87
3. 50 3. 58 3. 43
. 85 . 92 . 87
47 54 57 1. 00-5. 50 1. 24-5. 50 1. 82-4. 38
68 60 286 2. 24-5. 62 1. 97-5. 35 1. 82-5. 62
B. rhe five groups on which these data are based are:
Group I: Group II: Group III: Group IV: Group V:
University of Oregpn Student Women.
University of Oregon and University of california Student WOmen. University of Oregon and University of California Student Men. Oregon Service Cllil Men.
Oregon Service Club Men (APart only).
bin obtaining the over-all means, the individual group means were not weighted by N.
? 2 p THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
is as high as that of the shortened E scale (. 87 as compared with . 86) and much better than the reliability of . 70 for the shortened PEC scale. The mean scores are not quite so close to the neutral point as was the case with Form 78 (over-all mean of 3? 5 as compared with 3. 7); the range and the variability, however, are somewhat greater. 3
Inspection of the Discriminatory Powers of the items, as shown in Table 6 (VII), shows once again considerable improvement over Form 78. The mean D. P. F is now 2. I5 as compared with 1. 80 for Form 78. Three D. P. 's are above 3. 0, I8 fall in the range 2. 0-3. 0, I2 are in the range 1. o-2. o, and only I is below 1. 0. The mean D. P. in terms of E, 1. 53, is notably greater than the mean D. P? A-s, . 89, found with Form 78. There are 28 items with a mean D. P. E greater than 1. 0; these F items are significantly related to ethnocentrism at the 5 per cent level of confidence or better. Each of the variables that entered into the F scale-Conventionalism, Superstition, etc. - is represented by items that are satisfactorily differentiating.
The correlation between the F scale (Form 6o) and E is, on the average, . 69.
This is a considerable improvement over the results obtained with Form 78, where F correlated ? 53 with A-S and . 65 withE, though it is still not quite as high as its intended functions require.
4. THE THIRD F SCALE: FORMS 45 AND 40
Although the F scale (Form 6o) might be described as a fairly adequate instrument, it still had some obvious shortcomings, and it was hoped that these might be removed before the scale was used with numerous groups of subjects. It still contained a number of items so poor statistically that they contributed almost nothing to the purpose of the scale. Also, there were two items (numbers I2 and I8) which, despite their ranking I and 9 in order of
s It may be reported here that in the case of the University of Oregon Student Women Form 6o of the questionnaire was administered in two parts: Part A contained the F scale and one half of the PEC scale and Part B, administered a day later, contained the E scale and the other half of the PEC scale. The purpose of this proceeding was to test whether responses to the items of one scale were affected by the presence within the same question- naire of items from other scales. Apparently this variation in the manner of administration made little or no difference. When the results for the University of Oregon Student Women (Group I) are compared with those for the University of Oregon and University of California Student Women (Group z)-a fairly similar group-the differences in relia- bility, mean score, and S. D. appear to be insignificant. The same is true in the cases of the E and PEC scales, and reference to Table 14 (IV) and to Table 5 (V) will show. The mean for the group of Oregon Service Club Men (Group V) who received only the A part of Form 6o does seem to be somewhat lower than that of the other group of Oregon Service Club Men. This difference cannot, however, be attributed to the difference in the form of the questionnaire. More important, probably, is the fact that Group V, in contrast to the other group, received the questionnaire after having listened to a talk on "What to do with Germany. " There was at least an implicit connection between the content of the talk and the content of the F scale; as one of the subjects who sensed this connection said afterwards to our staff member, "You should have given the questionnaire before your talk. "
? MEASUREMENT OF ANTIDEMOCRA TIC TRENDS
TABLE 6 (VII)
MEANS AND DISCRIMINATORY POWERS OF THE F-SCALE ITEMS (FORM 60) a
253
Item
1. (Obedience & respect)
2. (Will power)
5. (Red blooded American) 5. 49 6. (Bad manners) 5. 30
(Science) 4. 98
7. 10. u. 12. 16. 17. 18. 19.
22. 23. 24. 25. 29. 30. 32. 34. 35. 36. 39. 40. 41. 44. 45. 46. 49. so. 52. 53. 57. 58.
Mean/Person/Item
(War & conflict) (Supernatural power)
(Germans & Japs)
(Cheerful things)
(Honor) 3. 14 (Pearl Harbor Day) 2. 19 (Discipline
& determination) 3. 68 (Not everybody in gov? t. ) 2. 74
(Rebellious ideas) (Born with urge) (Familiarity)
(No sane person) (Feebleminded) (Devoted leaders) (Sex crime).
(Two classes)
(Infection & disease)
(Love for parents) (Astrology) 2. 56 (Force to preserve)
(Bosses outline)
(Prying)
(Flood)
(Rid o f
(Mistake to trust)
(Sex life)
(TI! lk too much)
(Plots)
(Homosexuals)
(17) (15) (27) (9) (32. 5) (19) (31) (18) (22) (28) (16)
1. 66 1. 56 0. 50 1. 56 0. 94
immoral
people)
1. 56 (13. 5) o. 84 (31) 1. 50 (18) 1. 24 (24) 0. 63 (32) 1. 54 (16)
1. 53
b
2. 50 1. 46 1. 80 1. 71 1. 67 2. 91 3. 16 2. 08 2. 46 2. 51
3. 17 1. 46 2. 'i0 2. 60 2. 08 2. 82 1. 43 2. 42 2. 83 0. 73 1. 68 3. 28 2. 15
2. 48 2. 31 2. 46 1. 60 3. 48 2. 52 2. 15 1. 43 2. 74 2. 12 2. 12 1. 45 3. 18 2. 13 3. 87 1. 83 4. 24 1. 55 2. 29 2. 20
3. 42 2. 15
Rank D. P . F (14) (11)
(29. 5) (23) (24) (26) (4) (3) (20. 5) (12) (10)
(2) (29. 5) (7) (8) (20. 5) (6)
D. P. ~
1. 52 1. 46 1. 18 1. 56 1. 32 1. 70 1. 38 2. 83 1. 18 2. 34 1. 83
2. 28 1. 17 2. 29 2. 28 1. 33 1. 95
Rank D. P . E
(17)
(19) (25. 5) (13. 5) (23) (10) (21) (1) (25. 5) (4) (9)
(6. 5) (27) (5) (6. 5) (22) (8) (30) (20) (3) (34) (28) (2) (11) (13. 5) (33) (13. 5) (29)
Final Rankd (O. P. p+-D. P. E)
(13) (12) (27) (22) (25) (21) (10) (1) (23) (7) (9)
(3) (28) (5) (6) (20) (8) (30) (15) (4) (34) (26) (2) (16) (14) (33) (11) (29) (18) (31) (19) (24) (32) (17)
Mean D,P . F 4. 86 2. 39
4. 44
4. 46 3. 60 3. 71 3. 15
4. 30 2. 87 3. 30 3. 55 1. 84 4. 49 3. 43 1. 44 4. 00 3. 16
(32. 5) o. 91 (13) 1. 43 (5) 2. 52 (34) o. 38 (25) 1. 03 (1) 2. 56
Brhe four groups on which these data are based are:
Group I: University of Oregon Student Women (N =47)
Group II: University of Oregon and University of California Student Women (N=54) Group III: University of Oregon and University of Californi~ Student Men (N =57) Group IV: Oregon Service Club Men (N =68)
In obtaining the over-all means, the individual group means were not weighted according to N.
bo. P. K is based on the difference between the high quartile and the low quartile of t e F scale distribution,
Co. p. ~ is based on the difference between the high quartile and the low quartile oft e E scale distribution. e. g. , the D. P. , of 1. 52 on Item 1 indicates that the mean of the low quartile on E was 1. 52 poin s lower than the mean of the high quartile on E.
dFor each item the stDD of D. P,?
5? Any red-blooded American will fight to defend his property. 17. An insult to our honor should always be punished.
19. What the youth needs most is strict discipline, rugged deter-
mination, and the will to work and fight for family and country. 32. What this country needs most, more than laws and political programs, is a few courageous, tireless, devoted leaders in whom
the people can put their faith.
35? People can be divided into two distinct classes: the weak and
the strong.
57? Most people don't realize how much our lives are controlled by
plots hatched in secret by politicians.
7? 1x. 18.
24. 30. 35?
40. 46.
50.
Science has carried man very far, but there are many important things that can never possibly be understood by the human mind. Every person should have complete faith in some supernatural power whose decisions he obeys without question.
It is more than just chance that Japan had an earthquake on Pearl Harbor Day, December 7, 1944.
Some people are born with the urge to jump from high places. Some cases of feeblemindedness are caused by overstudy. People can be divided into two distinct classes: the weak and the strong.
Some day it will probably be shown that astrology can explain a lot of things.
It is possible that wars and social troubles will be ended once and for all by an earthquake or flood that will destroy the whole world.
It's a mistake to trust anybody who doesn't look you straight in the eye.
MEASUREMENT OF ANTIDEMOCRA TIC TRENDS
249
g. Destructiveness and Cynicism: Generalized hostility, vilification of the human.
10. Human nature being what it is, there will always be war and conflict.
? h.
z5. Familiarity breeds contempt.
41. The true American way of life is disappearing so fast that force
may be necessary to preserve it.
Projectivity: The disposition to believe that wild and dangerous things go on in the world; the projection outward of unconscious emo- tional impulses.
36. Nowadays when so many different kinds of people move around so much and mix together so freely, a person has to be especially careful to protect himself against infection and disease.
45? Nowadays more and more people are prying into matters that should remain personal and private.
46. It is possible that wars and social troubles will be ended once and for all by an earthquake or flood that will destroy the whole world.
52. The wild sex life of the old Greeks and Romans was tame com- pared to some of the goings-on in this country, even in places where people might least expect it.
57? Most people don't realize how much our lives are controlled by plots hatched in secret by politicians.
Sex: Exaggerated concern with sexual "goings-on. "
1.
34?
52.
58.
Sex crimes, such as rape and attacks on children, deserve more than mere imprisonment; such criminals ought to be publicly whipped or worse.
The wild sex life of the old Greeks and Romans was tame com- pared to some of the goings-on in this country, even in places where people might least expect it.
Homosexuals are nothing but degenerates and ought to be severely punished.
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
out sacrificing breadth or meaningfulness, it seemed the better part of wis- dom not to undertake much shortening of it at this stage.
The I9 items from the F scale (Form 78) that ranked highest in order of goodness were retained, in the same or slightly revised form, in the new scale. Thus, statistical differentiating power of the item was the main basis of selection. As stated above, however, the items which came out best statis- tically were, in general, those which seemed best from the point of view of theory, so that retaining them required no compromise with the original purpose of the scale. Of these items, 5 were changed in no way; revision of the others involved change in wording but not in essential meaning, the aim being to avoid too much uniformity of agreement or disagreement and, hence, to produce mean scores as close as possible to the neutral point.
Given I 9 items of known dependability, the task was to formulate I 5 additional ones which, singly, met the requirements of good items and which, taken together, covered the ground mapped out according to our theory. Here, criteria other than statistical ones played an important role. In attempt- ing to achieve a maximum of indirectness we not only eliminated items which were too openly aggressive (they had low D. P. 's anyway) but retained, in
? Reliability
Mean (total) Mean (odd half) Mean (even half)
S. D. (total)
S. D. (Odd half) S. D. (even half)
N
Range
86
3. 32 3. 41 3. 24
. 86 . 97 . 75
. 91 . 89
3. 39 3. 82 3. 42 4. 09 3. 36 3. 56
. 96 . 93 1. 03 . 99 . 96 . 97
. 87
3. 74 3. 78 3. 73
. 81 ? 77 . 93
. 81
3. 25 3. 19 3. 28
. 71 . 83 . 76
MEASUREMENT OF ANTIDEMOCRA TIC TRENDS
a slightly revised form, Item 65 (World catastrophe) despite its relatively low D. P. (R. 0. 2 3? 5), because it expressed a theoretically important idea and appeared on the surface to be almost completely removed from "race" prejudice and fascism. In the name of breadth, Item 67 (Eye to profit), whose D. P. was not low (R. 0. 2I), was eliminated because of its too great similarity to the highly discriminating Item 59 (Always war). To cover a great variety of ideas as efficiently as possible, two or more of them were combined in the same statement, e. g. , "Any red-blooded American will fight to defend his property" or ". . . people think too much and work too little. " With attention to these criteria, and to meaningfulness, contribution to the structural unity of the scale, and proper degree of rational justification, 4 items from the F scale (Form 78) whose D. P. rank orders were lower than I 9, were revised and I I new items were formulated to complete the new form. The 34 items, grouped according to the variables which they were supposed to represent, are shown in table 4 (VII).
Reliability of the scale, mean score per item, S. D. , and the range of scores for each of the five groups to whom the F scale (Form 6o) was given are shown in Table 5 (VII). The reliability of the scale is a considerable im- provement over that obtained with Form 78 (. 87 as compared with . 74); it
TABLE 5 (VII)
RELIABILITY OF THE F SCALE (FORM 6 0 ) a
Property Group
I II III IV v
Over-allb
. 87
3. 50 3. 58 3. 43
. 85 . 92 . 87
47 54 57 1. 00-5. 50 1. 24-5. 50 1. 82-4. 38
68 60 286 2. 24-5. 62 1. 97-5. 35 1. 82-5. 62
B. rhe five groups on which these data are based are:
Group I: Group II: Group III: Group IV: Group V:
University of Oregpn Student Women.
University of Oregon and University of california Student WOmen. University of Oregon and University of California Student Men. Oregon Service Cllil Men.
Oregon Service Club Men (APart only).
bin obtaining the over-all means, the individual group means were not weighted by N.
? 2 p THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
is as high as that of the shortened E scale (. 87 as compared with . 86) and much better than the reliability of . 70 for the shortened PEC scale. The mean scores are not quite so close to the neutral point as was the case with Form 78 (over-all mean of 3? 5 as compared with 3. 7); the range and the variability, however, are somewhat greater. 3
Inspection of the Discriminatory Powers of the items, as shown in Table 6 (VII), shows once again considerable improvement over Form 78. The mean D. P. F is now 2. I5 as compared with 1. 80 for Form 78. Three D. P. 's are above 3. 0, I8 fall in the range 2. 0-3. 0, I2 are in the range 1. o-2. o, and only I is below 1. 0. The mean D. P. in terms of E, 1. 53, is notably greater than the mean D. P? A-s, . 89, found with Form 78. There are 28 items with a mean D. P. E greater than 1. 0; these F items are significantly related to ethnocentrism at the 5 per cent level of confidence or better. Each of the variables that entered into the F scale-Conventionalism, Superstition, etc. - is represented by items that are satisfactorily differentiating.
The correlation between the F scale (Form 6o) and E is, on the average, . 69.
This is a considerable improvement over the results obtained with Form 78, where F correlated ? 53 with A-S and . 65 withE, though it is still not quite as high as its intended functions require.
4. THE THIRD F SCALE: FORMS 45 AND 40
Although the F scale (Form 6o) might be described as a fairly adequate instrument, it still had some obvious shortcomings, and it was hoped that these might be removed before the scale was used with numerous groups of subjects. It still contained a number of items so poor statistically that they contributed almost nothing to the purpose of the scale. Also, there were two items (numbers I2 and I8) which, despite their ranking I and 9 in order of
s It may be reported here that in the case of the University of Oregon Student Women Form 6o of the questionnaire was administered in two parts: Part A contained the F scale and one half of the PEC scale and Part B, administered a day later, contained the E scale and the other half of the PEC scale. The purpose of this proceeding was to test whether responses to the items of one scale were affected by the presence within the same question- naire of items from other scales. Apparently this variation in the manner of administration made little or no difference. When the results for the University of Oregon Student Women (Group I) are compared with those for the University of Oregon and University of California Student Women (Group z)-a fairly similar group-the differences in relia- bility, mean score, and S. D. appear to be insignificant. The same is true in the cases of the E and PEC scales, and reference to Table 14 (IV) and to Table 5 (V) will show. The mean for the group of Oregon Service Club Men (Group V) who received only the A part of Form 6o does seem to be somewhat lower than that of the other group of Oregon Service Club Men. This difference cannot, however, be attributed to the difference in the form of the questionnaire. More important, probably, is the fact that Group V, in contrast to the other group, received the questionnaire after having listened to a talk on "What to do with Germany. " There was at least an implicit connection between the content of the talk and the content of the F scale; as one of the subjects who sensed this connection said afterwards to our staff member, "You should have given the questionnaire before your talk. "
? MEASUREMENT OF ANTIDEMOCRA TIC TRENDS
TABLE 6 (VII)
MEANS AND DISCRIMINATORY POWERS OF THE F-SCALE ITEMS (FORM 60) a
253
Item
1. (Obedience & respect)
2. (Will power)
5. (Red blooded American) 5. 49 6. (Bad manners) 5. 30
(Science) 4. 98
7. 10. u. 12. 16. 17. 18. 19.
22. 23. 24. 25. 29. 30. 32. 34. 35. 36. 39. 40. 41. 44. 45. 46. 49. so. 52. 53. 57. 58.
Mean/Person/Item
(War & conflict) (Supernatural power)
(Germans & Japs)
(Cheerful things)
(Honor) 3. 14 (Pearl Harbor Day) 2. 19 (Discipline
& determination) 3. 68 (Not everybody in gov? t. ) 2. 74
(Rebellious ideas) (Born with urge) (Familiarity)
(No sane person) (Feebleminded) (Devoted leaders) (Sex crime).
(Two classes)
(Infection & disease)
(Love for parents) (Astrology) 2. 56 (Force to preserve)
(Bosses outline)
(Prying)
(Flood)
(Rid o f
(Mistake to trust)
(Sex life)
(TI! lk too much)
(Plots)
(Homosexuals)
(17) (15) (27) (9) (32. 5) (19) (31) (18) (22) (28) (16)
1. 66 1. 56 0. 50 1. 56 0. 94
immoral
people)
1. 56 (13. 5) o. 84 (31) 1. 50 (18) 1. 24 (24) 0. 63 (32) 1. 54 (16)
1. 53
b
2. 50 1. 46 1. 80 1. 71 1. 67 2. 91 3. 16 2. 08 2. 46 2. 51
3. 17 1. 46 2. 'i0 2. 60 2. 08 2. 82 1. 43 2. 42 2. 83 0. 73 1. 68 3. 28 2. 15
2. 48 2. 31 2. 46 1. 60 3. 48 2. 52 2. 15 1. 43 2. 74 2. 12 2. 12 1. 45 3. 18 2. 13 3. 87 1. 83 4. 24 1. 55 2. 29 2. 20
3. 42 2. 15
Rank D. P . F (14) (11)
(29. 5) (23) (24) (26) (4) (3) (20. 5) (12) (10)
(2) (29. 5) (7) (8) (20. 5) (6)
D. P. ~
1. 52 1. 46 1. 18 1. 56 1. 32 1. 70 1. 38 2. 83 1. 18 2. 34 1. 83
2. 28 1. 17 2. 29 2. 28 1. 33 1. 95
Rank D. P . E
(17)
(19) (25. 5) (13. 5) (23) (10) (21) (1) (25. 5) (4) (9)
(6. 5) (27) (5) (6. 5) (22) (8) (30) (20) (3) (34) (28) (2) (11) (13. 5) (33) (13. 5) (29)
Final Rankd (O. P. p+-D. P. E)
(13) (12) (27) (22) (25) (21) (10) (1) (23) (7) (9)
(3) (28) (5) (6) (20) (8) (30) (15) (4) (34) (26) (2) (16) (14) (33) (11) (29) (18) (31) (19) (24) (32) (17)
Mean D,P . F 4. 86 2. 39
4. 44
4. 46 3. 60 3. 71 3. 15
4. 30 2. 87 3. 30 3. 55 1. 84 4. 49 3. 43 1. 44 4. 00 3. 16
(32. 5) o. 91 (13) 1. 43 (5) 2. 52 (34) o. 38 (25) 1. 03 (1) 2. 56
Brhe four groups on which these data are based are:
Group I: University of Oregon Student Women (N =47)
Group II: University of Oregon and University of California Student Women (N=54) Group III: University of Oregon and University of Californi~ Student Men (N =57) Group IV: Oregon Service Club Men (N =68)
In obtaining the over-all means, the individual group means were not weighted according to N.
bo. P. K is based on the difference between the high quartile and the low quartile of t e F scale distribution,
Co. p. ~ is based on the difference between the high quartile and the low quartile oft e E scale distribution. e. g. , the D. P. , of 1. 52 on Item 1 indicates that the mean of the low quartile on E was 1. 52 poin s lower than the mean of the high quartile on E.
dFor each item the stDD of D. P,?
