It cannot be denied that this account appears, at
first sight, perfectly clear and probable; and yet there
are some points in it which, 01: closer inspection,
raise a suspicion of its accuracy.
first sight, perfectly clear and probable; and yet there
are some points in it which, 01: closer inspection,
raise a suspicion of its accuracy.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
, 10, 2.
)--A little prior to the Peloponne-
sian war, a dispute arose respecting the temple at Del-
phi, which threatened to involve in hostilities the prin-
cipal states of Greece. This edifice was claimed ap-
parently by the Phocians as the common property of
the whole nation, whereas the Delphians asserted it
to be their own exclusive possession. The Lacede-
monians are said by Thucydides to have declared in
favour of the latter, whose cause they maintained by
force of arms. The Athenians, on the other hand,
were no less favourable to the Phocians, and, on the
? otrcat of the Spartan forces, sent a body of troops to
occupy the temple, and deliver it into their hands.
The service thus rendered by the Athenians seems
greatly to have cemented the ties of friendly union
which already subsisted between the two republics.
(Tkucyd. , 3, 95. )--After the battle of Leuctra, Pho-
cis, as we learn from Xenophon, became subject for a
time to Bceotia (Hist. Gr. , 6, 5, 23), until a change of
circumstances gave a new impulse to the character of
this small republic, and called forth all the energies of
the people in defence of their country. A fine had
been imposed on them by an edict of the Amphictyons
for some reason, which Pausanias professes not to have
been able to ascertain, and which they themselves con-
ceived to be wholly unmerited. Diodorus asserts that
it was in consequence of their having cultivated a
part of the Cirrhean territory which had been declared
sacred (Ifi, 23). By the advice of Philomelus, a Pho-
cian high in rank and estimation, it was determined
to oppose the execution of the hostile decree, and, in
order more effectually to secure the means of resist-
ance, to seize upon the temple of Delphi and its treas-
ures. This measure having been carried into imme-
diate execution, they were thus furnished with abun-
dant supplies for raising troops to defend their country.
(Pausan. , 10, 2. --Diod. Sic, I. c. ) These events led
to what the Greek historians have termed the Sacred
War, which broke out in the second year of the 106th
Olympiad, B. C. 355. The Thebans were the first to
fafce up arms in the cause of religion, which had been
? ? thus openly violated by the Phocians; and, in a battle
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? PHCE
PHOENICIA.
Dn Cluysost. , Or. , 2, mil. ) Suidas says, hia verses
were pilfered from the Sibylline books, a remark de-
rived, in all probability, from some father of the church,
and to be understood in just the opposite sense. In
order to stamp his productions with the impress of
genuineness, P/. Tcylides found it necessary to accom-
pany them with the perpetually-recurring introduction,
"This, too, is a saying of Phocylidcs ;" just as The-
ognis, at the end of his poem on Cyrnos, appended his
n. inic as a mark of literary property. What we have
at present remaining of Phocylidcs consists, for the
most part, of hexameters, and breathes a quite differ-
ent spirit from the Dorian gnomes of Theognis, with
which the Ionic precepts of the Milesian poet are often
directly at variance. For example, in place of com-
ing forward as an ardent defender of anstocratical prin-
ciples, and as a martyr to his political creed, the ad-
vantages of birth are to him altogether indifferent.
Tho contest, in fact, between aristocracy and demo-
cratical principles was by no means so obstinate and
violent in the Ionian cities as in those of Dorian ex-
traction. There is more of a philosophical character
in the poetry of Phocylides, more reference to the com-
mon weal, and a greater wish to promote its true in-
terests, than in the aristocratic gnomes of Theognis.
He composed his gnomic precepts in two or three ver-
ses each, and was considered as not belonging to those
who produced long continuous poems, but rather as
loving the philosophical conciseness of separate and
individual propositions. The longest fragment we have
of Phocylides consists of eight hexameters, in which
he draws a picture of the different classes of females,
and compares them with as many classes of animals.
In treating of individual or personal subjects, however,
he appears to have employed the elegiac measure, as
in the case of the satirical effusion against the island-
ers of Leros. The verses of Phocylides were so high-
ly esteemed, that they were recited by the rhapsodists
? long with those of Homer, Hesiod, Archilochus, and
Himnermus. A po-jm that still exists, under the title
cf Yloiq/ia vovderiicov (Exhortation), in 217 hexame-
ters, is sometimes, though incorrectly, ascribed to him.
It is probably the production of some Christian writer
of the twelfth or thirteenth century. The fragments
of Phocylides are found in the collections of Stephens,
Brunck, Gaisford, Boissonnade, and others. Schier
gave a separate edition of them in 1751, Lips. , 8vo.
(Bode, Geschichte der Lyrisehcn Dichtk. der Hell. , vol.
1, p. 243, seoa. --SchSU, Hist. Lit. Gt, vol. I, p. 240,
seqq)
Phcebk, I. one of the femalo Titans, the offspring
of Heaver and Earth (Ccelus and Terra). From her
union with Cceus, another of the Titans, sprang Lato-
na and Asteria. The name Phoebe ($016*17) signifies
the bright one (from $au, "to shine"); and Cotos (Kol-
oe), the burning (from xaiu, "to burn"). (Keight-
ley's Mythology, p. 64. )--II. One of the names of Di-
ana, or the Moon. (Vid. Diana. )
Phoxbus, one of the names of Apollo, derived from
fm. . , " to shine. " (Vid. Apollo. )
PhoznIck or Phoenicia (<botvlKn), a country of
Asia, extending along the coast of Syria, from the
river Eleutherus and the city and island of Aradus, on
the north, to Mount Carmel on the south. In all prob-
ability, however, some of the cities on the coast below
Carmel may likewise have belonged to Phoenicia, and
hence Ptolemy carries the southern limit of the country
? ? an far down as the river Chorscus, on which Csesarea
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? PHC3NICIA.
et-ionists in Africi, such as the Carthaginians, etc.
This distinction, however, has no good ground Dn
which to rest. The terra *o<ViKtr, in Greek, co/n-
prises not only the Phoenicians, but also the Cartha-
ginians as well as the other Pceni (Herod. , 5, 46. --
liurip , Troad. , 222. ? Bo'ciA, ad Pind. , Pylh. , 1, 72),
? tisane which is imitated by the Latin poets: thus we
b>>>>e in Siliua Italicus (13, 730) the form Phanicium
ftr Panorum, and (16, 25) Phixnix for Pamit. In-
djed, the term Panus is nothing more than 4>o/vif
Lself, adapted to the analogy of the Latin tongue; just
? s from the Greek $otvi'/<<or comes the old Latin form
Panirts, found in Cato and Varro, and from this the
mora usual Punicus. 'Compare ccerare and curare;
mania, omnia, and tnuwire; poena and punio. --Ge-
ttnius, I. c. --Festus, ed. MiUlcr, p. 241, Fragm. e
Ccd. Farn. , L. 16. )
2. History, Commerce, Art; &c, of the Fkxnicians.
The Phoenicians were a branch of that widely ex-
tended race known by the common appellation of Ara-
maean or Semitic. To this great family the Hebrews
and the Arabians belonged, aa well as the inhabitants
of the wide plain between the northern waters of the
Euphrates and Tigris. The Phoenicians themselves,
according to their own account, came originally from
the shores of the Persian Gulf (Herod. , 7, 89), and
Strabo informs us, that in the isles of Tyrus and Ara-
dus, in the gulf just named, were found temples simi-
lar to those of the Phoenicians, and that the inhabitants
of these isles claimed the cities of Tyre and Aradus,
on the coast of Phoenicia, as colonics of theirs. (Stra-
bo, 766. ) The establishment, indeed, of the earlier
Phoenician race in the Persian Gulf, and the enterpri-
sing habits which always characterized this remarkable
people, would seem to point to a very active commerce
carried on in the Indian seas, at a period long antecedent
to poaitive history, and may perhaps furnish some clew
to the marks of early civilization that are discovered
? long the western shores of the American continent.
(Compare Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. 2, p. 163. )--The loss
of the Phoenician annals renders it difficult to investi-
gate the history of this people. Our principal author-
ities are the Hebrew writers of the second book of
Kings, and Ezekiel and Isaiah. Herodotus, Jose-
phus, and Strabo help to supply the deficiency. In-
cidental notices are found in other writers also. The
Phoenician towns were probably independent states
with a small territory around them: the political union
that existed among them till the era of the Persians,
was preserved by a common religious worship. The
town of Tyre seems to have had a kind of supremacy
over the rest, being the richest city, and containing the
temple of the national god, whom the Greeks call
the Tyrian Hercules. The several cities were gov-
erned by supreme hereditary magistrates named kings.
Hiram was king of Tyre, and a friend of Solomon, the
king of Israel. When Xerxes invaded Greece, there
was a King of Tyre, and also a King of Sidon in his
army. (Herod. , 8, 67. ) We infer from a few pas-
sages of the ancient writers, and from the enterprising
spirit of the Phoenicians, that the despotism of Asia did
Dot exist among them. The Sidonians are the first
people recorded in history who formed a commercial
connexion between Asia and Europe; the articles
which they manufactured, or procured from other parta
of Asia, were distributed by them over the coasts of
the Mediterranean. These long voyages led to colo-
nial establishments, and to the diffusion of the useful
? ? arts. The island of Cyprus contained Phoenician col-
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? PHOENICIA.
PIKENIK1A.
ia tne west side (I the Persian Gulf. Here the an-
cient geographers paced the isles of Aradus and Ty-
ros, to which the Tynans brought the products of In-
dia. They were taken by the caravans across the
Arabian desert to Tyre on the Mediterranean, at that
time the great mart of the world. --A commercial road
between Tyre and the Euphrates would be necessary
to diffuse the products of Tyrian industry and com-
merce, and also to procure the valuable wool furnished
by the tVimadic tribes. In the Syrian desert, about
three days' journey from the old ford of the Euphra-
tes, modern travellers behold with astonishment the
magnificent and extensive ruins of Palmyra. The
Arabs of the desert still call it Tadmor, and attribute
these buildings to the magic power of Solomon. We
are told that Solomon built Baleth and Tadmor in the
wilderness. The latter was no doubt intended as a
great entrepot between the Euphrates and the sea.
lis situation, and the possession of springs of water in
an arid desert, would not fail to attract a prince so wise
as Solomon, and a merchant with such extensive deal-
ings as Hiram. --From the mountains of Armenia, the
Tyrians procured copper and slaves: the regions of
the Caucasus, at the present day, supply the harems
of the Turks and Persians with the females of Georgia
and Circassia. --The Phoenicians seem, in the earlier
ages, not to have had very extensive dealings with the
Egyptians: but cotton and cotton cloths are enumer-
ated among the articles which they received from
Egypt. When Thebes, in Upper Egypt, ceased to be
the place of resort for the caravans of Africa and Asia,
the favourable situation of Memphis, at the apex of the
Delta, made it the chief mart of Egypt; and the Tyr-
ians who traded there were so numerous, that a part
of the city was inhabited by them. --Grain of various
kinds was carried to Tyre from the country of the
Hebrews and other parts of Syria. Solomon gave Hi-
ram wheat and oil; and the Tyrian, in exchange, fur-
nished him with the pines and cedars of Libanus. --
1 he commercial intercourse between the Greeks and
Tyrians appears never to have been great: the two
trading nations of the Mediterranean were probably
ealous of one another; and, besides this, their colo-
nies led them in different directions. Sicily was the
point where the Greek and Tyrian merchant met in
competition. When the Phoenicians were obliged to
submit to the Persians, we find their navy willingly
and actively employed against their commercial rivals.
--Tyre was, before the era of the Persians, the centre
of the traffic of the ancient world: in her markets
were found the products of all the countries between
India and Spain, between the extremity of the great
peninsula of sandy Arabia, and the snowy summits of
Caucasus. Her vessels were found in the Mediter-
ranean, on the Atlantic, and in the Indian Ocean.
There was even a tradition, that in the time of Necho,
king of Egypt, some Tyrian ships, at the desire of that
iting, sailed down the Red Sea; and, after circumnav-
igating the continent of Africa, entered the Mediter-
ranean at the Strait of Gibraltar. (Vid. Africa. )--The
Phoenicians furnished the world with several articles
produced by their own industry and skill. The dyed
cloths of Sidon, and the woven vests and needlework
of Phoenician women, were in high repute among the
ancient Greeks. The name of Tyrian purple is famil-
iar, even in modern times; but it is a mistake to sup-
pose that a single colour is to be understood: deep red
? ? and violet colours were those which were most highly
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? PHOENICIA.
PHCENICIA.
the dcclh e of the prospetlty of the towns >>n the coast
of Phoenicia was rapid and irremediable. (Foreign
Qvritrly Review, No. 27, p. 211, seq. )
4. Did Phanicia give an alphabet to Greece?
On this point, though for a long time made the sub-
ject of learned discussion, there is now no room for
dispute. The names of most of the letters, their or-
der, and the forms which they exhibit in the most an-
;<ent monuments, all confirm the truth ol tho tradition,
. . 'tat the Greek alphabet was derived from the Phoeni-
cian; and every doubt on this head, which a hasty
riew of it. in its la'er state, might suggest, has long
since received the most satisfactory solution. Several
changes were necessary to adapt the Eastern charac-
ters to a foreign and totally different language. The
powers of those which were unsuited to the Greek or-
gans were exrnanged for others which were wanting
in the Phoenician alphabet; some elements were final-
ly rejected as superfluous from the written lsnguage,
though they were retained for the purpose of numera-
tion; and, in process of time, the peculiar demands of
the Greek language were satisfied by the invention of
some new signs. The alterations which the figures
of the Greek characters underwent may be partly
traced to the inversion of their position, which took
place when the Greeks instinctively dropped the East-
ern practice of writing from right to left; a change
the gradual progress of which is visible in several ex-
tant inscriptions. This fact, therefore, is established
by evidence, which could scarcely borrow any addi-
tional weight from the highest classical authority. But
the epoch at which the Greeks received their alphabet
from the Phoenicians is a point as to which we cannot
expect to find similar proof; and the event is so re-
mote, that the testimony even of the best historians
cannot be deemed sufficient immediately to remove
all doubt upon the question. A statement, however,
deserving of attention, both on account of its author,
and of its internal marks of diligent and thoughtful in-
quiry, 13 given by Herodotus. The Phoenicians, he
relates, who came with Cadmus to Thebes, introduced
let'ers, along with other branches of knowledge, among
the Gieeks: the characters were at first precisely the
some as those which the Phoenicians continued to use
in bis own day; but their powers and form were grad-
ually changed, first by tho Phoenician colonists them-
selves, and afterward by tho Greeks of the adjacent re-
gion, who were Iouians. These, as they received their
letters from Phoenician teachers, named them PA05-
nician letters; and the historian adds, that, in his own
time, the Ionians called their books or rolls, though
made from the Egyptian papyrus, skins, because this
was the material which they had I'sed at an earlier pe-
riod, as many barbarous nations even then continued to
do.
It cannot be denied that this account appears, at
first sight, perfectly clear and probable; and yet there
are some points in it which, 01: closer inspection,
raise a suspicion of its accuracy. The vague manner
in which Herodotus describes the Iouians, who were
neighbours of the Phoenician colony, seems to imply
that what he says of them is not grounded en any di-
rect tradition, but is a mere hypothesis or inference.
The fact which he appears to have ascertained is, that
the Asiatic Ionians, who were, according to his own
ricw, a very mixed race, were beforehand with the
other Greeks in the art of writing: they called their
books or rolls by a name which probably expressed the
? ? Phoenician word for the same thing, and they descri-
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? PHUSNICIA.
PHOENICIA.
f hcenician, or, as some think, vulgar Punic), to which
>>re to be added fourteen ahort aentenccs, intermingled
with a Latin dialogue, in the second and third scenes.
Modern scholars have, at various times, exercised their
skill in remodelling and explaining these specimens of
the Phoenician, and in attempting to recall them to the
analogy of the Hebrew tongue. Some have confined
their attention to particular words or individual sen-
tences, such as Joseph Scahger (ad fragm. Gracorum,
p. 32), Aldrcte (Antiguedades, p. 207), Selden(<fe Dis
Syris, proleg. , c. 2), Lo Moyne (Varia Sacra, p. 100,
113), Hyde (ad Pcritsol. , p. 45), Reinesius ('loropov-
teva lingua Punictz, c. 12), Tychsen (Nov. Act. Up-
sal. , vol. 7, p. 100, seq), and many others, enumera-
ted by Fabricius (Bibl. hat. , vol. 1, p. 5), and by the
Iiipont editor of Plautus (vol. 1, p. xix. ). A smaller
. lumber have undertaken to interpret all the Punic spe-
cimens contained in the three scenes alluded to. The
first of these was Petitus (Petit), who, in his work en-
titled " Miscellancorum Libri novcm" (p. 58, stqq,Par-
is, 1640, 4to), endeavoured to mould the Punic of the
three scenes into Hebrew, and gave a translation of
'. hem in Latin. Pareus, who came after, also exhibit-
ed the Punic of Plautus in a Hebrew dress, and even
added vowel points *, but the whole is done so care-
lessly and strangely, that the words resemble Chinese
and Mongol as much as they do Hebrew. This was
in the first and second editions of his Plautus. In the
third, however, he adopted the interpretation of Peti-
tus, and even enlarged upon it in a poetical paraphrase.
Many subsequent editors of Plautus have followed in
the same path, such as Doxhorn, Operarius, Gronovi-
us, and Ernesti. Sixteen years after Petitus, the learn-
ed Bochart published the result of his labours on the
Punic of the first scene, in his Sacred Geography (Ca-
naan, 2, 6), and executed the task with so much leani-
ng and ability, that, during nearly two centuries, un-
it the explanation given by Gesenius in 1837, though
there may have been some who have given more prob-
able interpretations of particular phrases and words,
lo on j was found more successful in explaining the
passage as a whole. (Gesen. , Phan. Mon. , p. 359. )
Clcricus (Le Clerc) closely follows the interpretation
of Bochart (Biblioth. Univ. ct Hist. , vol. 9, p. 256),
though be errs in thinking that each verse consists of
two hemistichs, which have a similarity of ending.
Passing over some others who have written on this
same subject, we come to the three most resent ex-
pounders of this much-contested passage; namely,
Bellermann (Versuch cincr Erklarung der Punischcn
Stcllcn im Panulus des Plautus. Stuck, 1-3, Berlin,
1806-1808, cd. 2, 1812), Count de Robiano (Etudes
sur I'ecriture, &c, suivies d'un cssai sur la languc
Puniquc, Paris, 1834, 4lo), and Gesenius (Phan.
Mon. , p. 366, seqq. ). The first two, abandoning the
true view of the subject, as taken by Bochart, regard
the whole sixteen verses as Punic, and endeavour, after
'. he example of Petitus, to adapt them, by every possi-
:j1p expedient, to the analogy of the Hebrew tongue.
Bellermann, however, in doing this, confines himself
within the regular limits of Hebraism, whereas Robi-
ano calls in to his aid, at one time the Syriac, at anoth-
er the Arabic, and discovers also many peculiarities in
the structure of the Punic language, of which no one
. dreamed before, and the sole authority for which is
found in his own imagination. The explanation of
Gesenius, as may readily he inferred from his known
? ? proficiency in Oriental scholarship, is now regarded as
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? PH(E
PHCENIX
Phoenician language may be briefly stated as follows:
1. The Phoenician agrees in most, if not all, respects
with the Hebrew, whether we regard roots, or the
mode of forming and inflecting words. --2. Wherever
the usage of the earlier writers of the Old Testament
differs from that of the later ones, the Phoenician
agrees with the latter rather than with the former. --3.
Only a few words are found that savour of Aramaeism,
nor will more Aramseisms be found in the remains of
the Phoenician language than in the books of the Old
Testament. --4. 1 here are still fewer resemblances to
Arsbism. The most remarkable of these is in the
case of the article, which on one occasion occurs under
the full form al, and often under that of a, though most
frequently it coincides with the Hebrew form. --Other
words, which now can only be explained through the
medium of the Arabic, were undoubtedly, at an earlier
period, equally with many u-n; ? . cy6ficva of the Old
Testament, not less Hebrew than Arabic. --5. Among
the peculiarities of the Phoenician and Punic tongues,
the following may be noted: (a) A defective mode of
orthography, in which the malres Icclionis are em-
ployed as sparingly as possible, (b) In pronouncing,
the Phoenicians (the Carthaginians certainly) expressed
the long o by i2; bs, tufts, lu, alonuth, &c. (c) In-
stead of Segol and Schwa mobile, they appear to have
employed an obtuse kind of sound, which the Roman
writers expressed by the vowel y; as, yth (Hebrew eth,
the mark of the accusative), ynnynu (tcce cum), Ac.
(d) The syllable al they contracted into o, analogous
somewhat to the French chctal (chevau), chevaux.
For other peculiarities consult Gesenius (Phan. Man ,
p. 33C).
Phoenicia. Vid. Phcenice.
Phoenix, I. a fabulous bird, of which Herodotus
gives the following account in that part of his work
which treats of Egypt. "The phoenix is another sa-
cred bird, which I have never seen except in effigy.
He rarely appears in Egypt; once only in five hun-
dred, years, immediately after the death of his father,
as the Heliopolitana affirm. If the painters describe
hnn truly, his feathers represent a mixture of crimson
and gold; and he resembles the eagle in outline and
size. They affirm that he contrives the following
thing, which to me is not credible. They say that he
comes from Arabia, and, bringing the body of his fa-
ther enclosed in myrrh, buries him in the temple of
the sun: and that he brings him in the following man-
ner. First he moulds as great a quantity of myrrh
into the shape of an egg as he is well able to carry;
and, after having tried the weight, he hollows out the
egg. and puts his parent into it, and stops up with
some more myrrh the hole through which he had in-
troduced the body, so that the weight is the same as
before: he then carries the whole mass to the temple
of the sun in Egypt. Such is the account they give
of the phcenii. " (Herod. , 2, 73. )--The whole of this
fable is evidently astronomical, and the following very
ingenious explanation has been given by Marcoz. He
Assumes as the basis of his remarks the fragment of
Hesiod preserved by Plutarch in his treatise De Orae-
ulorum Defectu. (Uepl ruv UteTioiir. XS"1"T---Op. ,
id. Reiske, vol. 7, p. 635. )
ivvia rot f(i<< yevtac hxKtpvCa Kopuvri
avipCiv riiuvruv ? {Aa^oc it re rerpaKopopoc ?
rpetf 6' i? . uij>ov( 6 Kopni; yijpaoKtTai ? airiif< 6 Qoivtl;
tvvla roif KopaKac: ? iota 6' i/itic rove 6oi>>iKac;
? ? vvuQai eiirrXoKa/ioi, Kovpai Aide alyiixoto.
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? PHO
PHOTR'S
unued until hii death. He was buried, according to
Strabo, near the junction of the small river Phosnix
with the Asopus, the former of these itreams having re-
ceived Us name from him. (Strait. , 428. )--III. A
i'jii of Agenor, sent, as well as his brothers Cadmus
jnd Cilix, in quest of their sister Europa. Not hav-
ing succeeded in finding her, he was fabled to have
Killed m and given name to Phoenicia. (Apollod. , 3,
1, 1. --Consult Heyne, ad toe. )
I'IIOMIK, a mountain of Elis, it the base of which
jiocxl the town of Pylos, between the heads of the
rivers Peneus and Selle'is. (Strabo, 339. )
PHOLUS, a centaur, son of Silenus and the nymph
Melia, and residing at Pholoe in Elis. In the perform-
ance of his fourth task, which was to bring the Ery-
aanthian boar alive to Eurystheus, Hercules took his
road through Pholoe, where he was hospitably enter-
tained by Pholus. The centaur set before his guest
roast meat, though he himself fared on raw. Her-
cules asking for wine, his host said he feared to open
the jar, which was the common property of the cen-
Uurs; but, when pressed by the hero, he consented to
unclose it for him. The fragrance of the wine spread
over the mountain, and soon brought all the centaurs,
armed with stones and pine sticks, to the cave of
Pholus. The first who ventured to enter were driven
back by Hercules with burning brands: he hunted the
remainder with his arrows to Males. When Hercules
returned to Pholoe from this pursuit, he found Pholus
lying dead along with several others; for, having drawn
the arrow out of the body of one of them, while he
was wondering how so small a thing could destroy
luch large beings, it dropped out of his hand and
? tuck in his foot, and he died immediately. (Apollod. ,
3, 6, 4, >>cqq. --Keightley't Mythology, p. 355, teg. )
PHORBAS, a son of Priam and Epithesia, killed du-
ring the Trojan war by Menelaus. The god Somnus
borrowed his features when he deceived Palinurus,
and hurled him into the sea from the vessel of . ? Eneas.
(IV Palinurus. )
PHORCVDCS or GRMX, the daughters of Phorcys
and Ceto. They were hoary-haired from their birth,
whence their other name of GriDffi ('? the Gray Maids'').
They were two in number, "well-robed" Pephredo
(Horrififr), and " yellow-robed" Enyo (Shaker). (He-
nod, Theop. , 370, teq. ) We find them always united
with the Gorgons, whose guards they wore, according
to iGschylus. (Eralosth. . Cat. , IZ. --Hygin. , P. A. ,
S, 12. -- Volckcr, Myth. Geog. , 41. ) This poet de-
scribed them as three long-lived maids, swan-formed,
Invinp one eye and one tooth in common, on whom
neither the sun with his beams, nor the nightly moon
ever looks. (Prom. Finer. , 800, teqq. ) Perseus, it
is said, intercepted the eye as they were handing it
from the one to the other, and, having thus blinded the
guards, was enabled to come on the Gorgons unper-
seivcd. The name of the third sister given by the
later writers is Deino (Tcrrifier). (Apollod. , 2,'4, 2.
--Kctghtlcy'i Mythology, p. 252. )
PHORONEUS, son of Inachus and the ocean-nymph
Melia, and second king of Argolis. He was the first
man, according to one tradition, while another makes
him to have collected the rude inhabitants into one
society, and to have given them fire and social institu-
tions. (Apollod. , Z 1. -- Pauianias, 2, 15, 5 ) He
also decided a dispute for the land, between Juno and
Heptune, in favour of the former, who thence became
? ? he tutelar deity of Argos. By the nymph Laodice
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sian war, a dispute arose respecting the temple at Del-
phi, which threatened to involve in hostilities the prin-
cipal states of Greece. This edifice was claimed ap-
parently by the Phocians as the common property of
the whole nation, whereas the Delphians asserted it
to be their own exclusive possession. The Lacede-
monians are said by Thucydides to have declared in
favour of the latter, whose cause they maintained by
force of arms. The Athenians, on the other hand,
were no less favourable to the Phocians, and, on the
? otrcat of the Spartan forces, sent a body of troops to
occupy the temple, and deliver it into their hands.
The service thus rendered by the Athenians seems
greatly to have cemented the ties of friendly union
which already subsisted between the two republics.
(Tkucyd. , 3, 95. )--After the battle of Leuctra, Pho-
cis, as we learn from Xenophon, became subject for a
time to Bceotia (Hist. Gr. , 6, 5, 23), until a change of
circumstances gave a new impulse to the character of
this small republic, and called forth all the energies of
the people in defence of their country. A fine had
been imposed on them by an edict of the Amphictyons
for some reason, which Pausanias professes not to have
been able to ascertain, and which they themselves con-
ceived to be wholly unmerited. Diodorus asserts that
it was in consequence of their having cultivated a
part of the Cirrhean territory which had been declared
sacred (Ifi, 23). By the advice of Philomelus, a Pho-
cian high in rank and estimation, it was determined
to oppose the execution of the hostile decree, and, in
order more effectually to secure the means of resist-
ance, to seize upon the temple of Delphi and its treas-
ures. This measure having been carried into imme-
diate execution, they were thus furnished with abun-
dant supplies for raising troops to defend their country.
(Pausan. , 10, 2. --Diod. Sic, I. c. ) These events led
to what the Greek historians have termed the Sacred
War, which broke out in the second year of the 106th
Olympiad, B. C. 355. The Thebans were the first to
fafce up arms in the cause of religion, which had been
? ? thus openly violated by the Phocians; and, in a battle
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? PHCE
PHOENICIA.
Dn Cluysost. , Or. , 2, mil. ) Suidas says, hia verses
were pilfered from the Sibylline books, a remark de-
rived, in all probability, from some father of the church,
and to be understood in just the opposite sense. In
order to stamp his productions with the impress of
genuineness, P/. Tcylides found it necessary to accom-
pany them with the perpetually-recurring introduction,
"This, too, is a saying of Phocylidcs ;" just as The-
ognis, at the end of his poem on Cyrnos, appended his
n. inic as a mark of literary property. What we have
at present remaining of Phocylidcs consists, for the
most part, of hexameters, and breathes a quite differ-
ent spirit from the Dorian gnomes of Theognis, with
which the Ionic precepts of the Milesian poet are often
directly at variance. For example, in place of com-
ing forward as an ardent defender of anstocratical prin-
ciples, and as a martyr to his political creed, the ad-
vantages of birth are to him altogether indifferent.
Tho contest, in fact, between aristocracy and demo-
cratical principles was by no means so obstinate and
violent in the Ionian cities as in those of Dorian ex-
traction. There is more of a philosophical character
in the poetry of Phocylides, more reference to the com-
mon weal, and a greater wish to promote its true in-
terests, than in the aristocratic gnomes of Theognis.
He composed his gnomic precepts in two or three ver-
ses each, and was considered as not belonging to those
who produced long continuous poems, but rather as
loving the philosophical conciseness of separate and
individual propositions. The longest fragment we have
of Phocylides consists of eight hexameters, in which
he draws a picture of the different classes of females,
and compares them with as many classes of animals.
In treating of individual or personal subjects, however,
he appears to have employed the elegiac measure, as
in the case of the satirical effusion against the island-
ers of Leros. The verses of Phocylides were so high-
ly esteemed, that they were recited by the rhapsodists
? long with those of Homer, Hesiod, Archilochus, and
Himnermus. A po-jm that still exists, under the title
cf Yloiq/ia vovderiicov (Exhortation), in 217 hexame-
ters, is sometimes, though incorrectly, ascribed to him.
It is probably the production of some Christian writer
of the twelfth or thirteenth century. The fragments
of Phocylides are found in the collections of Stephens,
Brunck, Gaisford, Boissonnade, and others. Schier
gave a separate edition of them in 1751, Lips. , 8vo.
(Bode, Geschichte der Lyrisehcn Dichtk. der Hell. , vol.
1, p. 243, seoa. --SchSU, Hist. Lit. Gt, vol. I, p. 240,
seqq)
Phcebk, I. one of the femalo Titans, the offspring
of Heaver and Earth (Ccelus and Terra). From her
union with Cceus, another of the Titans, sprang Lato-
na and Asteria. The name Phoebe ($016*17) signifies
the bright one (from $au, "to shine"); and Cotos (Kol-
oe), the burning (from xaiu, "to burn"). (Keight-
ley's Mythology, p. 64. )--II. One of the names of Di-
ana, or the Moon. (Vid. Diana. )
Phoxbus, one of the names of Apollo, derived from
fm. . , " to shine. " (Vid. Apollo. )
PhoznIck or Phoenicia (<botvlKn), a country of
Asia, extending along the coast of Syria, from the
river Eleutherus and the city and island of Aradus, on
the north, to Mount Carmel on the south. In all prob-
ability, however, some of the cities on the coast below
Carmel may likewise have belonged to Phoenicia, and
hence Ptolemy carries the southern limit of the country
? ? an far down as the river Chorscus, on which Csesarea
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? PHC3NICIA.
et-ionists in Africi, such as the Carthaginians, etc.
This distinction, however, has no good ground Dn
which to rest. The terra *o<ViKtr, in Greek, co/n-
prises not only the Phoenicians, but also the Cartha-
ginians as well as the other Pceni (Herod. , 5, 46. --
liurip , Troad. , 222. ? Bo'ciA, ad Pind. , Pylh. , 1, 72),
? tisane which is imitated by the Latin poets: thus we
b>>>>e in Siliua Italicus (13, 730) the form Phanicium
ftr Panorum, and (16, 25) Phixnix for Pamit. In-
djed, the term Panus is nothing more than 4>o/vif
Lself, adapted to the analogy of the Latin tongue; just
? s from the Greek $otvi'/<<or comes the old Latin form
Panirts, found in Cato and Varro, and from this the
mora usual Punicus. 'Compare ccerare and curare;
mania, omnia, and tnuwire; poena and punio. --Ge-
ttnius, I. c. --Festus, ed. MiUlcr, p. 241, Fragm. e
Ccd. Farn. , L. 16. )
2. History, Commerce, Art; &c, of the Fkxnicians.
The Phoenicians were a branch of that widely ex-
tended race known by the common appellation of Ara-
maean or Semitic. To this great family the Hebrews
and the Arabians belonged, aa well as the inhabitants
of the wide plain between the northern waters of the
Euphrates and Tigris. The Phoenicians themselves,
according to their own account, came originally from
the shores of the Persian Gulf (Herod. , 7, 89), and
Strabo informs us, that in the isles of Tyrus and Ara-
dus, in the gulf just named, were found temples simi-
lar to those of the Phoenicians, and that the inhabitants
of these isles claimed the cities of Tyre and Aradus,
on the coast of Phoenicia, as colonics of theirs. (Stra-
bo, 766. ) The establishment, indeed, of the earlier
Phoenician race in the Persian Gulf, and the enterpri-
sing habits which always characterized this remarkable
people, would seem to point to a very active commerce
carried on in the Indian seas, at a period long antecedent
to poaitive history, and may perhaps furnish some clew
to the marks of early civilization that are discovered
? long the western shores of the American continent.
(Compare Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. 2, p. 163. )--The loss
of the Phoenician annals renders it difficult to investi-
gate the history of this people. Our principal author-
ities are the Hebrew writers of the second book of
Kings, and Ezekiel and Isaiah. Herodotus, Jose-
phus, and Strabo help to supply the deficiency. In-
cidental notices are found in other writers also. The
Phoenician towns were probably independent states
with a small territory around them: the political union
that existed among them till the era of the Persians,
was preserved by a common religious worship. The
town of Tyre seems to have had a kind of supremacy
over the rest, being the richest city, and containing the
temple of the national god, whom the Greeks call
the Tyrian Hercules. The several cities were gov-
erned by supreme hereditary magistrates named kings.
Hiram was king of Tyre, and a friend of Solomon, the
king of Israel. When Xerxes invaded Greece, there
was a King of Tyre, and also a King of Sidon in his
army. (Herod. , 8, 67. ) We infer from a few pas-
sages of the ancient writers, and from the enterprising
spirit of the Phoenicians, that the despotism of Asia did
Dot exist among them. The Sidonians are the first
people recorded in history who formed a commercial
connexion between Asia and Europe; the articles
which they manufactured, or procured from other parta
of Asia, were distributed by them over the coasts of
the Mediterranean. These long voyages led to colo-
nial establishments, and to the diffusion of the useful
? ? arts. The island of Cyprus contained Phoenician col-
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? PHOENICIA.
PIKENIK1A.
ia tne west side (I the Persian Gulf. Here the an-
cient geographers paced the isles of Aradus and Ty-
ros, to which the Tynans brought the products of In-
dia. They were taken by the caravans across the
Arabian desert to Tyre on the Mediterranean, at that
time the great mart of the world. --A commercial road
between Tyre and the Euphrates would be necessary
to diffuse the products of Tyrian industry and com-
merce, and also to procure the valuable wool furnished
by the tVimadic tribes. In the Syrian desert, about
three days' journey from the old ford of the Euphra-
tes, modern travellers behold with astonishment the
magnificent and extensive ruins of Palmyra. The
Arabs of the desert still call it Tadmor, and attribute
these buildings to the magic power of Solomon. We
are told that Solomon built Baleth and Tadmor in the
wilderness. The latter was no doubt intended as a
great entrepot between the Euphrates and the sea.
lis situation, and the possession of springs of water in
an arid desert, would not fail to attract a prince so wise
as Solomon, and a merchant with such extensive deal-
ings as Hiram. --From the mountains of Armenia, the
Tyrians procured copper and slaves: the regions of
the Caucasus, at the present day, supply the harems
of the Turks and Persians with the females of Georgia
and Circassia. --The Phoenicians seem, in the earlier
ages, not to have had very extensive dealings with the
Egyptians: but cotton and cotton cloths are enumer-
ated among the articles which they received from
Egypt. When Thebes, in Upper Egypt, ceased to be
the place of resort for the caravans of Africa and Asia,
the favourable situation of Memphis, at the apex of the
Delta, made it the chief mart of Egypt; and the Tyr-
ians who traded there were so numerous, that a part
of the city was inhabited by them. --Grain of various
kinds was carried to Tyre from the country of the
Hebrews and other parts of Syria. Solomon gave Hi-
ram wheat and oil; and the Tyrian, in exchange, fur-
nished him with the pines and cedars of Libanus. --
1 he commercial intercourse between the Greeks and
Tyrians appears never to have been great: the two
trading nations of the Mediterranean were probably
ealous of one another; and, besides this, their colo-
nies led them in different directions. Sicily was the
point where the Greek and Tyrian merchant met in
competition. When the Phoenicians were obliged to
submit to the Persians, we find their navy willingly
and actively employed against their commercial rivals.
--Tyre was, before the era of the Persians, the centre
of the traffic of the ancient world: in her markets
were found the products of all the countries between
India and Spain, between the extremity of the great
peninsula of sandy Arabia, and the snowy summits of
Caucasus. Her vessels were found in the Mediter-
ranean, on the Atlantic, and in the Indian Ocean.
There was even a tradition, that in the time of Necho,
king of Egypt, some Tyrian ships, at the desire of that
iting, sailed down the Red Sea; and, after circumnav-
igating the continent of Africa, entered the Mediter-
ranean at the Strait of Gibraltar. (Vid. Africa. )--The
Phoenicians furnished the world with several articles
produced by their own industry and skill. The dyed
cloths of Sidon, and the woven vests and needlework
of Phoenician women, were in high repute among the
ancient Greeks. The name of Tyrian purple is famil-
iar, even in modern times; but it is a mistake to sup-
pose that a single colour is to be understood: deep red
? ? and violet colours were those which were most highly
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? PHOENICIA.
PHCENICIA.
the dcclh e of the prospetlty of the towns >>n the coast
of Phoenicia was rapid and irremediable. (Foreign
Qvritrly Review, No. 27, p. 211, seq. )
4. Did Phanicia give an alphabet to Greece?
On this point, though for a long time made the sub-
ject of learned discussion, there is now no room for
dispute. The names of most of the letters, their or-
der, and the forms which they exhibit in the most an-
;<ent monuments, all confirm the truth ol tho tradition,
. . 'tat the Greek alphabet was derived from the Phoeni-
cian; and every doubt on this head, which a hasty
riew of it. in its la'er state, might suggest, has long
since received the most satisfactory solution. Several
changes were necessary to adapt the Eastern charac-
ters to a foreign and totally different language. The
powers of those which were unsuited to the Greek or-
gans were exrnanged for others which were wanting
in the Phoenician alphabet; some elements were final-
ly rejected as superfluous from the written lsnguage,
though they were retained for the purpose of numera-
tion; and, in process of time, the peculiar demands of
the Greek language were satisfied by the invention of
some new signs. The alterations which the figures
of the Greek characters underwent may be partly
traced to the inversion of their position, which took
place when the Greeks instinctively dropped the East-
ern practice of writing from right to left; a change
the gradual progress of which is visible in several ex-
tant inscriptions. This fact, therefore, is established
by evidence, which could scarcely borrow any addi-
tional weight from the highest classical authority. But
the epoch at which the Greeks received their alphabet
from the Phoenicians is a point as to which we cannot
expect to find similar proof; and the event is so re-
mote, that the testimony even of the best historians
cannot be deemed sufficient immediately to remove
all doubt upon the question. A statement, however,
deserving of attention, both on account of its author,
and of its internal marks of diligent and thoughtful in-
quiry, 13 given by Herodotus. The Phoenicians, he
relates, who came with Cadmus to Thebes, introduced
let'ers, along with other branches of knowledge, among
the Gieeks: the characters were at first precisely the
some as those which the Phoenicians continued to use
in bis own day; but their powers and form were grad-
ually changed, first by tho Phoenician colonists them-
selves, and afterward by tho Greeks of the adjacent re-
gion, who were Iouians. These, as they received their
letters from Phoenician teachers, named them PA05-
nician letters; and the historian adds, that, in his own
time, the Ionians called their books or rolls, though
made from the Egyptian papyrus, skins, because this
was the material which they had I'sed at an earlier pe-
riod, as many barbarous nations even then continued to
do.
It cannot be denied that this account appears, at
first sight, perfectly clear and probable; and yet there
are some points in it which, 01: closer inspection,
raise a suspicion of its accuracy. The vague manner
in which Herodotus describes the Iouians, who were
neighbours of the Phoenician colony, seems to imply
that what he says of them is not grounded en any di-
rect tradition, but is a mere hypothesis or inference.
The fact which he appears to have ascertained is, that
the Asiatic Ionians, who were, according to his own
ricw, a very mixed race, were beforehand with the
other Greeks in the art of writing: they called their
books or rolls by a name which probably expressed the
? ? Phoenician word for the same thing, and they descri-
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? PHUSNICIA.
PHOENICIA.
f hcenician, or, as some think, vulgar Punic), to which
>>re to be added fourteen ahort aentenccs, intermingled
with a Latin dialogue, in the second and third scenes.
Modern scholars have, at various times, exercised their
skill in remodelling and explaining these specimens of
the Phoenician, and in attempting to recall them to the
analogy of the Hebrew tongue. Some have confined
their attention to particular words or individual sen-
tences, such as Joseph Scahger (ad fragm. Gracorum,
p. 32), Aldrcte (Antiguedades, p. 207), Selden(<fe Dis
Syris, proleg. , c. 2), Lo Moyne (Varia Sacra, p. 100,
113), Hyde (ad Pcritsol. , p. 45), Reinesius ('loropov-
teva lingua Punictz, c. 12), Tychsen (Nov. Act. Up-
sal. , vol. 7, p. 100, seq), and many others, enumera-
ted by Fabricius (Bibl. hat. , vol. 1, p. 5), and by the
Iiipont editor of Plautus (vol. 1, p. xix. ). A smaller
. lumber have undertaken to interpret all the Punic spe-
cimens contained in the three scenes alluded to. The
first of these was Petitus (Petit), who, in his work en-
titled " Miscellancorum Libri novcm" (p. 58, stqq,Par-
is, 1640, 4to), endeavoured to mould the Punic of the
three scenes into Hebrew, and gave a translation of
'. hem in Latin. Pareus, who came after, also exhibit-
ed the Punic of Plautus in a Hebrew dress, and even
added vowel points *, but the whole is done so care-
lessly and strangely, that the words resemble Chinese
and Mongol as much as they do Hebrew. This was
in the first and second editions of his Plautus. In the
third, however, he adopted the interpretation of Peti-
tus, and even enlarged upon it in a poetical paraphrase.
Many subsequent editors of Plautus have followed in
the same path, such as Doxhorn, Operarius, Gronovi-
us, and Ernesti. Sixteen years after Petitus, the learn-
ed Bochart published the result of his labours on the
Punic of the first scene, in his Sacred Geography (Ca-
naan, 2, 6), and executed the task with so much leani-
ng and ability, that, during nearly two centuries, un-
it the explanation given by Gesenius in 1837, though
there may have been some who have given more prob-
able interpretations of particular phrases and words,
lo on j was found more successful in explaining the
passage as a whole. (Gesen. , Phan. Mon. , p. 359. )
Clcricus (Le Clerc) closely follows the interpretation
of Bochart (Biblioth. Univ. ct Hist. , vol. 9, p. 256),
though be errs in thinking that each verse consists of
two hemistichs, which have a similarity of ending.
Passing over some others who have written on this
same subject, we come to the three most resent ex-
pounders of this much-contested passage; namely,
Bellermann (Versuch cincr Erklarung der Punischcn
Stcllcn im Panulus des Plautus. Stuck, 1-3, Berlin,
1806-1808, cd. 2, 1812), Count de Robiano (Etudes
sur I'ecriture, &c, suivies d'un cssai sur la languc
Puniquc, Paris, 1834, 4lo), and Gesenius (Phan.
Mon. , p. 366, seqq. ). The first two, abandoning the
true view of the subject, as taken by Bochart, regard
the whole sixteen verses as Punic, and endeavour, after
'. he example of Petitus, to adapt them, by every possi-
:j1p expedient, to the analogy of the Hebrew tongue.
Bellermann, however, in doing this, confines himself
within the regular limits of Hebraism, whereas Robi-
ano calls in to his aid, at one time the Syriac, at anoth-
er the Arabic, and discovers also many peculiarities in
the structure of the Punic language, of which no one
. dreamed before, and the sole authority for which is
found in his own imagination. The explanation of
Gesenius, as may readily he inferred from his known
? ? proficiency in Oriental scholarship, is now regarded as
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? PH(E
PHCENIX
Phoenician language may be briefly stated as follows:
1. The Phoenician agrees in most, if not all, respects
with the Hebrew, whether we regard roots, or the
mode of forming and inflecting words. --2. Wherever
the usage of the earlier writers of the Old Testament
differs from that of the later ones, the Phoenician
agrees with the latter rather than with the former. --3.
Only a few words are found that savour of Aramaeism,
nor will more Aramseisms be found in the remains of
the Phoenician language than in the books of the Old
Testament. --4. 1 here are still fewer resemblances to
Arsbism. The most remarkable of these is in the
case of the article, which on one occasion occurs under
the full form al, and often under that of a, though most
frequently it coincides with the Hebrew form. --Other
words, which now can only be explained through the
medium of the Arabic, were undoubtedly, at an earlier
period, equally with many u-n; ? . cy6ficva of the Old
Testament, not less Hebrew than Arabic. --5. Among
the peculiarities of the Phoenician and Punic tongues,
the following may be noted: (a) A defective mode of
orthography, in which the malres Icclionis are em-
ployed as sparingly as possible, (b) In pronouncing,
the Phoenicians (the Carthaginians certainly) expressed
the long o by i2; bs, tufts, lu, alonuth, &c. (c) In-
stead of Segol and Schwa mobile, they appear to have
employed an obtuse kind of sound, which the Roman
writers expressed by the vowel y; as, yth (Hebrew eth,
the mark of the accusative), ynnynu (tcce cum), Ac.
(d) The syllable al they contracted into o, analogous
somewhat to the French chctal (chevau), chevaux.
For other peculiarities consult Gesenius (Phan. Man ,
p. 33C).
Phoenicia. Vid. Phcenice.
Phoenix, I. a fabulous bird, of which Herodotus
gives the following account in that part of his work
which treats of Egypt. "The phoenix is another sa-
cred bird, which I have never seen except in effigy.
He rarely appears in Egypt; once only in five hun-
dred, years, immediately after the death of his father,
as the Heliopolitana affirm. If the painters describe
hnn truly, his feathers represent a mixture of crimson
and gold; and he resembles the eagle in outline and
size. They affirm that he contrives the following
thing, which to me is not credible. They say that he
comes from Arabia, and, bringing the body of his fa-
ther enclosed in myrrh, buries him in the temple of
the sun: and that he brings him in the following man-
ner. First he moulds as great a quantity of myrrh
into the shape of an egg as he is well able to carry;
and, after having tried the weight, he hollows out the
egg. and puts his parent into it, and stops up with
some more myrrh the hole through which he had in-
troduced the body, so that the weight is the same as
before: he then carries the whole mass to the temple
of the sun in Egypt. Such is the account they give
of the phcenii. " (Herod. , 2, 73. )--The whole of this
fable is evidently astronomical, and the following very
ingenious explanation has been given by Marcoz. He
Assumes as the basis of his remarks the fragment of
Hesiod preserved by Plutarch in his treatise De Orae-
ulorum Defectu. (Uepl ruv UteTioiir. XS"1"T---Op. ,
id. Reiske, vol. 7, p. 635. )
ivvia rot f(i<< yevtac hxKtpvCa Kopuvri
avipCiv riiuvruv ? {Aa^oc it re rerpaKopopoc ?
rpetf 6' i? . uij>ov( 6 Kopni; yijpaoKtTai ? airiif< 6 Qoivtl;
tvvla roif KopaKac: ? iota 6' i/itic rove 6oi>>iKac;
? ? vvuQai eiirrXoKa/ioi, Kovpai Aide alyiixoto.
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? PHO
PHOTR'S
unued until hii death. He was buried, according to
Strabo, near the junction of the small river Phosnix
with the Asopus, the former of these itreams having re-
ceived Us name from him. (Strait. , 428. )--III. A
i'jii of Agenor, sent, as well as his brothers Cadmus
jnd Cilix, in quest of their sister Europa. Not hav-
ing succeeded in finding her, he was fabled to have
Killed m and given name to Phoenicia. (Apollod. , 3,
1, 1. --Consult Heyne, ad toe. )
I'IIOMIK, a mountain of Elis, it the base of which
jiocxl the town of Pylos, between the heads of the
rivers Peneus and Selle'is. (Strabo, 339. )
PHOLUS, a centaur, son of Silenus and the nymph
Melia, and residing at Pholoe in Elis. In the perform-
ance of his fourth task, which was to bring the Ery-
aanthian boar alive to Eurystheus, Hercules took his
road through Pholoe, where he was hospitably enter-
tained by Pholus. The centaur set before his guest
roast meat, though he himself fared on raw. Her-
cules asking for wine, his host said he feared to open
the jar, which was the common property of the cen-
Uurs; but, when pressed by the hero, he consented to
unclose it for him. The fragrance of the wine spread
over the mountain, and soon brought all the centaurs,
armed with stones and pine sticks, to the cave of
Pholus. The first who ventured to enter were driven
back by Hercules with burning brands: he hunted the
remainder with his arrows to Males. When Hercules
returned to Pholoe from this pursuit, he found Pholus
lying dead along with several others; for, having drawn
the arrow out of the body of one of them, while he
was wondering how so small a thing could destroy
luch large beings, it dropped out of his hand and
? tuck in his foot, and he died immediately. (Apollod. ,
3, 6, 4, >>cqq. --Keightley't Mythology, p. 355, teg. )
PHORBAS, a son of Priam and Epithesia, killed du-
ring the Trojan war by Menelaus. The god Somnus
borrowed his features when he deceived Palinurus,
and hurled him into the sea from the vessel of . ? Eneas.
(IV Palinurus. )
PHORCVDCS or GRMX, the daughters of Phorcys
and Ceto. They were hoary-haired from their birth,
whence their other name of GriDffi ('? the Gray Maids'').
They were two in number, "well-robed" Pephredo
(Horrififr), and " yellow-robed" Enyo (Shaker). (He-
nod, Theop. , 370, teq. ) We find them always united
with the Gorgons, whose guards they wore, according
to iGschylus. (Eralosth. . Cat. , IZ. --Hygin. , P. A. ,
S, 12. -- Volckcr, Myth. Geog. , 41. ) This poet de-
scribed them as three long-lived maids, swan-formed,
Invinp one eye and one tooth in common, on whom
neither the sun with his beams, nor the nightly moon
ever looks. (Prom. Finer. , 800, teqq. ) Perseus, it
is said, intercepted the eye as they were handing it
from the one to the other, and, having thus blinded the
guards, was enabled to come on the Gorgons unper-
seivcd. The name of the third sister given by the
later writers is Deino (Tcrrifier). (Apollod. , 2,'4, 2.
--Kctghtlcy'i Mythology, p. 252. )
PHORONEUS, son of Inachus and the ocean-nymph
Melia, and second king of Argolis. He was the first
man, according to one tradition, while another makes
him to have collected the rude inhabitants into one
society, and to have given them fire and social institu-
tions. (Apollod. , Z 1. -- Pauianias, 2, 15, 5 ) He
also decided a dispute for the land, between Juno and
Heptune, in favour of the former, who thence became
? ? he tutelar deity of Argos. By the nymph Laodice
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