No More Learning

What was the road he took to your heart ? I found some conso-
lation for not having touched it, in the thought that it was
beyond any one's reach; but another has succeeded where I have
failed. I have all the jealousy of a husband and of a lover; but
it is impossible to suffer as a husband after what you have told
Your noble conduct makes me feel perfectly secure, and
even consoles me as a lover. Your confidence and your sincerity
are infinitely dear to me; you think well enough of me not to
suppose that I shall take any unfair advantage of this confession.
You are right, madame,- 1 shall not; and I shall not love you
less. You make me happy by the greatest proof of fidelity that
a woman ever gave her husband; but madame, go on and tell
me who it is you are trying to avoid. ”
“I entreat you, do not ask me,” she replied: "I have deter-
mined not to tell you, and I think that the more prudent course. ”
« Have no fear, madame,” said Monsieur de Cièves: “I know
the world too well to suppose that respect for a husband ever
me.
-


## p. 8772 (#388) ###########################################

8772
MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
»
So.
even
prevents men falling in love with his wife. He ought to hate
those who do so, but without complaining; so once more, madame,
I beg of you to tell me what I want to know. ”
“You would urge me in vain,” she answered: "I have strength
enough to keep back what I think I ought not to say. My
avowal is not the result of weakness, and it requires more courage
to confess this truth than to undertake to hide it. "
Monsieur de Nemours lost not a single word of this conversa-
tion, and Madame de Clèves's last remark made him quite as jeal-
ous as it made her husband. He was himself so desperately in
love with her that he supposed every one else was just as much
It was true in fact that he had many rivals, but he imagined
more than there were; and he began to wonder whom
Madame de Clèves could mean. He had often believed that she
did not dislike him, and he had formed his opinion from things
which seemed so slight that he could not imagine he had kindled
a love so intense that it called for this desperate remedy. He
was almost beside himself with excitement, and could not forgive
Monsieur de Clèves for not insisting on knowing the name his
wife was hiding.
Monsieur de Clèves, however, was doing his best to find it
out; and after he had entreated her in vain, she said:-“It seems
to me that you ought to be satisfied with my sincerity; do not
ask me anything more, and do not give me reason to repent what
I have just done. Content yourself with the assurance I give
you that no one of my actions has betrayed my feelings, and
that not a word has ever been said to me at which I could take
offense. ”
"Ah, madame, Monsieur de Clèves suddenly exclaimed, « I
cannot believe you! I remember your embarrassment the day
your portrait was lost. You gave it away,- you gave away that
portrait which was so dear to me, and belonged to me so legiti-
mately. You could not hide your feelings: it is known that
you are in love; your virtue has so far preserved you from the
rest. ”
"Is it possible," the princess burst forth, “that you could
suspect any misrepresentation in a confession like mine, which
there was no ground for my making ? Believe what I say:
purchase at a high price the confidence that I ask of you. I
beg of you, believe that I did not give away the portrait; it is
true that I saw it taken, but I did not wish to show that I saw


## p. 8773 (#389) ###########################################

MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
8773
»
it, lest I should be exposed to hearing things which no one had
yet dared to say. ”
“How then did you see his love ? ” asked Monsieur de Clèves.
«What marks of love were given to you? ”
"Spare me the mortification," was her answer, "of repeating
all the details which I am ashamed to have noticed, and have
only convinced me of my weakness. ”
“You are right, madame,” he said: "I am unjust. Deny me
when I shall ask such things, but do not be angry if I ask
them. "
At this moment some of the servants who were without came
to tell Monsieur de Clèves that a gentleman had come with a
command from the King that he should be in Paris that evening.
Monsieur de Clèves was obliged to leave at once; and he could
say to his wife nothing except that he begged her to return the
next day, and besought her to believe that though he was sorely
distressed, he felt for her an affection and esteem which ought to
satisfy her.
When he had gone, and Madame de Clèves was alone and
began to think of what she had done, she was so amazed that
she could scarcely believe it true. She thought that she had
wholly alienated her husband's love and esteem, and had thrown
herself into an abyss from which escape was impossible. She
asked herself why she had done this perilous thing, and she saw
that she had stumbled into it without intention.
The strange-
ness of such a confession, for which she knew no precedent,
showed her all her danger.
But when she began to think that this remedy, violent as it
was, was the only one that could protect her from Monsieur de
Nemours, she felt that she could not regret it, and that she had
not gone too far. She spent the whole night in uncertainty, ,
anxiety, and fear; but at last she grew calm. She felt a vague
satisfaction in having given this proof of fidelity to a husband
who so well deserved it, who had such affection and esteem for
her, and who had just shown these by the way in which he had
received her avowal.
Meanwhile Monsieur de Nemours had left the place where he
had overheard a conversation which touched him keenly, and had
hastened into the forest. What Madame de Clèves had said about
the portrait gave him new life, by showing him that it was he
whom she did not hate. He first gave himself up to this joy;


## p. 8774 (#390) ###########################################

8774
MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
but it was not of long duration, for he reflected that the same
thing which showed him that he had touched the heart of
Madame de Clèves ought to convince him that he would never
receive any token of it, and that it was impossible to gain any
influence over a woman who resorted to so strange a remedy.
He felt, nevertheless, great pleasure in having brought her to
this extremity. He felt a certain pride in making himself loved
by a woman so different from all others of her sex,- in a word,
he felt a hundred times happier and unhappier. Night came
upon him in the forest, and he had great difficulty in finding the
way back to Madame de Mercoeur's. He reached there at day-
break. He found it very hard to explain what had delayed him;
but he made the best excuses he could, and returned to Paris that
same day with the Vidame.
Monsieur de Nemours was so full of his passion, and so sur-
prised by what he had heard, that he committed a very common
imprudence,- that of speaking in general terms of his own
feelings, and of describing his own adventures under borrowed
names.
On his way back he turned the conversation to love: he
spoke of the pleasure of being in love with a worthy woman; he
mentioned the singular effects of this passion; and finally, not
being able to keep to himself his astonishment at what Madame
de Clèves had done, he told the whole story to the Vidame, with-
out naming her and without saying that he had any part in it.
But he manifested such warmth and admiration that the Vidame
at once suspected that the story concerned the prince himself.
He urged him strongly to acknowledge this; he said that he had
long known that he nourished a violent passion, and that it was
wrong not to trust in a man who had confided to him the secret
of his life. Monsieur de Nemours was too much in love to
acknowledge his love; he had always hidden it from the Vidame,
though he loved him better than any man at court. He answered
that one of his friends had told him this adventure, and had
made him promise not to speak of it, and he besought him to
keep his secret. The Vidame promised not to speak of it; never-
theless Monsieur de Nemours repented having told him.
Meanwhile, Monsieur de Clèves had gone to the King, his heart
sick with a mortal wound. Never had a husband felt warmer
love or higher respect for his wife. What he had heard had not
lessened his respect, but this had assumed a new form. His most
earnest desire was to know who had succeeded in pleasing her.


## p. 8775 (#391) ###########################################

MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
8775
(
Monsieur de Nemours was the first to occur to him, as the most
fascinating man at court, and the Chevalier de Guise and the
Marshal of Saint-André as two men who had tried to please her
and had paid her much attention; so that he decided it must be
one of these three. He reached the Louvre, and the King took
him into his study to tell him that he had chosen him to carry
Madame to Spain; that he had thought that the prince would
discharge this duty better than any one; and that no one would
do so much credit to France as Madame de Clèves. Monsieur
de Clèves accepted this appointment with due respect, and even
looked upon it as something that would remove his wife from
court without attracting any attention; but the date of their de-
parture was still too remote to relieve his present embarrassment.
He wrote at once to Madame de Clèves to tell her what the King
had said, and added that he was very anxious that she should
come to Paris. She returned in obedience to his request; and
when they met, each found the other in the deepest gloom.
Monsieur de Clèves addressed her in the most honorable
terms, and seemed well worthy of the confidence she had placed
in him.
“I have no uneasiness about your conduct,” he said: "you
have more strength and virtue than you think. It is not dread
of the future that distresses me; I am only distressed at seeing
that you have for another feelings that I have not been able to
inspire in you. ”
"I do not know how to answer you,” she said; “I am ready
to die with shame when I speak to you. Spare me, I beg of
you, these painful conversations. Regulate my conduct; let me
see no one,- that is all I ask: but permit me never to speak of
a thing which makes me seem so little worthy of you, and which
i regard as so unworthy of me. "
« You are right, madame," he answered: "I abuse your gen-
tleness and your confidence. But do you too take some pity
on the state into which you have cast me, and remember that
whatever you have told me, you conceal from me a name which
excites an unendurable curiosity. Still, I do not ask you to
gratify it; but I must say that I believe the man I must envy
to be the Marshal of Saint-André, the Duke of Nemours, or the
Chevalier de Guise. »
“I shall not answer,” she said blushing, "and I shall give
you no occasion for lessening or strengthening your suspicions;
(


## p. 8776 (#392) ###########################################

8776
MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
me
no
but if you try to find out by watching me, you will surely make
so embarrassed that every one will notice it. In Heaven's
name,” she went on, "invent some illness, that I may see
one! ”
“No, madame,” he replied: "it would soon be found that it
was not real: and moreover, I want to place my confidence in
you alone; that is the course my heart recommends, and my rea-
son too. In your present mood, by leaving you free, I protect
you by a closer guard than I could persuade myself to set about
you. ”
Monsieur de Clèves was right: the confidence he showed in
his wife proved a stronger protection against Monsieur de Ne-
mours, and inspired her to make austerer resolutions, than any
form of constraint could have done. She went to the Louvre
and visited the dauphiness as usual; but she avoided Monsieur de
Nemours with so much care that she took away nearly all his
happiness at thinking that she loved him. He saw nothing in
her actions which did not prove the contrary. He was almost
ready to believe that what he had heard was a dream, so unlikely
did it appear.
The only thing that assured him that he was not
mistaken was the extreme sadness of Madame de Clèves, in spite
of all her efforts to conceal it. Possibly kind words and glances
would not have fanned Monsieur de Nemours's love as did this
austere conduct.
One evening when Monsieur and Madame de Clèves were with
the Queen, some one said that it was reported that the King
was going to name another nobleman of the court to accompany
Madame to Spain. Monsieur de Clèves fixed his eyes on his wife
when the speaker added that it would be either the Chevalier
de Guise or the Marshal of Saint-André. He noticed that she
showed no agitation at either of these names, or at the mention
of their joining the party.
This led him to think that it was
neither of these that she dreaded, to see; and wishing to deter-
mine the matter, he went to the room where the King was. ,
After a short absence, he returned to his wife and whispered
to her that he had just learned that it would be Monsieur de
Nemours who would go with them to Spain.
The name of Monsieur de Nemours, and the thought of seeing
him every day during a long journey in her husband's presence,
so agitated Madame de Clèves that she could not conceal it; and
wishing to assign other reasons, she answered: -


## p. 8777 (#393) ###########################################

MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
8777
1
.
1
“The choice of that gentleman will be very disagreeable for
you: he will divide all the honors, and I think you ought to try
to have some one else appointed. ”
« It is not love of glory, madame,” said Monsieur de Clèves,
« that makes you dread that Monsieur de Nemours should come
with me.
Your regret tells me what another woman would have
told by her delight. But do not be alarmed; what I have just
told you is not true: I made it up to make sure of a thing which
I had only too long inclined to believe. ” With these words he
went away, not wishing by his presence to add to his wife's evi-
dent embarrassment.
At that moment Monsieur de Nemours entered, and at once
noticed Madame de Clèves's condition. He went up to her, and
said in a low voice that he respected her too much to ask what
made her so thoughtful. His voice aroused her from her revery;
and looking at him, without hearing what he said, full of her
own thoughts and fearful that her husband would see him by
her side, she said, “In Heaven's name leave me alone! ”
"Alas! madame,” he replied, "I leave you only too much
alone. Of what can you complain? I do not dare to speak to
you, or even to look at you; I never come near you without
trembling How have I brought such remark on myself, and
why do you make me seem to have something to do with the
depression in which I find you? ”
Madame de Clèves deeply regretted that she had given Mon-
sieur de Nemours an opportunity to speak to her more frankly
than he had ever done. She left him without giving him any
answer, and went home in a state of agitation such as she
had never known. Her husband soon noticed this; he perceived
that she was afraid lest he should speak to her about what
had just happened. He followed her into her room and said
to her:-
“Do not try to avoid me, madame; I shall say nothing that
could displease you. I beg your pardon for surprising you as I I
did; I am sufficiently punished by what I learned. Monsieur de
Nemours was the man whom I most feared. I see your danger:
control yourself for your own sake, and if possible for mine. I
do not ask this as your husband, but as a man all of whose hap-
piness you make, and who feels for you a tenderer and stronger
love than he whom your heart prefers. ”


## p. 8778 (#394) ###########################################

8778
MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
Monsieur de Clèves nearly broke down at these last words,
which he could hardly utter. His wife was much moved; and
bursting into tears, she embraced him with a gentleness and a
sorrow that almost brought him to the same condition. They
remained for some time perfectly silent, and separated without
having strength to utter a word.
Translated by Thomas Sergeant Perry.


## p. 8778 (#395) ###########################################



## p. 8778 (#396) ###########################################


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JEAN DE LAFONTAINE.


## p. 8778 (#397) ###########################################

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## p. 8778 (#398) ###########################################


JEAN DE LAFONTAINE


## p. 8779 (#399) ###########################################

8779
JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
(1621-1695)
BY GEORGE MCLEAN HARPER
T The court of Louis XIV. there once appeared a figure which
clashed with the regularity and harmony of the scene. A
tall, spare man, with a long nose, thin satirical lips, and
kindly eyes, which could be sharp enough but were for the most part
veiled by revery, wandered through the palace of Versailles and lin-
gered half amused in the stately and unnatural gardens. Jean de La
Fontaine, then in discredit as the author of certain licentious tales
and the associate of malcontents, had come, rather sheepishly, at the
instance of his friends, to present a volume of his fables to the King,
of whose disfavor he was well aware. Though not quite clear as
to the nature of his offense nor over-anxious for royal patronage, he
was willing to purchase protection by an act of homage. He felt un-
comfortable in his rôle of suitor, but played it with what grace and
countenance he could. While conforming, with an odd mingling of
ease and childish awkwardness, to the requirements of the situation,
there was a fine, incredulous smile about the corners of his mouth as
he bent the knee to the monarch whom under his breath he called
Sire Lion, — feeling himself to be neither more nor less of a courtier
than that handsome rascal, the Fox. The glitter of ceremony failed
to dazzle him; and although he manifestly tried to be interested in
the regal pageant, he was not much impressed. When he had fin-
ished his harangue, he found he had forgotten to bring the book
which was to have been its excuse, and he absent-mindedly left in
the carriage that bore him away, the purse of gold with which his
solicitations had been rewarded.
To the King and his elegant retinue he must have seemed a
naughty, undisciplined child, -rustic, old-fashioned, irreverent, out of
keeping with the world and the times. Yet he was in some ways
the most real man there; certainly the most natural. He understood
his world and his time profoundly, after his fashion, and was des-
tined to interpret them to future generations. For if he never suc-
ceeded in pleasing the King or obtaining a royal pension, he was only
too popular with many great lords and ladies, and knew most of the
celebrities of Paris; and though his acquaintances would have been
3


## p. 8780 (#400) ###########################################

8780
JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
amused to hear that he possessed any moral superiority over them,
he at least enjoyed a certain advantage of birth and breeding which
enabled him to see things with clearer eyes than they.
No one can see clearly and judge with broad fairness in a society
which represents to him the whole of life. One must come from
another world to do this. And a large part of La Fontaine's past
had been spent in a world as different as could be imagined from the
artificial circumstances of a court, and his experience was well calcu-
lated to reduce them to a natural perspective. Other men, of remark-
able penetration and unusual honesty, were aware of the evils of
that reign, — so difficult to judge then, because so grand in outward
seeming. La Rochefoucauld was letting fall, here and there, a maxim
of concentrated bitterness; and Saint-Simon was rushing home from
court every night to pour out, on endless paper, his righteous indig-
nation against the crawling hypocrisy of bishops, the slander and
place-hunting of lords, and the tainted ambition of ladies. But to
neither of these observers did it all seem abnormal and ridiculous, as
it did to La Fontaine. To him there was matter for eternal laugh-
ter in that perversion of nature which was called a court. Like
Jupiter's monkey in his own fable, who replied to the elephant,
astonished at the indifference of the gods to his size and importance,
the complacent dreamer said, “Both small and great in their eyes
are the same. » For him the gods were elsewhere, - divinities of
groves and rivers, shaking the leaves of woodland birch and roadside
poplar in the sunny Champagne country, and splashing, serenely
unconcerned with mortal business, through the meandering Marne.
And he laughed silently at the formal ugliness of Versailles horti-
culture, as the vision of trees,” “the mist and the river, the hill and
the shade,” roşe before his mind. No less ludicrous must the King
of France and his brilliant company of flatterers have sometimes
appeared to him, when he reflected how exactly they and all their
movements matched the life of village boors and gossips, or the
more antique and undeviating ways of forest creatures, in bush and
stream. For it was by intimacy with country scenes, peasant nature.
and the primitive and changeless character of animals, that La
Fontaine differed from the high society into which he had been
allured, and was enabled to judge it. Like Benjamin Franklin a cen-
tury later at the court of Louis XVI. , he brought into an artificial
circle the clear perceptions and the common-sense which are bred of
familiarity with simple forms of life.
He was born July 8th, 1621, in the small town of Château-Thierry,
which sits quietly beside the river Marne, in the heart of Champagne.
The soil of that famous wine-growing country is light, and the sun
shines fair, but without excessive heat. The beauty of the landscape
c
»


## p. 8781 (#401) ###########################################

JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
8781
»
of «
is in the ordered green of its little vineyards, the bright red and blue
of poppy and corn-flower in its winding meadows, which low chalk
hills warmly enfold, treeless but gently outlined, — all these features
perfect in detail, and the common charm their gracious harmony.
There is no grandeur to uplift, no mystery to deepen the human
spirit; neither is there fat abundance to make men dull. The native
race is shrewd, witty, parsimonious, sober. They see clearly in the
small concerns of their very limited lives, and are devoid of illusions
and exciting fancies. The moral current is shallow, but sparkling
and quick. The deep imaginings and awful pleasures of northern
peoples are to them unknown. Mystery does not charm, but only
irritates them. They have a weak sense for the supernatural or the
abstract.
Ridicule, rather than priestor Bible, is the guardian of
their behavior; and the principles which regulate their conduct have
long ago been coined into maxims and anecdotes and significant
bywords, which pass down from generation to generation with accu-
mulating force.
In this region La Fontaine's father and grandfather held the office
master of streams and forests,” a government position in the
proper filling of which a man would naturally become familiar with
the country and its inhabitants. The family enjoyed consideration
and some wealth. Jean, who must have been but a willful and indif-
ferent scholar, received an education of which the principal traces in
his works are a loving familiarity with the Latin poets, and a wide
acquaintance with the racy and somewhat recondite narratives which
constituted the undercurrent of French literature,- irregular, licen-
tious, but undeniably congenial to the French spirit. He became
deeply read in the popular tales of the Middle Ages, - satires, animal
stories, and “moralities. ” From these sources, and from several
writers of the sixteenth century, particularly Rabelais and Marot, he
obtained a fund of witty and sensual incidents; while his poetical
imagery and much of his tenderer and purer sentiment were derived
from Virgil and Ovid.
The son of an old family comfortably settled in a small country
town is strongly tempted to idleness; because there come to him by
birth that consideration and respect, and that freedom from financial
concern, which are the usual objects of men's activity. La Fontaine
was never very successful in resisting temptation of any kind, and it
suited his nature to float indolently on the current of wealth and social
regard which his more strenuous ancestors had accumulated. Nor
was there lack of entertainment to enliven the smooth voyage; for
he had neighbors to his liking, - not averse to playing for high stakes
or drinking up to the limit of sobriety, and withal of a very ready
wit. Unambitious, fond of easy company, absent-minded, given to


## p. 8782 (#402) ###########################################

8782
JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
receiving hospitality, which was offered freely in those days in French
provincial towns, he drifted into middle age; allowing himself to be
married by family arrangement and without love, and quietly accept-
ing his father's office, which was resigned in his favor.
His life of hunting, reading, and convivial pleasure at Château-
Thierry was diversified by frequent visits to Paris, where his com-
positions were a passport to the acquaintance not only of literary
people, but of many rich and frivolous nobles. In 1654 he published
.
an adaptation of the “Eunuchus) of Terence, and at about this time
his tales and epistles in verse began to circulate from hand to hand.
He lived to deplore the harm the tales may have done, though he
professed for his part to see no evil in them. They were based
largely on Boccaccio and Rabelais; and represented woman's charac-
ter especially in a way not creditable to their author, either as poet
or as mere observer. It is true, however, that so far as the material
of the tales is concerned, he accepted the disgusting inventions of
his coarse masters without much change. Between 1657 and 1663 he
was a frequent guest, and indeed a pensioner, of the rich and corrupt
Fouquet, superintendent of finance. Several other poets also enjoyed
the bounty of Fouquet at his magnificent country-seat, the palace of
Vaux; but none on such strict terms of service as La Fontaine. He
was at work for three years, with what frequent intervals of repose
we can imagine, on a long eulogistic composition, “The Dream of
Vaux'; and wrote besides many occasional pieces, in return for lav-
ish hospitality. On Fouquet's fall in 1663, he sang with sincere regret
the departed glories of the place, in his “Elegy of the Nymphs of
Vaux. '
He would seem to have been now, for a moment, in helpless
plight, - his private fortune well-nigh exhausted, and himself in dis-
grace with the government as a friend of the guilty superintendent.
But he found no lack of patronage.
One of Mazarin's nieces, the
Duchess of Bouillon, then living in forced retirement at Château-
Thierry, attracted him back to his birthplace; and through her con-
nections at Paris he subsequently received a fresh start in town
society. He had already become a friend of Molière, Racine, and
Boileau. Spurred into action by their raillery, — for he was the eld-
est of the group, and the others, who were winning fame, called him
a laggard, - he published in 1664 the first series of his versified tales.
Like many of his steps, this was an innocent blunder, and led him
to no honorable advantage. His reputation as the author of such
compositions brought him into close relations with several notorious
sets of libertines; and his life, which had never been consistent, now
became a very complex tangle of good and bad. He neglected his
wife, his son, his public duties. He lived in ease and self-indulgence.
(


## p. 8783 (#403) ###########################################

JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
8783
He seemed occupied solely with the art of satisfying his own caprice
and the depraved taste of a corrupt society.
But somehow the precious jewel which was in his head remained
untarnished, and shone through at last; for after all he had not been
idle, and was never worse than a willful child.
He possessed the
poet's eye, and it had been busy when his hands were folded. No
such “master of streams and forests” ever lived. Not even Izaak
Walton so well deserves the name. The trees of Champagne had
small need to mourn the incompetence of their guardian, who has
given them “a green and golden immortality” in his appeal to the
«
”
woodman:-
«Leave axes, books, and picks,
Instruments of woe.
The scythe of Time, with deadlier tricks,
To line the borders of the Styx
Too soon will bring them low. )
In simplicity of heart, and profiting by his unbounded leisure, this
wayward but still unspoiled man had followed a native instinct of
observation, which had led him after many years into rare sympathy
with the non-human denizens of the earth. His peculiar appreciation
— half poetic feeling, half naturalist's instinct -- of this underlying
world, being put to the service of his very considerable philosophic
bent, gave him that air which people remarked, of having come from
another planet. As old age approached, there grew upon him the
habit of judging men according to the large standard of comparison
which his fellowship with animals and plants provided. And it came
to be recognized as his unique distinction that he would be at all
times collecting and applying these novel ideas. He was known to sit
for half a day, missing his dinner and breaking all appointments, to
watch a family of ants bury a dead Ay. The ways of the wolf, the
fears of the mouse, the ruminations of the ox, the ambitions of the
bear, were more open to his understanding than men's politics. He
loved the bright, smiling land of his birth; its limpid waters, its sunny
vineyards, its frugal farms, where every egg was counted— sometimes,
as he tells us, before it was laid. Waiting by green-mantled pools,
peering to the brook's gray bottom, and wandering with bowed head
on forest paths, where for a moment the fallow-deer stood in the
flickering light and were gone, — he mused for months and years in
happy indolence; and if by chance he undertook, of a winter's night,
to turn into French verse a fable of Æsop or Phædrus, and uncon-
sciously excelled his models, it was still all love-in-idleness to him,
and in no wise work.
But there had to be labor enough in the end, for the task was
complicated, — being the turning of old Greek and Latin fables, not


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JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
only into the French language, but into the French spirit. Moreover,
he exercised in this the most painstaking and thoughtful originality,
by setting forth in them the results of his own observation and
inaking a witty commentary on his own times. By his forty-eighth
year there were enough of these little poems for a volume of one
hundred and twenty-four fables, arranged in six books. Ten years
later he published another collection, of five books. The fables ex-
cited such interest, and went so far to make amends for past license,
that their author was elected a member of the Academy; but the
King for a time opposed his admission, finally permitting it in 1684,
with the remark, “You may receive La Fontaine at once: he has
promised to behave. ” There were more tales, however, and much
loose conduct to atone for, when, during a serious illness in 1693, the
old poet made a public and no doubt sincere confession of his sins.
It is worthy of remark, as illustrating the peculiarly expansive and
social character of the period, and perhaps also the racial conception
of religion as a public exercise rather than an inward state, that a
committee of literary men were deputed by the French Academy to
witness this tardy profession of faith. The twelfth and last book of
fables appeared shortly afterwards; and two years later he died, still
young in heart.
For nearly a generation he had been living on the
hospitality of his friends at Paris — not basely, but with noble frank-
ness, acknowledging his inability to provide for himself.
La Fontaine, it must be admitted, lacked some very essential qual-
ities, while possessing other and unusual ones in notable abundance.
Marriage was not sacred to him, though friendship was. He disliked
children, though he loved dumb beasts. Throughout the latter half of
his life he was dependent on others for a home; but in his soul he
was free, and seldom praised his patrons except where self-interest
fell in with affection. His tales are an unclean spot upon the century
when French literature as a whole was most pure and dignified;
but his fables, which far surpass them in artistic finish, in interest, in
variety, are sound and clear and sweet. The truth is, this great man
was always a child, with a child's fair purposes and untrained will.
Instinct ruled him. Until almost the end of his life he was an irre-
sponsible pagan.
But his failings were of the most amiable order; and they saved
him from too great conformity to the artificial society of his time,
which would have been the most deplorable failing of all. He never
grew old nor worldly-wise; he never lost his sweet simplicity, nor
succeeded, no matter how much he tried, in making those surrenders
of the ideal by which we purchase what is termed success. To blame
La Fontaine for being different from other men, even the best, would
be to overlook the quality wherewith his very true and enduring


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JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
8785
success was achieved. The ordered life of civilized cominunities had
come to be taken for granted as necessarily the best possible condi-
tion, and of vastly more scope and meaning than the life of nature.
Both in the conduct of his own affairs,— his childlike following of
pleasure, his unsophisticated relish for what was natural, -and also
by precept and illustration in his fables, La Fontaine suggested the
broader basis and more complicated frame of things. If we are care-
ful to exclude any idea of his entertaining a conscious intention to
influence politics, it may safely be said that La Fontaine, by criti-
cizing the monarch, the churchman, the noble, under the guise of
lion, wolf, fox, bear, or cat, opened a little crack, which La Bruyère
was to widen and Montesquieu to whistle through, until at last it
gaped broad and let in the howling blasts of revolutionary eloquence.
To the same fondness for being his genuine self is due the high
lyric quality of the fables,- an excellence which they alone, of all
French poetry from Ronsard to André Chénier, possess in anything
like abundance. We shall see the value of this distinction if we
reflect that in the same interval England was graced with the songs
and sonnets of Spenser, Raleigh, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Campion,
Milton, Collins, Gray, and Burns,— to mention no more, and to draw
somewhere a line that must perforce be arbitrary. The main effort
of the seventeenth century in France being to enforce conformity to
certain standards,- in other words, to produce typical rather than
individual excellence, — there could be in her literature of that
period no such outburst of lyric poetry; for it is of the essence of
lyric poetry to express personal charm. When we have read the
fables of La Fontaine we have learned his heart and mind, and are no
better than prigs or pedants if we do not love him. Considering his
awkwardness of speech and his frequent fits of silence, men found
him in actual life singularly attractive. The secret may have nestled
in his smile or hid in the wrinkles about his eyes; we cannot tell.
But in the fables, objective though they are, we do not have to wait
long to catch the elf at play. It is his childlike self-surrender, which
comes at once with engaging frankness or after much coy hesitation
and a playful chase. All that he is and thinks, he sweetly confides to
us, at least more fully than was common among French poets in his
day. He does not skulk behind convention or pose upon a pedestal
of approved usage. Here — though he knew it not, and his friends
Boileau and Racine would have denied it — here is what makes him
a great lyric poet. No school could claim him, yet he was liberal of
himself to every reader. Like the attractive heroine of his first fable,
he might say:
«Day and night to every comer
I was singing, I'm afraid. »
XV-550


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JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
And strange to say, while being so truly himself that he became
the greatest lyric poet his country produced in a stretch of two hun-
dred years, La Fontaine is also the epitome and type of whatever is
mnost French. He is the national poet par excellence. He represents
not so much his age as his race. Indeed, he is not so fairly repre-
sentative of his age as are the dramatists, and particularly Racine.
But we recognize in La Fontaine the French intelligence, as it is
common to all centuries and specialized in every individual. It is not
enough to say that he abounds in wit: the striking thing is that
French wit and the wit of La Fontaine are one — aerified, dry, dif-
fused, of the manner rather than the substance, not intrusive, not
insistent, but circumambient and touch-and-go. There is no forced
emphasis, no zeal to convert; but only a genial willingness to sug-
gest amendment, provided always it can be done with a laughing
avoidance of proffering one's own example. . Moreover, La Fontaine,
like all his countrymen, clings to the concrete. The mystery of an
unrealized abstraction has for him and for them the horror of the
blackness of darkness to a child. A writer of fables is tempted to
be abstract and to moralize. Some of La Fontaine's fables have no
moral, either expressed or discoverable. In others the lesson is added
perfunctorily, as if in obedience to the tradition of the art, and for
the sake of good form. But whether or not they are all deserving
strictly of the name, they give perennial delight; for as Thoreau says,
“All fables indeed have their morals, but the innocent enjoy the
story. ”
Any man who has personal charm, and who will but express him-
self naturally in words, may hope to interest us; but unless he have
also style we shall not esteem him a great writer. Whether we call
it a miracle or only an acquisition, style is something divine; per-
haps never more divine than when acquired by patient toil. La Fon-
taine possessed the most exquisite literary gift; and what it behooves
us to perceive is that this too came as a reward for his supreme vir-
tue of naturalness. He wrote with easy indifference to the rigorous
precepts of rhetoricians, who were trying to unify and modernize
French literature. He deftly eluded the rules of seventeenth-century
diction, and would not belong exclusively to the grand age. ” He was
not above using the marrowy, forcible, homely language of an earlier
time, or its strong short forms of verse. The modest man did not
know it, but he had struck root in a richer soil than his contempo-
raries, and his branches will flourish in immortal green when most of
theirs have withered.
Llotilien
Harper


## p. 8787 (#407) ###########################################

JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
8787
[The three following fables are translated for (A Library of the World's Best
Literature,' by George McLean Harper. ]
DEATH AND THE WOODCUTTER
A
POOR woodcutter, covered with green boughs,
Under the fagot's weight and his own age
Groaning and bent, ending his weary stage,
Was struggling homeward to his smoky hut.
At last, worn out with labor and with pain,
Letting his fagot down, he thinks again
What little pleasure he has had in life.
Is there so cursed a wretch in all the strife ?
No bread sometimes, and never any rest;
With taxes, soldiers, children, and a wife,
Creditors, forced toil oppressed,
He is the picture of a man unblessed.
He cries for Death. Death comes straightway,
And asks why he was called upon.
«Help me,” the poor man says, “I pray,
To lift this wood, then I'll begone. "
Death comes to end our woes.
But who called him ? Not I!
The motto of mankind still goes:
We'll suffer all, sooner than die.
THE OAK AND THE REED
THE
THE Oak one day said to the Reed :-
“You have good cause to rail at partial fate.
You groan beneath a hedge-wren's trifling weight;
A puff of air, a breath indeed,
Which softly wrinkles the water's face,
Makes you sink down in piteous case;
Whereas my brow, like Alp or Apennine,
Reflects the sunset's radiance divine,
And braves the tempest's hate.
What I call zephyrs seem north winds to you.
Moreover, in my shelter if you grew,
Under the leaves I generously scatter,
My patronage you would not rue,
When storms do blow and rains do batter.
But you spring up on the frontier


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8788
JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
Bordering the showery kingdoms of the wind.
Against you unjust nature sure has sinned. ”
« Your pity,” quoth the bulrush in reply,
« Comes from a noble heart. But have no fear:
To dread the winds you have more cause than I,
Who bend, but break not. Many a year and age
To their terrific rage
You've turned a stalwart back;
But not yet is the end. ” Scarce had he spoke
When from the north, with flying rack,
Hurried the wildest storm that ever broke
From winter's icy fields.
The tree stands firm, the bulrush yields.
The wind with fury takes fresh head,
And casts the monarch roots on high,
Whose lofty brow was neighbor to the sky
And whose feet touched the empire of the dead.
THE GRASSHOPPER AND THE ANT
M"
ISS GRASSHOPPER having sung
All through summer,
Found herself in sorry plight
When the wind began to bite:
Not a bit of grub or fly
Met the little wanton's eye;
So she wept for hunger sore
At the Ant her neighbor's door,
Begging her just once to bend
And a little grain to lend
Till warm weather came again.
"I will pay you, cried she then,
"Ere next harvest, on my soul,
Interest and principal. ”
Now the Ant is not a lender
From that charge who needs defend her ?
“Tell me what you did last summer ? ”
Said she to the beggar-maid.
«Day and night, to every comer
I was singing, I'm afraid. ”
Singing! Do tell! How entrancing!
Well then, vagrant, off! be dancing! ”
(


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JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
8789
THE WOLF AND THE DOG
A.
PROWLING wolf, whose shaggy skin
(So strict the watch of dogs had been)
Hid little but his bones,
Once met a mastiff dog astray.
A prouder, fatter, sleeker Tray
No human mortal owns.
Sir Wolf, in famished plight,
Would fain have made a ration
Upon his fat relation:
But then he first must fight;
And well the dog seemed able
To save from wolfish table
His carcass snug and tight.
So then in civil conversation
The wolf expressed his admiration
Of Tray's fine case. Said Tray politely,
« Yourself, good sir, may be as sightly;
Quit but the woods, advised by me:
For all your fellows here, I see,
Are shabby wretches, lean and gaunt,
Belike to die of haggard want.
With such a pack, of course it follows,
One fights for every bit he swallows.
Come then with me, and share
On equal terms our princely fare. ”
« But what with you
Has one to do? »
Inquires the wolf. «Light work indeed,”
Replies the dog : “you only need
To bark a little now and then,
To chase off duns and beggar-men,
To fawn on friends that come or go forth,
Your master please, and so forth;
For which you have to eat
All sorts of well-cooked meat
Cold pullets, pigeons, savory messes -
Besides unnumbered fond caresses. ”
The wolf, by force of appetite,
Accepts the terms outright,
Tears glistening in his eyes;
But faring on, he spies
A galled spot on the mastiff's neck.


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8790
JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
-
" What's that ? » he cries. «Oh, nothing but a speck. ”
“A speck ? ” — “Ay, ay; 'tis not enough to pain me;
Perhaps the collar's mark by which they chain me. ”
«Chain! chain you! What! run you not, then,
Just where you please and when ? »
“Not always, sir; but what of that?
« Enough for me, to spoil your fat!
It ought to be a precious price
Which could to servile chains entice;
For me, I'll shun them while I've wit. ”
So ran Sir Wolf, and runneth yet.
Translation of Elizur Wright.
THE TWO DOVES
T"
wo doves once cherished for each other
The love that brother hath for brother.
But one, of scenes domestic tiring,
To see the foreign world aspiring,
Was fool enough to undertake
A journey long, o'er land and lake.
“What plan is this? ” the other cried;
“Wouldst quit so soon thy brother's side ?
This absence is the worst of ills;
Thy heart may bear, but me it kills.
Pray let the dangers, toil, and care,
Of which all travelers tell,
Your courage somewhat quell.
Still, if the season later were —
Oh, wait the zephyrs ! — hasten not — »
Just now the raven, on his oak,
In hoarser tones than usual spoke.
"My heart forebodes the saddest lot, -
The falcons' nets — Alas, it rains!
My brother, are thy wants supplied —
Provisions, shelter, pocket-guide,
And all that unto health pertains ? ”
These words occasioned some demur
In our imprudent traveler.
But restless curiosity
Prevailed at last; and so said he:
.


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JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
8791
« The matter is not worth a sigh:
Three days at most will satisfy;
And then returning, I shall tell
You all the wonders that befell,
With scenes enchanting and sublime
Shall sweeten all our coming time.
Who seeth naught, hath naught to say.
My travel's course, from day to day,
Will be the source of great delight.
A store of tales I shall relate:
Say, There I lodged at such a date,
And saw there such and such a sight.
You'll think it all occurred to you. ”
On this, both, weeping, bade adieu.
1
Away the lonely wanderer flew. -
A thunder-cloud began to lower;
He sought, as shelter from the shower,
The only tree that graced the plain,
Whose leaves ill turned the pelting rain.
The sky once more serene above,
On flew our drenched and dripping dove,
And dried his plumage. as he could.
Next, on the borders of a wood,
He spied some scattered grains of wheat,
Which one, he thought, might safely eat;
For there another dove he saw. -
He felt the snare around him draw!
This wheat was but a treacherous bait
To lure poor pigeons to their fate.
The snare had been so long in use,
With beak and wings he struggled loose:
Some feathers perished while it stuck;
But what was worst in point of luck,
A hawk, the cruelest of foes,
Perceived him clearly as he rose,
Off dragging, like a runaway,
A piece of string. The bird of prey
Had bound him, in a moment more,
Much faster than he was before;
But from the clouds an eagle came,
And made the hawk himself his game.
By war of robbers profiting,
The dove for safety plied the wing,


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8792
JEAN DE LA FONTAINE
And lighting on a ruined wall,
Believed his dangers ended all.