No More Learning

131

X. EXPEDITION OF GALBA INTO THE VALAIS. 132


CHAPTER VI.

(Year of Rome 698. )

(BOOK III. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)

WAR OF THE VENETII--VICTORY OVER THE UNELLI--SUBMISSION OF AQUITAINE--MARCH
AGAINST THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII.

I. INSURRECTION OF THE MARITIME PEOPLES. (_See Plate 12. _) 135

II. WAR AGAINST THE VENETI. (_See Plate 12. _) 137

III. NAVAL COMBAT AGAINST THE VENETI. (_See Plate 12. _) 141

IV. VICTORY OF SABINUS OVER THE UNELLI. (_See Plate 13. _) 144

V. CONQUEST OF AQUITAINE BY P. CRASSUS. 146

VI. MARCH AGAINST THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII. 150

VII. OBSERVATIONS. 151


CHAPTER VII.

(Year of Rome 699. )

(BOOK IV. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)

INCURSIONS OF THE USIPETES AND THE TENCTERI--FIRST PASSAGE OF THE
RHINE--FIRST DESCENT IN BRITAIN--CHASTISEMENT OF THE MORINI AND
THE MENAPII.

I. CÆSAR’S MARCH AGAINST THE USIPETES AND THE TENCTERI.
(_See Plate 14. _) 153

II. ROUT OF THE USIPETES AND THE TENCTERI. 158

III. FIRST PASSAGE OF THE RHINE. (_See Plates 14 and 15. _) 160

IV. DESCRIPTION OF BRITAIN IN THE TIME OF CÆSAR. 165

V. FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN. (_See Plates 16 and 17. _) 172

VI. CHASTISEMENT OF THE MORINI AND MENAPII. 184

VII. ORDER FOR REBUILDING THE FLEET. DEPARTURE FOR ILLYRIA. 185

VIII. POINTS OF EMBARKING AND LANDING. DATE OF THE ARRIVAL
IN BRITAIN. (_See Plate 16. _) 186

IX. RÉSUMÉ OF THE DATES OF THE CAMPAIGN OF 699. 202


CHAPTER VIII.

(Year of Rome 700. )

(BOOK V. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)

MARCH AGAINST THE TREVIRI--SECOND DESCENT IN BRITAIN.

I. INSPECTION OF THE FLEET. MARCH AGAINST THE TREVIRI. 204

II. DEPARTURE FOR THE ISLE OF BRITAIN. (_See Plate 16. _) 206

III. MARCH INTO THE INTERIOR OF THE COUNTRY. (_See Plate 16. _) 208

IV. DESTRUCTION OF A PART OF THE FLEET. 210

V. CÆSAR RESUMES THE OFFENSIVE. 211

VI. MARCH TOWARDS THE THAMES. (_See Plate 16. _) 214

VII. SUBMISSION OF A PART OF BRITAIN. (_See Plate 16. _) 216

VIII. RE-EMBARKATION OF THE ARMY. 217

IX. OBSERVATIONS. (_See Plate 16. _) 219

X. PRESUMED DATES OF THE SECOND CAMPAIGN IN BRITAIN. 223

XI. DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEGIONS IN THEIR WINTER QUARTERS.
(_See Plates 14 and 18. _) 225

XII. DEFEAT OF SABINUS AT ADUATUCA. 228

XIII. ATTACK ON CICERO’S CAMP. 234

XIV. CÆSAR MARCHES TO THE SUCCOUR OF CICERO. (_See Plates 14
and 27, Fig. 8. _) 236

XV. CÆSAR PLACES HIS TROOPS IN WINTER QUARTERS. LABIENUS
DEFEATS INDUTIOMARUS. 246

XVI. OBSERVATIONS. 250


CHAPTER IX.

(Year of Rome 701. )

(BOOK VI. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)

CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE NERVII AND THE TREVIRI--SECOND PASSAGE OF
THE RHINE--WAR AGAINST AMBIORIX AND THE EBURONES.

I. CÆSAR AUGMENTS HIS ARMY. 253

II. WAR AGAINST THE NERVII. GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF GAUL. 254

III. SUBMISSION OF THE MENAPII. 256

IV. SUCCESS OF LABIENUS AGAINST THE TREVIRI. 257

V. SECOND PASSAGE OF THE RHINE. 260

VI. WAR AGAINST AMBIORIX. (_See Plates 2 and 14. _) 262

VII. THE SICAMBRI ATTACK ADUATUCA. (_See Plate 18. _) 265


CHAPTER X.

(Year of Rome 702. )

(BOOK VII. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)

REVOLT OF GAUL--CAPTURE OF VELLAUNODUNUM, GENABUM, AND NOVIODUNUM--SIEGES
OF AVARICUM AND GERGOVIA--CAMPAIGN OF LABIENUS
AGAINST THE PARISII--SIEGE OF ALESIA.

I. REVOLT OF GAUL. 272

II. CÆSAR BEGINS THE CAMPAIGN. (_See Plate 19. _) 275

III. TAKING OF VELLAUNODUNUM, GENABUM, AND NOVIODUNUM. (_See
Plate 19. _) 278

IV. SIEGE OF AVARICUM. (_See Plate 20. _) 287

V. ARRIVAL OF CÆSAR AT DECETIA, AND MARCH TOWARDS AUVERGNE.
(_See Plates 19 and 21. _) 299

VI. BLOCKADE OF GERGOVIA. (_See Plates 21 and 22. _) 303

VII. OBSERVATIONS. 319

VIII. CÆSAR LEAVES GERGOVIA IN ORDER TO JOIN LABIENUS. 320

IX. EXPEDITION OF LABIENUS AGAINST THE PARISII. (_See Plate 23. _) 323

X. THE GAULS ASSUME THE OFFENSIVE. 329

XI. JUNCTION OF CÆSAR AND LABIENUS. BATTLE OF THE VINGEANNE.
(_See Plates 19 and 24. _) 331

XII. BLOCKADE OF ALESIA. (_See Plates 25, 26, 27, and 28. _) 338

XIII. DETAILS OF THE EXCAVATIONS AT MONT AUXOIS. (_See Plates
25, 27, and 28. _) 358


CHAPTER XI.

(Year of Rome 703. )

(BOOK VIII. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)

I. EXPEDITION AGAINST THE BITURIGES AND CARNUTES. 367

II. CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE BELLOVACI. (_See Plates 29 and 30. _) 369

III. BATTLE ON THE AISNE. 377

IV. DEVASTATION OF THE COUNTRY OF THE EBURONES. 379

V. EXPEDITION AGAINST DUMNACUS. 381

VI. CAPTURE OF UXELLODUNUM. (_See Plates 31 and 32. _) 383

VII. EXCAVATIONS MADE AT PUY D’ISSOLU. (_See Plates 31 and 32. _) 390

VIII. COMPLETE SUBMISSION OF GAUL. 395


BOOK IV.

RECAPITULATION OF THE WAR IN GAUL, AND RELATION
OF EVENTS AT ROME FROM 696 TO 705.


CHAPTER I.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 696.

I. DIFFICULTIES OF CÆSAR’S TASK. 399

II. CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE HELVETII. 402

III. CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS. 405

IV. SEQUEL OF THE CONSULSHIP OF L.
CALPURNIUS PISO AND AULUS
GALBINIUS. 408

V. INTRIGUES OF CLODIUS. 409

VI. POMPEY CONSULTS CÆSAR ON THE RETURN OF CICERO. 410

VII. POMPEY BELIEVES HIMSELF THREATENED BY A SLAVE OF CLODIUS. 411


CHAPTER II.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 697.


I. WAR AGAINST THE BELGÆ. 413

II. RETURN OF CICERO. 416

III. POMPEY IS CHARGED WITH THE SUPPLYING OF FOOD. 419

IV. FESTIVALS TO COMMEMORATE CÆSAR’S VICTORIES. 420

V. RIOTS AT ROME. 421


CHAPTER III.

EVENTS IN ROME DURING THE YEAR 698.


I. PRESENCE IN ROME OF PTOLEMY AULETES. 424

II. CLODIUS NAMED ÆDILE. TRIAL OF MILO. 426

III. RETURN OF CATO. 429

IV. STATE OF ANARCHY IN ROME. 430

V. THE INTERVIEW AT LUCCA. 433

VI. CONSEQUENCES OF THE INTERVIEW AT LUCCA. CONDUCT OF
CICERO. 438

VII. INTRIGUES OF POMPEY AND CRASSUS TO OBTAIN THE CONSULSHIP. 443

VIII. CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE PEOPLES ON THE SHORES OF THE OCEAN. 445


CHAPTER IV.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 699.

I. CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE USIPETES AND THE TENCTERI. 449

II. FIRST DESCENT IN ENGLAND. 451

III. CÆSAR’S HABITS WHEN IN CAMPAIGN. 452

IV. CONSULSHIP OF POMPEY AND CRASSUS. 453

V. MOTION OF TREBONIUS ON THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PROVINCES. 456

VI. POMPEY’S SUMPTUARY LAW. 461

VII. DEPARTURE OF CRASSUS FOR SYRIA. 462

VIII. CATO PROPOSES TO DELIVER CÆSAR TO THE GERMANS. 464


CHAPTER V.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 700.

I. SECOND DESCENT IN ENGLAND. 467

II. DISPLACEMENT OF THE ARMY. DISASTER OF SABINUS. 468

III. L. DOMITIUS AHENOBARBUS AND APPIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER,
CONSULS. 470

IV. RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF PTOLEMY IN EGYPT. 472

V. CORRUPTION OF THE ELECTIONS. 474

VI. DEATH OF CÆSAR’S DAUGHTER. 476

VII. CÆSAR’S BUILDINGS AT ROME. 477

VIII. HIS RELATIONS WITH CICERO. 478


CHAPTER VI.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 701.

I. EXPEDITION TO THE NORTH OF GAUL. SECOND PASSAGE OF
THE RHINE. 484

II. PURSUIT OF AMBIORIX. 485

III. C. DOMITIUS CALVINUS AND M. VALERIUS MESSALA, CONSULS. 486

IV. EXPEDITION OF CRASSUS AGAINST THE PARTHIANS, AND HIS
DEATH. 488

V. CONSEQUENCES OF THE DEATH OF CRASSUS. 499


CHAPTER VII.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 702.

I. MURDER OF CLODIUS. 501

II. THE REPUBLIC IS DECLARED IN DANGER. 505

III. POMPEY SOLE CONSUL. 506

IV. TRIAL OF MILO. 508

V. POMPEY TAKES AS HIS ASSOCIATE CÆCILIUS METELLUS PIUS
SCIPIO. 514

VI. INSURRECTION OF GAUL, AND CAMPAIGN OF 702. 516


CHAPTER VIII.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 703.

I. NEW TROUBLES IN GAUL, AND THE CAMPAIGN ON THE AISNE. 528

II. CÆSAR’S POLICY IN GAUL AND AT ROME. 530

III. SULPICIUS RUFUS AND M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, CONSULS. 536

IV. SPIRIT WHICH ANIMATES CÆSAR’S ADVERSARIES. 538

V. THE QUESTION OF RIGHT BETWEEN THE SENATE AND CÆSAR. 542

VI. INTRIGUES TO DEPRIVE CÆSAR OF HIS COMMAND. 548


CHAPTER IX.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 704.

I. C. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS AND L. ÆMILIUS PAULUS, CONSULS. 554

II. CÆSAR REPAIRS TO THE CISALPINE. 559

III. POMPEY RECEIVES OVATIONS, AND ASKS CÆSAR TO RETURN HIS
TWO LEGIONS. 564

IV. THE SENATE VOTES IMPARTIALLY. 569

V. VIOLENT MEASURES ADOPTED AGAINST CÆSAR. 570

VI. STATE OF PUBLIC OPINION. 572


CHAPTER X.

EVENTS OF THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE YEAR 705.

I. C. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS AND L. CORNELIUS LENTULUS, CONSULS. 579

II. LENTULUS CARRIES THE SENATE AGAINST CÆSAR. 581

III. CÆSAR HARANGUES HIS TROOPS. 588

IV. CÆSAR IS DRIVEN TO CIVIL WAR. 590

V. CÆSAR CROSSES THE RUBICON. 592



APPENDIX.


APPENDIX A.

CONCORDANCE OF DATES OF THE ANCIENT ROMAN CALENDAR WITH THE
JULIAN STYLE, FOR THE YEARS OF ROME 691-709. 595


APPENDIX B.

CONCORDANCE OF ROMAN AND MODERN HOURS, FOR THE YEAR OF
ROME 699 (55 B. C. ) AND FOR THE LATITUDE OF PARIS. 638


APPENDIX C.

LIST OF ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS AT ALISE.
PAGE

NOTE ON THE ANCIENT COINS COLLECTED IN THE EXCAVATIONS AT ALISE. 640

COINS STRUCK IN THE MINT AT ROME. 642

COINS STRUCK IN SOUTHERN ITALY. 644

COINS STRUCK OUT OF ITALY. 644

GAULISH COINS (FROM CAMP D, ON THE BANKS OF THE OSE). 645


APPENDIX D.

NOTICE ON CÆSAR’S LIEUTENANTS.

1. T. ATTIUS LABIENUS. 648

2. PUBLIUS LUCINIUS CRASSUS. 648

3. L. ARUNCULEIUS COTTA. 649

4. QUINTUS TITURIUS SABINUS. 649

5. Q. PEDIUS. 649

6. SERVIUS SULPICIUS GALBA. 649

7. DECIMUS JUNIUS BRUTUS. 650

8. PUBLIUS SULPICIUS RUFUS. 651

9. LUCIUS MUNATIUS PLANCUS. 652

10. MARCUS LICINIUS CRASSUS. 652

11. CAIUS FABIUS. 653

12. L. ROSCIUS. 653

13. TITUS SEXTIUS. 653

14. Q. TULLIUS CICERO. 654

15.