regard to Semipelagian tenets will find them fully
These two establishments long preserved a high developed in the works enumerated at the end of
reputation, and served as models for many similar this article.
These two establishments long preserved a high developed in the works enumerated at the end of
reputation, and served as models for many similar this article.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
) According to another
annexed coin of Cassander is that of Hercules. version, Apollo initiated her in the art of prophecy
on condition of her yielding to his desires. The
maiden promised to comply with his wishes, but did
not keep her word, and the god then ordained that
no one should believe her prophecies. (Aeschyl.
Agam. 1207; Apollod. iii. 12. & 5; Serv. ad Aen.
ii. 247. ) This misfortune is the cause of the tragic
part which Cassandra acts during the Trojan war:
she continually announces the calamities which
are coming, without any one giving heed to what
2. A Corinthian, who with his countryman she says; and even Priam himself looks upon her
Agathynus, having unsuspiciously entered the as a mad woman, and has her shut up and guarded.
port of Leucas with four ships of Taurion's squa- (Tzetz. I. c. ; Lycoph. 350 ; Serv. ad Aen. ii. 246. )
dron, was treacherously seized there by the Illy- It should, however, be remarked, that Homer
rians, and sent to Scerdilaidas the Illyrian king. knows nothing of the confinement of Cassandra,
The latter had thought himself wronged by and in the Iliad she appears perfectly free. (n.
Philip V. of Macedonia, in not receiving the full xxiv. 700; comp. Od. xi. 421, &c. ). During the
sum agreed on for his services in the social war, war Othryoneus of Cabesus sued for her hand, but
and had sent out 15 cutters to pay himself by was slain by Idomeneus (N. xiii. 363); afterwards
piracy, B. C. 218. (Polyb. v. 95. )
Coroebus did the same, but he was killed in the
3. An Aeginetan, who, at the Achaean con- taking of Troy. (Paus. x. 27. $ 1; Virg. Aen. ii.
gress, held at Megalopolis, B. c. 186, followed 344, 425. )
Apollonides in dissuading the assembly from ac- The second point in her history is her fate at
cepting the 120 talents proffered them as a gift and after the taking of Troy. She fled into the
by king Eumenes II. (See p. 237, a. ] He re- sanctuary of Athena, and embraced the statue of
minded the Achaeans, that the Aeginetans, in con- the goddess as a suppliant. But Ajax, the son of
sequence of their adherence to the league, had Orleus, tore her away from the temple, and ac-
been conquered and enslaved by P. Sulpicius cording to some accounts, even ravished her in the
(B. C. 208), and that their island, having been sanctuary. (Strab. vi. p. 264; comp. AJAX. )
given up by Rome to the Aetolians, had been sold When the Greeks divided the booty of Troy, Cas-
by them to Attalus, the father of Eumenes. He sandra was given to Agamemnon, who took her
called on Eumenes to shew his good-will to the with bim to Mycenae. Here she was killed by
Achaeans rather by the restoration of Aegina than Clytaemnestra, and Aegisthus put to death her
by gifts of money, and he urged the assembly not children by Agamemnon, Teledamus, and Pelops.
to receive presents which would prevent their ever (Aeschyl. Agam. 1260; Paus. ii. 16. $ 5; Hom.
attempting the deliverance of the Aeginetans. Il. xiii. 365, xxiv. 699; Od. xi. 420. ) She had
The money of the king of Pergamus was refused a statue at Amyclae, and a temple with a statue at
by the congress
. (Polyb. xi. 6, xxiii. 7, 8; comp. Leuctra in Laconia. (Paus. iii. 19. & 5, 26. & 3. )
Liv. xxvii. 33; Plut. Arat. 34. )
Her tomb was either at Amyclae or Mycenae
4. An officer in the service of Philip V. of (ii. 16. & 5), for the two towns disputed the pos-
Macedon, whom the king, exasperated by the session of it.
Romans calling on him to give up Aenus and Ma- There is another mythical heroine Cassandra,
roneia in Tbrace, employed as his chief instru- who was a daughter of lobates, king of Lycia.
ment in the cruel massacre of the Maronites, B. C. (Schol. ad Hom. I. vi. 155; comp. BELLERO
185. Being desired by the Romans to send Cas- PHON. )
[L. S. )
sander to Rome for examination before the senate CASSIA GENS, originally patrician, after-
on the subject of the massacre, he caused him to wards plebeian. We have mention of only one
be poisoned on his way, in Epeirus, to prevent any patrician of this gens, Sp. Cassius Viscellinus, con-
untoward revelations. (Polyb. xxiii. 13, 14; sul in B. C. 502, and the proposer of the first
Liv. xxxix. 27, 34. )
[E. E. ] agrarian law, who was put to death by the patri-
CASSANDRA (Kaooávopa), also called Alex- cians. As all the Cassii after his time are plebeians,
andra (Paus. iii. 19. & 5, 26. $'3), was the fairest it is not improbable either that the patricians ex-
among the daughters of Priam and Hecabe. There pelled them from their order, or that they aban-
are two points in her story which have furnished doned it on account of the murder of Viscellinus.
the ancient poets with ample materials to dilate The Cassia gens was reckoned one of the noblest
upon. The first is her prophetic power, concerning in Rome; and members of it are constantly men-
which we have the following traditions : Cassandra tioned under the empire as well as during the re-
## p. 622 (#642) ############################################
522
CASSIANUS.
CASSIANUS.
public. (Comp. Tac. Ann. vi. 15. ) The chief | represents him as being alive at that cpoch. He
family in the time of the republic bears the name was eventually canonized as a saint, and a great
of LONGINUS: the other cognomens during that religious festival used to be celebrated in honour
time are Hemina, PARMENSIS, RAVILLA, SABACO, of him at Marseilles on the 25th of July.
Varus, VISCELLINUS. Under the empire, the The writings of Cassianus now extant are-
surnames are very numerous : of these an alpha-
1. “ De Institutis Coenobiorum Libri XII. ,"
betical list is given below. The few persons of composed before the year 418 at the request of
this gens mentioned without any cognomen are Castor (Castor), bishop of Apt, who was desirous
given under Cassius.
of obtaining accurate information with regard to the
CASSIA'NUS (Kapolavos), a Christian writer rules by which the cloisters in the East were go-
who was, according to Clemens of Alexandria (ap. verned. This work is divided into two distinct
Hieron. Catal. Script. Eccles. 38), the author of a parts. The first four books relate exclusively to
chronological work (xpovoypadia). He may be the the mode of life, discipline, and method of perform-
same as the Julius Cassianus from whose work ing sacred offices, pursued in various monasteries ;
" De Continentia” a fragment is quoted by Eusebius the remainder contain a series of discourses upon
(Hist. Eccles. vi. 13), and is perhaps also no other | the eight great sins into which mankind in general
person than the Cassianus whose first book of a and monks in particular are especially liable to fall,
work entitled ényntiká is quoted by Clemens of such as gluttony, pride, passion, and the like.
Alexandria. (Strom. i. p. 138. ) [L. S. ] Hence Photius (Cod. cxcvii. ) quotes these two sec-
CASSIA'NUS, otherwise called JOANNES tions as two separate treatises, and this arrange-
MASSILIENSIS and JOANNES EREMITA, ment appears to have been adopted to a certain
· is celebrated in the history of the Christian church extent by the author himself. (See Praef. Collatt.
as the champion of Semipelagianism, as one of the and Collat. xx. 1. ) The subdivision of the first
first founders of monastic fraternities in Western part into two, proposed by Gennadius, is unneces-
Europe, and as the great lawgiver by whose codes sary and perplexing.
such societies were long regulated. The date of Collationes Patrum XXIV. ," twenty-four
his birth cannot be determined with certainty, al- sacred dialogues between Cassianus, Germanus,
though A. D. 360 must be a close approximation, and Egyptian monks, in which are developed the
and the place is still more doubtful. Some have spirit and object of the monastic life, the end
fixed upon the shores of the Euxine, others upon sought by the external observances previously de-
Syria, others upon the South of France, and all scribed. They were composed at different periods
alike appeal for confirmation of their views to par- between 419 and 427. The first ten are inscribed
ticular expressions in his works, and to the general to Leontius, bishop of Frejus, and to Helladius,
character of his phraseology. Without pretending abbot of St. Castor, the following seven to Hono-
to decide the question, it seems on the whole most ratus, afterwards bishop of Arles, the last seven to
probable that he was a native of the East. At a Jovinianus, Minervius, and other monks. In the
very early age he became an inmate of the monas- course of these conversations, especially in the 13th,
tery of Bethlehem, where he received the first we find an exposition of the peculiar views of Cas-
elements of religious instruction, and formed with sianus on certain points of dogmatic theology, con-
a monk named Germanus an intimacy which nected more especially with original sin, predesti-
exercised a powerful influence over his future nation, free-will, and grace, constituting the system
career. In the year 390, accompanied by his friend, which has been termed Semipelagianism because it
he travelled into Egypt, and after having passed steered a middle course between the extreme posi-
seven years among the Ascetics who swarmed in tions occupied by St. Augustin and Pelagius; for
the deserts near the Nile, conforming to all their while the former maintained, that man was by
habits and practising all their austerities, he re- nature utterly corrupt and incapable of emerging
turned for a short period to Bethlehem, but very from his lost state by any efforts of his own, the
soon again retired to consort with the eremites of latter held, that the new-born infant was in the
the Thebaïd. In 403 he repaired to Constantino- state of Adam before the fall, hence morally pure
ple, attracted by the fame of Chrysostom, and and capable in himself of selecting between virtue
received ordination as deacon from his hands. and vice ; while Cassianus, rejecting the views of
When that great prelate was driven by persecution both, asserted, that the natural man was neither
from his see, Cassianus and Germanus were em- morally dead nor morally sound, but morally sick,
ployed by the friends of the patriarch to lay a and therefore stood in need of medical aid, that aid
statement of the case before Pope Innocent I. , and being the Grace of God. Moreover, according to
since Pelagius is known to have been at Rome his doctrine, it is necessary for man of his own free
about this period, it is highly probable that some will to seek this aid in order to be made whole,
personal intercourse may have taken place between but at the same time the free-will of man cannot
him and his future opponent. From this time set limits to the Grace of God which may be
there is a blank in the history of Cassianus until exerted on behalf of those who seek it not, as in
the year 415, when we find him established as a the case of the Apostle Paul and others. Cas-
presbyter at Marseilles, where he passed the resianus certainly rejected absolute predestination
mainder of his life in godly labours, having and the limitation of justification to the elect, but
founded a convent for nuns and the celcbrated his ideas upon these topics are not very clearly ex-
abbey of St. Victor, which while under his controul pressed. Those who desire full information with
is said to have numbered five thousand inmates.
regard to Semipelagian tenets will find them fully
These two establishments long preserved a high developed in the works enumerated at the end of
reputation, and served as models for many similar this article.
institutions in Gaul and Spain. The exact year
2. 65
3. “ De Incarnatione Christi Libri VII. ," a con-
of his death is not known, but the event must be troversial tract in confutation of the Nestorian
placed after 433, at least the chronicle of Prosper heresy, drawn up about 430 at the request of Leo,
## p. 623 (#643) ############################################
CASSIANUS.
623
CASSIODORUS.
at that time archdeacon and afterwards bishop of cap. v. 26 (Lips. 1792); Bachr, Geschichte der
Rome.
Römischen Literatur, Suppl. Band, ii. Abtheil. p.
The following essays have been ascribed erro- 328.
(W. R. ]
neously, or at all events upon insufficient evidence, CASSIA'NUS BASSUS. [Bassus. ]
to Cassianus :- " De spirituali Medicina Monachi CASSIEPEIA or CASSIOPEIA (KaggiéTTELA
seu Dosis medica ad exinaniendos Anini Affec- or Kacciónia), the wife of Cepheus in Acthiopin,
tus;" “ Theologica Confessio et De Conflictu and mother of Andromeda, whose beauty she ex-
Vitiorum et Virtutum ;" “ Vita S. Victoris Mar- tolled above that of the Nereids. This pride be-
tyris," &c. There are no grounds for believing came the cause of her misfortunes, for Poseidon
that he wrote, as some have asserted, a Regula sent a monster into the country which ravaged the
Monastica, now lost.
land, and to which Andromeda was to be sacrificed.
The attentive reader of this father will soon per- But Perseus saved her lifc. (Hygin. Fab. 64;
ceive that he was thoroughly engrossed with his comp. ANDROMEDA. ) According to other accounts
subject, and paid so little attention to the graces of Cassiepeia boasted that she herself surpassed the
style, that his composition is often careless and Nereids in beauty, and for this reason she was re-
slovenly. At the same time his diction, although presented, when placed among the stars, as turning
it bears both in words and in construction a bar-backwards. (Arat. Pharn. 187, &c. ; Manil.
baric stamp decply impressed, is far superior to Astron. i. 355. )
[L. S. ]
that of many of his contemporaries, since it is CASSIODO’RUS, MAGNUS AUREʼLIUS,
plain, simple, unaffected, and intelligible, devoid of or CASSIODO'RIUS, for the MSS. vary be-
the fantastic conceits, shabby finery, and coarse tween these two fornis of the name, although the
paint, under which the literature of that age so former has been generally adopted, was born about
often strove to hide its awkwardness, feebleness, A. D. 468, at Scylaceum (Squillace), in the country
and deformity.
of the Bruttii, of an ancient, honourable, and
The earliest edition of the collected works of wealthy Roman family. His father was at one
Cassianus is that of Basle, 1559, fol. , in a volume period secretary to Valentinian the Third, but re-
containing also Joannes Damascenus. It was re- tired from public life upon the death of that prince
printed in 1569 and 1575. These were followed and the extinction of the Western Empire. Young
by the edition of Antwerp, 1578, 8vo. The most Cassiodorus was soon discovered to be a boy of
complete and best edition is that printed at Frank- high promise, and his talents were cultivated with
fort, 1722, fol. , with the commentaries and pre- anxious assiduity and care. At a very early age
liminary dissertations of the Benedictine Gazaeus his genius, accomplishments, and multifarious learn-
(Gazet), and reprinted at Leipzig in 1733, fol. ing, attracted the attention and commanded the
The edition superintended by Gazet himself was respect of the first barbarian king of Italy, by whom
published at Douay in 1618, 3 vols. fol. , and again be was chosen Comes rerum privatarum and eventu-
in an enlarged form at Arras in 1628.
ally Comes sacrarum largitionum, an appointment
The Institutiones appeared at Basle in 1485 and which placed him at the head of financial affairs.
1497, fol. , and at Leyden, 1516, fol. The existence But when Odoacer after a succession of defeats
of the Venice edition of 1481, mentioned by Fa- was shut up in Ravenna by Theodoric, Cassiodorus
bricius, is doubtful.
withdrew to his estates in the south, and hastened
The Institutiones and Collationes appeared at to recommend himself to the conqueror by persuad-
Venice, 149), fol. ; at Bologna, 1521, 8vo. ; at ing his countrymen and the Sicilians to submit
Leyden, 1525, 8vo. , at Rome, 1583 and 1611, 8vo. without resistance. Hence, after the murder of his
The De Incarnatione, first published separately former patron, he was received with the greatest
at Basle in 1534, and reprinted at Paris in 1545 distinction by the new sovereign, was nominated
and 1569, is included in Simler's “ Scriptores to all the highest offices of state in succession, and
veteres Latini de una Persona et duabus Naturis under a variety of different titles (for the parade
Christi," Zurich, 1572, fol.
and formality of the old court were studiously
There is a translation of the Institutiones into maintained), regulated for a long series of years
Italian by Buffi, a monk of Camaldoli, Venice, the administration of the Ostrogothic power with
1563, 4to. , of the Collationes into French by De singular ability, discretion, and success, possessing
Saligny, Paris, 1663, 8vo. , and of the Institutiones, at once the full confidence of his master and the
also by De Saligny, Paris, 1667, 8vo.
affection of the people. Perceiving, however, that
For a full and elaborate disquisition on the life, Theodoric, enfeebled by age, was beginning to
writings, and doctrines of Cassianus, consult the yield to the selfish suggestions of evil couusellors
two essays by Dr. G. F. Wiggers, De Joanne Cas- and to indulge in cruelty towards his Italian sub
siano Massiliensi, qui Semipelagianismi Auctor vulgo jects, Cassiodorus wisely resolved to seek shelter
perhibetur, Rostochii, 1824, 18:25, 4to. , and his from the approaching storm, and, resigning all his
articie“ Cassianus” in the Encyclopaedia of Ersch honours, betook himself to the country in 524,
and Gruber. See also Geffken, Historia Semi- thus avoiding the wretched fate of Boethius and
pelagianismi antiquissima, Gottingae, 1826. Be- Symmachus. Recalled after the death of Theo-
sides these, we have among the older writers doric, he resumed his position, and continued to
Commentarius de Joanne Cassiano, by Cuper, in discharge the duties of chief minister under Ama-
the Acta SS. m. Jul. v. p. 488; also S. Joannes lasontlia, Athalaric, Theodatus, and Vitiges, ex-
Cassianus illustratus, by Jo. Bapt. Guesnay, Ley- erting all his energies to prop their tottering
den, 1652, 4to. ; and Dissertatio de l'itu, Scriptis dominion. But when the triumph of Belisarius
et Doctrina Joannis Cassiani, Abbatis Massiliensis, and the downfall of the Ostrogoths was no longer
Semipelagianorum Principis, by Ouden, in his doubtful, being now 70 years old, he once more re-
Comment. de Script. Eccl. vol. i. p. 1113. See also tired to his native province, and having founded
Tillemont, xiv. 157 ; Schroeck, Kirchengesch. viii. the monastery of Viviers (Coenobium Vivarienses.
383; Schoenemann, Bibliotheca Patrum Luti. corum Castellense), passed the remainder of his life, which
## p. 624 (#644) ############################################
624
CASSIODORUS.
CASSIODORUS.
was prolonged until he had nearly completed a upon the reader by these compositions is contained
century, in the seclusion of the cloister. Here his in the happy expression of Tiraboschi, who charac-
activity of mind was no less conspicuous than terises the diction of Cassiodorus as
* barbara
when engaged in the stirring business of the world, eleganza. "
and his efforts were directed towards the accom- The Editio Princeps of the “ Variarum" was
plishment of designs not less important. The great printed under the inspection of Accursius by Henr.
object which he kept steadily in view and prose- Sileceus, at Augsburg, in the month of May,
cuted with infinite labour and unflagging zeal, was 1533 (fol. ), the disquisition “ De Anima" being
to elevate the standard of education among ecclesi- included in the same volume.
astics by inducing them to study the models of 2. “ Chronicon," a dull, pompous, clumsy sum-
classical antiquity, and to extend their knowledge mary of Universal History, extending from the
of general literature and science. To accomplish creation of the world down to a. . 519, derived
this he formed a library, disbursed large sums in chiefly from Eusebius, Hieronymus, Prosper, and
the purchase of MSS. , encouraged the monks to other authorities still accessible. It was drawn up
copy these with care, and devoted a great portion in obedience to the orders of Theodoric, and by no
of his time to labour of this description and to the means deserves the respect with which it was re-
composition of elementary treatises on history, garded in the middle ages, since it is carelessly
metaphysics, the seven liberal arts, and divinity, compiled and full of mistakes.
which have rendered him not less celebrated as an 3. “Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae ex tri-
author and a man of learning than as a politician bus Graecis Scriptoribus, Sozomeno, Socrate, ac
and a statesman. The leisure hours which re- Theodoreto ab Epiphanio Scholastico Versis, per
· mained he is said to have employed in the con- Cassiodorum Senatorem in Epitomen redactae
struction of philosophical toys, such as sun-dials, Libri XIl. ” The origin of this work is sufficiently
water-clocks, everlasting lamps, and the like. The explained by the title. It contains a complete
benefit derived from his precepts and example was survey of ecclesiastical history from Constantine
by no means confined to the establishment over down to the younger Theodosius. This, like the
which he presided, nor to the epoch when he Chronicon, is of little value in the present day,
flourished. The same system, the advantages of since the authorities from which it is taken are still
which were soon perceived and appreciated, was extant, and are infinitely superior both in matter
gradually introduced into similar institutions, the and manner to the epitomizer. Prefixed we have
transcription of ancient works became one of the an introduction, in which Cassiodorus gives full
regular and stated occupations of the monastic life, scope to his taste for infiated grandiloquence. The
and thus, in all probability, we are indirectly in- editio princeps of the Ecclesiastical History was
debted to Cassiodorus for the preservation of a printed by Johannes Schussler, at Augsburg, 1472,
large proportion of the most precious relics of an- fol.
cient genius. The following is a list of all the 4. “ Computus Paschalis sive de Indictionibus,
writings of Cassiodorus with which we are ac- Cyclis Solis et Lunae," &c. , containing the calcula-
quainted :
tions necessary for the correct determination of
1. “ Variarum (Epistolarum) Libri XII. ,” an Easter. This treatise belongs to the date 562,
assemblage of state papers drawn up by Cassiodorus and this is the latest year in which we can prove
in accordance with the instructions of the 60- the author to have been alive.
vereigns whom he served. In the first ten books 5. “ De Orthographia Liber," compiled by Cas-
the author always speaks in the person of the ruler siodorus when 93 years old from the works of nine
for the time being ; in the last two, in his own. ancient grammarians,-Agnaeus Cornutus, Velius
The first five contain the ordinances of Theodoric, Longus, Curtius Valerianus, Papirianus, Adaman-
the sixth and seventh regulations (formulae) with tius Martyrius, Eutyches, Caesellius, Lucius Cae
regard to the chief offices of the kingdom, the cilius Vindex, and Priscianus, in addition to whom
eighth, ninth, and tenth, the decrees promulgated we find quotations from Varro, Donatus, and
by the immediate successors of Theodoric, the Phocas.
eleventh and twelfth the edicts published by Cas- 6. “ De Arte Grammatica ad Donati Mentem,"
siodorus himself during the years 534–538, when of which a fragment only has been preserved.
praefect of the praetorium. This collection is of This tract, together with the preceding, will be
the greatest historical importance, being our chief found in the “Grammaticae Latini Auctores an-
and most trustworthy source of information in re tiqui" of Putschius, Hanov. 1605, p. 2275 and
gard to everything connected with the constitution p. 2322.
and internal discipline of the Ostrogothic dominion 7. “ De Artibus ac Disciplinis Liberalium Lite
in Italy. We must not, however, expect to find rarum," in two books, a compilation from the best
much that is attractive or worthy of imitation in authorities, much esteemed and studied during the
the style of these documents. While we cannot middle ages. It contains a compendium of the
help admiring the ingenuity displayed in the selec- seven liberal arts which were at one time supposed
tion and combination of phrases, moulded for the to embrace the whole circuit of human knowledge,
most part into neat but most artificial forms, -Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectics, Arithmetic, Geo-
and polished with patient toil, we at the same metry, Astronomy, Music.
time feel heartily wearied and disgusted by the Angelo Mai has recently published from a Vati-
sustained affectation and declamatory glitter which can MS. some chapters, hitherto unedited, which
disfigure every page.
The language is full of seem to have formed the conclusion of the work.
strange and foreign words, and little attention is (Classicorum Auctorum e Vat. Codd. vol. iii. p. 349. )
paid to the delicacies of syntax, but Funccius is 8. “ De Anima," on the name, origin, nature,
too barsh when he designates it as a mere mass of qualities, abode, and future existence of the soul,
Gothic solecisms. Perhaps the best description together with speculations upon other topics con-
which can be given of the general effect produced | nected with the same subject.
## p. 625 (#645) ############################################
CASSIODORUS.
625
CASSIUS.
O
9. “ De Institutionc Divinarum Literarum," an Odoacer, and the latter not to have been born until
introduction to the profitable reading of the Holy | 479. But the question seems to be set at rest by
Scriptures, intended for the use of the monks. the 4th epistle of the 1st book of the Variarum,
This is perhaps the most pleasing of all our author's where the father and son are clearly distinguished
works. His profound and varied knowledge is from each other; and since the latter unquestion-
here displayed to the best advantage, bis instruc- ably enjoyed a place of trust under Odoacer, whose
tions are conveyed in more plain and simple phrase- downfall took place in 490, the young secretary,
ology than he elsewhere employs, while a truly although still “ adolescens," could not by any pos-
Christian tone and spirit pervades the whole. sibility have been born so late as 479. Some re-
10. " Expositio in Psalmos sive Commenta marks upon this point will be found in Osann,
Psalterii,” extracted chiefly from the “ Enarra- Beiträge zur Gr. und Röm. Literatur Geschichte,
tiones” of St. Augustin, although we gather from vol. ii. p. 160, Cassel. 1839. The different digni-
internal evidence that the exegetical treatises of ties with which he was invested are enumerated,
Hilarius, Ambrosius, Hieronymus, and others upon and their nature fully explained, in Manso, Ges-
the same subject, had been carefully consulted. chichte des Ostgothischen Reichs. (W. R. ]
As a matter of course we detect in the copy the CASSI'PHONE (Kagoidówn), a daughter of
same features which distinguish the original, the Odysseus by Circe, and sister of Telegonus. After
same love of overstrained allegorical interpretation, Odysseus had been restored to life by Circe, when
the same determination to wring from the plainest he had been killed by Telegonus, he gave Cassi-
and least ambiguous precepts some mystical and phone in marriage to Telemachus, whom, however,
esoteric doctrine.
she killed, because he had put to death her mother
11. The “ Expositio in Cantica Canticorum,” | Circe. (Schol. ad Lycoph. 795, &c. ). [L. S. ]
although breathing a spirit similar to the commen- CASSIVELAUNUS, a British chief, who
tary just described, and set down in all MSS. as fought against Caesar in his second campaign
the production of Cassiodorus, is throughout so against Britain, B. C. 54. He ruled over the
different in style and language from all his other country north of the river Tamesis (Thames), and
dissertations, that its authenticity has with good as by his perpetual wars with his neighbours he
reason been called in question.
had acquired the reputation of a great warrior, the
12. “ Complexiones in Epistolas Apostolorum, Britons gave him the supreme command against
in Acta et in Apocalypsim.
annexed coin of Cassander is that of Hercules. version, Apollo initiated her in the art of prophecy
on condition of her yielding to his desires. The
maiden promised to comply with his wishes, but did
not keep her word, and the god then ordained that
no one should believe her prophecies. (Aeschyl.
Agam. 1207; Apollod. iii. 12. & 5; Serv. ad Aen.
ii. 247. ) This misfortune is the cause of the tragic
part which Cassandra acts during the Trojan war:
she continually announces the calamities which
are coming, without any one giving heed to what
2. A Corinthian, who with his countryman she says; and even Priam himself looks upon her
Agathynus, having unsuspiciously entered the as a mad woman, and has her shut up and guarded.
port of Leucas with four ships of Taurion's squa- (Tzetz. I. c. ; Lycoph. 350 ; Serv. ad Aen. ii. 246. )
dron, was treacherously seized there by the Illy- It should, however, be remarked, that Homer
rians, and sent to Scerdilaidas the Illyrian king. knows nothing of the confinement of Cassandra,
The latter had thought himself wronged by and in the Iliad she appears perfectly free. (n.
Philip V. of Macedonia, in not receiving the full xxiv. 700; comp. Od. xi. 421, &c. ). During the
sum agreed on for his services in the social war, war Othryoneus of Cabesus sued for her hand, but
and had sent out 15 cutters to pay himself by was slain by Idomeneus (N. xiii. 363); afterwards
piracy, B. C. 218. (Polyb. v. 95. )
Coroebus did the same, but he was killed in the
3. An Aeginetan, who, at the Achaean con- taking of Troy. (Paus. x. 27. $ 1; Virg. Aen. ii.
gress, held at Megalopolis, B. c. 186, followed 344, 425. )
Apollonides in dissuading the assembly from ac- The second point in her history is her fate at
cepting the 120 talents proffered them as a gift and after the taking of Troy. She fled into the
by king Eumenes II. (See p. 237, a. ] He re- sanctuary of Athena, and embraced the statue of
minded the Achaeans, that the Aeginetans, in con- the goddess as a suppliant. But Ajax, the son of
sequence of their adherence to the league, had Orleus, tore her away from the temple, and ac-
been conquered and enslaved by P. Sulpicius cording to some accounts, even ravished her in the
(B. C. 208), and that their island, having been sanctuary. (Strab. vi. p. 264; comp. AJAX. )
given up by Rome to the Aetolians, had been sold When the Greeks divided the booty of Troy, Cas-
by them to Attalus, the father of Eumenes. He sandra was given to Agamemnon, who took her
called on Eumenes to shew his good-will to the with bim to Mycenae. Here she was killed by
Achaeans rather by the restoration of Aegina than Clytaemnestra, and Aegisthus put to death her
by gifts of money, and he urged the assembly not children by Agamemnon, Teledamus, and Pelops.
to receive presents which would prevent their ever (Aeschyl. Agam. 1260; Paus. ii. 16. $ 5; Hom.
attempting the deliverance of the Aeginetans. Il. xiii. 365, xxiv. 699; Od. xi. 420. ) She had
The money of the king of Pergamus was refused a statue at Amyclae, and a temple with a statue at
by the congress
. (Polyb. xi. 6, xxiii. 7, 8; comp. Leuctra in Laconia. (Paus. iii. 19. & 5, 26. & 3. )
Liv. xxvii. 33; Plut. Arat. 34. )
Her tomb was either at Amyclae or Mycenae
4. An officer in the service of Philip V. of (ii. 16. & 5), for the two towns disputed the pos-
Macedon, whom the king, exasperated by the session of it.
Romans calling on him to give up Aenus and Ma- There is another mythical heroine Cassandra,
roneia in Tbrace, employed as his chief instru- who was a daughter of lobates, king of Lycia.
ment in the cruel massacre of the Maronites, B. C. (Schol. ad Hom. I. vi. 155; comp. BELLERO
185. Being desired by the Romans to send Cas- PHON. )
[L. S. )
sander to Rome for examination before the senate CASSIA GENS, originally patrician, after-
on the subject of the massacre, he caused him to wards plebeian. We have mention of only one
be poisoned on his way, in Epeirus, to prevent any patrician of this gens, Sp. Cassius Viscellinus, con-
untoward revelations. (Polyb. xxiii. 13, 14; sul in B. C. 502, and the proposer of the first
Liv. xxxix. 27, 34. )
[E. E. ] agrarian law, who was put to death by the patri-
CASSANDRA (Kaooávopa), also called Alex- cians. As all the Cassii after his time are plebeians,
andra (Paus. iii. 19. & 5, 26. $'3), was the fairest it is not improbable either that the patricians ex-
among the daughters of Priam and Hecabe. There pelled them from their order, or that they aban-
are two points in her story which have furnished doned it on account of the murder of Viscellinus.
the ancient poets with ample materials to dilate The Cassia gens was reckoned one of the noblest
upon. The first is her prophetic power, concerning in Rome; and members of it are constantly men-
which we have the following traditions : Cassandra tioned under the empire as well as during the re-
## p. 622 (#642) ############################################
522
CASSIANUS.
CASSIANUS.
public. (Comp. Tac. Ann. vi. 15. ) The chief | represents him as being alive at that cpoch. He
family in the time of the republic bears the name was eventually canonized as a saint, and a great
of LONGINUS: the other cognomens during that religious festival used to be celebrated in honour
time are Hemina, PARMENSIS, RAVILLA, SABACO, of him at Marseilles on the 25th of July.
Varus, VISCELLINUS. Under the empire, the The writings of Cassianus now extant are-
surnames are very numerous : of these an alpha-
1. “ De Institutis Coenobiorum Libri XII. ,"
betical list is given below. The few persons of composed before the year 418 at the request of
this gens mentioned without any cognomen are Castor (Castor), bishop of Apt, who was desirous
given under Cassius.
of obtaining accurate information with regard to the
CASSIA'NUS (Kapolavos), a Christian writer rules by which the cloisters in the East were go-
who was, according to Clemens of Alexandria (ap. verned. This work is divided into two distinct
Hieron. Catal. Script. Eccles. 38), the author of a parts. The first four books relate exclusively to
chronological work (xpovoypadia). He may be the the mode of life, discipline, and method of perform-
same as the Julius Cassianus from whose work ing sacred offices, pursued in various monasteries ;
" De Continentia” a fragment is quoted by Eusebius the remainder contain a series of discourses upon
(Hist. Eccles. vi. 13), and is perhaps also no other | the eight great sins into which mankind in general
person than the Cassianus whose first book of a and monks in particular are especially liable to fall,
work entitled ényntiká is quoted by Clemens of such as gluttony, pride, passion, and the like.
Alexandria. (Strom. i. p. 138. ) [L. S. ] Hence Photius (Cod. cxcvii. ) quotes these two sec-
CASSIA'NUS, otherwise called JOANNES tions as two separate treatises, and this arrange-
MASSILIENSIS and JOANNES EREMITA, ment appears to have been adopted to a certain
· is celebrated in the history of the Christian church extent by the author himself. (See Praef. Collatt.
as the champion of Semipelagianism, as one of the and Collat. xx. 1. ) The subdivision of the first
first founders of monastic fraternities in Western part into two, proposed by Gennadius, is unneces-
Europe, and as the great lawgiver by whose codes sary and perplexing.
such societies were long regulated. The date of Collationes Patrum XXIV. ," twenty-four
his birth cannot be determined with certainty, al- sacred dialogues between Cassianus, Germanus,
though A. D. 360 must be a close approximation, and Egyptian monks, in which are developed the
and the place is still more doubtful. Some have spirit and object of the monastic life, the end
fixed upon the shores of the Euxine, others upon sought by the external observances previously de-
Syria, others upon the South of France, and all scribed. They were composed at different periods
alike appeal for confirmation of their views to par- between 419 and 427. The first ten are inscribed
ticular expressions in his works, and to the general to Leontius, bishop of Frejus, and to Helladius,
character of his phraseology. Without pretending abbot of St. Castor, the following seven to Hono-
to decide the question, it seems on the whole most ratus, afterwards bishop of Arles, the last seven to
probable that he was a native of the East. At a Jovinianus, Minervius, and other monks. In the
very early age he became an inmate of the monas- course of these conversations, especially in the 13th,
tery of Bethlehem, where he received the first we find an exposition of the peculiar views of Cas-
elements of religious instruction, and formed with sianus on certain points of dogmatic theology, con-
a monk named Germanus an intimacy which nected more especially with original sin, predesti-
exercised a powerful influence over his future nation, free-will, and grace, constituting the system
career. In the year 390, accompanied by his friend, which has been termed Semipelagianism because it
he travelled into Egypt, and after having passed steered a middle course between the extreme posi-
seven years among the Ascetics who swarmed in tions occupied by St. Augustin and Pelagius; for
the deserts near the Nile, conforming to all their while the former maintained, that man was by
habits and practising all their austerities, he re- nature utterly corrupt and incapable of emerging
turned for a short period to Bethlehem, but very from his lost state by any efforts of his own, the
soon again retired to consort with the eremites of latter held, that the new-born infant was in the
the Thebaïd. In 403 he repaired to Constantino- state of Adam before the fall, hence morally pure
ple, attracted by the fame of Chrysostom, and and capable in himself of selecting between virtue
received ordination as deacon from his hands. and vice ; while Cassianus, rejecting the views of
When that great prelate was driven by persecution both, asserted, that the natural man was neither
from his see, Cassianus and Germanus were em- morally dead nor morally sound, but morally sick,
ployed by the friends of the patriarch to lay a and therefore stood in need of medical aid, that aid
statement of the case before Pope Innocent I. , and being the Grace of God. Moreover, according to
since Pelagius is known to have been at Rome his doctrine, it is necessary for man of his own free
about this period, it is highly probable that some will to seek this aid in order to be made whole,
personal intercourse may have taken place between but at the same time the free-will of man cannot
him and his future opponent. From this time set limits to the Grace of God which may be
there is a blank in the history of Cassianus until exerted on behalf of those who seek it not, as in
the year 415, when we find him established as a the case of the Apostle Paul and others. Cas-
presbyter at Marseilles, where he passed the resianus certainly rejected absolute predestination
mainder of his life in godly labours, having and the limitation of justification to the elect, but
founded a convent for nuns and the celcbrated his ideas upon these topics are not very clearly ex-
abbey of St. Victor, which while under his controul pressed. Those who desire full information with
is said to have numbered five thousand inmates.
regard to Semipelagian tenets will find them fully
These two establishments long preserved a high developed in the works enumerated at the end of
reputation, and served as models for many similar this article.
institutions in Gaul and Spain. The exact year
2. 65
3. “ De Incarnatione Christi Libri VII. ," a con-
of his death is not known, but the event must be troversial tract in confutation of the Nestorian
placed after 433, at least the chronicle of Prosper heresy, drawn up about 430 at the request of Leo,
## p. 623 (#643) ############################################
CASSIANUS.
623
CASSIODORUS.
at that time archdeacon and afterwards bishop of cap. v. 26 (Lips. 1792); Bachr, Geschichte der
Rome.
Römischen Literatur, Suppl. Band, ii. Abtheil. p.
The following essays have been ascribed erro- 328.
(W. R. ]
neously, or at all events upon insufficient evidence, CASSIA'NUS BASSUS. [Bassus. ]
to Cassianus :- " De spirituali Medicina Monachi CASSIEPEIA or CASSIOPEIA (KaggiéTTELA
seu Dosis medica ad exinaniendos Anini Affec- or Kacciónia), the wife of Cepheus in Acthiopin,
tus;" “ Theologica Confessio et De Conflictu and mother of Andromeda, whose beauty she ex-
Vitiorum et Virtutum ;" “ Vita S. Victoris Mar- tolled above that of the Nereids. This pride be-
tyris," &c. There are no grounds for believing came the cause of her misfortunes, for Poseidon
that he wrote, as some have asserted, a Regula sent a monster into the country which ravaged the
Monastica, now lost.
land, and to which Andromeda was to be sacrificed.
The attentive reader of this father will soon per- But Perseus saved her lifc. (Hygin. Fab. 64;
ceive that he was thoroughly engrossed with his comp. ANDROMEDA. ) According to other accounts
subject, and paid so little attention to the graces of Cassiepeia boasted that she herself surpassed the
style, that his composition is often careless and Nereids in beauty, and for this reason she was re-
slovenly. At the same time his diction, although presented, when placed among the stars, as turning
it bears both in words and in construction a bar-backwards. (Arat. Pharn. 187, &c. ; Manil.
baric stamp decply impressed, is far superior to Astron. i. 355. )
[L. S. ]
that of many of his contemporaries, since it is CASSIODO’RUS, MAGNUS AUREʼLIUS,
plain, simple, unaffected, and intelligible, devoid of or CASSIODO'RIUS, for the MSS. vary be-
the fantastic conceits, shabby finery, and coarse tween these two fornis of the name, although the
paint, under which the literature of that age so former has been generally adopted, was born about
often strove to hide its awkwardness, feebleness, A. D. 468, at Scylaceum (Squillace), in the country
and deformity.
of the Bruttii, of an ancient, honourable, and
The earliest edition of the collected works of wealthy Roman family. His father was at one
Cassianus is that of Basle, 1559, fol. , in a volume period secretary to Valentinian the Third, but re-
containing also Joannes Damascenus. It was re- tired from public life upon the death of that prince
printed in 1569 and 1575. These were followed and the extinction of the Western Empire. Young
by the edition of Antwerp, 1578, 8vo. The most Cassiodorus was soon discovered to be a boy of
complete and best edition is that printed at Frank- high promise, and his talents were cultivated with
fort, 1722, fol. , with the commentaries and pre- anxious assiduity and care. At a very early age
liminary dissertations of the Benedictine Gazaeus his genius, accomplishments, and multifarious learn-
(Gazet), and reprinted at Leipzig in 1733, fol. ing, attracted the attention and commanded the
The edition superintended by Gazet himself was respect of the first barbarian king of Italy, by whom
published at Douay in 1618, 3 vols. fol. , and again be was chosen Comes rerum privatarum and eventu-
in an enlarged form at Arras in 1628.
ally Comes sacrarum largitionum, an appointment
The Institutiones appeared at Basle in 1485 and which placed him at the head of financial affairs.
1497, fol. , and at Leyden, 1516, fol. The existence But when Odoacer after a succession of defeats
of the Venice edition of 1481, mentioned by Fa- was shut up in Ravenna by Theodoric, Cassiodorus
bricius, is doubtful.
withdrew to his estates in the south, and hastened
The Institutiones and Collationes appeared at to recommend himself to the conqueror by persuad-
Venice, 149), fol. ; at Bologna, 1521, 8vo. ; at ing his countrymen and the Sicilians to submit
Leyden, 1525, 8vo. , at Rome, 1583 and 1611, 8vo. without resistance. Hence, after the murder of his
The De Incarnatione, first published separately former patron, he was received with the greatest
at Basle in 1534, and reprinted at Paris in 1545 distinction by the new sovereign, was nominated
and 1569, is included in Simler's “ Scriptores to all the highest offices of state in succession, and
veteres Latini de una Persona et duabus Naturis under a variety of different titles (for the parade
Christi," Zurich, 1572, fol.
and formality of the old court were studiously
There is a translation of the Institutiones into maintained), regulated for a long series of years
Italian by Buffi, a monk of Camaldoli, Venice, the administration of the Ostrogothic power with
1563, 4to. , of the Collationes into French by De singular ability, discretion, and success, possessing
Saligny, Paris, 1663, 8vo. , and of the Institutiones, at once the full confidence of his master and the
also by De Saligny, Paris, 1667, 8vo.
affection of the people. Perceiving, however, that
For a full and elaborate disquisition on the life, Theodoric, enfeebled by age, was beginning to
writings, and doctrines of Cassianus, consult the yield to the selfish suggestions of evil couusellors
two essays by Dr. G. F. Wiggers, De Joanne Cas- and to indulge in cruelty towards his Italian sub
siano Massiliensi, qui Semipelagianismi Auctor vulgo jects, Cassiodorus wisely resolved to seek shelter
perhibetur, Rostochii, 1824, 18:25, 4to. , and his from the approaching storm, and, resigning all his
articie“ Cassianus” in the Encyclopaedia of Ersch honours, betook himself to the country in 524,
and Gruber. See also Geffken, Historia Semi- thus avoiding the wretched fate of Boethius and
pelagianismi antiquissima, Gottingae, 1826. Be- Symmachus. Recalled after the death of Theo-
sides these, we have among the older writers doric, he resumed his position, and continued to
Commentarius de Joanne Cassiano, by Cuper, in discharge the duties of chief minister under Ama-
the Acta SS. m. Jul. v. p. 488; also S. Joannes lasontlia, Athalaric, Theodatus, and Vitiges, ex-
Cassianus illustratus, by Jo. Bapt. Guesnay, Ley- erting all his energies to prop their tottering
den, 1652, 4to. ; and Dissertatio de l'itu, Scriptis dominion. But when the triumph of Belisarius
et Doctrina Joannis Cassiani, Abbatis Massiliensis, and the downfall of the Ostrogoths was no longer
Semipelagianorum Principis, by Ouden, in his doubtful, being now 70 years old, he once more re-
Comment. de Script. Eccl. vol. i. p. 1113. See also tired to his native province, and having founded
Tillemont, xiv. 157 ; Schroeck, Kirchengesch. viii. the monastery of Viviers (Coenobium Vivarienses.
383; Schoenemann, Bibliotheca Patrum Luti. corum Castellense), passed the remainder of his life, which
## p. 624 (#644) ############################################
624
CASSIODORUS.
CASSIODORUS.
was prolonged until he had nearly completed a upon the reader by these compositions is contained
century, in the seclusion of the cloister. Here his in the happy expression of Tiraboschi, who charac-
activity of mind was no less conspicuous than terises the diction of Cassiodorus as
* barbara
when engaged in the stirring business of the world, eleganza. "
and his efforts were directed towards the accom- The Editio Princeps of the “ Variarum" was
plishment of designs not less important. The great printed under the inspection of Accursius by Henr.
object which he kept steadily in view and prose- Sileceus, at Augsburg, in the month of May,
cuted with infinite labour and unflagging zeal, was 1533 (fol. ), the disquisition “ De Anima" being
to elevate the standard of education among ecclesi- included in the same volume.
astics by inducing them to study the models of 2. “ Chronicon," a dull, pompous, clumsy sum-
classical antiquity, and to extend their knowledge mary of Universal History, extending from the
of general literature and science. To accomplish creation of the world down to a. . 519, derived
this he formed a library, disbursed large sums in chiefly from Eusebius, Hieronymus, Prosper, and
the purchase of MSS. , encouraged the monks to other authorities still accessible. It was drawn up
copy these with care, and devoted a great portion in obedience to the orders of Theodoric, and by no
of his time to labour of this description and to the means deserves the respect with which it was re-
composition of elementary treatises on history, garded in the middle ages, since it is carelessly
metaphysics, the seven liberal arts, and divinity, compiled and full of mistakes.
which have rendered him not less celebrated as an 3. “Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae ex tri-
author and a man of learning than as a politician bus Graecis Scriptoribus, Sozomeno, Socrate, ac
and a statesman. The leisure hours which re- Theodoreto ab Epiphanio Scholastico Versis, per
· mained he is said to have employed in the con- Cassiodorum Senatorem in Epitomen redactae
struction of philosophical toys, such as sun-dials, Libri XIl. ” The origin of this work is sufficiently
water-clocks, everlasting lamps, and the like. The explained by the title. It contains a complete
benefit derived from his precepts and example was survey of ecclesiastical history from Constantine
by no means confined to the establishment over down to the younger Theodosius. This, like the
which he presided, nor to the epoch when he Chronicon, is of little value in the present day,
flourished. The same system, the advantages of since the authorities from which it is taken are still
which were soon perceived and appreciated, was extant, and are infinitely superior both in matter
gradually introduced into similar institutions, the and manner to the epitomizer. Prefixed we have
transcription of ancient works became one of the an introduction, in which Cassiodorus gives full
regular and stated occupations of the monastic life, scope to his taste for infiated grandiloquence. The
and thus, in all probability, we are indirectly in- editio princeps of the Ecclesiastical History was
debted to Cassiodorus for the preservation of a printed by Johannes Schussler, at Augsburg, 1472,
large proportion of the most precious relics of an- fol.
cient genius. The following is a list of all the 4. “ Computus Paschalis sive de Indictionibus,
writings of Cassiodorus with which we are ac- Cyclis Solis et Lunae," &c. , containing the calcula-
quainted :
tions necessary for the correct determination of
1. “ Variarum (Epistolarum) Libri XII. ,” an Easter. This treatise belongs to the date 562,
assemblage of state papers drawn up by Cassiodorus and this is the latest year in which we can prove
in accordance with the instructions of the 60- the author to have been alive.
vereigns whom he served. In the first ten books 5. “ De Orthographia Liber," compiled by Cas-
the author always speaks in the person of the ruler siodorus when 93 years old from the works of nine
for the time being ; in the last two, in his own. ancient grammarians,-Agnaeus Cornutus, Velius
The first five contain the ordinances of Theodoric, Longus, Curtius Valerianus, Papirianus, Adaman-
the sixth and seventh regulations (formulae) with tius Martyrius, Eutyches, Caesellius, Lucius Cae
regard to the chief offices of the kingdom, the cilius Vindex, and Priscianus, in addition to whom
eighth, ninth, and tenth, the decrees promulgated we find quotations from Varro, Donatus, and
by the immediate successors of Theodoric, the Phocas.
eleventh and twelfth the edicts published by Cas- 6. “ De Arte Grammatica ad Donati Mentem,"
siodorus himself during the years 534–538, when of which a fragment only has been preserved.
praefect of the praetorium. This collection is of This tract, together with the preceding, will be
the greatest historical importance, being our chief found in the “Grammaticae Latini Auctores an-
and most trustworthy source of information in re tiqui" of Putschius, Hanov. 1605, p. 2275 and
gard to everything connected with the constitution p. 2322.
and internal discipline of the Ostrogothic dominion 7. “ De Artibus ac Disciplinis Liberalium Lite
in Italy. We must not, however, expect to find rarum," in two books, a compilation from the best
much that is attractive or worthy of imitation in authorities, much esteemed and studied during the
the style of these documents. While we cannot middle ages. It contains a compendium of the
help admiring the ingenuity displayed in the selec- seven liberal arts which were at one time supposed
tion and combination of phrases, moulded for the to embrace the whole circuit of human knowledge,
most part into neat but most artificial forms, -Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectics, Arithmetic, Geo-
and polished with patient toil, we at the same metry, Astronomy, Music.
time feel heartily wearied and disgusted by the Angelo Mai has recently published from a Vati-
sustained affectation and declamatory glitter which can MS. some chapters, hitherto unedited, which
disfigure every page.
The language is full of seem to have formed the conclusion of the work.
strange and foreign words, and little attention is (Classicorum Auctorum e Vat. Codd. vol. iii. p. 349. )
paid to the delicacies of syntax, but Funccius is 8. “ De Anima," on the name, origin, nature,
too barsh when he designates it as a mere mass of qualities, abode, and future existence of the soul,
Gothic solecisms. Perhaps the best description together with speculations upon other topics con-
which can be given of the general effect produced | nected with the same subject.
## p. 625 (#645) ############################################
CASSIODORUS.
625
CASSIUS.
O
9. “ De Institutionc Divinarum Literarum," an Odoacer, and the latter not to have been born until
introduction to the profitable reading of the Holy | 479. But the question seems to be set at rest by
Scriptures, intended for the use of the monks. the 4th epistle of the 1st book of the Variarum,
This is perhaps the most pleasing of all our author's where the father and son are clearly distinguished
works. His profound and varied knowledge is from each other; and since the latter unquestion-
here displayed to the best advantage, bis instruc- ably enjoyed a place of trust under Odoacer, whose
tions are conveyed in more plain and simple phrase- downfall took place in 490, the young secretary,
ology than he elsewhere employs, while a truly although still “ adolescens," could not by any pos-
Christian tone and spirit pervades the whole. sibility have been born so late as 479. Some re-
10. " Expositio in Psalmos sive Commenta marks upon this point will be found in Osann,
Psalterii,” extracted chiefly from the “ Enarra- Beiträge zur Gr. und Röm. Literatur Geschichte,
tiones” of St. Augustin, although we gather from vol. ii. p. 160, Cassel. 1839. The different digni-
internal evidence that the exegetical treatises of ties with which he was invested are enumerated,
Hilarius, Ambrosius, Hieronymus, and others upon and their nature fully explained, in Manso, Ges-
the same subject, had been carefully consulted. chichte des Ostgothischen Reichs. (W. R. ]
As a matter of course we detect in the copy the CASSI'PHONE (Kagoidówn), a daughter of
same features which distinguish the original, the Odysseus by Circe, and sister of Telegonus. After
same love of overstrained allegorical interpretation, Odysseus had been restored to life by Circe, when
the same determination to wring from the plainest he had been killed by Telegonus, he gave Cassi-
and least ambiguous precepts some mystical and phone in marriage to Telemachus, whom, however,
esoteric doctrine.
she killed, because he had put to death her mother
11. The “ Expositio in Cantica Canticorum,” | Circe. (Schol. ad Lycoph. 795, &c. ). [L. S. ]
although breathing a spirit similar to the commen- CASSIVELAUNUS, a British chief, who
tary just described, and set down in all MSS. as fought against Caesar in his second campaign
the production of Cassiodorus, is throughout so against Britain, B. C. 54. He ruled over the
different in style and language from all his other country north of the river Tamesis (Thames), and
dissertations, that its authenticity has with good as by his perpetual wars with his neighbours he
reason been called in question.
had acquired the reputation of a great warrior, the
12. “ Complexiones in Epistolas Apostolorum, Britons gave him the supreme command against
in Acta et in Apocalypsim.
