27-36, New York: Plenum
Publishing
Corp.
Bowlby - Attachment
These include the property of having a boundary, of the need for information flow between different parts of the system, of a hierarchy of decision-making elements, and of 'homeostasis', the tendency towards inertia.
Attachment Theory is systemic in that it sees care-seeker and care-giver as a mutually interacting system regulated by positive and negative feedback.
Pathological states can result from the operation of such feedback - for example, when a child clings ever more tightly to an abusing parent, because the source of the attack is also the object to which the child is programmed to turn in case of danger.
Chronology
1907 Born, Edward John Mostyn Bowlby, fourth child and second son of Sir Anthony and Lady May Bowlby. Lived at Manchester Square, London.
1914-25 Preparatory school and then Royal Naval College, Dartmouth.
1925-28 Trinity College, Cambridge.
1928-29 Teacher in progressive school for maladjusted children.
1929 Started clinical medical studies at University College Hospital, London, and psychoanalytic training at the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, London. Training analyst, Mrs Joan Riviere.
1933 Medical qualification. Psychiatric training at Maudsley Hospital, London, under Aubrey Lewis.
1937 Qualified as an analyst. Starts training in child analysis, supervisor, Melanie Klein.
1938 Married Ursula Longstaff, by whom two sons and two daughters.
1940 Publication: Personality and Mental Illness (with F. Durbin).
1937-40 Psychiatrist, London Child Guidance Clinic.
1940-45 Specialist Psychiatrist, Royal Army Medical Corps, mainly concerned with Officer Selection Boards.
1946 Publication, 'Forty-four juvenile thieves: their characters and home life'.
1946-72 Consultant Child Psychiatrist and Deputy Director, Tavistock Clinic, London, and Director, Department for Children and Parents.
226 John Bowlby and Attachment Theory
1950-72 Consultant in Mental Health, World Health Organisation.
1951 Publication of Maternal Care and Mental Health. 1957-58 Fellow, Centre for Advanced Study in the Behavioural
Sciences, Stanford, California.
1956-61 Deputy President, British Psycho-Analytical Society.
1958-63 Consultant, US National Institute of Mental Health.
1969 Publication of Attachment, first volume of the Attachment and Loss trilogy.
---- Visiting Professor in Psychiatry, Stanford University, California.
1963-72 Member, External Scientific Staff, Medical Research Council.
1972 Commander of the British Empire.
1973 Publication of Separation, second volume of the Attachment
and Loss trilogy.
1973 Travelling Professor, Australian and New Zealand College
of Psychiatrists.
1977 Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Cambridge.
1979 Publication of The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds.
1980 Publication of Loss, third volume of the Attachment and Loss trilogy.
1981 Freud Memorial Professor of Psychoanalysis, University College, London.
---- Foreign Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1987 Celebration of Bowlby's 80th birthday with a conference at the Tavistock Clinic, bringing together researchers and clinicians, entitled 'The Effect of Relationships on Relationships'.
1988 Publication of A Secure Base.
Chronology 227
1989 Fellow of the British Academy.
1990 Publication of Charles Darwin, A New Biography.
---- Dies while in Skye, at his holiday home where much of his writing had been done.
Bibliography
PUBLICATIONS OF JOHN BOWLBY
Personal Aggressiveness and War, (1938) (with E. P. M. Durbin) London: Kegan Paul.
'The abnormally aggressive child', (1938) The New Era (Sept. -Oct. ). 'Hysteria in children', (1939a) in A Survey of Child Psychiatry, pp. 80-94,
Humphrey Milford (ed. ), London: Oxford University Press.
'Substitute homes', (1939) Mother and Child (official organ of the National
Council for Maternity and Child Welfare) X (1) (April): 3-7.
'Jealous and spiteful children', (1939) Home and School (Home and School
Council of Great Britain), IV(5): 83-5.
Bowlby, J. , Miller, E. and Winnicott, D. W. (1939) 'Evacuation of small children'
(letter), British Medical Journal (16 Dec. ): 1202-3.
'The influence of early environment in the development of neurosis and neurotic
character', (1940) International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 21: 154-78. 'Psychological aspects', (1940) ch. 16, pp. 186-96, in Evacuation Survey: A Report to the Fabian Society, Richard Padley and Margaret Cole (eds),
London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd.
'The problem of the young child', (1940c) Children in War-time, 21 (3): 19-30,
London: New Education Fellowships.
'Forty-four juvenile thieves: their characters and home life', (1944) International
Journal of Psychoanalysis, 25: 1-57 and 207-228; republished as a
monograph by Baillie`re, Tindall & Cox, London, 1946.
'Childhood origins of recidivism', (1945-46) The Howard Journal, VII (1): 30-
3, The Howard League for Penal Reform.
'The future role of the child guidance clinic in education and other services',
(1946a) Report of the Proceedings of a Conference on Mental Health,
(14-15 Nov. ), pp. 80-89, National Association for Mental Health. 'Psychology and democracy', (1946b) The Political Quarterly, XVII (1):
61-76.
'The therapeutic approach in sociology', (1947a) The Sociological
Review, 39: 39-49.
'The study of human relations in the child guidance clinic', (1947b)
Journal of Social Issues, III (2) (Spring): 35-41.
'The study and reduction of group tensions in the family, (1949a) Human
Relations, 2 (2) (April): 123-8.
'The relation between the therapeutic approach and the legal approach
Bibliography 229
to juvenile delinquency', (1949b) The Magistrate, VIII (Nov. ):
260-4.
Why Delinquency? The Case for Operational Research, (1949c) Report
of a conference on the scientific study of juvenile delinquency held at the Royal Institution, London 1 Oct. , and published by the National Association for Mental Health.
'Research into the origins of delinquent behaviour', (1950) British Medical Journal 1 March 11: 570).
Maternal Care and Mental Health, (1951) World Health Organisation, Monograph Series No. 2.
'Responses of young children to separation from their mothers', (with J. Robertson) (1952a) Courier, Centre International de l'Enfance, II (2): 66-78, and II (3): 131-42, Paris.
A two-year-old goes to hospital: a scientific film, (with J. Robertson) (1952b) Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 46: 425-7. 'A two-year-old goes to hospital', Bowlby, J. , Robertson, J. and
Rosenbluth, D. (1952) The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, VII:
82-94.
'A two-year-old goes to hospital: a scientific film', (with J. Robertson)
(1952b) Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 46: 425-7. 'The roots of parenthood', (1953) Convocation Lecture of the National
Children's Home (July).
Child Care and the Growth of Maternal Love, (1953b) (abridged version
of Maternal Care and Mental Health, 1951), London: Penguin Books;
new and enlarged edition, 1965.
'Critical phases in the development of social responses in man and other
animals', (1953c) New Biology, London: Penguin Books, pp. 25-
32.
'Some pathological processes set in train by early mother-child
separation', (1953d) Journal of Mental Science, 99: 265-72. 'Research strategy in the study of mother-child separation', (with M. G. Ainsworth) (1954) Courier, Centre International de l'Enfance, IV:
105-13.
'Family approach to child guidance: therapeutic techniques', (1955)
Transactions of the 11th Interclinic Conference for the Staffs of Child Guidance Clinics, National Association for Mental Health (26 March).
'The growth of independence in the young child', (1956) Royal Society of Health Journal, 76: 587-91.
'Psychoanalytic instinct theory', (1956) in Discussions on Child Development, vol. 1 , J. M. Tanner and B. Inhelder (eds), pp. 182- 87, London: Tavistock Publications.
'The effects of mother-child separation: a follow-up study', (with M. Ainsworth, M. Boston and D. Rosenbluth) (1956) British Journal of Medical Psychology, XXIX, parts 3 and 4 : 211-47.
'An ethological approach to research in child development', (1957) British Journal of Medical Psychology, XXX, part 4 : 230-40.
Can I Leave my Baby? , (1958a) The National Association for Mental Health.
230 John Bowlby and Attachment Theory
'A note on mother-child separation as a mental health hazard', (1958b) British Journal of Medical Psychology, XXXI, parts 3 and 4 :247-8. Foreword to Widows and their Families by Peter Marris, (1958c) London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul.
'The nature of the child's tie to his mother', (1958d) International Journal
of Psycho-Analysis, 39, part V : 350-73.
'Psychoanalysis and child care', (1958e) in Psychoanalysis and
Contemporary Thought, J. Sutherland (ed. ), London: Hogarth Press. 'Ethology and the development of object relations', (1960a) International
Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 41, parts IV - V : 313-17. 'Separation anxiety', (1960b) International Journal of Psycho-Analysis,
41, parts II - III : 89-113.
Comment on Piaget's paper: 'The general problems of the psychobiological
development on the child', (1960c) in Discussions on Child Development, vol. 4 , J. M. Tanner and B. Inhelder (eds), London: Tavistock Publications.
'Grief and mourning in infancy and early childhood', (1960d) The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, XV: 9-52.
'Separation anxiety: a critical review of the literature', (1961a) Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1 (16): 251-69.
Note on Dr Max Schur's comments on grief and mourning in infancy and early childhood, (1961b) The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, XVI: 206-8.
'Childhood mourning and its implications for psychiatry', The Adolf Meyer Lecture, (1961c) American Journal of Psychiatry, 118 (6): 481-97.
'Processes of mourning', (1961d) International Journal of Psycho- Analysis, 42, parts IV - V : 317-40.
'Defences that follow loss: causation and function', (1962a) unpublished. 'Loss, detachment and defence', (1962b) unpublished.
'Pathological mourning and childhood mourning', (1963) Journal of the
American Psychoanalytic Association, XI (3) (July): 500-41.
Note on Dr Lois Murphy's paper 'Some aspects of the first relationship', (1964a) International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 45, part 1 :
44-6.
Security and Anxiety: Old Ideas in a New Light, (1964b) Proceedings of
the 15th Annual Conference of the Association of Children's Officers. Darwin's health (letter) (1965) British Medical Journal (10 April), p.
999.
Foreword to Brief Separations (1966) by C. M. Heinicke and I. J.
Westheimer, New York: International Universities Press; London:
Longmans Green.
'Effects on behaviour of disruption of an affectional bond', (1968a) in
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Behaviour, J. M. Thoday
and A-S Parkes, pp. 94-108, Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
'Security and anxiety', (1968b) chapter in The Formative Years, London:
BBC Publications.
'Affectional bonds: their nature and origin', (1969a) in Progress in Mental
Health, H. Freeman (ed. ), London: J. & A. Churchill.
Bibliography 231
Attachment and Loss, (1969b) vol. 1, Attachment, London: Hogarth Press; New York: Basic Books; Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971; 2nd edn, 1982.
'Types of hopelessness in psychopathological process', (1969c) (with F. T. Melges) Archives of General Psychiatry, 20: 690-9.
'Psychopathology of anxiety: the role of affectional bonds', (1969d) in Studies of Anxiety, M. H. Lader (ed. ), British Journal of Psychiatry, Special Publication no. 3.
'Reasonable fear and natural fear', (1970) International Journal of Psychiatry, 9: 79-88.
'Separation and loss within the family', (1970) (with C. M. Parkes), in The Child in his Family, E. J. Anthony (ed. ), New York: J. Wiley; Paris: Masson et Cie; and in The International Yearbook for Child Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, vol. 1, pp. 197-216.
Attachment and Loss, vol. 2, (1973a) Separation: Anxiety and Anger, London: Hogarth Press; New York: Basic Books; Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1975.
'Self-reliance and some conditions that promote it', (1973b) in Support, Innovation and Autonomy, R. Gosling, (ed. ), pp. 23-48, London: Tavistock Publications.
'The family for good or ill', (1973c) Report on a seminar given in the Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Medical School, New Zealand Department of Psychological Medicine.
'Problems of marrying research with clinical and social needs', (1974) in The Growth of Competence, K. J. Connolly and J. S. Bruner (eds), pp. 303-7, London and New York: Academic Press.
'Attachment theory, separation anxiety and mourning', (1975) in American Handbook of Psychiatry (2nd edn), vol. VI, New Psychiatric Frontiers, David A. Hamburg and Keith H. Brodie (eds), ch. 14, pp. 292-309.
Bindung, translation of Attachment, (1975) Munich: Kindler Verlag. 'Responses to separation from parents: a clinical test for young children', (with M. Klagsbrun) (1976a) British Journal of Projective Psychology
and Personality Study, 21 (2): 7-27.
'Human personality development in an ethological light', (1976b) in
Animal Models in Human Psychobiology, G. Serban and A. Kling
(eds), pp.
27-36, New York: Plenum Publishing Corp.
'The making and breaking of affectional bonds, (1977) I Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory, II Some principles of psychotherapy', British Journal of Psychiatry, 130: 201-10 and
421-31.
'Attachment theory and its therapeutic implications', (1978) in Adolescent
Psychiatry: Developmental and Clinical Studies, vol. 6, S. C. Feinstein
and P. L. Giovacchini (eds), pp. 5-33, New York: Jason Aronson. 'On knowing what you are not supposed to know and feeling what you are not supposed to feel', (1979a) Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,
24 (5): 403-8.
'Psychoanalysis as art and science', (1979b) International Review of
Psycho-Analysis, 6, part 3 : 3-14.
232 John Bowlby and Attachment Theory
The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds, (1979c) London: Tavistock Publications.
Continuing commentary on article by D. W. Rajecki, M. E. Lamb and P. Obmascher, 'Toward a general theory of infantile attachment: a comparative review of aspects of the social bond', (1979d) The Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 2: 637-8.
'By ethology out of psychoanalysis: an experiment in interbreeding', (1979e) (The Niko Tinbergen Lecture, Animal Behaviour, 28, part 3 : 649-56.
Attachment and Loss, vol. 3, Loss: Sadness and Depression, (1980) London: Hogarth Press; New York: Basic Books; Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1981.
'Perspective: a contribution by John Bowlby', (1981a) Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 5 (1) (Jan. ).
Contribution to symposium, 'Emanuel Peterfreund on information and systems theory', (1981b) The Psychoanalytic Review, 68: 187-90.
'Psychoanalysis as a natural science', (1981c) International Review of Psycho-Analysis, 8, part 3 : 243-56.
'Attachment and loss: retrospect and prospect', (1982a) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52 (4): 664-78.
Epilogue, (1982b) The Place of Attachment in Human Behaviour, Colin Murray Parkes and Joan Stevenson-Hinde (eds), pp. 310-13, New York: Basic Books; London: Tavistock Publications.
'Caring for the young: influences on development', (1984a) in Parenthood: A Psychodynamic Perspective, Rebecca S. Cohen, Bertram J. Cohler and Sidney H. Weissman (eds), ch. 18, pp. 269-84, The Guilford Psychiatry Series, New York: Guilford Press.
Discussion of paper, 'Aspects of transference in group analysis' (1984b) by Mario Marrone, Group Analysis, 17: 191-4.
'Violence in the family as a disorder of the attachment and caregiving systems', (1984c) American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 44: 9-27.
'Psychoanalysis as a natural science', (1984d) Psychoanalytic Psychology, 1 (1): 7-21.
'The role of childhood experience in cognitive disturbance' (1985) in Cognition and Psychotherapy, Michael J. Mahoney and Arthur Freeman (eds), ch. 6, pp. 181-200, New York and London: Plenum Publishing Corp.
'Processi difensivi alla luce della teoria dell'attaccamento', (1986a) Psicoterapia e Scienze Umane, 20: 3-19.
Figlio, K. and Young, R. (1986b) 'An Interview with John Bowlby', Free Associations, 6: 36-64.
'Defensive processes in the light of attachment theory', (1987a) in Attachment and the Therapeutic Process, D. P. Schwartz, J. L. Sacksteder and Y. Akabane (eds), New York: International Universities Press.
'Attachment', 'Phobias', (1987b) in The Oxford Companion to the Mind, R. Gregory (ed. ), Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory, (1988a)
London: Routledge.
Bibliography 233
'Changing theories of childhood since Freud', (1988b) in Freud in Exile, E. Timms and N. Segal (eds), pp. 230-40, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
'Developmental psychiatry comes of age', (1988c) American Journal of Psychiatry, 145: pp. 1-10.
'The role of attachment in personality development and psychopathology', (1989) in The Course of Life, vol. 1 , 2nd edn , S. Greenspan and G. Pollock (eds), ch. 6, pp. 229-70, Madison, WI: International Universities Press.
Charles Darwin: A New Biography, (1990) London: Hutchinson.
'The role of the psychotherapist's personal resources in the therapeutic
situation', (1991) Tavistock Gazette (Autumn). GENERAL WORKS
Ainsworth, M. (1969) 'Object relations, dependency and attachment: a theoretical review of the infant-mother relationship', Child Development, 40: 969-1025.
---- (1982) 'Attachment: retrospect and prospect', in C. M. Parkes and J. Stevenson-Hinde (eds), The Place of Attachment in Human Behaviour, London: Tavistock.
---- (1989) 'Attachments beyond infancy', American Psychologist, 44: 709-16.
Ainsworth, M. , Blehar, M. , Waters, E. and Wall, S. (1978) Patterns of Attachment: Assessed in the Strange Situation and at Home, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Anderson, J. (1972) 'Attachment out of doors', in N. Blurton-Jones (ed. ), Ethological Studies of Child Behaviour, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Andry, R. (1962) 'Paternal and maternal roles in delinquency', in Deprivation of Maternal Care: A Reassessment of its Effects, Geneva: World Health Organisation Publications.
Balint, M. (1964) Primary Love and Psychoanalytic Technique, London: Tavistock.
---- (1968) The Basic Fault, London: Tavistock.
---- (1986) 'The unobtrusive analyst', in G. Kohon (ed. ), The British
School of Psychoanalysis, London: Free Associations.
Bateman, A. (1991) 'Borderline Personality Disorder', in J. Holmes (ed. ), Textbook of Psychotherapy in Psychiatric Practice, Edinburgh:
Churchill Livingstone.
Bateson, G. (1973) Steps Towards an Ecology of Mind, London: Paladin. Beck, A. , Rush, A. , Shaw, B. and Emery, G. (1979) Cognitive Therapy of
Depression, New York: Guilford.
Beebe, B. and Lachmann, F. (1988) 'The contribution of mother-infant
mutual influence to the origins of self-object representation',
Psychoanalytic Psychology, 5: 305-37.
Belsky, J. and Nezworski, T. (1988) Clinical Implications of Attachment,
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
234 John Bowlby and Attachment Theory
Bettelheim, B. (1960) The Informed Heart, New York: Free Press. Bion, W. (1978) Second Thoughts, London: Heinemann.
Birtchnell, J. (1984) 'Dependence and its relation to depression', British
Journal of Medical Psychology, 57: 215-25.
---- (1988) 'Defining dependence', British Journal of Medical Psychology,
61: 111-23.
Bowie, (1991) Lacan, London: Fontana.
Bowlby, U. (1991) Personal communication.
Brazelton, T. and Cramer, B. (1991) The Earliest Relationship, London:
Karnak.
Bretherton, I. (1985) 'Attachment Theory: retrospect and prospect', in I.
Bretherton and E. Waters (eds), 'Growing points of attachment theory and research', Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50: 3-35.
---- (1987) 'New perspectives on attachment relations: security, communication and internal working models', in J. Osofsky (ed. ), Hand-book of Infant Development, New York: Wiley.
---- (1991a) 'Pouring new wine into old bottles: the social self as Internal Working Model', in M. Gunnar and L. Sroufe (eds), Self Processes and Development, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
---- (1991b) 'Roots and growing points of attachment theory', in Attachment Across the Life Cycle, C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde and P. Marris (eds), London: Routledge.
Brown, G. and Harris, T. (1978) The Social Origins of Depression, London: Tavistock.
Bryer, J. , Nelson, B. , Miller, J. and Krol, P. (1987) 'Childhood sexual and physical abuse as factors in adult psychiatric illness', American Journal of Psychiatry, 144: 1426-30.
Bufalino, G. (1992) 'An island between heaven and hell', Guardian, 21 May.
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---- (1985) 'The family script: a useful bridge between theory and practice', Journal of Family Therapy, 7: 301-5.
---- (1991a) 'The application of attachment theory to understanding and treatment in family therapy', in Attachment Across the Life Cycle, C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde and P. Marris (eds), London: Routledge.
---- (1991b) 'Memorial service for John Bowlby: address', Tavistock Gazette (Autumn).
---- (1991c) 'An appreciation of John Bowlby: his significance for family therapy', Journal of Family Therapy, 13: 5-16.
Byng-Hall, J. and Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1991) 'Attachment relationships within a family system', Infant Mental Health Journal, 12: 187- 200.
Casement, P. (1985) On Learning from the Patient, London: Tavistock. Caspi, A. and Elder, G. (1988) 'Emergent family patterns', in Relationships within Families: Marital Influences, R. Hinde and J. Stevenson-Hinde
(eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bibliography 235
Cassidy, J. (1988) 'The self as related to child-mother attachment at 6', Child Development, 59: 121-34.
Chodorow, N. (1978) The Reproduction of Motherhood, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Craik, K. (1943) The Nature of Explanation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Crittenden, P. (1988) 'Maternal antecedents of attachment quality', in Clinical Implications of Attachment, J. Belsky and T. Nezworski (eds), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Darwin, C. (1872) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, London: John Murray.
Dawkins, R. (1977) The Selfish Gene, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dixon, N. (1971) Subliminal Perception: The Nature of a Controversy,
London: McGraw-Hill.
Dixon, N. and Henley, S. (1991) 'Unconscious perception: possible
implications of data from academic research for clinical practice',
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 79: 243-51.
Eagle, M. (1988) 'Psychoanalysis and the personal', in Mind, Psychoanalysis, and Science, P. Clark and C. Wright (eds), Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Fairbairn, R. (1952) Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality, London:
Tavistock.
Ferenczi, S. (1955) Final Contributions to the Problems and Methods of
Psychoanalysis, London: Hogarth.
Fonagy, P. (1991) 'Thinking about thinking: some clinical and theoretical
considerations in the treatment of a borderline patient', International
Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 72: 639-56.
Fonagy, P. , Steele, M. and Steele, H. (1992) 'Maternal representations of
attachment during pregnancy predict the organisation of infant-
mother attachment at one year of age', Child Development (in press).
Chronology
1907 Born, Edward John Mostyn Bowlby, fourth child and second son of Sir Anthony and Lady May Bowlby. Lived at Manchester Square, London.
1914-25 Preparatory school and then Royal Naval College, Dartmouth.
1925-28 Trinity College, Cambridge.
1928-29 Teacher in progressive school for maladjusted children.
1929 Started clinical medical studies at University College Hospital, London, and psychoanalytic training at the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, London. Training analyst, Mrs Joan Riviere.
1933 Medical qualification. Psychiatric training at Maudsley Hospital, London, under Aubrey Lewis.
1937 Qualified as an analyst. Starts training in child analysis, supervisor, Melanie Klein.
1938 Married Ursula Longstaff, by whom two sons and two daughters.
1940 Publication: Personality and Mental Illness (with F. Durbin).
1937-40 Psychiatrist, London Child Guidance Clinic.
1940-45 Specialist Psychiatrist, Royal Army Medical Corps, mainly concerned with Officer Selection Boards.
1946 Publication, 'Forty-four juvenile thieves: their characters and home life'.
1946-72 Consultant Child Psychiatrist and Deputy Director, Tavistock Clinic, London, and Director, Department for Children and Parents.
226 John Bowlby and Attachment Theory
1950-72 Consultant in Mental Health, World Health Organisation.
1951 Publication of Maternal Care and Mental Health. 1957-58 Fellow, Centre for Advanced Study in the Behavioural
Sciences, Stanford, California.
1956-61 Deputy President, British Psycho-Analytical Society.
1958-63 Consultant, US National Institute of Mental Health.
1969 Publication of Attachment, first volume of the Attachment and Loss trilogy.
---- Visiting Professor in Psychiatry, Stanford University, California.
1963-72 Member, External Scientific Staff, Medical Research Council.
1972 Commander of the British Empire.
1973 Publication of Separation, second volume of the Attachment
and Loss trilogy.
1973 Travelling Professor, Australian and New Zealand College
of Psychiatrists.
1977 Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Cambridge.
1979 Publication of The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds.
1980 Publication of Loss, third volume of the Attachment and Loss trilogy.
1981 Freud Memorial Professor of Psychoanalysis, University College, London.
---- Foreign Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1987 Celebration of Bowlby's 80th birthday with a conference at the Tavistock Clinic, bringing together researchers and clinicians, entitled 'The Effect of Relationships on Relationships'.
1988 Publication of A Secure Base.
Chronology 227
1989 Fellow of the British Academy.
1990 Publication of Charles Darwin, A New Biography.
---- Dies while in Skye, at his holiday home where much of his writing had been done.
Bibliography
PUBLICATIONS OF JOHN BOWLBY
Personal Aggressiveness and War, (1938) (with E. P. M. Durbin) London: Kegan Paul.
'The abnormally aggressive child', (1938) The New Era (Sept. -Oct. ). 'Hysteria in children', (1939a) in A Survey of Child Psychiatry, pp. 80-94,
Humphrey Milford (ed. ), London: Oxford University Press.
'Substitute homes', (1939) Mother and Child (official organ of the National
Council for Maternity and Child Welfare) X (1) (April): 3-7.
'Jealous and spiteful children', (1939) Home and School (Home and School
Council of Great Britain), IV(5): 83-5.
Bowlby, J. , Miller, E. and Winnicott, D. W. (1939) 'Evacuation of small children'
(letter), British Medical Journal (16 Dec. ): 1202-3.
'The influence of early environment in the development of neurosis and neurotic
character', (1940) International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 21: 154-78. 'Psychological aspects', (1940) ch. 16, pp. 186-96, in Evacuation Survey: A Report to the Fabian Society, Richard Padley and Margaret Cole (eds),
London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd.
'The problem of the young child', (1940c) Children in War-time, 21 (3): 19-30,
London: New Education Fellowships.
'Forty-four juvenile thieves: their characters and home life', (1944) International
Journal of Psychoanalysis, 25: 1-57 and 207-228; republished as a
monograph by Baillie`re, Tindall & Cox, London, 1946.
'Childhood origins of recidivism', (1945-46) The Howard Journal, VII (1): 30-
3, The Howard League for Penal Reform.
'The future role of the child guidance clinic in education and other services',
(1946a) Report of the Proceedings of a Conference on Mental Health,
(14-15 Nov. ), pp. 80-89, National Association for Mental Health. 'Psychology and democracy', (1946b) The Political Quarterly, XVII (1):
61-76.
'The therapeutic approach in sociology', (1947a) The Sociological
Review, 39: 39-49.
'The study of human relations in the child guidance clinic', (1947b)
Journal of Social Issues, III (2) (Spring): 35-41.
'The study and reduction of group tensions in the family, (1949a) Human
Relations, 2 (2) (April): 123-8.
'The relation between the therapeutic approach and the legal approach
Bibliography 229
to juvenile delinquency', (1949b) The Magistrate, VIII (Nov. ):
260-4.
Why Delinquency? The Case for Operational Research, (1949c) Report
of a conference on the scientific study of juvenile delinquency held at the Royal Institution, London 1 Oct. , and published by the National Association for Mental Health.
'Research into the origins of delinquent behaviour', (1950) British Medical Journal 1 March 11: 570).
Maternal Care and Mental Health, (1951) World Health Organisation, Monograph Series No. 2.
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