The loss of the work, however, is the
more to be lamented, since ancient historians in gen-
eral neglect chronology too much.
more to be lamented, since ancient historians in gen-
eral neglect chronology too much.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
When
Cleomencs, king of Sparta, attacked Megalopolis,
Philoposm'U greatly signalized himself among the de-
fenders t. the place. He distinguished himself no
leas, somo time after this, in the battle of Sellasia,
where Antigonus Doson gained a complete victory over
Cleomenes, B. C. 222. Antigonus, who had been an
eyewitnesa of his gallant behaviour, and who admired
his talents and virtues, offered him a considerable
command in his army, but Philopocmen declined it,
because he knew, as Plutarch observes, that he could
Lot bear to be under the direction of another. Not
shoosing, however, to remain idle, and hearing that
-here was war in Crete, he sailed to that island to ex-
ercise and improve his military talents. When he
had scried there for some lime, he returned home with
high reputation, and was immediately appointed by the
Achxsns general of the horse. In the exercise of this
command, he acquitted himself with signal ability; so
much so, in fact, that the Achaean horse, heretofore of
no reputation, soon became famous over all Greece.
He was not long after appointed to the command of
all the Achaean forces, and zealously employed himself
in reforming the discipline of the army, and infusing
a proper spirit into the soldiers of the republic. An
opportunity occurred soon after this, of ascertaining
how the troops had profited by his instruction. Ma-
chanidas, tyrant of Lacedsemon, with a numerous and
powerful army, was watching a favourable moment to
subdue the whole of the Peloponnesus. As soon, then,
as intelligence was brought that he had attacked the
Mantineaus. Philopoemcn took the field against him,
and defeated and slew him. The Lacedaemonians lost
on this occasion above 8000 men, of whom 4000 were
left dead upon the field. The Achacans, in commem-
oration of the valour of Philopoemcn, set up at Delphi
a brazen statue, representing him in the very act of
4 lying the tyrant. At a subsequent period, however,
? ? be experienced a reverse of fortune; for, having ven-
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? PHILOSTRATUS.
PHI
of Tyana ('kmXkuvlov rofl Tvavluc fiioc), a well-
known charlatan and wonder-worker, whom hia biog-
rapher wishes to represent as a supernatural being.
Hence Eunnpius of Sardis, in speaking of this book,
remarks, that, instead of being called the Life of Apol-
;? nius, it ought to be entitled, a History of the visit of
God unto men (iiov i-xiinuiav le uvBpCmove \teov
takciv). Three writers befjre the time of Philostra-
tus had given Lives of Apolloniua, namely, Demi* of
Minus, his friend, and two unknown writers, Maximua
and Mceragenes. Their works were of service to
Ptalostratus in framing his compilation; a compilation
entirely destitute of critical arrangement, filled with
the jnost absurd fables, and swarming with geograph-
ical errors and with anachronisms. And yet, notwith-
standing theso so serious defects, the work is useful
for an acquaintance with the Pythagorean philosophy,
and the history of the emperors who reigned after
Nero. --A question naturally presents itself in relation
to this singular piece of biography. Did Philostratus,
in writing it, wish to parody the life and miracles of
the divine founder of our religion 1 It is difficult to
exculpate him from auch an intention. Various par-
ticulars in the biography of Apollonius, such as the
annunciation of his nativity, made to hia mother by Pro-
teus; the incarnation of this Egyptian divinity in the
person of Apollonius; the miracles by which his birth
was accompanied; those that are attributed to the in-
dividual himself; and his ascension into heaven, ap-
pear borrowed from the life of our Saviour; and within
. ess than a century after Philostratus wrote, in the
time of Dioclesian, Hierocles of Nicomedia opposed
this work to the gospels. Huet was the first that as-
cribed an evil intention to Philostratus (Demonslr.
Evang. Propos. , 9, c. 147); while the opposite side
is maintained by Meiners (Gesch. dcr Wissensch. ,
etc. . vol. 1, p. 258) and by Tiedemann (Geist. dcr
Sftculat. 1'hilos . vol. 3, p. 116). --Philostratus has
also left us, undei the title of rlpulKa (Hcroica), the
fabulous history of twenty-one heroes of the Trojan
war. This work is in the form of a dialogue between
t Phoenician mariner and a vinedresser of Thrace, who
had heard all these particulars from the lips of Protes-
ibus. Another work is the E<\om\ in two books. It
is a discourse on a gallery of paintings which was at
Naples, and contains some valuable remarks on the
state of the arts at this period. Wo have also the
Lives of the Sophists (Bi'ot Zo^toruv), in two books,
the first containing the lives of the philosophical soph-
ists, the second those of the rhetorical. The former
are twenty-six in number; the latter thirty-three. It
is an interesting work, and gives an amusing account
of the sophists of the day, their vanity and impudence,
their jealousies and quarrels, their corrupt morals; a
living picture, in fine, of the fall of the art and the cor-
ruption of literary men. There exist also from the
pen of Philostratus sixty-three letters, and an epigram
in the Anthology. There are only two editions of the
entire works of Philostratus; that of Morell, Paris,
1608, fol. , and that of Olearius, Lips. , 1709, fol.
The latter is the better one of the two, although in
numerous instances it only copies the errors of the
former. Olearius is said to have appropriated to hia
own use the notes of Reinesius, written on the mar-
? ;in of a copy of Moretl's edition, which he obtained
rom the library of Zeitz: and then to have destroyed
this copy. (Hoffmann, Itcx. Bibliogr,,\o\. 3, p. 235. )
? ? In 1806, Boissonade published a good edition of the
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? P HI
f HI
Hist. , 12, 44. ) Philoxenus waa afterward restored to
favour, and the tyrant, imagining that he would now
find in him a more complimentary critic, invited him
to attend the reading of one of his poems. Philoxc-
im>> after enduring the infliction for a while, rose from
n. < seat, and, o~ being asked by Dionysius whither be
was going, cojllj replied, " To the quarries. "' (Nicol.
Damasc. , tip. Stob. , 13, 16, p. 145 -- Suid. , s. f>.
airaye ue etc rue farouiac. -- Id. , s. v. Aarouiac. --
Hellud. ', ap. Phot. , Cod. , 279. ) Eustathius gives a
urious account of his having escaped on this occasion,
by dexterously using a word susceptible of a double
meaning Dionysius, according to this version of the
story, read one of hia tragedies to Philoxenus, and then
asked him what kind of a play it appeared to bim to
be. The poet answered, "A sad one" (ourrpu),
meaning sad stuff; but Dionysius thought he meant a
drama full of pathos, and '. ouk his remark as a com-
pliment. (Eustalh. ad. Od. , p. 1691. ) According to
the scholiast on Aristophanes (Plut. , 290), Philoxenus
was sent to the quarries for having rivalled the tyrant
in the affections of a concubine named Galatsa.
Having escaped, however, from this confinement, he
fled to his native island, and there avenged himself by
writing a drama, in which Dionysius waa represented
under the character of the Cyclops Polyphemus, enam-
oured of the nymph Gaiatxa. The allusion was the
more galling, as Dionysius laboured under a weakness
of sight, or, more probably, saw well with only one of
his eyes. (Schoi ad. Aristoph. , I. e. --Compare Athe-
neeus, 1, p. 7. )--The reputation of Philoxenus rested
more, however, upon his lyric than upon his dramatic
productions. Alhensus has preserved some extracts
from his works, particularly one from his comic, or,
rather, burlesque poem, entitled Arim/ov, or " The En-
tertainment. " Philoxenus was noted for his gluttony,
and Athenasua records a wish of his (8, p. 341, d. ), that
be might have a throat three cubits long, in order that
the pleasure arising from the tasting of hia food might
be the more prolonged. (Compare JElian, 10, 9. )
Ht i: said to have died of a surfeit, in eating a poly-
pus two cubits in sfzoV (Athenaws, 8. p. 341. --
Slekoll, Getch. Lit. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 206. )--II. A native
? f Leucadia. liockh considers this one to have been
the glutton, and the Cytherean the poet. (Scholl,
Oeteh. Lit Gr. , vol. 1, p. 207, Anm. 1. )--III. or
Flavius Philoxenus, waa consul A. D. 525, and is com-
rnonly known as the author of a Latin-Greek Lexicon,
in which the Latin words were explained in Greek.
H. Stephens gave this Lexicon, without knowing the
name of the compiler, in his " Glossaria duo e situ
rUuslatis cruta," Paris, 1573, fol. It appears under
the name of Philoxenus in the collection of Bonav.
Vulcanius. It forms part also of the London edition
of Stephens's Thesaurus, 1826. (Scholl, Gesch. Lit.
Gr, vol. 3, p. 193 )
_ Philvra, one of the Occanides, and the mother of
Chiron by Saturn. The god, dreading the jealousy of
his wife Rhea, changed Philyra into a mare, and him-
self into a horse. The offspring of their love was the
Centaur Chiron, half man, half horso. Philyra was so
ashamed of the monstrous shape of the child, that she
prayed the gods to change her form and nature. She
was accordingly metamorphosed into the linden-tree,
called by her name among the Greeks (*tXvpa, Phi-
lya). (Hygm, fab. , 138. ) Modern expounders of
mythology, however, make $Mpa equivalent to *4/U'-
? ? iypa," lyre-loting," and consider it a very fit designa-
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? rtt l
HS
death of Agathocles. He was the founder of Phintias,
i. rity of Sicily to the east of Gela. ( Vid. Phintias I. )
Phligkthon, a river of the lower world, which
rolled in waves of fire. Hence its name */if yttiui;
from o/. t; u, "to burn. " The god of the stream was
fabled by the poets to be the son of Cocytus. (Slat. ,
Theb. , 4, 522. --Sense. , Thycst. , 1018. -- Virg. , Jin. ,
6, 264. )
Phlegon, I. a native of Trallej. in Lydia, one of the
Emperor Hadrian's ficedmen. He wroto a species of
universal chronicle, commencing with the first Olym-
piad, since he regarded all that preceded this period
as fabulous. In this work he recounted all the events
that had taken place in every quarter of the globe,
during the four years of each Olympiad. Hence it
bore the title of '0? . v/i-iovikC>i> nui Xpovixuv awa-
yuyV ("A Collection of Olympic Conquerors, and of
Events''). If iependently of a fragment, which appears
to have formed the introduction to the work, we have
only remaining of it what relates to the 176th Olym-
piad. Photius has preserved this for us; and from this
it would appear that Phlegon confined himself to a
simple enumeration of facts, without taking any trou-
ble about ornament of style, or without accompanying
bis work with any reflections. Photius, therefore, had
good reason, no doubt, to consider its perusal as some-
what fatiguing.
The loss of the work, however, is the
more to be lamented, since ancient historians in gen-
eral neglect chronology too much. It was in this
work that Phlegon made mention of the famous eclipse
of the sun in the eighteenth year of the reign of Tibe-
rius, which, according to him, produced so great an
obscurity that the stars were Been at the sixth hour of
the dav (12 o'clock at noon), and which was accom-
panied with an earthquake. It was the eclipse that oc-
curred at our Saviour's crucifixion. (Euseb. , ap. Syn-
ctll. , p. 325. ) Numerous works have appeared in
England on this passage of Phlegon, where the eclipse
is mentioned. Among these, the following may be
enumerated: "Sykes, Dissertation upon the Eclipse
menticned by Phlegon," London, 1732, 8vo--" The
Testimony of Phlegon vindicated, dec. , by W. Whis-
lon," London, 1732, 8vo. To this work there was a
reply by Sykcs, to whom Whiston rejoined. --"Phle-
gon examined critically and impartially, by John
Chapman," London, 1743, 8vo, dec. --We have re-
maining two small works of Phlegon: one, entitled
Hepl dav/iaoiuv, "Of wonderful Things," containing
a collection of most absurd stories, which could only
have been made by a man equally destitute of critical
acumen and sound judgment; the other treats "of Per-
sons who have attained to a very advanced old age
(flfpi ManpoCiuv), and is a dry catalogue of individu-
als who had reached the age of 10U to 140 years.
Phlegon was the author of several other works, which
are now lost, such as, "An Abridgment of the Work
on the Olympiads," a "Description of Sicily," a trea-
tise " 07i Roman Festivals," another " on the most Re-
markable Points of the City of Rome," and "a Life
of Hadrian. " Spartianus informs us, that this biog-
raphy was believed to have been written by the em-
peror himself, who borrowed for the purpose the name
of his freedman. (Spart. , Vit. Hadr. , 15. ) Phlegon
is thought to have been the author also of a small
work, on " Females distinguished for Skill and Cour-
age in War" (Twalnec iv iro^e/iiKolc avvcrai kcu
ivipeiai), containing short notices of Semiramis, Ni-
? ? tocris, fee. The best editions of Phlegon are, that of
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? PHO
P no
\> the Lake c f Ivjmphalus ill Arcadia. (Gcll, Itin. of
ike Morea, p. 109. )
J'hocsa, a maritime town of Ionia, in Asia Minor,
? oulhwest of Cvma, and the most northern of the
Ionian cities. It was founded, as Pausanias reports,
by some emigrants of Phocis, under the guidance of
two Athenian chiefs, named Philogencs and Damon.
The city was built, with the consent of the Cymajans,
on part of their territory; nor was it included in the
Ionian confederacy till its citizens had consented to
place at the head of the government princes of the line
of Codrus. Its favourable situation for commerce
made it known from a very early period; and, as Mile-
tus enjoyed almost exclusively the trade of the Euz-
ine, so Phocxa had become possesaed of great mari-
time ascendancy in the western part of the Mediterra-
nean. The colony of Alalia in Corsica was of I'lio-
cxan origin, and Phocsan vessels traded to Tartessus
and the southwestern coast of Spain. It was in these
distant voyages, no doubt, that "their long vessels of
fifty oars, which they had adopted from the Cartha-
ginians, were commonly employed; and they would
seem to have been the first of the Greeks that em-
ployed ships of this construction. (Herod. , 1, 163. )
Herodotus informs us, that the Phocxans were the
first Greeks that made their countrymen acquainted
with the Adriatic, and the coasts of Tyrrhenia and
Spain. Tartessus was the spot which they most fre-
quented; and they so conciliated the favour of Argan-
thonius, sovereign of the country, that he sought to
induce them to leave Ionia and settle in his dominions.
On their declining this offer, he munificently presented
them with a Urge sum of money, for the purpose of
raising a strong line of fortifications around their city,
a precaution which the growing power of the Median
empire seemed to render necessary. The historian
observes, that the liberality of the Iberian sovereign
was attested by the circuit of its walls, which were
several stadia in length, and by the size and solid con-
struction of the stones employed. Phocira was one
of the first Ionian cities besieged by the army of
Cyrus under the command of Harpagus. Having in-
vested the plare, he summoned the inhabitants to sur-
render, declaring that it would be a sufficient token
of submission if they would pull down one battle-
ment of their wall, and consecrate one dwelling in
their city. The Phocaeans, aware that to comply with
this demand was to forfeit their independence, but
conscious also of their inability to resist the over-
whelming power of Cyrus, determined to abandon
their native soil, and seek their fortune in another
clime. Having formed this resolution, and obtained
from the Persian general a truce of one day, under the
firctence of a wish to deliberate on his proposal, they
aunched their ships, and, embarlting with their wives
and children, and the:r most valuable effects, sailed to
Chios. On their arrival in that island, they sought to
purchase tho CL'nussse, a neighbouring group of isl-
ands, belonging to the Chians; but the people of Chi-
os, fearing a diminution of their own commerce from
auch active neighbours, refused to comply with their
wishes, and '. he Phocaeans resolved to sail to Corsica,
where, twenty years prior to these evonts, they had
founded a town named Alalia. Before sailing thither,
however, they touched at Phocaea, and, having sur-
prised the Persian garrison left there by Harpagus,
put it to the sword. They then bound themselves by
? ? a solemn oath to abandon their native land, and not to
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? PHOCION.
1 rt O
able. _-. >> corrupt age,for purity and simplicity 01 char-
actor, and, though he erred in his political views, yet
in his private relations he certainly deserved the praise
of a virtuous and excellent man. His first service in
warfare was under Chabrias, to whom he proved him-
self, on many occasions, of signal utility, urging him on
when too slow in his operations, and endeavouring to
bring him to act coolly when unreasonably violent.
Id this way he eventually gained a remarkable ascend-
ancy over that commander, so that Chabrias intrusted
nun with the most important commissions, and assign-
ed to him the most prominent commands. In the
naval battle fought off Naxos, Phocion had charge of
the left wing of the fleet, and contributed essentially,
by his gallant bearing, to the success of the day. The
Athenians began now to regard him as one who gave
piumise of distinguished usefulness to the state. In
entering on public affairs, Phocion appears to have ta-
ken Aristides and Pericles for his models, and to have
endeavoured to attain to eminence in both civil and
military affairs, a union of characters by no means
common in his time. He was elected general live-
and-forty limes, without having once attended at the
election; having been always appointed in his absence,
at the free motion of his countrymen. This was the
more honourable to him, as Phocion was one who gen-
erally opposed their inclinations, and never said or did
anything with a view to recommend himself. In his
military capacity, Phocion signalized himself on sev-
eral occasions. He defeated the forces of Philip of
Macedon, which that monarch had sent into Enlxra,
with the view of getting a footing in that island: he
saved Byzantium from Philip; took several of his
ships. , and recovered many cities which had been gar-
risoned by his troops. As a statesman, however, Pho-
cion seems less deserving of praise. His great error
was too strong an attachment to pacific relations with
Macedon, a line of policy which brought him into di-
rect collision with Demosthenes, though it subsequent-
y <<6crred for him the favour of Alexander. In this,
tlowever, there was nothing corrupt: the principles of
Phoci in . vcre pure, and his desire for peace was a
sincei! one; but his great fault was in despairing too
readily of his country. Alexander, to testify his re-
gard for Phocion, sent him a present of 100 talents,
which the latter, however, unhesitatingly refused.
The same monarch offered him his choice of one of
four Asiatic cities; but Phocion again declined the
gift, and Alexander died soon afterward. We find
Phocion, at a later period, in pursuance of his usual
line of policy, opposing the Lamian war; and, in con-
sequence, sent to Antipater to treat of peace, when
that war had eventuated unsuccessfully for Athens.
When the city had submitted, and a Macedonian gar-
rison was placed in Munychia, the chief authority at
Athens was vested in Phocion, who was recommended
by his superior character and talents, and by the high
esteem in which he was known to be held by Antipater.
On the death of the latter, however, new troubles com-
menced. ( Vid. Polysperchon ) The Athenian peo-
ple held an assembly, with every circumstance of tu-
mult and confusion, in which they voted the complete
re-establishment of democracy, and the death or ban-
ishment of all who had borne office in the oligarchy, of
whom the mcj*. conspicuous was Phocion. The exiles
fled to the camp of Alexander, son of Polysperchon, and
were sent by him to his father, and recommended to his
? ? favour. They were followed thither by an Athenian
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? PHOCIS.
PHO
*. , 416. ) Its appellation was said to be derived fnm
Phocus the son of jEacus. (Paiuan. , 2,4. --Eustath.
ad II. , 2, 519. ) The more ancient inhabitants of the
country were probably of the race of the Lelegea; but
the name of Phocians already prevailed at the time of
the siege of Troy, since we find them enumerated in
Homer's catalogue of Grecian warriors. (//. , 2, 617. )
From Herodotus we learn that, prior to the Persian
. uvasion, the Phocians had been much engaged in war
. vith the Thcssalians, and had often successfully re-
sisted the ;E7isions of that people (8, 27, seqq. --Pau-
tan. , 10,1). But when the defile of Thcrmopylse waa
? orced by the army of Xerxes, the Thessalians, who
oad espoused the cause of that monarch, are said to
nave urged him, out of enmity to the Phocians, to rav-
age and lay waste with fire and sword the territory of
this people. (Herod. , 8, 32. ) Delphi and Parnassus
on this occasion served as places of refuge for many
of the unfortunate inhabitants; but numbers fell into
(he hands of the victorious Persians, and were com-
pelled to serve in their ranks under the command of
Mardonius. (Herod. , 9, 17. ) They seized, however,
the earliest opportunity of joining their fellow-country-
men in arms; and many of the Persians, who were
dispersed after the rout of Plataea, aro said to have
fallen victims to their revengeful fury. (Herod. , 9,31.
--Pausan. , 10, 2. )--A little prior to the Peloponne-
sian war, a dispute arose respecting the temple at Del-
phi, which threatened to involve in hostilities the prin-
cipal states of Greece. This edifice was claimed ap-
parently by the Phocians as the common property of
the whole nation, whereas the Delphians asserted it
to be their own exclusive possession. The Lacede-
monians are said by Thucydides to have declared in
favour of the latter, whose cause they maintained by
force of arms. The Athenians, on the other hand,
were no less favourable to the Phocians, and, on the
? otrcat of the Spartan forces, sent a body of troops to
occupy the temple, and deliver it into their hands.
The service thus rendered by the Athenians seems
greatly to have cemented the ties of friendly union
which already subsisted between the two republics.
(Tkucyd. , 3, 95. )--After the battle of Leuctra, Pho-
cis, as we learn from Xenophon, became subject for a
time to Bceotia (Hist. Gr. , 6, 5, 23), until a change of
circumstances gave a new impulse to the character of
this small republic, and called forth all the energies of
the people in defence of their country. A fine had
been imposed on them by an edict of the Amphictyons
for some reason, which Pausanias professes not to have
been able to ascertain, and which they themselves con-
ceived to be wholly unmerited. Diodorus asserts that
it was in consequence of their having cultivated a
part of the Cirrhean territory which had been declared
sacred (Ifi, 23). By the advice of Philomelus, a Pho-
cian high in rank and estimation, it was determined
to oppose the execution of the hostile decree, and, in
order more effectually to secure the means of resist-
ance, to seize upon the temple of Delphi and its treas-
ures. This measure having been carried into imme-
diate execution, they were thus furnished with abun-
dant supplies for raising troops to defend their country.
(Pausan. , 10, 2. --Diod. Sic, I. c. ) These events led
to what the Greek historians have termed the Sacred
War, which broke out in the second year of the 106th
Olympiad, B. C. 355. The Thebans were the first to
fafce up arms in the cause of religion, which had been
? ? thus openly violated by the Phocians; and, in a battle
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? PHCE
PHOENICIA.
Dn Cluysost. , Or. , 2, mil. ) Suidas says, hia verses
were pilfered from the Sibylline books, a remark de-
rived, in all probability, from some father of the church,
and to be understood in just the opposite sense. In
order to stamp his productions with the impress of
genuineness, P/. Tcylides found it necessary to accom-
pany them with the perpetually-recurring introduction,
"This, too, is a saying of Phocylidcs ;" just as The-
ognis, at the end of his poem on Cyrnos, appended his
n. inic as a mark of literary property. What we have
at present remaining of Phocylidcs consists, for the
most part, of hexameters, and breathes a quite differ-
ent spirit from the Dorian gnomes of Theognis, with
which the Ionic precepts of the Milesian poet are often
directly at variance. For example, in place of com-
ing forward as an ardent defender of anstocratical prin-
ciples, and as a martyr to his political creed, the ad-
vantages of birth are to him altogether indifferent.
Tho contest, in fact, between aristocracy and demo-
cratical principles was by no means so obstinate and
violent in the Ionian cities as in those of Dorian ex-
traction. There is more of a philosophical character
in the poetry of Phocylides, more reference to the com-
mon weal, and a greater wish to promote its true in-
terests, than in the aristocratic gnomes of Theognis.
He composed his gnomic precepts in two or three ver-
ses each, and was considered as not belonging to those
who produced long continuous poems, but rather as
loving the philosophical conciseness of separate and
individual propositions. The longest fragment we have
of Phocylides consists of eight hexameters, in which
he draws a picture of the different classes of females,
and compares them with as many classes of animals.
In treating of individual or personal subjects, however,
he appears to have employed the elegiac measure, as
in the case of the satirical effusion against the island-
ers of Leros. The verses of Phocylides were so high-
ly esteemed, that they were recited by the rhapsodists
? long with those of Homer, Hesiod, Archilochus, and
Himnermus. A po-jm that still exists, under the title
cf Yloiq/ia vovderiicov (Exhortation), in 217 hexame-
ters, is sometimes, though incorrectly, ascribed to him.
It is probably the production of some Christian writer
of the twelfth or thirteenth century. The fragments
of Phocylides are found in the collections of Stephens,
Brunck, Gaisford, Boissonnade, and others. Schier
gave a separate edition of them in 1751, Lips. , 8vo.
(Bode, Geschichte der Lyrisehcn Dichtk. der Hell. , vol.
1, p. 243, seoa. --SchSU, Hist. Lit. Gt, vol. I, p. 240,
seqq)
Phcebk, I. one of the femalo Titans, the offspring
of Heaver and Earth (Ccelus and Terra). From her
union with Cceus, another of the Titans, sprang Lato-
na and Asteria. The name Phoebe ($016*17) signifies
the bright one (from $au, "to shine"); and Cotos (Kol-
oe), the burning (from xaiu, "to burn"). (Keight-
ley's Mythology, p. 64. )--II. One of the names of Di-
ana, or the Moon. (Vid. Diana. )
Phoxbus, one of the names of Apollo, derived from
fm. .
Cleomencs, king of Sparta, attacked Megalopolis,
Philoposm'U greatly signalized himself among the de-
fenders t. the place. He distinguished himself no
leas, somo time after this, in the battle of Sellasia,
where Antigonus Doson gained a complete victory over
Cleomenes, B. C. 222. Antigonus, who had been an
eyewitnesa of his gallant behaviour, and who admired
his talents and virtues, offered him a considerable
command in his army, but Philopocmen declined it,
because he knew, as Plutarch observes, that he could
Lot bear to be under the direction of another. Not
shoosing, however, to remain idle, and hearing that
-here was war in Crete, he sailed to that island to ex-
ercise and improve his military talents. When he
had scried there for some lime, he returned home with
high reputation, and was immediately appointed by the
Achxsns general of the horse. In the exercise of this
command, he acquitted himself with signal ability; so
much so, in fact, that the Achaean horse, heretofore of
no reputation, soon became famous over all Greece.
He was not long after appointed to the command of
all the Achaean forces, and zealously employed himself
in reforming the discipline of the army, and infusing
a proper spirit into the soldiers of the republic. An
opportunity occurred soon after this, of ascertaining
how the troops had profited by his instruction. Ma-
chanidas, tyrant of Lacedsemon, with a numerous and
powerful army, was watching a favourable moment to
subdue the whole of the Peloponnesus. As soon, then,
as intelligence was brought that he had attacked the
Mantineaus. Philopoemcn took the field against him,
and defeated and slew him. The Lacedaemonians lost
on this occasion above 8000 men, of whom 4000 were
left dead upon the field. The Achacans, in commem-
oration of the valour of Philopoemcn, set up at Delphi
a brazen statue, representing him in the very act of
4 lying the tyrant. At a subsequent period, however,
? ? be experienced a reverse of fortune; for, having ven-
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? PHILOSTRATUS.
PHI
of Tyana ('kmXkuvlov rofl Tvavluc fiioc), a well-
known charlatan and wonder-worker, whom hia biog-
rapher wishes to represent as a supernatural being.
Hence Eunnpius of Sardis, in speaking of this book,
remarks, that, instead of being called the Life of Apol-
;? nius, it ought to be entitled, a History of the visit of
God unto men (iiov i-xiinuiav le uvBpCmove \teov
takciv). Three writers befjre the time of Philostra-
tus had given Lives of Apolloniua, namely, Demi* of
Minus, his friend, and two unknown writers, Maximua
and Mceragenes. Their works were of service to
Ptalostratus in framing his compilation; a compilation
entirely destitute of critical arrangement, filled with
the jnost absurd fables, and swarming with geograph-
ical errors and with anachronisms. And yet, notwith-
standing theso so serious defects, the work is useful
for an acquaintance with the Pythagorean philosophy,
and the history of the emperors who reigned after
Nero. --A question naturally presents itself in relation
to this singular piece of biography. Did Philostratus,
in writing it, wish to parody the life and miracles of
the divine founder of our religion 1 It is difficult to
exculpate him from auch an intention. Various par-
ticulars in the biography of Apollonius, such as the
annunciation of his nativity, made to hia mother by Pro-
teus; the incarnation of this Egyptian divinity in the
person of Apollonius; the miracles by which his birth
was accompanied; those that are attributed to the in-
dividual himself; and his ascension into heaven, ap-
pear borrowed from the life of our Saviour; and within
. ess than a century after Philostratus wrote, in the
time of Dioclesian, Hierocles of Nicomedia opposed
this work to the gospels. Huet was the first that as-
cribed an evil intention to Philostratus (Demonslr.
Evang. Propos. , 9, c. 147); while the opposite side
is maintained by Meiners (Gesch. dcr Wissensch. ,
etc. . vol. 1, p. 258) and by Tiedemann (Geist. dcr
Sftculat. 1'hilos . vol. 3, p. 116). --Philostratus has
also left us, undei the title of rlpulKa (Hcroica), the
fabulous history of twenty-one heroes of the Trojan
war. This work is in the form of a dialogue between
t Phoenician mariner and a vinedresser of Thrace, who
had heard all these particulars from the lips of Protes-
ibus. Another work is the E<\om\ in two books. It
is a discourse on a gallery of paintings which was at
Naples, and contains some valuable remarks on the
state of the arts at this period. Wo have also the
Lives of the Sophists (Bi'ot Zo^toruv), in two books,
the first containing the lives of the philosophical soph-
ists, the second those of the rhetorical. The former
are twenty-six in number; the latter thirty-three. It
is an interesting work, and gives an amusing account
of the sophists of the day, their vanity and impudence,
their jealousies and quarrels, their corrupt morals; a
living picture, in fine, of the fall of the art and the cor-
ruption of literary men. There exist also from the
pen of Philostratus sixty-three letters, and an epigram
in the Anthology. There are only two editions of the
entire works of Philostratus; that of Morell, Paris,
1608, fol. , and that of Olearius, Lips. , 1709, fol.
The latter is the better one of the two, although in
numerous instances it only copies the errors of the
former. Olearius is said to have appropriated to hia
own use the notes of Reinesius, written on the mar-
? ;in of a copy of Moretl's edition, which he obtained
rom the library of Zeitz: and then to have destroyed
this copy. (Hoffmann, Itcx. Bibliogr,,\o\. 3, p. 235. )
? ? In 1806, Boissonade published a good edition of the
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? P HI
f HI
Hist. , 12, 44. ) Philoxenus waa afterward restored to
favour, and the tyrant, imagining that he would now
find in him a more complimentary critic, invited him
to attend the reading of one of his poems. Philoxc-
im>> after enduring the infliction for a while, rose from
n. < seat, and, o~ being asked by Dionysius whither be
was going, cojllj replied, " To the quarries. "' (Nicol.
Damasc. , tip. Stob. , 13, 16, p. 145 -- Suid. , s. f>.
airaye ue etc rue farouiac. -- Id. , s. v. Aarouiac. --
Hellud. ', ap. Phot. , Cod. , 279. ) Eustathius gives a
urious account of his having escaped on this occasion,
by dexterously using a word susceptible of a double
meaning Dionysius, according to this version of the
story, read one of hia tragedies to Philoxenus, and then
asked him what kind of a play it appeared to bim to
be. The poet answered, "A sad one" (ourrpu),
meaning sad stuff; but Dionysius thought he meant a
drama full of pathos, and '. ouk his remark as a com-
pliment. (Eustalh. ad. Od. , p. 1691. ) According to
the scholiast on Aristophanes (Plut. , 290), Philoxenus
was sent to the quarries for having rivalled the tyrant
in the affections of a concubine named Galatsa.
Having escaped, however, from this confinement, he
fled to his native island, and there avenged himself by
writing a drama, in which Dionysius waa represented
under the character of the Cyclops Polyphemus, enam-
oured of the nymph Gaiatxa. The allusion was the
more galling, as Dionysius laboured under a weakness
of sight, or, more probably, saw well with only one of
his eyes. (Schoi ad. Aristoph. , I. e. --Compare Athe-
neeus, 1, p. 7. )--The reputation of Philoxenus rested
more, however, upon his lyric than upon his dramatic
productions. Alhensus has preserved some extracts
from his works, particularly one from his comic, or,
rather, burlesque poem, entitled Arim/ov, or " The En-
tertainment. " Philoxenus was noted for his gluttony,
and Athenasua records a wish of his (8, p. 341, d. ), that
be might have a throat three cubits long, in order that
the pleasure arising from the tasting of hia food might
be the more prolonged. (Compare JElian, 10, 9. )
Ht i: said to have died of a surfeit, in eating a poly-
pus two cubits in sfzoV (Athenaws, 8. p. 341. --
Slekoll, Getch. Lit. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 206. )--II. A native
? f Leucadia. liockh considers this one to have been
the glutton, and the Cytherean the poet. (Scholl,
Oeteh. Lit Gr. , vol. 1, p. 207, Anm. 1. )--III. or
Flavius Philoxenus, waa consul A. D. 525, and is com-
rnonly known as the author of a Latin-Greek Lexicon,
in which the Latin words were explained in Greek.
H. Stephens gave this Lexicon, without knowing the
name of the compiler, in his " Glossaria duo e situ
rUuslatis cruta," Paris, 1573, fol. It appears under
the name of Philoxenus in the collection of Bonav.
Vulcanius. It forms part also of the London edition
of Stephens's Thesaurus, 1826. (Scholl, Gesch. Lit.
Gr, vol. 3, p. 193 )
_ Philvra, one of the Occanides, and the mother of
Chiron by Saturn. The god, dreading the jealousy of
his wife Rhea, changed Philyra into a mare, and him-
self into a horse. The offspring of their love was the
Centaur Chiron, half man, half horso. Philyra was so
ashamed of the monstrous shape of the child, that she
prayed the gods to change her form and nature. She
was accordingly metamorphosed into the linden-tree,
called by her name among the Greeks (*tXvpa, Phi-
lya). (Hygm, fab. , 138. ) Modern expounders of
mythology, however, make $Mpa equivalent to *4/U'-
? ? iypa," lyre-loting," and consider it a very fit designa-
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? rtt l
HS
death of Agathocles. He was the founder of Phintias,
i. rity of Sicily to the east of Gela. ( Vid. Phintias I. )
Phligkthon, a river of the lower world, which
rolled in waves of fire. Hence its name */if yttiui;
from o/. t; u, "to burn. " The god of the stream was
fabled by the poets to be the son of Cocytus. (Slat. ,
Theb. , 4, 522. --Sense. , Thycst. , 1018. -- Virg. , Jin. ,
6, 264. )
Phlegon, I. a native of Trallej. in Lydia, one of the
Emperor Hadrian's ficedmen. He wroto a species of
universal chronicle, commencing with the first Olym-
piad, since he regarded all that preceded this period
as fabulous. In this work he recounted all the events
that had taken place in every quarter of the globe,
during the four years of each Olympiad. Hence it
bore the title of '0? . v/i-iovikC>i> nui Xpovixuv awa-
yuyV ("A Collection of Olympic Conquerors, and of
Events''). If iependently of a fragment, which appears
to have formed the introduction to the work, we have
only remaining of it what relates to the 176th Olym-
piad. Photius has preserved this for us; and from this
it would appear that Phlegon confined himself to a
simple enumeration of facts, without taking any trou-
ble about ornament of style, or without accompanying
bis work with any reflections. Photius, therefore, had
good reason, no doubt, to consider its perusal as some-
what fatiguing.
The loss of the work, however, is the
more to be lamented, since ancient historians in gen-
eral neglect chronology too much. It was in this
work that Phlegon made mention of the famous eclipse
of the sun in the eighteenth year of the reign of Tibe-
rius, which, according to him, produced so great an
obscurity that the stars were Been at the sixth hour of
the dav (12 o'clock at noon), and which was accom-
panied with an earthquake. It was the eclipse that oc-
curred at our Saviour's crucifixion. (Euseb. , ap. Syn-
ctll. , p. 325. ) Numerous works have appeared in
England on this passage of Phlegon, where the eclipse
is mentioned. Among these, the following may be
enumerated: "Sykes, Dissertation upon the Eclipse
menticned by Phlegon," London, 1732, 8vo--" The
Testimony of Phlegon vindicated, dec. , by W. Whis-
lon," London, 1732, 8vo. To this work there was a
reply by Sykcs, to whom Whiston rejoined. --"Phle-
gon examined critically and impartially, by John
Chapman," London, 1743, 8vo, dec. --We have re-
maining two small works of Phlegon: one, entitled
Hepl dav/iaoiuv, "Of wonderful Things," containing
a collection of most absurd stories, which could only
have been made by a man equally destitute of critical
acumen and sound judgment; the other treats "of Per-
sons who have attained to a very advanced old age
(flfpi ManpoCiuv), and is a dry catalogue of individu-
als who had reached the age of 10U to 140 years.
Phlegon was the author of several other works, which
are now lost, such as, "An Abridgment of the Work
on the Olympiads," a "Description of Sicily," a trea-
tise " 07i Roman Festivals," another " on the most Re-
markable Points of the City of Rome," and "a Life
of Hadrian. " Spartianus informs us, that this biog-
raphy was believed to have been written by the em-
peror himself, who borrowed for the purpose the name
of his freedman. (Spart. , Vit. Hadr. , 15. ) Phlegon
is thought to have been the author also of a small
work, on " Females distinguished for Skill and Cour-
age in War" (Twalnec iv iro^e/iiKolc avvcrai kcu
ivipeiai), containing short notices of Semiramis, Ni-
? ? tocris, fee. The best editions of Phlegon are, that of
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? PHO
P no
\> the Lake c f Ivjmphalus ill Arcadia. (Gcll, Itin. of
ike Morea, p. 109. )
J'hocsa, a maritime town of Ionia, in Asia Minor,
? oulhwest of Cvma, and the most northern of the
Ionian cities. It was founded, as Pausanias reports,
by some emigrants of Phocis, under the guidance of
two Athenian chiefs, named Philogencs and Damon.
The city was built, with the consent of the Cymajans,
on part of their territory; nor was it included in the
Ionian confederacy till its citizens had consented to
place at the head of the government princes of the line
of Codrus. Its favourable situation for commerce
made it known from a very early period; and, as Mile-
tus enjoyed almost exclusively the trade of the Euz-
ine, so Phocxa had become possesaed of great mari-
time ascendancy in the western part of the Mediterra-
nean. The colony of Alalia in Corsica was of I'lio-
cxan origin, and Phocsan vessels traded to Tartessus
and the southwestern coast of Spain. It was in these
distant voyages, no doubt, that "their long vessels of
fifty oars, which they had adopted from the Cartha-
ginians, were commonly employed; and they would
seem to have been the first of the Greeks that em-
ployed ships of this construction. (Herod. , 1, 163. )
Herodotus informs us, that the Phocxans were the
first Greeks that made their countrymen acquainted
with the Adriatic, and the coasts of Tyrrhenia and
Spain. Tartessus was the spot which they most fre-
quented; and they so conciliated the favour of Argan-
thonius, sovereign of the country, that he sought to
induce them to leave Ionia and settle in his dominions.
On their declining this offer, he munificently presented
them with a Urge sum of money, for the purpose of
raising a strong line of fortifications around their city,
a precaution which the growing power of the Median
empire seemed to render necessary. The historian
observes, that the liberality of the Iberian sovereign
was attested by the circuit of its walls, which were
several stadia in length, and by the size and solid con-
struction of the stones employed. Phocira was one
of the first Ionian cities besieged by the army of
Cyrus under the command of Harpagus. Having in-
vested the plare, he summoned the inhabitants to sur-
render, declaring that it would be a sufficient token
of submission if they would pull down one battle-
ment of their wall, and consecrate one dwelling in
their city. The Phocaeans, aware that to comply with
this demand was to forfeit their independence, but
conscious also of their inability to resist the over-
whelming power of Cyrus, determined to abandon
their native soil, and seek their fortune in another
clime. Having formed this resolution, and obtained
from the Persian general a truce of one day, under the
firctence of a wish to deliberate on his proposal, they
aunched their ships, and, embarlting with their wives
and children, and the:r most valuable effects, sailed to
Chios. On their arrival in that island, they sought to
purchase tho CL'nussse, a neighbouring group of isl-
ands, belonging to the Chians; but the people of Chi-
os, fearing a diminution of their own commerce from
auch active neighbours, refused to comply with their
wishes, and '. he Phocaeans resolved to sail to Corsica,
where, twenty years prior to these evonts, they had
founded a town named Alalia. Before sailing thither,
however, they touched at Phocaea, and, having sur-
prised the Persian garrison left there by Harpagus,
put it to the sword. They then bound themselves by
? ? a solemn oath to abandon their native land, and not to
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? PHOCION.
1 rt O
able. _-. >> corrupt age,for purity and simplicity 01 char-
actor, and, though he erred in his political views, yet
in his private relations he certainly deserved the praise
of a virtuous and excellent man. His first service in
warfare was under Chabrias, to whom he proved him-
self, on many occasions, of signal utility, urging him on
when too slow in his operations, and endeavouring to
bring him to act coolly when unreasonably violent.
Id this way he eventually gained a remarkable ascend-
ancy over that commander, so that Chabrias intrusted
nun with the most important commissions, and assign-
ed to him the most prominent commands. In the
naval battle fought off Naxos, Phocion had charge of
the left wing of the fleet, and contributed essentially,
by his gallant bearing, to the success of the day. The
Athenians began now to regard him as one who gave
piumise of distinguished usefulness to the state. In
entering on public affairs, Phocion appears to have ta-
ken Aristides and Pericles for his models, and to have
endeavoured to attain to eminence in both civil and
military affairs, a union of characters by no means
common in his time. He was elected general live-
and-forty limes, without having once attended at the
election; having been always appointed in his absence,
at the free motion of his countrymen. This was the
more honourable to him, as Phocion was one who gen-
erally opposed their inclinations, and never said or did
anything with a view to recommend himself. In his
military capacity, Phocion signalized himself on sev-
eral occasions. He defeated the forces of Philip of
Macedon, which that monarch had sent into Enlxra,
with the view of getting a footing in that island: he
saved Byzantium from Philip; took several of his
ships. , and recovered many cities which had been gar-
risoned by his troops. As a statesman, however, Pho-
cion seems less deserving of praise. His great error
was too strong an attachment to pacific relations with
Macedon, a line of policy which brought him into di-
rect collision with Demosthenes, though it subsequent-
y <<6crred for him the favour of Alexander. In this,
tlowever, there was nothing corrupt: the principles of
Phoci in . vcre pure, and his desire for peace was a
sincei! one; but his great fault was in despairing too
readily of his country. Alexander, to testify his re-
gard for Phocion, sent him a present of 100 talents,
which the latter, however, unhesitatingly refused.
The same monarch offered him his choice of one of
four Asiatic cities; but Phocion again declined the
gift, and Alexander died soon afterward. We find
Phocion, at a later period, in pursuance of his usual
line of policy, opposing the Lamian war; and, in con-
sequence, sent to Antipater to treat of peace, when
that war had eventuated unsuccessfully for Athens.
When the city had submitted, and a Macedonian gar-
rison was placed in Munychia, the chief authority at
Athens was vested in Phocion, who was recommended
by his superior character and talents, and by the high
esteem in which he was known to be held by Antipater.
On the death of the latter, however, new troubles com-
menced. ( Vid. Polysperchon ) The Athenian peo-
ple held an assembly, with every circumstance of tu-
mult and confusion, in which they voted the complete
re-establishment of democracy, and the death or ban-
ishment of all who had borne office in the oligarchy, of
whom the mcj*. conspicuous was Phocion. The exiles
fled to the camp of Alexander, son of Polysperchon, and
were sent by him to his father, and recommended to his
? ? favour. They were followed thither by an Athenian
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? PHOCIS.
PHO
*. , 416. ) Its appellation was said to be derived fnm
Phocus the son of jEacus. (Paiuan. , 2,4. --Eustath.
ad II. , 2, 519. ) The more ancient inhabitants of the
country were probably of the race of the Lelegea; but
the name of Phocians already prevailed at the time of
the siege of Troy, since we find them enumerated in
Homer's catalogue of Grecian warriors. (//. , 2, 617. )
From Herodotus we learn that, prior to the Persian
. uvasion, the Phocians had been much engaged in war
. vith the Thcssalians, and had often successfully re-
sisted the ;E7isions of that people (8, 27, seqq. --Pau-
tan. , 10,1). But when the defile of Thcrmopylse waa
? orced by the army of Xerxes, the Thessalians, who
oad espoused the cause of that monarch, are said to
nave urged him, out of enmity to the Phocians, to rav-
age and lay waste with fire and sword the territory of
this people. (Herod. , 8, 32. ) Delphi and Parnassus
on this occasion served as places of refuge for many
of the unfortunate inhabitants; but numbers fell into
(he hands of the victorious Persians, and were com-
pelled to serve in their ranks under the command of
Mardonius. (Herod. , 9, 17. ) They seized, however,
the earliest opportunity of joining their fellow-country-
men in arms; and many of the Persians, who were
dispersed after the rout of Plataea, aro said to have
fallen victims to their revengeful fury. (Herod. , 9,31.
--Pausan. , 10, 2. )--A little prior to the Peloponne-
sian war, a dispute arose respecting the temple at Del-
phi, which threatened to involve in hostilities the prin-
cipal states of Greece. This edifice was claimed ap-
parently by the Phocians as the common property of
the whole nation, whereas the Delphians asserted it
to be their own exclusive possession. The Lacede-
monians are said by Thucydides to have declared in
favour of the latter, whose cause they maintained by
force of arms. The Athenians, on the other hand,
were no less favourable to the Phocians, and, on the
? otrcat of the Spartan forces, sent a body of troops to
occupy the temple, and deliver it into their hands.
The service thus rendered by the Athenians seems
greatly to have cemented the ties of friendly union
which already subsisted between the two republics.
(Tkucyd. , 3, 95. )--After the battle of Leuctra, Pho-
cis, as we learn from Xenophon, became subject for a
time to Bceotia (Hist. Gr. , 6, 5, 23), until a change of
circumstances gave a new impulse to the character of
this small republic, and called forth all the energies of
the people in defence of their country. A fine had
been imposed on them by an edict of the Amphictyons
for some reason, which Pausanias professes not to have
been able to ascertain, and which they themselves con-
ceived to be wholly unmerited. Diodorus asserts that
it was in consequence of their having cultivated a
part of the Cirrhean territory which had been declared
sacred (Ifi, 23). By the advice of Philomelus, a Pho-
cian high in rank and estimation, it was determined
to oppose the execution of the hostile decree, and, in
order more effectually to secure the means of resist-
ance, to seize upon the temple of Delphi and its treas-
ures. This measure having been carried into imme-
diate execution, they were thus furnished with abun-
dant supplies for raising troops to defend their country.
(Pausan. , 10, 2. --Diod. Sic, I. c. ) These events led
to what the Greek historians have termed the Sacred
War, which broke out in the second year of the 106th
Olympiad, B. C. 355. The Thebans were the first to
fafce up arms in the cause of religion, which had been
? ? thus openly violated by the Phocians; and, in a battle
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? PHCE
PHOENICIA.
Dn Cluysost. , Or. , 2, mil. ) Suidas says, hia verses
were pilfered from the Sibylline books, a remark de-
rived, in all probability, from some father of the church,
and to be understood in just the opposite sense. In
order to stamp his productions with the impress of
genuineness, P/. Tcylides found it necessary to accom-
pany them with the perpetually-recurring introduction,
"This, too, is a saying of Phocylidcs ;" just as The-
ognis, at the end of his poem on Cyrnos, appended his
n. inic as a mark of literary property. What we have
at present remaining of Phocylidcs consists, for the
most part, of hexameters, and breathes a quite differ-
ent spirit from the Dorian gnomes of Theognis, with
which the Ionic precepts of the Milesian poet are often
directly at variance. For example, in place of com-
ing forward as an ardent defender of anstocratical prin-
ciples, and as a martyr to his political creed, the ad-
vantages of birth are to him altogether indifferent.
Tho contest, in fact, between aristocracy and demo-
cratical principles was by no means so obstinate and
violent in the Ionian cities as in those of Dorian ex-
traction. There is more of a philosophical character
in the poetry of Phocylides, more reference to the com-
mon weal, and a greater wish to promote its true in-
terests, than in the aristocratic gnomes of Theognis.
He composed his gnomic precepts in two or three ver-
ses each, and was considered as not belonging to those
who produced long continuous poems, but rather as
loving the philosophical conciseness of separate and
individual propositions. The longest fragment we have
of Phocylides consists of eight hexameters, in which
he draws a picture of the different classes of females,
and compares them with as many classes of animals.
In treating of individual or personal subjects, however,
he appears to have employed the elegiac measure, as
in the case of the satirical effusion against the island-
ers of Leros. The verses of Phocylides were so high-
ly esteemed, that they were recited by the rhapsodists
? long with those of Homer, Hesiod, Archilochus, and
Himnermus. A po-jm that still exists, under the title
cf Yloiq/ia vovderiicov (Exhortation), in 217 hexame-
ters, is sometimes, though incorrectly, ascribed to him.
It is probably the production of some Christian writer
of the twelfth or thirteenth century. The fragments
of Phocylides are found in the collections of Stephens,
Brunck, Gaisford, Boissonnade, and others. Schier
gave a separate edition of them in 1751, Lips. , 8vo.
(Bode, Geschichte der Lyrisehcn Dichtk. der Hell. , vol.
1, p. 243, seoa. --SchSU, Hist. Lit. Gt, vol. I, p. 240,
seqq)
Phcebk, I. one of the femalo Titans, the offspring
of Heaver and Earth (Ccelus and Terra). From her
union with Cceus, another of the Titans, sprang Lato-
na and Asteria. The name Phoebe ($016*17) signifies
the bright one (from $au, "to shine"); and Cotos (Kol-
oe), the burning (from xaiu, "to burn"). (Keight-
ley's Mythology, p. 64. )--II. One of the names of Di-
ana, or the Moon. (Vid. Diana. )
Phoxbus, one of the names of Apollo, derived from
fm. .
