e contre of
achemenye
?
Chaucer - Boethius
at ony ?
inge is woxen or comen 4332
of no causes. ? an shal it seme ? at ? ilke ? inge is comen
or woxen of nou? t.
[Sidenote: But if this is impossible, then there can be no such a
thing as Chance, as we have defined it. ]
but yif ? is ne may nat ben don.
? an is it nat possible ? at ? ere ha? ben any swiche ? ing
as I haue diffinissid a litel here byforne.
[Sidenote: _B. _ Is there nothing, then, that may be called Chance
or Fortune? ]
? How shal 4336
it ? an ben q{uo}d I. nis ? er ? an no ? ing ? at by ry? t may
be cleped ey? er hap{pe} or ellis auenture of fortune.
[Sidenote: Is there nothing (hid from the vulgar) to which these
words may be applied? ]
[Sidenote: [* fol. 34. ]]
or is
? er ou? t al *be it so ? at it is hidd fro ? e poeple to
whiche ? ise wordes ben couenable.
[Sidenote: _P. _ Aristotle defines this matter with much precision
and probability. ]
Myn aristotul q{uo}d 4340
she. in ? e book of his phisik diffinisse? ? is ? ing by
short resou{n} and ney? e to ? e so? e.
[Sidenote: _B. _ How? ]
? In whiche manere
q{uo}d I.
[Sidenote: _P. _ So often as a man does anything for the sake of
any other thing, and another thing than what he intended to do is
produced by other causes, that thing so produced is called
_Chance_. ]
? As ofte q{uo}d she as men don any ? ing for
grace of any o? er ? ing. {and} an o? er ? inge ? an ? ilke 4344
? ing ? at men ententen to doon bytide? by som[e] causes
it is ycleped hap{pe}.
[Sidenote: As if a man trench the ground for tillage and find
gold, then this is believed to happen by chance, although it is
not so. ]
? Ry? t as a man dalf ? e er? e by
cause of tylienge of ? e felde. {and} fond ? ere a gobet of [[pg 151]]
golde by-doluen. ? an wenen folk ? at it is fallen by fortunous 4348
bytydyng. but for so? e it nis nat for nau? t for
it ha? hys p{ro}pre causes of whiche causes ? e cours vnforseyn
and vnwar semi? to han maked hap{pe}.
[Sidenote: For if the tiller had not ploughed the field, and if
the hider of the gold had not concealed it in that spot, the gold
had not been found. ]
? For
yif ? e tilier in ? e er? e ne delue nat in ? e felde. and yif 4352
? e hider of ? e golde ne hadde hidd ? e golde in ? ilke
place. ? e golde ne had[de] nat ben founde.
[Sidenote: These, then, are the causes of a fortuitous acquisition
which proceeds from a conflux of encountering causes, and not from
the intention of the doer. ]
? ise ben
? an ? e causes of ? e abreggynge of fortune hap. ? e whiche
abreggynge of fortune hap come? of causes encountrynge 4356
{and} flowyng to-gidre to hem selfe. {and} nat by ? e entenc{i}ou{n}
of ? e doer.
[Sidenote: For neither the hider of the gold nor the husbandman
intended or understood that the gold should be found. ]
? For nei? er ? e hider of ? e gold.
ne ? e deluer of ? e felde ne vndirstanden nat ? at ? e
golde sholde han be founde. but as I seide.
[Sidenote: But it happened by the concurrence of these two causes
that the one did dig where the other had hidden the money. ]
it bytidde 4360
{and} ran to-gidre ? at he dalf ? ere as ? at o? er hadde hidd
? e golde.
[Sidenote: Chance, then, is an unexpected event, by a concurrence
of causes, following an action designed for a particular purpose. ]
Now may I ? us diffinissen hap{pe}. ? Hap{pe}
is an vnwar bytydyng of causes assembled in ? inges ? at
ben don for som o? er ? inge. but ? ilke ordre p{ro}cedynge 4364
by an vneschewable byndynge to-gidre.
[Sidenote: This concurrence of causes proceeds from that order
which flows from the fountain of Providence and disposes all
things as to place and time. ]
whiche ? at
descende? fro ? e wel of purueaunce ? at ordeine? alle
? inges i{n} hir{e} places {and} in hire tymes make? ? at ? e
causes rennen {and} assemblen to-gidre. 4368
[Linenotes:
4318 _for? e_--forth
4322 _worde_--word
4323 _my? t[e]_--myhte
4324 _left_--lefte
4325 _streyni? _--constreynyth
4326 _so? e_--soth
_no ? inge_--nothing
_ha? _--MS. ha? e
4327 [_the_]--from C.
4330 _gynner_--bygynner{e}
4331 [_the_]--from C.
4332 _? if_--MS. ? it, C. yif
_? inge_--thing
4335 _? at----ben_--? {a}t hap be
_ha? _--MS. ha? e
_swiche_--swych
4338 _happe_--hap
4339 _hidd_--MS. hidde, C. hidd
4340 _whiche_--which
4342 _ney? e_--nehg
_whiche_--which
4343 _don_--MS. done, C. don
4344 _? inge_--thing
4345 _som[e]_--some
4346 _happe_--hap
4347 _of_ (1)--to
_fond_--MS. fonde, C. fownde
4348 _golde_--gold
_fallen_--byfalle
4349 _for_ (2)--of
4350 _ha? _--MS. ha? e
_hys_--hise
4351 _happe_--hap
4352 _tilier_--tylyer{e}
_delue_--dolue
4353 _hider_--hyder{e}
_golde_--gold
_hidd_--MS. hidde
4353-4 _golde_--gold
4354 _had[de]_--hadde
4355 _fortune_--fortuit
_whiche_--which
4356 _fortune_--fortuit
_come? _--comth
4357 _flowyng_--MS. folwyng, C. flowynge
_selfe_--self
4358 _doer_--doer{e}
_hider_--hider{e}
4359 _deluer_--deluer{e}
_felde_--feeld
_vndirstanden_--vndirstoden
4360 _golde_--gold
4361 _hidd_--MS. hidde, C. hyd
4362 _happe_ (_both_)--hap
4365 _whiche_--which
4366 _descende? _--MS. defende? , C. descendith
_wel_--welle]
RUPIS ACHEMENIE.
[Sidenote: [The fyrste Met{ur}. ]]
[Sidenote: Where the flying Parthian doth pierce his pursuers with
his shafts, there from the Achemenian heights flow the Tigris and
Euphrates, but soon their streams divide and flow into separate
channels. ]
++TIgris [{and}] eufrates resoluen {and} spryngen of a welle in
? e kragges of ? e roche of ?
e contre of achemenye ? er{e}
as ? e fleenge [batayle] ficchi? hire dartes reto{ur}nid in
? e brestes of hem ? at folwen hem. ? And sone aftre 4372
? e same ryueres tigris {and} eufrates vnioygne{n} {and} dep{ar}ten
hir{e} watres. [[pg 152]]
[Sidenote: But should they unite again, in the impetuous stream,
boats, ships, and trees would be all intermingled, whirled about;
and blind Chance seems to direct the current's course. ]
and yif ? ei comen to-gidre {and} ben
assembled {and} clepid to-gidre in to o cours. ? an moten
? ilke ? inges fletyn to-gidre whiche ? at ? e water of ? e 4376
entrechau{n}gyng flode bry{n}ge? ? e shippes {and} ? e stokkes
araced wi? ? e flood moten assemble. {and} ? e watres
ymedlyd wrappi? or implie? many fortunel happes or
maneres.
[Sidenote: But the sloping earth, the laws of fluids, govern these
things. ]
? e whiche wandryng happes na? eles ? ilke enclinyng 4380
lowenes of ? e er? e. {and} ? e flowynge ordre of
? e slidyng water gouerni? .
[Sidenote: So though Chance seems to wander unrestrained, it is
nevertheless curbed and restrained by Divine Providence. ]
? Ry? t so fortune ? at
seme? as [? at] it fleti? wi? slaked or vngouerned[e]
bridles. It suffri? bridles ? at is to seyn to ben gouerned 4384
{and} passe? by ? ilke lawe. ? at is to sein by ? e deuyne
ordinaunce.
[Linenotes:
4369 [_and_]--from C.
_a_--oo
4371 [_batayle_]--from C.
4373 _? e_--tho
4374 _to-gidre_--to-gyderes
4376 _whiche_--which
4377 _flode_--flod
4378 _assemble_--assemblyn
4380 _enclinyng_--declynynge
4381 _lowenes_--lownesse
4383 [_? at_]--from C.
_vngouerned[e]_--vngou{er}nede
4385 _? e_--thilke]
[Headnote:
ON FREE WILL. ]
A{N}I{M}ADUERTO INQ{UA}M.
[Sidenote: [The . 2^de. p{ro}se. ]]
[Sidenote: _B. _ Is there any _free-will_ in this chain of cohering
causes? ]
++? is vndirstonde I wel q{uo}d I. {and} accorde wel ? at it
is ry? t as ? ou seist. but I axe yif ? er be any liberte 4388
or fre wil in ? is ordre of causes ? at cliue{n} ? us to-gidre
in hem self.
[Sidenote: Or doth the _chain of destiny_ constrain the motions of
the human mind? ]
? or ellys I wolde witen yif ? at ? e
destinal cheine co{n}streini? ? e moeueuynge of ? e corages
of me{n}.
[Sidenote: _P. _ There is a freedom of the will possessed by every
rational being. ]
yis q{uo}d she ? er is liberte of fre wille. ne ? er 4392
ne was neuer no nature of resou{n} ? at it ne hadde liberte
of fre wille.
[Sidenote: A rational being has judgment to judge of and discern
everything. ]
? For euery ? ing ? at may naturely vsen
resou{n}. it ha? doom by whiche it discerni? {and} demi?
euery ? ing.
[Sidenote: Of himself he knows what he is to avoid or to desire.
He seeks what he judges desirable, and he shuns what he deems
should be avoided. ]
? ? an knowe? it by it self ? inges ? at be{n} 4396
to fleen. {and} ? inges ? at ben to desiren. {and} ? ilk ? ing
? at any wy? t deme? to ben desired ? {a}t axe? or desire?
he {and} flee? [thilke] ? ing ? at he troue? ben to fleen.
[Linenotes:
4389 _or_--of
4390 _hem_--hym
4392 _yis_--MS. yif, C. yis
4392-94 _wille_--wil
4395 _whiche_--which
4397 _? ilk_--thilke
4399 [_thilke_]--from C. ]
[Headnote:
PROVIDENCE SEES ALL THINGS. ]
[Sidenote: A rational being possesses, then, the liberty of
choosing and rejecting. ]
? wher-fore in alle ? inges ? {a}t resou{n} is. i{n} hem also is 4400
libertee of willyng {and} of nillynge.
[Sidenote: This liberty is not equal in all beings. ]
? But I ne ordeyne
nat. as who sei? . I ne graunte nat ? at ? is lib{er}tee be
euene like in alle ? inges.
[Sidenote: In heavenly substances, as spirits, &c. , judgment is
clear, and the will is incorruptible, and has a ready and
efficacious power of doing things which are desired. ]
forwhi in ? e souereyns deuynes
substau{n}ces.
[Sidenote: [* fol. 34 _b_. ]]
? at is to *seyn in spirit? ? Iugement is 4404
more clere {and} wil nat be corumped. {and} ha? my? t [[pg 153]]
redy to speden ? inges ? at ben desired.
[Sidenote: The souls of men must needs be more free when employed
in the contemplation of the Divine Mind, and less so when they
enter into a body, and still less free when enclosed and confined
in earthly members; but the most extreme servitude is when they
are given over to vice and wholly fallen from their proper
reason. ]
? But ? e soules
of men moten nedes ben more free whan ? ei loken hem
in ? e speculac{i}ou{n} or lokynge of ? e deuyne ? ou? t. {and} 4408
lasse free whan ? ei sliden in to ? e bodies. {and} ? it lasse
free whan ? ei ben gadred to-gidre {and} co{m}p{re}hendid in
er? ely membris. but ? e last[e] seruage is whan ? at ? ei
ben ? eue{n} to vices. {and} han yfalle fro ? e possessiou{n} of 4412
hire p{ro}pre resou{n}
[Sidenote: For at once they are enveloped by the cloud of
ignorance and are troubled by pernicious desires, by yielding to
which they aid and increase that slavery which they brought upon
themselves, and thus even under the liberty proper to them, they
remain captives. ]
? For after ? at ? ei han cast aweye
hir eyen fro ? e ly? t of ? e souereyn so? efastnesse to lowe
? inges {and} dirke ? Anon ? ei dirken by ? e cloude of
ignoraunce {and} ben troubled by felonous talent? . to ?
of no causes. ? an shal it seme ? at ? ilke ? inge is comen
or woxen of nou? t.
[Sidenote: But if this is impossible, then there can be no such a
thing as Chance, as we have defined it. ]
but yif ? is ne may nat ben don.
? an is it nat possible ? at ? ere ha? ben any swiche ? ing
as I haue diffinissid a litel here byforne.
[Sidenote: _B. _ Is there nothing, then, that may be called Chance
or Fortune? ]
? How shal 4336
it ? an ben q{uo}d I. nis ? er ? an no ? ing ? at by ry? t may
be cleped ey? er hap{pe} or ellis auenture of fortune.
[Sidenote: Is there nothing (hid from the vulgar) to which these
words may be applied? ]
[Sidenote: [* fol. 34. ]]
or is
? er ou? t al *be it so ? at it is hidd fro ? e poeple to
whiche ? ise wordes ben couenable.
[Sidenote: _P. _ Aristotle defines this matter with much precision
and probability. ]
Myn aristotul q{uo}d 4340
she. in ? e book of his phisik diffinisse? ? is ? ing by
short resou{n} and ney? e to ? e so? e.
[Sidenote: _B. _ How? ]
? In whiche manere
q{uo}d I.
[Sidenote: _P. _ So often as a man does anything for the sake of
any other thing, and another thing than what he intended to do is
produced by other causes, that thing so produced is called
_Chance_. ]
? As ofte q{uo}d she as men don any ? ing for
grace of any o? er ? ing. {and} an o? er ? inge ? an ? ilke 4344
? ing ? at men ententen to doon bytide? by som[e] causes
it is ycleped hap{pe}.
[Sidenote: As if a man trench the ground for tillage and find
gold, then this is believed to happen by chance, although it is
not so. ]
? Ry? t as a man dalf ? e er? e by
cause of tylienge of ? e felde. {and} fond ? ere a gobet of [[pg 151]]
golde by-doluen. ? an wenen folk ? at it is fallen by fortunous 4348
bytydyng. but for so? e it nis nat for nau? t for
it ha? hys p{ro}pre causes of whiche causes ? e cours vnforseyn
and vnwar semi? to han maked hap{pe}.
[Sidenote: For if the tiller had not ploughed the field, and if
the hider of the gold had not concealed it in that spot, the gold
had not been found. ]
? For
yif ? e tilier in ? e er? e ne delue nat in ? e felde. and yif 4352
? e hider of ? e golde ne hadde hidd ? e golde in ? ilke
place. ? e golde ne had[de] nat ben founde.
[Sidenote: These, then, are the causes of a fortuitous acquisition
which proceeds from a conflux of encountering causes, and not from
the intention of the doer. ]
? ise ben
? an ? e causes of ? e abreggynge of fortune hap. ? e whiche
abreggynge of fortune hap come? of causes encountrynge 4356
{and} flowyng to-gidre to hem selfe. {and} nat by ? e entenc{i}ou{n}
of ? e doer.
[Sidenote: For neither the hider of the gold nor the husbandman
intended or understood that the gold should be found. ]
? For nei? er ? e hider of ? e gold.
ne ? e deluer of ? e felde ne vndirstanden nat ? at ? e
golde sholde han be founde. but as I seide.
[Sidenote: But it happened by the concurrence of these two causes
that the one did dig where the other had hidden the money. ]
it bytidde 4360
{and} ran to-gidre ? at he dalf ? ere as ? at o? er hadde hidd
? e golde.
[Sidenote: Chance, then, is an unexpected event, by a concurrence
of causes, following an action designed for a particular purpose. ]
Now may I ? us diffinissen hap{pe}. ? Hap{pe}
is an vnwar bytydyng of causes assembled in ? inges ? at
ben don for som o? er ? inge. but ? ilke ordre p{ro}cedynge 4364
by an vneschewable byndynge to-gidre.
[Sidenote: This concurrence of causes proceeds from that order
which flows from the fountain of Providence and disposes all
things as to place and time. ]
whiche ? at
descende? fro ? e wel of purueaunce ? at ordeine? alle
? inges i{n} hir{e} places {and} in hire tymes make? ? at ? e
causes rennen {and} assemblen to-gidre. 4368
[Linenotes:
4318 _for? e_--forth
4322 _worde_--word
4323 _my? t[e]_--myhte
4324 _left_--lefte
4325 _streyni? _--constreynyth
4326 _so? e_--soth
_no ? inge_--nothing
_ha? _--MS. ha? e
4327 [_the_]--from C.
4330 _gynner_--bygynner{e}
4331 [_the_]--from C.
4332 _? if_--MS. ? it, C. yif
_? inge_--thing
4335 _? at----ben_--? {a}t hap be
_ha? _--MS. ha? e
_swiche_--swych
4338 _happe_--hap
4339 _hidd_--MS. hidde, C. hidd
4340 _whiche_--which
4342 _ney? e_--nehg
_whiche_--which
4343 _don_--MS. done, C. don
4344 _? inge_--thing
4345 _som[e]_--some
4346 _happe_--hap
4347 _of_ (1)--to
_fond_--MS. fonde, C. fownde
4348 _golde_--gold
_fallen_--byfalle
4349 _for_ (2)--of
4350 _ha? _--MS. ha? e
_hys_--hise
4351 _happe_--hap
4352 _tilier_--tylyer{e}
_delue_--dolue
4353 _hider_--hyder{e}
_golde_--gold
_hidd_--MS. hidde
4353-4 _golde_--gold
4354 _had[de]_--hadde
4355 _fortune_--fortuit
_whiche_--which
4356 _fortune_--fortuit
_come? _--comth
4357 _flowyng_--MS. folwyng, C. flowynge
_selfe_--self
4358 _doer_--doer{e}
_hider_--hider{e}
4359 _deluer_--deluer{e}
_felde_--feeld
_vndirstanden_--vndirstoden
4360 _golde_--gold
4361 _hidd_--MS. hidde, C. hyd
4362 _happe_ (_both_)--hap
4365 _whiche_--which
4366 _descende? _--MS. defende? , C. descendith
_wel_--welle]
RUPIS ACHEMENIE.
[Sidenote: [The fyrste Met{ur}. ]]
[Sidenote: Where the flying Parthian doth pierce his pursuers with
his shafts, there from the Achemenian heights flow the Tigris and
Euphrates, but soon their streams divide and flow into separate
channels. ]
++TIgris [{and}] eufrates resoluen {and} spryngen of a welle in
? e kragges of ? e roche of ?
e contre of achemenye ? er{e}
as ? e fleenge [batayle] ficchi? hire dartes reto{ur}nid in
? e brestes of hem ? at folwen hem. ? And sone aftre 4372
? e same ryueres tigris {and} eufrates vnioygne{n} {and} dep{ar}ten
hir{e} watres. [[pg 152]]
[Sidenote: But should they unite again, in the impetuous stream,
boats, ships, and trees would be all intermingled, whirled about;
and blind Chance seems to direct the current's course. ]
and yif ? ei comen to-gidre {and} ben
assembled {and} clepid to-gidre in to o cours. ? an moten
? ilke ? inges fletyn to-gidre whiche ? at ? e water of ? e 4376
entrechau{n}gyng flode bry{n}ge? ? e shippes {and} ? e stokkes
araced wi? ? e flood moten assemble. {and} ? e watres
ymedlyd wrappi? or implie? many fortunel happes or
maneres.
[Sidenote: But the sloping earth, the laws of fluids, govern these
things. ]
? e whiche wandryng happes na? eles ? ilke enclinyng 4380
lowenes of ? e er? e. {and} ? e flowynge ordre of
? e slidyng water gouerni? .
[Sidenote: So though Chance seems to wander unrestrained, it is
nevertheless curbed and restrained by Divine Providence. ]
? Ry? t so fortune ? at
seme? as [? at] it fleti? wi? slaked or vngouerned[e]
bridles. It suffri? bridles ? at is to seyn to ben gouerned 4384
{and} passe? by ? ilke lawe. ? at is to sein by ? e deuyne
ordinaunce.
[Linenotes:
4369 [_and_]--from C.
_a_--oo
4371 [_batayle_]--from C.
4373 _? e_--tho
4374 _to-gidre_--to-gyderes
4376 _whiche_--which
4377 _flode_--flod
4378 _assemble_--assemblyn
4380 _enclinyng_--declynynge
4381 _lowenes_--lownesse
4383 [_? at_]--from C.
_vngouerned[e]_--vngou{er}nede
4385 _? e_--thilke]
[Headnote:
ON FREE WILL. ]
A{N}I{M}ADUERTO INQ{UA}M.
[Sidenote: [The . 2^de. p{ro}se. ]]
[Sidenote: _B. _ Is there any _free-will_ in this chain of cohering
causes? ]
++? is vndirstonde I wel q{uo}d I. {and} accorde wel ? at it
is ry? t as ? ou seist. but I axe yif ? er be any liberte 4388
or fre wil in ? is ordre of causes ? at cliue{n} ? us to-gidre
in hem self.
[Sidenote: Or doth the _chain of destiny_ constrain the motions of
the human mind? ]
? or ellys I wolde witen yif ? at ? e
destinal cheine co{n}streini? ? e moeueuynge of ? e corages
of me{n}.
[Sidenote: _P. _ There is a freedom of the will possessed by every
rational being. ]
yis q{uo}d she ? er is liberte of fre wille. ne ? er 4392
ne was neuer no nature of resou{n} ? at it ne hadde liberte
of fre wille.
[Sidenote: A rational being has judgment to judge of and discern
everything. ]
? For euery ? ing ? at may naturely vsen
resou{n}. it ha? doom by whiche it discerni? {and} demi?
euery ? ing.
[Sidenote: Of himself he knows what he is to avoid or to desire.
He seeks what he judges desirable, and he shuns what he deems
should be avoided. ]
? ? an knowe? it by it self ? inges ? at be{n} 4396
to fleen. {and} ? inges ? at ben to desiren. {and} ? ilk ? ing
? at any wy? t deme? to ben desired ? {a}t axe? or desire?
he {and} flee? [thilke] ? ing ? at he troue? ben to fleen.
[Linenotes:
4389 _or_--of
4390 _hem_--hym
4392 _yis_--MS. yif, C. yis
4392-94 _wille_--wil
4395 _whiche_--which
4397 _? ilk_--thilke
4399 [_thilke_]--from C. ]
[Headnote:
PROVIDENCE SEES ALL THINGS. ]
[Sidenote: A rational being possesses, then, the liberty of
choosing and rejecting. ]
? wher-fore in alle ? inges ? {a}t resou{n} is. i{n} hem also is 4400
libertee of willyng {and} of nillynge.
[Sidenote: This liberty is not equal in all beings. ]
? But I ne ordeyne
nat. as who sei? . I ne graunte nat ? at ? is lib{er}tee be
euene like in alle ? inges.
[Sidenote: In heavenly substances, as spirits, &c. , judgment is
clear, and the will is incorruptible, and has a ready and
efficacious power of doing things which are desired. ]
forwhi in ? e souereyns deuynes
substau{n}ces.
[Sidenote: [* fol. 34 _b_. ]]
? at is to *seyn in spirit? ? Iugement is 4404
more clere {and} wil nat be corumped. {and} ha? my? t [[pg 153]]
redy to speden ? inges ? at ben desired.
[Sidenote: The souls of men must needs be more free when employed
in the contemplation of the Divine Mind, and less so when they
enter into a body, and still less free when enclosed and confined
in earthly members; but the most extreme servitude is when they
are given over to vice and wholly fallen from their proper
reason. ]
? But ? e soules
of men moten nedes ben more free whan ? ei loken hem
in ? e speculac{i}ou{n} or lokynge of ? e deuyne ? ou? t. {and} 4408
lasse free whan ? ei sliden in to ? e bodies. {and} ? it lasse
free whan ? ei ben gadred to-gidre {and} co{m}p{re}hendid in
er? ely membris. but ? e last[e] seruage is whan ? at ? ei
ben ? eue{n} to vices. {and} han yfalle fro ? e possessiou{n} of 4412
hire p{ro}pre resou{n}
[Sidenote: For at once they are enveloped by the cloud of
ignorance and are troubled by pernicious desires, by yielding to
which they aid and increase that slavery which they brought upon
themselves, and thus even under the liberty proper to them, they
remain captives. ]
? For after ? at ? ei han cast aweye
hir eyen fro ? e ly? t of ? e souereyn so? efastnesse to lowe
? inges {and} dirke ? Anon ? ei dirken by ? e cloude of
ignoraunce {and} ben troubled by felonous talent? . to ?
