No More Learning

"Within a few days we saw: someone running amok and a procession; a film premiere, a film shoot, the death jump of a performer on Unter den Linden, someone mugged, the asylum for the homeless, a love scene in the zoo in broad daylight, rolling advertising pillars drawn by donkeys, thirteen pubs for homosexual and lesbian couples, . . . a man who had to pay a fine because he jaywalked across a square in- stead of walking at right angles, a meeting of the onion eaters' sect and the Salvation Army. . . .
It was the time when the literati, the actors, the film directors, the painters earned money again. It was the time after the stabilization of the German currency, in which new bank accounts had been opened, even the most radical periodicals had well-paid advertisements and the radical writers earned honoraria in the literary supplements of the bour- geois newspapers. The world was already so consolidated that the feuilletons were allowed to be revolutionary, (pp. 95-96)
Besides this, Toller's model returnee, Karl Thomas, discovers as a waiter in the Grand Hotel the new radio reality. He listens for the first time to the cynical synchronizing of all events and texts in the news ether.
KARL THOMAS: Does one really hear the whole world here? TELEGRAPHIST: IS that something new for you?
KARL THOMAS: Whom are you listening to now?
TELEGRAPHIST: New York. Widespread flooding on the Mississippi
reported.
KARL THOMAS: When?
TELEGRAPHIST: NOW, in the last hour.
KARL THOMAS: While we are speaking?
TELEGRAPHIST: Yes, while we are speaking, the Mississippi is bursting
its levees, people are fleeing. . . . I'll switch over. Latest news
from all the world.
LOUDSPEAKER: Attention! Attention! Unrest in India . . . Unrest in
512 D HEY! ARE WE ALIVE?
China . . . Unrest in Africa . . . Paris Paris Houbigant, the sophisticated perfume . . . Bucharest, Bucharest, food shortage in Romania . . . Berlin Berlin The elegant woman prefers green wigs . . . New York New York The largest bomber in the world invented. Able to reduce Europe's capitals to rubble in one sec-
ond . . . Attention! Attention! Paris London Rome Berlin Calcutta Tokyo New York The cavalier drinks Mumm Extra Dry . . .
That this new media-ontological situation deals the death blow to classical metaphysics has been formulated by no one as clearly as Robert Musil. The fifty- fourth chapter in Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften (The man without qualities; 1930) presents an attempt, on the highest level of irony, to play out the new decen- tered, virtually subjectless media ontology against the old holistic ontology. In doing so, the conventional concept of the bourgeois individual, who wanted to be whole and indivisible, dissolves. The climax of the dialogue between Walter and Ulrich is as follows:
"One has to treasure it, if today a man still strives to be something whole," said Walter.
"That doesn't exist anymore," Ulrich pronounced. "You only have to look into a newspaper. It is filled with an immeasurable opacity. There, so many things are spoken about that it would exceed the thinking ca- pacity of a Leibniz. But one doesn't even notice it; we have changed.
No longer does a whole person confront a whole world, but a human 6
something moves around in a universal nutritional fluid. " (p. 217)
Excursus 10. People in a Hotel
In this hotel on earth
The cream of society was guest--
It bore with an effortless composure The heavy burden of life!
Walter Mehring in
Hoppla, wir leben!
At a time when the people's horizon was admittedly extended into the cosmopoli- tan realm without letting them really share in the good of happiness of the big world, the hotel had to become a mythical place. It symbolized a dream of social heights on which the modern ephemerality of existence could at least be compen- sated for with worldly, comfortable glamour. In the hotel, the world chaos seemed to organize itself once more into a scintillating cosmos. Like a last or- ganic form, it resisted the confounding and arbitrariness of events. This elevated
7 thehoteltoacentralaestheticideaofmodernity; asifofitself,itsuitstherevue-
like, polythematic, simultaneous forms of experience in the big city and neverthe-
HEY! ARE WE ALIVE? ? 513
less, as a factor of unity, possesses its own myth, the genius loci and its inner order.
In these hotels of the world theater, exotic and typical characters of the times, driftwood and wave caps of society hurry about, every one of them bizarre and nostalgically individual, and every one of them also representative and fluoresc- ing in the multivalent milieu. Each represents a species, as if the hotel were a Noah's ark of the last individualities. The authors are given the opportunity of presenting the great menagerie of character types one more time--reception managers, false barons, aging female dancers from Russia, one-armed elevator operators, homosexual English lords, manufacturers' wives with curious predilections, financiers who transact business around the world from the desk telephone, histrionically talented sons of champagne factory owners, pensioned officials, and moribund people who look on at the glitter world with downturned mouths and feverish eyes, knowing that things are coming to an end and that not all that glitters is gold.
Just such an interestingly nauseous character is Doctor Otternschlag in Vicki Baum's successful novel, Menschen im Hotel (People in a hotel; 1931), a person destroyed by life who believes he knows that "real life" for us always lies in the future, the past, or somewhere else, can never be grasped, and finally, through all the waiting, has already flown by. His eyes do not allow themselves to be de- ceived by the spell of the Grand Hotel, especially in a slow hour for business, when the whole world pursues its vices and business interests.
Things stood about him like dummies. Whatever he took to hand crum- bled into dust. The world was a brittle affair, not to be grasped, not to be held onto. One fell from emptiness to emptiness. One carried a sack full of darkness around within oneself. This Doctor Otternschlag lives in the deepest of loneliness, although the world is full of his kind. . . .
In the newspapers he found nothing that satiated him. A typhoon, an earthquake, a moderately large war between black and white. Arson, murders, political struggles. Nothing. Too little. Scandals, panic on the stock exchange, losses of enormous fortunes? What did it have to do with him, what did he feel of it? Transoceanic flight, speed records, inch-high sensational headings. One paper cried louder than the other, and in the end, one did not listen to any of them, became blind and deaf and numb due to the loud activity of the century. Pictures of naked women, thighs, breasts, hands, teeth, they offered themselves in pretty piles, (pp. 11-12)
Otternschlag is the professional melancholy hotel cynic, a dejected realist who provides knowledge of decay.
"When you leave, someone else comes and lies in your bed. That's that. Why don't you sit yourself down for a couple of hours in the foyer and
514 ? HEY! ARE WE ALIVE?
observe closely: the people don't have faces! They are only dummies, every one of them. They're all dead and don't even know
it . . . Grand Hotel, bella vita, eh? Oh well, the main thing is that one must have one's suitcase packed. " (p. 36)
Notes
1. On this see Jean Amery, Unmeisterliche Wanderjahre (Stuttgart, 1970).
2. Ernst Bloch remarks pertinently on this (1929): "Kracauer has journeyed to the center of this
way of not being there. " Erbschaft dieser Zeit (Frankfurt, 1977), p. 33.
3. From Hans Henny Jahnn's review (1929): "In any case, it is terrible. And inescapable. And
only the one lesson is etched in fanatically: affirm lousy life, because it is nevertheless and at least life. And death comes soon enough anyway. It really comes and is introduced to us. Here it must be said what pain is. As with every greater book, also with this one, one will have to make some deci- sions, because one has experienced some things that were not made of cardboard. " Jahnn, Werke u. Tagebttcher, vol. 7 (Hamburg, 1974), p. 253.
4. On Hoelz, see Sloterdijk, Literatur und Lebenserfahrung (Munich, 1978), pp. 190ff. , 202ff. , 31 Iff.
5. How Toller's insights as a "free man" are linked with the learning processes and sensitizations "characteristic of prison experience" can be seen by going back to his prison writings. Kurt Kreiler refers to them in the sections devoted to Toller in his excellent documentation: "Sie machen uns lang- sam tot . . . Zeugnisse politischer Gefangener in Deutschland 77S0-198O, ed. K. Kreiler (Neu- wied, 1983). The documents in this volume can be read as a secret history of "systemic" cynicism from the inner perspective of its victims.
6. I describe these texts somewhat more at length in "Die Krise des Individuums-studiert im Medium der Literatur," in J. Schulte-Sasse (ed. ), Political Tendencies in the Literature of the Weimar Republic (Minneapolis, Minn. , 1982).
7. See Vicki Baum, Menschen in Hotel (1931); Joseph Roth, Hotel Savoy; Thomas Mann, Felix Krull; the Zauberberg sanatorium as hotel for the sick; Christopher Isherwood, Goodbye to Berlin, to name a few.
Chapter 25
Postcoital Twilight: Sexual Cynicism and Stories of Intractable Love
With what right do you call deflorations experiences? Arnolt Bronnen, Exzesse (1923)
Woman are remarkable animals, Gaigern thought behind his curtain. Completely strange animals, they are. What does she see in the mirror then, that she makes such a gruesome face?
Vicki Baum, Menschen im Hotel (1931) . . . into the sun with the animal! Pay up! Bring love into
the daylight!
Bertolt Brecht, Baal (1922)
In some erotic scenes from Weimar literature --as a rule, they are not the happiest--something of the heartbeat of freshly gained experience is expressed. In becoming cleverer, lust, melancholy, and brutality are scarcely separable. The same is true when authors write of lovers who separate on the morning after spending their first night together. Man and woman in postcoital sobriety, lost in thought, summarizing experiences, clarifying expectations. The theme is not love itself but what makes it so intractable and fragile. In the morning, the old con- tradictions of union and separation, lust and strangeness, passion and the flow of time again become visible.
In his novel about Lieutenant Tunda, Joseph Roth has tried to provide an epic portrait of the German present. In it there is to be found a diary entry of the hero that records a scene from the new matter-of-fact sexual everyday.
The entire lower part of their bodies is earthly, but from the hands up- ward, they no longer live in terrestrial layers of air. Everyone consists of two halves. . . . They have two lives. The inferior, lower parts ex- ecute eating, drinking and lovemaking, the upper parts pursue their vo- cation. . . .
I slept with a woman who woke me after an hour to ask me whether my spiritual love for her corresponded to my bodily performance. For without the "spiritual" element, she would feel "soiled. " I had to get dressed very quickly, and while I looked under the bed for my lost shirt button, I explained to her that my soul always lives in those parts of the
515
516 ? POSTCOIT AL TWILIGHT
body that I need at a given moment to carry out a certain activity. Thus, when I go for a walk, in the feet, and so on.
"You're a cynic," said the woman. (Roth, Flucht ohne Ende [1927] (pp. 88-89)
We encounter the man here in his "ancestral" role of the sexual cynic, who thinks he has enough with pure sex and who flees as soon as the woman demands something more. In this flight, a genuinely new motif of matter-of-factness is announced--that evasion into understatement that for the style of eroticism in the twenties is so thoroughly typical. In this area, too, the impulse of the times to dis- pense with superstructures asserts itself. The wave of new matter-of-factness-if this word is apposite here--washes old sexual-romantic jetsam ashore. A new spirit of experience, which is psychoanalytic, treated hygienically within mar- riage, and emancipatively inspired, now pushes toward a more "matter-of-fact" treatment of this entire area, which is so beset by dreams and secrets, tensions and longings. That at the same time, as always, erotic illusionism triumphs in mass media does not change anything in the tendency. The intelligentsia, in any case, already begins to orient itself in things dealing with love, existentially- analytic, reflective, experimental, decisionistic, melancholy, cynical. Musil's play Die Schwdrmer (The enthusiasts; 1921) superbly documents this swelling of a stimulating reflectiveness. One starts to take leave of the cult of pure "ex- perience" and to realize that in our experiences, a kind of grammar of experience and feeling comes into effect.
An adult consciousness can only be a consciousness
that takes notice of this. If one puts erotic idealism to one side, firmer contours in personal transactions become visible. The erotic barter comes more clearly to light; the animal, capricious side of sexual energy makes itself felt; the projective components of being in love and the resignative components of fidelity cannot be overlooked in the long run. And like everywhere else where ideals collapse, cyni- cism, which lives out its disappointment by pushing over what is already falling, is not far behind.
The young Brecht moves with a quite special virtuosity and alertness on this terrain. He discovers a new tone for cynicisms of this type --a poetry of the ordi- nary and brutal. It is the language of the Baalian life feeling, which celebrates a cynically vital masculinity. For Baal --poet, eroticist, vagabond, existentialist, and lyrical-instinctual subject--women, the young ones, are nothing other than poetic or hormonal stimuli, nothing other than hole, patch of color, odor, play- thing, animal, white thighs. To be sure, this masculinism is lyrically ennobled by Brecht. It possesses --besides the manifestly cynical aspect --also a kynical, productive, antibourgeois aspect. The powerful nature of the elementary, bril- liant man recalls the "alternative life" that is not mutilated by time allocations and regulations but instead flows on in the stream of moods and energies. Brecht lets
POSTCOIT AL TWILIGHT ? 517
? Otto Dix, Melancholy, 1930.
sexuality and poetry flow into each other in imaginary currents. If Baal has hauled "someone" from the street into his room with the excuse "It's New Year. There has to be something white in this damned hole. A cloud! "-he nevertheless does not accept any resistance from the woman.
"You're a woman like any other. The head is different. The knees are all weak . . . that's the way it is with animals. "
Where Roth's cynicism remains ironically, politely, and melancholically masked, Brecht uses the figure of the powerful genius to openly mount an attack. Under the protection of aesthetic vitalism, sexual cynicism begins the flight to the fore in lyric.
518 ? POSTCOIT AL TWILIGHT
? ? Karl Hubbuch, Lovers' Death in Jager Street, 1922.
Baal's attic room
I
Dawn. Baal and Johanna sitting on the edge of the bed.
JOHANNA: Oh, what have I done! I'm bad.
BAAL: Wash yourself instead! . . .
JOHANNA: Don't you want to open the window?
BAAL: I love the smell. What would you say to a new edition? What's
done is done.
POSTCOITAL TWILIGHT ? 519
JOHANNA: How can you be so mean?
BAAL: [lazing on the bed]: White and washed pure by the Deluge, Baal
lets his thoughts fly, like doves over the black waters.
JOHANNA: Where is my bodice? Like this I can't . . .
BAAL: [holding it out to her]: Here! What can't you do, darling? JOHANNA: GO home. [Lets it fall, but gets dressed. ]
BAAL: [whistles]: A wild tomboy! I feel every bone in my body. Give
me a kiss!
JOHANNA: [on the table in the middle of the room]: Say something! [Baal
is silent. ] Do you still love me? Tell me! [Baal whistles. ] Can't you
say it?
BAAL: [looking at the ceiling]: I've had it up to here.
JOHANNA: What was that then last night? And before that?
BAAL: Johannes might make a row. Emilie too walks around like a scut-
tled sailing ship. I could die of hunger here. You don't lift a finger
for anyone. You always want just one thing.
JOHANNA: [confused, clears the table]: And you --were you never differ-
ent with me?
BAAL: Have you washed? Not an ounce of pragmatism! Haven't you
learned anything about that? Get on with you, go home!
Erich Kastner describes another disturbed lovers' morning in his Fabian. Cornelia, Fabian's lover, has already got up to leave. She knows what awaits her. She wants to get into films, be successful, not be one of the ones without prospects. For this, she allows herself to be bought by a producer. She thinks she has to prostitute herself. Fabian only finds her letter late in the evening:
"Dear Fabian . . . Is it not better that I go too early rather than too late? I was just standing next to you at the sofa. You were sleeping, and you are sleeping now as I write to you. I would like to stay, but imagine what would happen if I stayed! After a couple of weeks you would really be unhappy. You are weighed down not by want but by the thought that want can become important. As long as you were alone, nothing could happen to you, no matter what. It will once again be as it was. Are you very sad?
They want to feature me in the next film. Tomorrow I will sign the contract. Makart has rented two rooms for me. It can't be avoided. He spoke about it as if it were a matter of a hundredweight of briquettes. He is fifty years old and he looks like a retired wrestler who is too well dressed. I feel as if I had sold myself to anatomy.
. . . I will not go under. I will imagine that the doctor is examining me. He likes to occupy himself with me. It has to be so. You only get out of the dirt if you get yourself dirty. And we want to get out!
I write: We. Do you understand me? I leave you now in order to stay with you. Will you continue to love me? "
520 ? POSTCOITAL TWILIGHT
Fabian sat quite still. It became progressively darker. His heart ached. He held onto the studs of the armchair as if he were resisting forces that wanted to tear him away. He pulled himself together. The letter lay on the carpet and shone in the dark.
"But I wanted to change, Cornelia," said Fabian, (p. 125)
Chapter 26
Weimar Double Decisions, or: Matter- of-Factness unto Death
Total onlooker--you have been seen through totally. Gustav Wangenheim, Die Mausefalle (1931)
The year is 1932. The cards have been shuffled for the last game. For the insight- ful it is clear that the horizon has already closed. The alternatives from now on will rear up in dull rage or helpless mind games, but events can no longer be averted. The year 1932 is a chaotic, inconceivably complicated one. It forms the last piece of the crisis complex of 1930-32, about which Ludwig Marcuse said rightly that it is more difficult to describe than an entire century would be. This year uses up three chancellors after the cabinet of the Centrist politician, Briining, had collapsed in May. At that time, Goebbels notes in his diary:
[5 May 1932]
It's already beginning. It is really enjoyable. In the party, we must now be absolutely quiet. We have to play at being disinterested. . . .
[13 May 1932]
The crisis goes on according to program. . . .
[30 May 1932]
The bomb has burst. At noon Briining handed over the dismissal of the entire cabinet to the Reich president. The system is collapsing. {Die un- geliebte Republik. Dokumente zur Innen- und aussenpolitik Weimars 1918-1933, ed. W. Michalka and G. Niedhart [Munich, 1980], pp. 327-28)
In both the subsequent cabinets, there are, to be sure, still no Nazis, but all the more "disinterested" and party less politicians, who in earnest already go about depoliticizing politics. Under Papen and Schleicher, the "matter-of-fact
521
522 ? WEIMAR DOUBLE DECISIONS
ministers" dominate, who have "freed" themselves from narrow party ties so as to better administer the interest of the "whole"-of course, in close association with German nationals who represent in the governments, if not the interests of the whole, at least of the whole of heavy industry. In 1932, the entire voting popu- lation is called to the ballot box three times, once in April to elect the president and again in July and November for the Reichstag, which staggers on unable to act, especially after the July elections made the Nazis into the strongest party. In the presidential election, the choice is between Hindenburg and Hitler, and the choice, of course, also with the help of the still "sensible" Social Democrat votes, falls on the "lesser evil" that, nine months later, hands over the proclamation of appointment to the greater evil.
The Prussian Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) prime minister, Otto Braun, wrote in Vorwarts, the party organ, on March 10:
For the electors there remains only one alternative: Hindenburg or Hit- ler. Can the choice be difficult? Look at both men. Hitler, this proto- type of the political adventurer. . . . Opposing him, Hindenburg. The embodiment of calm and constancy, of male loyalty and sacrificing duti- fulness for the whole of the people . . . filled with a Kantian feeling of duty. . . . I will vote for Hindenburg and I appeal to the millions of voters . . . Do the same, beat Hitler, vote for Hindenburg.
Braun's appeal is a masterpiece of late-Weimar tactics: doublethink, double
1
roleplay, double decisions. One creates the false impression of having thought
through the situation to the last detail and then votes, with the entire pathos of apparent responsibility, for the purportedly "lesser evil. " No one has analyzed So- cial Democratic ambiguity better than the Social Democrat, Fritz Tarnow, at the Leipzig SPD party congress in 1931.
Well, we stand indeed at capitalism's sickbed not only as a diagnosti- cian but also --now, what should I say? --as a doctor who wants to cure, or as a joyful heir who cannot wait for the end and most of all would like to help things along with a little poison? Our whole situation is ex- pressed in this image. (Dokumente zur Deutschen Geschichte, 1929-33, ed. W. Ruge and W. Schumann [Frankfurt, 1977], p. 39)
Tarnow describes precisely the unholy Left alternative between tragic respect- ability and cynicism. By now, we know these medical metaphors all too well. Had not Hitler repeatedly spoken of a political "tuberculosis" from which the patient does not die immediately but which progresses "stealthily" and uncannily if the "bitter fortune" of the crisis does not bring the sickness to a head? Erich Miihsam, by contrast, had already referred to the double role of the doctor, who simultane- ously operates on and exterminates the patient (chapter 20). Now, because the
WEIMAR DOUBLE DECISIONS ? 523
crisis has surfaced in the most violent form, the double game becomes fully clear even to the players. Tarnow goes on.
We are condemned, it seems to me, to be the doctor, who seriously wants to cure, and nevertheless maintain the feeling that we are heirs who as soon as possible want to receive the entire estate of the capital- ist system. This double role, doctor and heir, is a damned difficult task. We could save ourselves many a quarrel in the party if we were con- tinually conscious of this double role. Sometimes some think that the needy situation of those who rely on the patient getting better demands that we do everything to heal the patient (capitalism); others think that now, when it is already gasping, is the right moment to give it the coup de grace.
Tarnow now gives his vote: He pleads for the role of the doctor and advocates humanitarian, medically respectable tactics, rather than the cynicism of the heir.
It is not so much the patient who arouses our sympathy, but the masses who stand behind it. When the patient gasps, the masses out there go hungry. If we know that and know of a medicine--even if we are not convinced that it will cure the patient but will at least ameliorate its rat- tling, so that the masses out there again get something to eat--then we will give the patient the medicine and, at that moment, not think too much about the fact that we are heirs and await the patient's impending end. (p. 39)
These Social Democratic seesaw tacticians and double role players, however, entered with harsh rhetorics into the defensive alliance against fascism that was formed in 1932 under the dangerous-sounding name "Iron Front" and which was to bring together the SPD, the trade unions, the Reich's Banner, and some repub- lican groups. Already at that time, Ossietzky pronounced that only some sections deserved the epithet "iron," whereas other sections were "made of more pliable stuff and some are no better than pancake batter" (ibid.