He is highly
celebrated
for his
skill in astronomy by the ancients, though none of his
writings on this or any other branch of science are ex-
tant.
skill in astronomy by the ancients, though none of his
writings on this or any other branch of science are ex-
tant.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
, i, 8), that the Esquiline de-
? ? rived its name from the Latin word excullas; in proof
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? EVA
E t/B
tilled dv Mcgareus, tne son of Creon, under the walls
>> Thebes. (Apcllod , 3, 6. )
Etesi^ ('Er>7<Ti'oi), winds blowing every year (iVoc)
at a stated period, over the . ? gean Sea. They came
from the north, and are hence sometimes called 'Krj-
<no* Booiai. The Etesian winds prevailed for forty
days after the setting of the Dog-star. Arrian speaks
? jf Etesian winds in the Indian Ocean, blowing from
the south, by which he evidently means the monsoons.
(Aman, Exp. Altx. , 6, 81. --Indie, 21. )
Etrvria. Vid. Hetruria.
Etadrb, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos,
who slighted the addresses of Apollo, and married Ca-
paneus, one of the seven chiefs who went against
Thebes. When her husband had been struck with
thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety,
and his ashes had been separated from those of the rest
of the Argives, she threw herself on his burning pile,
and perished in the flames. (Virg. , Mn. , 6, 447. --
Propert. , 1, 15, 21-- Stat. , Theb. , 12, 800 )
Evagoras, I. a king of Salamis in the island of Cy-
prus, and a descendant of Teucer son of Telamon, the
founder of that city. When Evagoras saw the light,
'. he throne of Salamis was occupied by a Phoenician
ruler, who had obtained it by treachery. This Phoeni-
cian was afterward slain by one of the leading chief-
tains of the country, who thereupon usurped the su-
preme power, and endeavoured to seize Evagoras,
whose right to the throne was an obstacle in the way of
his ambition. Evagoras fled to Soli in Cilicia, assem-
bled there a small band of followers, returned to Cy-
prus, and, deposing the tyrant, mounted the throne of
bis ancestors. All this took place while the enfeebled
empire of Persia was scarcely able to withstand the
attacks of the victorious Greeks prior to the Pelopon-
nesian war, and had therefore no time to attend to the
affairs of Cyprus. Evagoras showed himself a wise
and politic prince, and raised the gliry of his native
island to a much higher pitch than i' nad ever attained
belore He became the patron also of arts and litera-
ture, and entertained at his court distinguished men of
all nations. It was in his dominions that Conon, the
Athenian general, sought refuge after ihe fatal battle
of ^Egos Potamos, and by his aid was enabled to pre-
pare a fleet, which restored the naval ascendancy of
his country. (Isocr. , Evag. , p. 200. --Xm. , Hist.
Gr. ,2, 1, 19-- Corn. Nep. , Vie. Con. -- Diod. Sic,
14, 39. ) Judging from the splendid panegyric passed
upon his character by Isocrates, Evagoras was cer-
tainly a prince of rare and distinguished virtue and
merit; and his fortune for a time kept pace with his
shining qualities. Unfortunately however, he met with
reverses towards the close of his reign. Artaxerxes
Mnemon attacked his power, after the peace of Antal-
cidas had left the Asiatic Greeks at the mercy of the
Persian king. Evagoras was aided in his resistance
to the Persian arms by Amasis of Egypt, and also se-
cretly by the Athenians; but his efforts were unsuc-
cessful, and he saw himself eventually compelled to
renounce his authority over the other cities of Cyprus,
and confine himself to Salamis, paying besides an annual
tribute to Persia. He was assassinated by a eunuch,
B. C. 374. His son Nicocles succeeded him. (Diod.
Sic. , 15, 2, seqq. ) II. Grandson of the preceding.
Being deprived of hie possessions by his uncle Prota-
goras, he fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, by whose order he
was put to death.
? ? Evander, a son of the prophetess Carmenta, and
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? E1TBCEA.
COC
nad unguardec y cemented tliat. impolilic union. This
was peculiarly the case with the Euboean cities, since
we learn from Thucydidca (1, 114), that the whole isl-
and acknowledged the supremacy and sway of Athens
prior to the Peloponnesian war; but neither that his-
torian nor Herodotus has informed us precis"'" "hen,
and in what manner, their subjugation was effected.
On ike Athenians being compelled, after their defeat at
Coionea, to evacuate Bceotia, of which they had been
for some time masters, the Eubceans took advantage
of that circumstance to attempt emancipating them-
selves from a foreign yoke. But success did not at-
tend their efforts. As soon as the news of the revolt
had reached Athens, Pericles was despatched at the
head of a considerable force to quell the insurrection,
? n which he succeeded so effectually, notwithstanding
? he frequent diversions made by the Peloponnesians in
favour of the islanders, that they were reduced to a
more abject stale of subjection than ever (Thucyd. , 1,
114); and it was not till the unfortunate Sicilian ex-
pedition had compelled Athens to light for existence
rather than conquest, that the Eubceans ventured once
more to assert their right to independence (Thucyd. ,
8, 6); but such was the want of zeal and energy dis-
played by the Lacedaemonian government, that they
obtained no aid from that quarter until nearly the ter-
mination of the twenty-first year of the war, when at
length Hegesandridas, a Spartan admiral, came to their
support, and gained a victory over the Athenian licet;
the Eretrians then openly revolted, and their example
being quickly followed by the other towns, the whole
of Eubcea recovered its independence. This island,
however, derived but little advantage from the change
which then took place. Each city, being left to its
own direction, soon became a prey to faction and civil
broil, which ended ? >>? a more complete alavcry under
the dominion of t> rarns. Towards the commence
ment of the war between the BceoLiaus and Spartans,
we are told by Diodorus (15, 30), that the Eubceans
manifested a desire to p. ace themselves once more
under the protection of Athens. Another party, how-
ever, having declared in favour of the Thebans, a civil
war ensued, which equally exhausted both factions,
and forced them to make peace (16, 7). By the abil-
ity and judgment of Timothcus, the Athenian general,
a preponderance of opinion was decidedly created in
favour of that state (Dcmoslh. , de Cor. , p. 108. --
? sch. contr. Ctcs. , p. 479. -- Mitford's Greece, vol.
7, p. 384), which continued until overthrown by the
arts and machinations of Philip. Phocion was em-
powered by the Macedonian government to take all
the requisite measures for restoring tranquillity, and
he obtained some important successes over the Eubce-
un forces; but it does not appear that much advan-
tage was ultimately derived from his victory. After
litis period Eubcea became attached to the Macedonian
interests, until it was once more restored to freedom
by the Romans, who wrested it from Philip, the son of
Demetrius. (Lis. , 34, 51. )--This island, according
to Strabo (444), extends from the Maliac Gulf along
the coast of Locris, Bceotia, and Attica, a distance of
about one thousand two hundred stadia; its greatest
breadth nowhere exceeds one hundred and fifty stadia.
(Compare Scylax, p. 23. ) "Torn from the coast of
Boeo ia," says Pliny, ? ' it is separated by the Euripus,
the breadth of which is so insignificant as to aiiow a
bridge to be thrown across. Of its two southern prom-
? ? ontories, Geraestus looks towards Attica, Capharcus
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? EUCL1DES.
EUD
Baric, or Eristic sect. Endowed by nature with ?
subtle and penetrating genius, he early applied nim-
self to the study of philosophy. The writings of Par-
menides first taught him the art of disputation. Hear-
ing of the fame of Socrates, Euclid determined to at-
tend upon his instructions, and for this purpose remo-
ved from Megara to Athens. Here he "ong remained a
constant hearer and zealous disciple ol the moral phi-
losopher. And when, in consequence of the enmity
whi;h subsisted between the Athenians and Megarc-
ans, a deciee nis passed by the former, that any inhab-
itant of Megara who should be ? ? en in Athens should
forfeit his life, he frequently came to Athens by night,
from the distance of about tvroul) miles, concealed in
a long female cloak and veil, to \ isi> his master. (Aul.
Gell. , 6, 10. ) Not finding his >. aUral propensity to
disputation sufficiently gratified in the tranquil method
of philosophizing adopted by Socrates, he frequently
engaged in the business and disputes of the civil
courts. Socrates, who despised forensic contests, ex-
pressed some dissatisfaction with his pupil for indul-
ging a fondness for controversy. {Diog. Laert. , 2,30. )
This circumstance probably proved the occasion of a
separation between Euclid and his master; for we find
him, after this time, at the head of a school in Megara
(Diog. Laert. ,3, 6), in which his chief employment was
to teach the art of disputation. Debates were con-
ducted with so much vehemence among his pupils, that
Timon said of Euclid, that he had carried the madness
of contention from Athens to Megara. (Diog. Locrt. ,
6,22. ) That he was, however, capable of commanding
iiis temper, appears from his reply to his brother, who,
>n a quarrel, had said, "Let me perish if I be not re-
venged on you:" "and let me perish," returned Euclid,
"it I do not subdue your resentment by forbearance,
snd make you love me as much as ever. "--In dispu-
tation, Euclid was averse to the analogical method of
reasoning, and judged that legitimate argumentation
consists in deducing fair conclusions from acknowledg-
ed premises. He held that there is one supreme
E>>od, which he called by the different names of Intel-
ligence, Providence, God; and that evil, considered as
an opposite principle to the sovereign good, has no ex-
istence. The supreme good, according to Cicero, he
denned to be, that which is always the same. In this
doctrine, in which he followed the subtlety of Parmen-
ides rather than the simplicity of Socrates, he seems to
hive considered good abstractedly as residing in the
Deity; and to have maintained, that all things which
eiist are good by their participation of the first good,
and, consequently, that there is, in the nature of things,
no real evil. --It is said, that when Euclid was asked
his opinion concerning the gods, he replied, "I know
nothing more of them than this, that they hate inquis-
itive persons. " If this apophthegm be justly ascribed to
Euclid, it may serve to prove, either that he had learn-
ed, from the precepts of Socrates, to think soberly and
respectfully concerning the Divine Nature, or that the
late of that good man had taught him caution in de-
claring his opinions. {Enfield's History of Philoxo-
Bsy, vol. I, p. 193, seqq. )--II. A celebrated mathe-
matician of Alexandres, considered by some to have
been a native of that city, though the more received
opinion makes the place of his birth to havo been un-
tiwvm. He flourished B. C. 280, in the reign of Ptol-
*my Lagus. and was professor of mathematics in the
capital of Egypt. His scholars were numerous, and
? ? imor. ir -'. em was Ptolemy himself. It is related, that
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? EVE
EUH
poem on tne martyrdom of Cyprian The best edition
of the Homeroccntra is that of Teucher, Lips. , 1798,
*vo --II. The Younger, daughter of the preceding and
of Theodoaius II. , married Valentinian III. After the
assassination of her husband by Petronius Maximus,
she was obliged to marry the usurper. Eudocia, out
of indignation and revenge, called in Gcnseric, king of
the Vandals, who came to Italy, plundered Home, and
carried Eudocia with him to Africa. Some years af-
terward she was sent back to Constantinople, where
? he died, A. D. 462. --III. The widow of Constantine
Ducas, married Romanus Diogenes, an officer of dis-
tinction, A D. 1068, and associated him with her on
the thr:ne. Three years after, Michael, her son, by
means of a revolt, was proclaimed emperor, and caused
his mother to be shut up in a convent, where she spent
the rest of her life. She left a treatise on the gcreal-
ogies of the gods and heroes, which displays an ex-
-ensive acquaintance with the subject. It is printed
in Villoison's Anecdota Graca, Venct. , 1781, 2 vols.
4lo.
Eudoxus, I. a celebrated astronomer and geometri-
cian, born at Cnidus, who flourished about 370 B. C.
He studied geometry under Archytas, and afterward,
in the course of his travels, went to Egypt, and was in-
troduced to the notice of Nectancbis II. , and by him to
the Egyptian priests.
He is highly celebrated for his
skill in astronomy by the ancients, though none of his
writings on this or any other branch of science are ex-
tant. The honour of bringing the celestial sphere and
the regular astronomy from Egypt to Greece, belongs
to him. After his return from Egypt, he taught astron-
omy and philosophy with great applause at Cyzicus,
and afterward removed to Athens, where he opened a
school, and was in such high repute as to be consulted
on subjects of policy as well as science by deputies
from all parts of Greece. Eudoxus is said, in fact, to
have supported his school with so much reputation as to
have excited the envy of even Plato himself. Proclus
informs us, that Euclid very liberally borrowed from
the elements of geometry composed by Eudoxus. Ci-
cero calls htm the greatest astronomer that ever lived;
and we learn from Petronius, that he retired to the top
of a very high mountain, that he might observe the ce-
lestial phenomena with more convenience than he
could on a plain or in a crowded city. Strabo says,
that the observatory of Eudoxus was at Cnidus. Vi-
truvius describes a sundial constructed by him. (Diog.
Laerl, 8, 86, seqq. --Cic, de Div. , 2, 42. --Petron. ,
Arb. , 88, 4. --Strab. . \19. --Vitruv. , 9, 9. ) He died
B. C. 352. His works are lost, but they served as ma-
terials to Aratus for the composition of his poem enti-
tled the Phenomena. (Sckoll, Hut. Lit. Gr. , vol. 3,
p. 8. )--II. A native of Cyzicus, sent by Ptolemy VII. ,
Euergeles, on a voyage to India, and, some years af-
ter, on a second voyage by Cleopatra, widow of that
prince. It appears that he subsequently attempted the
circumnavigation of Africa. (For an account of his
movements, consult remarks under the article Africa,
page 79, col. 2. )
Euemerus. Vid. Euhemerus.
E "excs, I. a name common to several epigrammatic
poets, for some account of whom, consult Jacobs, Ca-
tal. Poet. Epig. --Antkol. Grac, vol. 13, p. 893. --
II. A river of ^Etolia, rising, as Strabo (451) reports,
in the country of the Bomicnses, who occupied the
northeast extremity of /Etolia. Ptolemy sayB (p. 87)
? ? that it flowed from Mount Callidromus, meaning the
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? EUM
EUMENES.
th* . and of Panchaia (De Is. et Os. ): that the Pan-
tkdia tellus bad been described in a flowery and poet-
ical style, both by Diodorus Siculus and Virgil (Georg. ,
i, 139), but not in such a manner as to determine its
geographical position. The truth of the relation con-
tained in the work of Euhcmerus has been vindicated
by modern writers, who have attempted to prove that
Panchaia was an island of the Red Sea, which Eu-
lemerus had actually visited in the course of his voy-
ige. (Mem. de CAcad. its Inserip. , vol. 15. ) But
whether Euhcmerus merely recorded what he had seen,
or whether the whole book was not rather a device
and contrivance of his own, it seems highly probable
that the translation of Ennius gave rise to the belief
of many Roman philosophers, who maintained or in-
sinuated their conviction of the mortality of the gods,
and whose writings have been so frequently appealed
to by Parmer, in his able disquisition on the preva-
lence of the Worship of Human Spirits. (Dunlop's
Roman Literature, vol. 1, p. 133. )
Eclcs, a surname of Bacchus, given him, according
to the poets, by Jupiter, whom he was aiding in the
contest with the giants. Jupiter was so delighted
with his valour, that he called out to him, til vie,
"Weli done, oh son . '" Others suppose it to have ori-
ginated from a cry of the Bacchantes, Evoi. (Horat. ,
ll. i. 1, 18,9; 8, 11, 17. )
Eouxos or Choaspks, a river of Persia, flowing
near the city of Susa. The kings of Persia, according
to Herodotus (1, 188), drank of no other; and, wher-
ever they went, they were attended by a number of
four-wheeled carriages, drawn by mules, in which the
water of this river, being first boiled, was deposited in
vessels of silver. . (Elian relates (V. H. , 12, 40), tbat
Xerxes, during his march into Greece, came to a des-
ert place, and was exceedingly thirsty; his attendants
with his baggage were at some distance, and procla-
mation was made, that whosoever had any of the water
sf the Choaspcs should produce it for the use of the
king. One person was found who possessed a small
quantity, but it was quite putrid. Xerxes, however,
drank it, and considered the person who supplied it as
his friend and benefactor, since he must otherwise
have perished with thirst. --Wahl (Asicn, p. 736) de-
rives the name Choaspes from the Persian Khooh asp,
i. e. , "strength of the mountain," "mountain-power,"
and considered it as applicable to all mountain-streams.
The appellation of Eulaeus, in Scripture Ulai (Daniel,
8, 2), is deduced by the same writer from tho Pehlvi
At halath, i. e. , " clear, pure water. " D'Anville sup-
poses the Choaspes to be the modern Karoon; but it
is more probably the Abzal, which flows by the ruins
which both Major Rennel and Mr. Kinneir have deter-
mined to be those of Susa.
Ecmacs, son of Ctesius, king of Syros. He was
carried off when quite young by Phoenician pirates, and
sold to Laertes, father of Ulysses, who brought him up
carefully, and found in him a faithful follower and friend.
Eumzus acted as the steward of Ulysses, and recog-
nised his master, on the return of the latter, though af-
ter an absence of many years. (Od. , 14, 5, seqq. )
Eoatxr/s, I. a son of Admetus, king of Pherse in
Tnessaly, by Afcestis, daughter of PcTias, and who
married Iphthime the sister of Penelope. He went to
the Trojan war, and bad the fleetest horses in the
Grecian array. He distinguished himself in the funer-
al games of PatrocAvm. (Jl. , 2, 714. --Id. , 763, seqq. )
? ? --II. Son of AmriVxilytus. and one of the Corinthian
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? EUM
Ebr
liny 'oe arts and sciences. The moat lasting monu-
ment of his liberality in this respect was the great li-
brary which he founded, and which yielded only to
that of Alcxandrea in extent and value. (Strab. , 624. )
It was from their being first used for writing in this li-
brary, that parchment skins were called "Pergamena
Chariot. " (Varr. ,ap. Plin. ,\3,l\. ) Plutarch informs
us, that this vast collection, which consisted of no less
than 200,000 volumes, was given by Antony to Cleopa-
tra. (Vit. Anionic. 25. ) Eumenesreigned49 years,
leavit. g ar. infant son, under the care of his brother At-
talus, who administered affairs as regent for 21 years,
with great success and renown. (Vid. Pergamus. )
Eumrnia, a city of Phrygia, north of Pelta, which
probably derived its name from Eumenes, king of Per-
gamus. (Steph. Hi/:-, s. v. Ei/ieveta. )
Eumenidis (the kind goddesses), a name given to
the Erinnyes or Furies, goddesses whose business it
was to avenge murder upon earth. They were also call-
ed Scjnna (Seuvtu) or "venerated goddesses. " The
name Eumcnides is commonly thought to have been
used through a superstitious motive. (Vid. Furise. )'
EumknidIa, a festival in honour ef the Eumcnides
or Furies. It was observed once a year with sacri-
fices and libations. At Athens none but freeborn citi-
zens were allowed to participate in the solemnity, and
of these, none but such as were of known virtue and
integrity. (Vid. Eumenides. )
EuMoLPin. fc, a sacerdotal family or house, to which
the priests of Ceres at Eleusis belonged. They claim-
ed descent from the mythic Eumolpus. The Eumol-
pidae had charge of the mysteries by hereditary right,
and to this same sacerdotal line was expressly in-
trusted the celebration of the Thesmophoria. (Vid Eu-
molpus, and consult Crcuzer, Symbolik, vol. 4, p. 355,
44S, 482, seqq. )
Eumolpus, son of Neptune and Chionc, daughter
of Boreas and Orithyia. Chione, to conceal her weak-
ness, threw the babe into the sea, to the protection of
his father. Neptune took him to . Ethiopia, and gave
binr. to his daughter Denthesicyme to rear. When
Eumolpus was grown up, the husband of Denthesicy-
me gave him one of his two daughters in marriage;
but Eumolpus, attempting to offer violence to the sis-
ter of his wife, was forced to fly. He came with his
son Ismarus to Tegyrius, a king of Thrace, who gave
his daughter in marriage to Ismarus. But Eumolpus,
being detected plotting against Tegyrius, was once
more forced to fly, and came to Eleusis. Ismarus
dying, Tegyrius became reconciled to Eumolpus, who
returned"to Thrace, and succeeded him in his king-
dom. War breaking out between the Athenians and
Eleusinians, the latter invoked the aid of their former
guest. A contest ensued, and, according to the ac-
count given by Apollodorus (3, 15, 4), Eumolpus fell
in battle against Erechtheus. Pausanias, however,
states (1, 38, 3), that there fell in thia conflict, on the
one side Erechtheus, and on the other Immaradus, son
of Eumolpus; and that the war was ended on the fol-
lowing terms: the Eleusinians were to acknowledge
the power of Athetis, but were to retain the rites of
Ceres and Proserpina, and over these Eumolpus and
the daughters of Ccleus, king of Eleusis, were to pre-
side. Other authorities, however, make the agree-
ment to have been as follows: the descendants of Eu-
molpus were to enjoy the priestly office at Eleusis,
while the descendants of Erechtheus were to occupy the
? ? Attic throne. (Schot. mser. Aristid. ad Panathen. , p.
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? EUP
ained a thousand verses, for the passage of Suidas re-
specting this writer is somewhat obscure and defective,
and Eudoxia, in the "Garden of Violets," speaks of
a fifth Chiliad, entitled Uepl Xpna/iuv, " Of Oracles. "
Quintilian recommends the reading of this poet, and
Virgil is said to have esteemed his productions very
highly. A passage in the tenth Eclogue (v. 50, seqq. ),
wid a remark made by Servius (ad Eclog. , 6, 72),
have led Heyne to suppose, that C. Cornelius Callus.
the friend of Virgil, had translated Euphorion into
Latin verse. This poet was one of the favourite au-
thors of the Emperor Tiberius, one of those whom he
imitated, and whose busts he placed in his library.
The fragments of Euphorion were collected and pub-
lished by Mcineke, in his work "De Euphoriants
Chalc. vita ct scriptis," Gcdani, 1823, 8vo. (Schbll,
Hut. Lit. Gr.
? ? rived its name from the Latin word excullas; in proof
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? EVA
E t/B
tilled dv Mcgareus, tne son of Creon, under the walls
>> Thebes. (Apcllod , 3, 6. )
Etesi^ ('Er>7<Ti'oi), winds blowing every year (iVoc)
at a stated period, over the . ? gean Sea. They came
from the north, and are hence sometimes called 'Krj-
<no* Booiai. The Etesian winds prevailed for forty
days after the setting of the Dog-star. Arrian speaks
? jf Etesian winds in the Indian Ocean, blowing from
the south, by which he evidently means the monsoons.
(Aman, Exp. Altx. , 6, 81. --Indie, 21. )
Etrvria. Vid. Hetruria.
Etadrb, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos,
who slighted the addresses of Apollo, and married Ca-
paneus, one of the seven chiefs who went against
Thebes. When her husband had been struck with
thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety,
and his ashes had been separated from those of the rest
of the Argives, she threw herself on his burning pile,
and perished in the flames. (Virg. , Mn. , 6, 447. --
Propert. , 1, 15, 21-- Stat. , Theb. , 12, 800 )
Evagoras, I. a king of Salamis in the island of Cy-
prus, and a descendant of Teucer son of Telamon, the
founder of that city. When Evagoras saw the light,
'. he throne of Salamis was occupied by a Phoenician
ruler, who had obtained it by treachery. This Phoeni-
cian was afterward slain by one of the leading chief-
tains of the country, who thereupon usurped the su-
preme power, and endeavoured to seize Evagoras,
whose right to the throne was an obstacle in the way of
his ambition. Evagoras fled to Soli in Cilicia, assem-
bled there a small band of followers, returned to Cy-
prus, and, deposing the tyrant, mounted the throne of
bis ancestors. All this took place while the enfeebled
empire of Persia was scarcely able to withstand the
attacks of the victorious Greeks prior to the Pelopon-
nesian war, and had therefore no time to attend to the
affairs of Cyprus. Evagoras showed himself a wise
and politic prince, and raised the gliry of his native
island to a much higher pitch than i' nad ever attained
belore He became the patron also of arts and litera-
ture, and entertained at his court distinguished men of
all nations. It was in his dominions that Conon, the
Athenian general, sought refuge after ihe fatal battle
of ^Egos Potamos, and by his aid was enabled to pre-
pare a fleet, which restored the naval ascendancy of
his country. (Isocr. , Evag. , p. 200. --Xm. , Hist.
Gr. ,2, 1, 19-- Corn. Nep. , Vie. Con. -- Diod. Sic,
14, 39. ) Judging from the splendid panegyric passed
upon his character by Isocrates, Evagoras was cer-
tainly a prince of rare and distinguished virtue and
merit; and his fortune for a time kept pace with his
shining qualities. Unfortunately however, he met with
reverses towards the close of his reign. Artaxerxes
Mnemon attacked his power, after the peace of Antal-
cidas had left the Asiatic Greeks at the mercy of the
Persian king. Evagoras was aided in his resistance
to the Persian arms by Amasis of Egypt, and also se-
cretly by the Athenians; but his efforts were unsuc-
cessful, and he saw himself eventually compelled to
renounce his authority over the other cities of Cyprus,
and confine himself to Salamis, paying besides an annual
tribute to Persia. He was assassinated by a eunuch,
B. C. 374. His son Nicocles succeeded him. (Diod.
Sic. , 15, 2, seqq. ) II. Grandson of the preceding.
Being deprived of hie possessions by his uncle Prota-
goras, he fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, by whose order he
was put to death.
? ? Evander, a son of the prophetess Carmenta, and
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? E1TBCEA.
COC
nad unguardec y cemented tliat. impolilic union. This
was peculiarly the case with the Euboean cities, since
we learn from Thucydidca (1, 114), that the whole isl-
and acknowledged the supremacy and sway of Athens
prior to the Peloponnesian war; but neither that his-
torian nor Herodotus has informed us precis"'" "hen,
and in what manner, their subjugation was effected.
On ike Athenians being compelled, after their defeat at
Coionea, to evacuate Bceotia, of which they had been
for some time masters, the Eubceans took advantage
of that circumstance to attempt emancipating them-
selves from a foreign yoke. But success did not at-
tend their efforts. As soon as the news of the revolt
had reached Athens, Pericles was despatched at the
head of a considerable force to quell the insurrection,
? n which he succeeded so effectually, notwithstanding
? he frequent diversions made by the Peloponnesians in
favour of the islanders, that they were reduced to a
more abject stale of subjection than ever (Thucyd. , 1,
114); and it was not till the unfortunate Sicilian ex-
pedition had compelled Athens to light for existence
rather than conquest, that the Eubceans ventured once
more to assert their right to independence (Thucyd. ,
8, 6); but such was the want of zeal and energy dis-
played by the Lacedaemonian government, that they
obtained no aid from that quarter until nearly the ter-
mination of the twenty-first year of the war, when at
length Hegesandridas, a Spartan admiral, came to their
support, and gained a victory over the Athenian licet;
the Eretrians then openly revolted, and their example
being quickly followed by the other towns, the whole
of Eubcea recovered its independence. This island,
however, derived but little advantage from the change
which then took place. Each city, being left to its
own direction, soon became a prey to faction and civil
broil, which ended ? >>? a more complete alavcry under
the dominion of t> rarns. Towards the commence
ment of the war between the BceoLiaus and Spartans,
we are told by Diodorus (15, 30), that the Eubceans
manifested a desire to p. ace themselves once more
under the protection of Athens. Another party, how-
ever, having declared in favour of the Thebans, a civil
war ensued, which equally exhausted both factions,
and forced them to make peace (16, 7). By the abil-
ity and judgment of Timothcus, the Athenian general,
a preponderance of opinion was decidedly created in
favour of that state (Dcmoslh. , de Cor. , p. 108. --
? sch. contr. Ctcs. , p. 479. -- Mitford's Greece, vol.
7, p. 384), which continued until overthrown by the
arts and machinations of Philip. Phocion was em-
powered by the Macedonian government to take all
the requisite measures for restoring tranquillity, and
he obtained some important successes over the Eubce-
un forces; but it does not appear that much advan-
tage was ultimately derived from his victory. After
litis period Eubcea became attached to the Macedonian
interests, until it was once more restored to freedom
by the Romans, who wrested it from Philip, the son of
Demetrius. (Lis. , 34, 51. )--This island, according
to Strabo (444), extends from the Maliac Gulf along
the coast of Locris, Bceotia, and Attica, a distance of
about one thousand two hundred stadia; its greatest
breadth nowhere exceeds one hundred and fifty stadia.
(Compare Scylax, p. 23. ) "Torn from the coast of
Boeo ia," says Pliny, ? ' it is separated by the Euripus,
the breadth of which is so insignificant as to aiiow a
bridge to be thrown across. Of its two southern prom-
? ? ontories, Geraestus looks towards Attica, Capharcus
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? EUCL1DES.
EUD
Baric, or Eristic sect. Endowed by nature with ?
subtle and penetrating genius, he early applied nim-
self to the study of philosophy. The writings of Par-
menides first taught him the art of disputation. Hear-
ing of the fame of Socrates, Euclid determined to at-
tend upon his instructions, and for this purpose remo-
ved from Megara to Athens. Here he "ong remained a
constant hearer and zealous disciple ol the moral phi-
losopher. And when, in consequence of the enmity
whi;h subsisted between the Athenians and Megarc-
ans, a deciee nis passed by the former, that any inhab-
itant of Megara who should be ? ? en in Athens should
forfeit his life, he frequently came to Athens by night,
from the distance of about tvroul) miles, concealed in
a long female cloak and veil, to \ isi> his master. (Aul.
Gell. , 6, 10. ) Not finding his >. aUral propensity to
disputation sufficiently gratified in the tranquil method
of philosophizing adopted by Socrates, he frequently
engaged in the business and disputes of the civil
courts. Socrates, who despised forensic contests, ex-
pressed some dissatisfaction with his pupil for indul-
ging a fondness for controversy. {Diog. Laert. , 2,30. )
This circumstance probably proved the occasion of a
separation between Euclid and his master; for we find
him, after this time, at the head of a school in Megara
(Diog. Laert. ,3, 6), in which his chief employment was
to teach the art of disputation. Debates were con-
ducted with so much vehemence among his pupils, that
Timon said of Euclid, that he had carried the madness
of contention from Athens to Megara. (Diog. Locrt. ,
6,22. ) That he was, however, capable of commanding
iiis temper, appears from his reply to his brother, who,
>n a quarrel, had said, "Let me perish if I be not re-
venged on you:" "and let me perish," returned Euclid,
"it I do not subdue your resentment by forbearance,
snd make you love me as much as ever. "--In dispu-
tation, Euclid was averse to the analogical method of
reasoning, and judged that legitimate argumentation
consists in deducing fair conclusions from acknowledg-
ed premises. He held that there is one supreme
E>>od, which he called by the different names of Intel-
ligence, Providence, God; and that evil, considered as
an opposite principle to the sovereign good, has no ex-
istence. The supreme good, according to Cicero, he
denned to be, that which is always the same. In this
doctrine, in which he followed the subtlety of Parmen-
ides rather than the simplicity of Socrates, he seems to
hive considered good abstractedly as residing in the
Deity; and to have maintained, that all things which
eiist are good by their participation of the first good,
and, consequently, that there is, in the nature of things,
no real evil. --It is said, that when Euclid was asked
his opinion concerning the gods, he replied, "I know
nothing more of them than this, that they hate inquis-
itive persons. " If this apophthegm be justly ascribed to
Euclid, it may serve to prove, either that he had learn-
ed, from the precepts of Socrates, to think soberly and
respectfully concerning the Divine Nature, or that the
late of that good man had taught him caution in de-
claring his opinions. {Enfield's History of Philoxo-
Bsy, vol. I, p. 193, seqq. )--II. A celebrated mathe-
matician of Alexandres, considered by some to have
been a native of that city, though the more received
opinion makes the place of his birth to havo been un-
tiwvm. He flourished B. C. 280, in the reign of Ptol-
*my Lagus. and was professor of mathematics in the
capital of Egypt. His scholars were numerous, and
? ? imor. ir -'. em was Ptolemy himself. It is related, that
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? EVE
EUH
poem on tne martyrdom of Cyprian The best edition
of the Homeroccntra is that of Teucher, Lips. , 1798,
*vo --II. The Younger, daughter of the preceding and
of Theodoaius II. , married Valentinian III. After the
assassination of her husband by Petronius Maximus,
she was obliged to marry the usurper. Eudocia, out
of indignation and revenge, called in Gcnseric, king of
the Vandals, who came to Italy, plundered Home, and
carried Eudocia with him to Africa. Some years af-
terward she was sent back to Constantinople, where
? he died, A. D. 462. --III. The widow of Constantine
Ducas, married Romanus Diogenes, an officer of dis-
tinction, A D. 1068, and associated him with her on
the thr:ne. Three years after, Michael, her son, by
means of a revolt, was proclaimed emperor, and caused
his mother to be shut up in a convent, where she spent
the rest of her life. She left a treatise on the gcreal-
ogies of the gods and heroes, which displays an ex-
-ensive acquaintance with the subject. It is printed
in Villoison's Anecdota Graca, Venct. , 1781, 2 vols.
4lo.
Eudoxus, I. a celebrated astronomer and geometri-
cian, born at Cnidus, who flourished about 370 B. C.
He studied geometry under Archytas, and afterward,
in the course of his travels, went to Egypt, and was in-
troduced to the notice of Nectancbis II. , and by him to
the Egyptian priests.
He is highly celebrated for his
skill in astronomy by the ancients, though none of his
writings on this or any other branch of science are ex-
tant. The honour of bringing the celestial sphere and
the regular astronomy from Egypt to Greece, belongs
to him. After his return from Egypt, he taught astron-
omy and philosophy with great applause at Cyzicus,
and afterward removed to Athens, where he opened a
school, and was in such high repute as to be consulted
on subjects of policy as well as science by deputies
from all parts of Greece. Eudoxus is said, in fact, to
have supported his school with so much reputation as to
have excited the envy of even Plato himself. Proclus
informs us, that Euclid very liberally borrowed from
the elements of geometry composed by Eudoxus. Ci-
cero calls htm the greatest astronomer that ever lived;
and we learn from Petronius, that he retired to the top
of a very high mountain, that he might observe the ce-
lestial phenomena with more convenience than he
could on a plain or in a crowded city. Strabo says,
that the observatory of Eudoxus was at Cnidus. Vi-
truvius describes a sundial constructed by him. (Diog.
Laerl, 8, 86, seqq. --Cic, de Div. , 2, 42. --Petron. ,
Arb. , 88, 4. --Strab. . \19. --Vitruv. , 9, 9. ) He died
B. C. 352. His works are lost, but they served as ma-
terials to Aratus for the composition of his poem enti-
tled the Phenomena. (Sckoll, Hut. Lit. Gr. , vol. 3,
p. 8. )--II. A native of Cyzicus, sent by Ptolemy VII. ,
Euergeles, on a voyage to India, and, some years af-
ter, on a second voyage by Cleopatra, widow of that
prince. It appears that he subsequently attempted the
circumnavigation of Africa. (For an account of his
movements, consult remarks under the article Africa,
page 79, col. 2. )
Euemerus. Vid. Euhemerus.
E "excs, I. a name common to several epigrammatic
poets, for some account of whom, consult Jacobs, Ca-
tal. Poet. Epig. --Antkol. Grac, vol. 13, p. 893. --
II. A river of ^Etolia, rising, as Strabo (451) reports,
in the country of the Bomicnses, who occupied the
northeast extremity of /Etolia. Ptolemy sayB (p. 87)
? ? that it flowed from Mount Callidromus, meaning the
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? EUM
EUMENES.
th* . and of Panchaia (De Is. et Os. ): that the Pan-
tkdia tellus bad been described in a flowery and poet-
ical style, both by Diodorus Siculus and Virgil (Georg. ,
i, 139), but not in such a manner as to determine its
geographical position. The truth of the relation con-
tained in the work of Euhcmerus has been vindicated
by modern writers, who have attempted to prove that
Panchaia was an island of the Red Sea, which Eu-
lemerus had actually visited in the course of his voy-
ige. (Mem. de CAcad. its Inserip. , vol. 15. ) But
whether Euhcmerus merely recorded what he had seen,
or whether the whole book was not rather a device
and contrivance of his own, it seems highly probable
that the translation of Ennius gave rise to the belief
of many Roman philosophers, who maintained or in-
sinuated their conviction of the mortality of the gods,
and whose writings have been so frequently appealed
to by Parmer, in his able disquisition on the preva-
lence of the Worship of Human Spirits. (Dunlop's
Roman Literature, vol. 1, p. 133. )
Eclcs, a surname of Bacchus, given him, according
to the poets, by Jupiter, whom he was aiding in the
contest with the giants. Jupiter was so delighted
with his valour, that he called out to him, til vie,
"Weli done, oh son . '" Others suppose it to have ori-
ginated from a cry of the Bacchantes, Evoi. (Horat. ,
ll. i. 1, 18,9; 8, 11, 17. )
Eouxos or Choaspks, a river of Persia, flowing
near the city of Susa. The kings of Persia, according
to Herodotus (1, 188), drank of no other; and, wher-
ever they went, they were attended by a number of
four-wheeled carriages, drawn by mules, in which the
water of this river, being first boiled, was deposited in
vessels of silver. . (Elian relates (V. H. , 12, 40), tbat
Xerxes, during his march into Greece, came to a des-
ert place, and was exceedingly thirsty; his attendants
with his baggage were at some distance, and procla-
mation was made, that whosoever had any of the water
sf the Choaspcs should produce it for the use of the
king. One person was found who possessed a small
quantity, but it was quite putrid. Xerxes, however,
drank it, and considered the person who supplied it as
his friend and benefactor, since he must otherwise
have perished with thirst. --Wahl (Asicn, p. 736) de-
rives the name Choaspes from the Persian Khooh asp,
i. e. , "strength of the mountain," "mountain-power,"
and considered it as applicable to all mountain-streams.
The appellation of Eulaeus, in Scripture Ulai (Daniel,
8, 2), is deduced by the same writer from tho Pehlvi
At halath, i. e. , " clear, pure water. " D'Anville sup-
poses the Choaspes to be the modern Karoon; but it
is more probably the Abzal, which flows by the ruins
which both Major Rennel and Mr. Kinneir have deter-
mined to be those of Susa.
Ecmacs, son of Ctesius, king of Syros. He was
carried off when quite young by Phoenician pirates, and
sold to Laertes, father of Ulysses, who brought him up
carefully, and found in him a faithful follower and friend.
Eumzus acted as the steward of Ulysses, and recog-
nised his master, on the return of the latter, though af-
ter an absence of many years. (Od. , 14, 5, seqq. )
Eoatxr/s, I. a son of Admetus, king of Pherse in
Tnessaly, by Afcestis, daughter of PcTias, and who
married Iphthime the sister of Penelope. He went to
the Trojan war, and bad the fleetest horses in the
Grecian array. He distinguished himself in the funer-
al games of PatrocAvm. (Jl. , 2, 714. --Id. , 763, seqq. )
? ? --II. Son of AmriVxilytus. and one of the Corinthian
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? EUM
Ebr
liny 'oe arts and sciences. The moat lasting monu-
ment of his liberality in this respect was the great li-
brary which he founded, and which yielded only to
that of Alcxandrea in extent and value. (Strab. , 624. )
It was from their being first used for writing in this li-
brary, that parchment skins were called "Pergamena
Chariot. " (Varr. ,ap. Plin. ,\3,l\. ) Plutarch informs
us, that this vast collection, which consisted of no less
than 200,000 volumes, was given by Antony to Cleopa-
tra. (Vit. Anionic. 25. ) Eumenesreigned49 years,
leavit. g ar. infant son, under the care of his brother At-
talus, who administered affairs as regent for 21 years,
with great success and renown. (Vid. Pergamus. )
Eumrnia, a city of Phrygia, north of Pelta, which
probably derived its name from Eumenes, king of Per-
gamus. (Steph. Hi/:-, s. v. Ei/ieveta. )
Eumenidis (the kind goddesses), a name given to
the Erinnyes or Furies, goddesses whose business it
was to avenge murder upon earth. They were also call-
ed Scjnna (Seuvtu) or "venerated goddesses. " The
name Eumcnides is commonly thought to have been
used through a superstitious motive. (Vid. Furise. )'
EumknidIa, a festival in honour ef the Eumcnides
or Furies. It was observed once a year with sacri-
fices and libations. At Athens none but freeborn citi-
zens were allowed to participate in the solemnity, and
of these, none but such as were of known virtue and
integrity. (Vid. Eumenides. )
EuMoLPin. fc, a sacerdotal family or house, to which
the priests of Ceres at Eleusis belonged. They claim-
ed descent from the mythic Eumolpus. The Eumol-
pidae had charge of the mysteries by hereditary right,
and to this same sacerdotal line was expressly in-
trusted the celebration of the Thesmophoria. (Vid Eu-
molpus, and consult Crcuzer, Symbolik, vol. 4, p. 355,
44S, 482, seqq. )
Eumolpus, son of Neptune and Chionc, daughter
of Boreas and Orithyia. Chione, to conceal her weak-
ness, threw the babe into the sea, to the protection of
his father. Neptune took him to . Ethiopia, and gave
binr. to his daughter Denthesicyme to rear. When
Eumolpus was grown up, the husband of Denthesicy-
me gave him one of his two daughters in marriage;
but Eumolpus, attempting to offer violence to the sis-
ter of his wife, was forced to fly. He came with his
son Ismarus to Tegyrius, a king of Thrace, who gave
his daughter in marriage to Ismarus. But Eumolpus,
being detected plotting against Tegyrius, was once
more forced to fly, and came to Eleusis. Ismarus
dying, Tegyrius became reconciled to Eumolpus, who
returned"to Thrace, and succeeded him in his king-
dom. War breaking out between the Athenians and
Eleusinians, the latter invoked the aid of their former
guest. A contest ensued, and, according to the ac-
count given by Apollodorus (3, 15, 4), Eumolpus fell
in battle against Erechtheus. Pausanias, however,
states (1, 38, 3), that there fell in thia conflict, on the
one side Erechtheus, and on the other Immaradus, son
of Eumolpus; and that the war was ended on the fol-
lowing terms: the Eleusinians were to acknowledge
the power of Athetis, but were to retain the rites of
Ceres and Proserpina, and over these Eumolpus and
the daughters of Ccleus, king of Eleusis, were to pre-
side. Other authorities, however, make the agree-
ment to have been as follows: the descendants of Eu-
molpus were to enjoy the priestly office at Eleusis,
while the descendants of Erechtheus were to occupy the
? ? Attic throne. (Schot. mser. Aristid. ad Panathen. , p.
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? EUP
ained a thousand verses, for the passage of Suidas re-
specting this writer is somewhat obscure and defective,
and Eudoxia, in the "Garden of Violets," speaks of
a fifth Chiliad, entitled Uepl Xpna/iuv, " Of Oracles. "
Quintilian recommends the reading of this poet, and
Virgil is said to have esteemed his productions very
highly. A passage in the tenth Eclogue (v. 50, seqq. ),
wid a remark made by Servius (ad Eclog. , 6, 72),
have led Heyne to suppose, that C. Cornelius Callus.
the friend of Virgil, had translated Euphorion into
Latin verse. This poet was one of the favourite au-
thors of the Emperor Tiberius, one of those whom he
imitated, and whose busts he placed in his library.
The fragments of Euphorion were collected and pub-
lished by Mcineke, in his work "De Euphoriants
Chalc. vita ct scriptis," Gcdani, 1823, 8vo. (Schbll,
Hut. Lit. Gr.
