Notes to Pages 208-I8 293
the "reading machine," see Nietzsche, letter of December 21, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt.
the "reading machine," see Nietzsche, letter of December 21, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt.
Kittler-Gramophone-Film-Typewriter
Kuf5maul 1881, 5.
18.
Ibid.
, I26.
19? C. Muller 1823, 5.
20. See Eye 1958, 13-17, as well as Tschudin 1983, 5ff. The link between
neurophysiology and media technology is most visible with Thurber, whose type- writer was supposed to help not only the blind but also "people with nervous dis- orders who could not guide the quill" (Stumpe! 1985, I2).
21. Journal ofArts and Sciences, 1823, cited in Brauner 1925, 4. 22. Burghagen 1 898, 20.
23? Bliven 1954, 35?
24. See, for example, Grashey 1885, 688.
2 5 ? Salthouse 1984, 94-96.
? Notes to Pages I90-98 29I
26. See Granichstaedten-Czerva 1924, 3 5 . Significantly, m 8, which is sup- posed to carry proof of this charge, does not point to any evidence.
27. Zeidler 1983, 96. Correspondingly, the standardization of the compo- nent parts of typewriters took place "during the time of the First World War" (Eye 1958, 75)'
28. Bliven 1954, 56.
29. Burghagen 1898, 3I.
30. Ibid. Typing-speedrecordsintheUnitedStates,bycontrast,wereupto
fifteen letters per second (Klockenberg 1926, 10).
3 1 . DPA ( German press agency) news release, June I , 198 5 .
3 2.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37. SeeWedel1962,114-17. However,seealsoPynchon1973,529:"It[the
Cocteau 1979, 62.
See, for example, Cocteau I94Iir946-s r , 8: 40. Ibid. , 63?
Ibid. , 181.
Ibid. , 16.
V2] was half bullet, half arrow. It demanded this, we didn't. So. Perhaps you used a rifle, a radio, a typewriter. Some typewriters in Whitehall, in the Pentagon, killed more civilians than our little A4 could have ever hoped to. "
38. Twain, March 1875, quoted in Bliven 1954, 62.
39. Sales figures (in thousands) yield the curve shown in Stiimpel 1985, 12. [Beginning with 0 in 1 879, the graph shows a precipitous increase: IO,OOO units by 1874, 30,000 by 1887, and 65,000 by I890. -Trans. ]
40. Current 1954, 54?
42. See Eye 1958, 78.
44. Richards 1964, I.
46. Schwabe 1902, 6. Compare Burghagen 1 898, 29: "Youths and female of-
fice assistants can also, without any training, be put to productive use at the type- writer for all types of business and administrative correspondence . " See also Weckerle 1925, 3 2 : " We have grown as accustomed to the typewriter as the sewing machine. And yet it has only been a few decades since a 'fine hand' was the best recommendation for a trade apprentice. Today, handwriting in a trading firm is virtually outdated and is at best limited to bookkeeping. "
47? Schwabe 1902, 7?
48. For evidence on the social stratification of typists, see Witsch 193 2, 54. 49. Meyer and Silbermann 1895, 264.
50. Valery I944ir957-60, 2: 301.
5 1 . Spinner quoted in Eye 1958, 54.
52. See Eye 1958, 78. Von Budde's division ofthe General Staff, however, is
shamelessly described as "a large railroad corporation. " 53. For details, see Siegert 1986, 181-88.
54. L. Braun 1901, 197.
55. Schwabe 1902, 21.
5 6. Zeitschrift fur weibliche Handelsgehilfen, 19 1 8 , quoted in Nienhaus 1982, 46. Stalin integrated Hindenburg's wholesome principle into the constitu- tion of the Soviet Union in 193 6.
41. See Bliven 1954, 71. 43. Krukenberg 1906, 38. 45? See Baumann 1985, 96.
292 Notes to Pages I98-208
57? Heidegger I93 5/r959, 3 5?
58. Heidegger, I942-43/r992, 80-81, 85-86.
59. Nietzsche, letter toward the end of February 1 8 8 2, in idem 1975-84,
pt. 3, I: 172.
60. Dr. Eiser,1877,quotedinFuchs1978,632.
61. Ibid. , 633.
62. After an observation by Martin Stingelin of Basel.
63. Nietzsche, letter of November 5, 1 879, in idem 1975-84, pt. 2, 5: 461. 64. Nietzsche, letter of August 14, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 2, 5: 435. 65. Nietzsche, letter of August 14, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: II3? 66. Nietzsche, letter of December 5, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 146. 67. Burghagen 1 898, 6.
68. Apparently infected, Nietzsche's biographer corrects his hero (saying
that "the typewriter was 'invented,' that is, developed, 10 years earlier [sic] in America"). To top it off, he even writes "Hansun" instead of "Hansen" (Janz 1978-79, 2: 81, 95).
69. The following data are taken from Nyrop 1938.
70. Burghagen 1898, 6.
71. SeeStumpel1985,22. TherewereevenwritingballswithaMorse-code
hookup (Brauner 1925, 35-36).
72. Burghagen1898,120. Alsoseethephotographonp. 204ofthisvolume. 73? See Martin 1949, 571. 74. Stumpel 1985, 8.
75. McLuhan 1964, 260. 76. Bliven 1954, 132.
77. Nietzsche, letter of August 20-21, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: II7.
78. Burghagen 1 898, 120 (referring to Mailing Hansen's typewriter).
79. Nietzsche, letter of August 20-21, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: II7.
80. Berliner Tageblatt, March 1882.
81. See Nietzsche, letter ofMarch 17, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 180.
"I enjoyed a report of the Berliner Tageblatt about my existence in Genoa-even the typewriter was mentioned. " The mechanized philosopher clipped the news item.
82. Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, 1908, in idem 1967, 287. 83 . See, for example, Eye 1958, 20.
84. Beyerlen quoted in Herbertz 1909, 559.
85? Beyerlen 1909, 362.
86. Swift 1904, 299, 300, 302. Also see the self-observation in the novel by Bruck (1930, 238): "Here I sit, day by day, . . . typing freight letters, freight let- ters, freight letters. After three days it turned into purely mechanical work, the dim interactions between eyes and fingers, in which consciousness does not ac- tively participate. "
8 7 . This list o f early typewriting authors is taken from Burghagen 1 898, 22. 88. Nietzsche, letter of April I, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 188.
89. See Doyle I889/r930, 199.
90. Nietzsche, letter of March 17, 1 8 8 2, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 1 80. 91. Nietzsche, letter of March 27, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 188. 92. Nietzsche,letterofMarch17,1882,inidem1975-84,pt. 3,I:180;on
?
Notes to Pages 208-I8 293
the "reading machine," see Nietzsche, letter of December 21, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 151.
93? Forster-Nietzsche, in Nietzsche 1902-9, pt. 5, 2: 488.
94. Nietzsche, letter ofJune 18, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 206. 95? Forster-Nietzsche 193 5, 136.
96. Ibid. , 138.
97. Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, 1908, in idem 1967, 267.
98. Nietzsche, Genealogy, 1887, in ibid. , 61.
99. Ibid. , 68.
IOO. Meysenburg, April 26, 1882, in Pfeiffer 1970, 420.
IOI. Nietzsche 1889ir984, 57. I02. Ibid. , 59.
I03? Nietzsche 1968, 89. 104. M. Weber 1918, 3.
I05. Nietzsche, letter of February I, 1883, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 324.
I06. See Nietzsche 1 8 83-8 5ir966, 40.
I07? Nietzsche, letter, June 1885, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, 3: 58.
I08. Nietzsche, letter ofJuly 23, 1885, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, 3: 70.
I09? Bliven 1954, 79?
IIO. Hofmannsthal, June I I , 19 19, in Hofmannsthal and Degenfeld
1974, 385.
III. Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1915-16, in idem
1962, 15: 154-
II2. Ibid. , 155.
II3. Ibid. , 156.
II4. E. Jones 1953-57, 2: 98.
II5. Freud, May 4, 1915, in Freud and Abraham 1980, 212.
II6. Hyde 1969, 161.
II7? Bosanquet 1924, 245.
II8. Ibid. , 248.
II9. Forthetextofandacommentaryonthesedictates,seeHyde1969,277. 120. See Van Creveld 1985, 58-78.
121. See Nowell 1960, 106.
122. Ibid. , 14, 199.
123. Benn, January IO, 1937, in idem 1969, 184.
124. Benn 1952ir959-61, 4: 173-74?
125. Benn, November 22, 1950, in idem 1962, 120.
126. Benn, February 6, 1937, in idem 1969, 194.
127. Benn, January 25, 1937, in idem 1969, 187. Klaus Theweleit describes
this situation in much more detail, from the two girlfriends and the marriage to the war-induced suicide of Herta von Wedemeyer. For a portion, see Theweleit 1985, 133-56.
128. Benn, January IO, 1937, in idem 1969, 185-86.
129. See Kretzer 1894, in which a female accountant and daughter of an of- ficer's widow ( a sensation in the male office) still writes in longhand, but in which the problem of anonymous writing already appears in the form of block letters and round hand (166).
130. See Derrida 1980ir987, 53-55.
? ? 294 Notes to Pages 2I8-42
1 3 1 . Eye 1958, 69, 80. Thus, for this volume August Walla typed the mes- sage that his "technological factory-like written highly honored highly esteemed honored valid typewriter" is being "appreciated by all gods and all political mor- tal public sovereigns. "
1 3 2. Hahne 1984, 224-25.
133. Hitler,March29,1942,inPicker1976,157. OntheFiihrer'stypewriter (including four-millimeter Antique types against farsightedness), see ibid. , 42.
134. Schramm 1982, I: 139E. 135. Tolstoi 1978, 181.
136. Schlier 1926, 81. 137. Briick 1930, 2I8.
138. Ibid. , 225. Onthe wish listofpublications (whichwillthen be fulfilled
by the typewriter novel), see 233-34, 280.
1 39. Ibid. , 229. For a psychiatrist's commentary on such tipptipp, see Ballet
1 8 8 6, 1 4 3 . "If it's a mild case of agraphia, patients are able to write many words, but with numerous mistakes; for example, they repeat at every occasion the same letters or the same syllable; they suffer, as Gairdner calls it, from intoxication through the letter, just as certain aphasic patients suffer from intoxication through the word. "
140. See Kafka, November 27, 1912, in idem 1974, 70. 141. See Siegert 1986, 292.
142. Kafka 1912ir965, 268.
143. Kafka, October 27, 1912, in idem 1974, 16.
144. Kafka, November 2, 1912, in ibid. , 23.
145. Kafka, August IO, 1913, in ibid. , 302.
146. Streicher 1919, 38-41. Based on these criminological uses, on April 8,
1983 , the republic of Romania came to the nice conclusion of coercing all type- writer owners into registering their machines with the authorities. See Rosenblatt
? 1983, 88. 147. 148. 149? 1 50.
Kafka, October 30, 1916, in idem 1974, 580.
See Kafka, August 22, 1916, in ibid. , 491-92.
See Zglinicki 1956, 395.
Kafka, March 1922, in idem 1953, 229. See Derrida 1980ir987, 33?
? l S I. Kafka, November 27, 1912, in idem 1974, 70.
152. Kafka, January 22123, 1913, in idem 1974: 167-68. 153. Bronnen 1926ir977, 13I.
154? Weckerle 1925, 3 1-32?
155. Kafka,July10,1913,inidem1974,289.
156. Kafka, December 21-22, 1912, in ibid. , II5-16.
157? Mallarme 1895ir945, 366.
159? Benn 1951ir959-6I, I: 529.
161. Streicher 1919, 7.
163. See Apollinaire 1918ir965-66, 3: 901. More generally, see Ong
1982, 128.
164. Eliot, August 21, 1916, in idem 1971: x.
165. Foucault 1969ir972, 85. 167. Ibid. , 84.
169. Schmitt 1917ir918, 90.
166. Ibid. , 86.
168. Enright 197Iir98I, IOI. 170. Ibid. , 92-I05.
158. Derrida 1980ir987, 194? 160. Benn 1949ir959-6I, I: 366. 162. Benjamin 1928ir978, 79, 78.
Notes to Pages 243-55 295
1 7 1 . See Diller 1980, 1 8 8-92. The Secret Service took over British TV sta- tions to use UHF to scramble the stereophony of German bombers over England.
See R.
19? C. Muller 1823, 5.
20. See Eye 1958, 13-17, as well as Tschudin 1983, 5ff. The link between
neurophysiology and media technology is most visible with Thurber, whose type- writer was supposed to help not only the blind but also "people with nervous dis- orders who could not guide the quill" (Stumpe! 1985, I2).
21. Journal ofArts and Sciences, 1823, cited in Brauner 1925, 4. 22. Burghagen 1 898, 20.
23? Bliven 1954, 35?
24. See, for example, Grashey 1885, 688.
2 5 ? Salthouse 1984, 94-96.
? Notes to Pages I90-98 29I
26. See Granichstaedten-Czerva 1924, 3 5 . Significantly, m 8, which is sup- posed to carry proof of this charge, does not point to any evidence.
27. Zeidler 1983, 96. Correspondingly, the standardization of the compo- nent parts of typewriters took place "during the time of the First World War" (Eye 1958, 75)'
28. Bliven 1954, 56.
29. Burghagen 1898, 3I.
30. Ibid. Typing-speedrecordsintheUnitedStates,bycontrast,wereupto
fifteen letters per second (Klockenberg 1926, 10).
3 1 . DPA ( German press agency) news release, June I , 198 5 .
3 2.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37. SeeWedel1962,114-17. However,seealsoPynchon1973,529:"It[the
Cocteau 1979, 62.
See, for example, Cocteau I94Iir946-s r , 8: 40. Ibid. , 63?
Ibid. , 181.
Ibid. , 16.
V2] was half bullet, half arrow. It demanded this, we didn't. So. Perhaps you used a rifle, a radio, a typewriter. Some typewriters in Whitehall, in the Pentagon, killed more civilians than our little A4 could have ever hoped to. "
38. Twain, March 1875, quoted in Bliven 1954, 62.
39. Sales figures (in thousands) yield the curve shown in Stiimpel 1985, 12. [Beginning with 0 in 1 879, the graph shows a precipitous increase: IO,OOO units by 1874, 30,000 by 1887, and 65,000 by I890. -Trans. ]
40. Current 1954, 54?
42. See Eye 1958, 78.
44. Richards 1964, I.
46. Schwabe 1902, 6. Compare Burghagen 1 898, 29: "Youths and female of-
fice assistants can also, without any training, be put to productive use at the type- writer for all types of business and administrative correspondence . " See also Weckerle 1925, 3 2 : " We have grown as accustomed to the typewriter as the sewing machine. And yet it has only been a few decades since a 'fine hand' was the best recommendation for a trade apprentice. Today, handwriting in a trading firm is virtually outdated and is at best limited to bookkeeping. "
47? Schwabe 1902, 7?
48. For evidence on the social stratification of typists, see Witsch 193 2, 54. 49. Meyer and Silbermann 1895, 264.
50. Valery I944ir957-60, 2: 301.
5 1 . Spinner quoted in Eye 1958, 54.
52. See Eye 1958, 78. Von Budde's division ofthe General Staff, however, is
shamelessly described as "a large railroad corporation. " 53. For details, see Siegert 1986, 181-88.
54. L. Braun 1901, 197.
55. Schwabe 1902, 21.
5 6. Zeitschrift fur weibliche Handelsgehilfen, 19 1 8 , quoted in Nienhaus 1982, 46. Stalin integrated Hindenburg's wholesome principle into the constitu- tion of the Soviet Union in 193 6.
41. See Bliven 1954, 71. 43. Krukenberg 1906, 38. 45? See Baumann 1985, 96.
292 Notes to Pages I98-208
57? Heidegger I93 5/r959, 3 5?
58. Heidegger, I942-43/r992, 80-81, 85-86.
59. Nietzsche, letter toward the end of February 1 8 8 2, in idem 1975-84,
pt. 3, I: 172.
60. Dr. Eiser,1877,quotedinFuchs1978,632.
61. Ibid. , 633.
62. After an observation by Martin Stingelin of Basel.
63. Nietzsche, letter of November 5, 1 879, in idem 1975-84, pt. 2, 5: 461. 64. Nietzsche, letter of August 14, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 2, 5: 435. 65. Nietzsche, letter of August 14, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: II3? 66. Nietzsche, letter of December 5, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 146. 67. Burghagen 1 898, 6.
68. Apparently infected, Nietzsche's biographer corrects his hero (saying
that "the typewriter was 'invented,' that is, developed, 10 years earlier [sic] in America"). To top it off, he even writes "Hansun" instead of "Hansen" (Janz 1978-79, 2: 81, 95).
69. The following data are taken from Nyrop 1938.
70. Burghagen 1898, 6.
71. SeeStumpel1985,22. TherewereevenwritingballswithaMorse-code
hookup (Brauner 1925, 35-36).
72. Burghagen1898,120. Alsoseethephotographonp. 204ofthisvolume. 73? See Martin 1949, 571. 74. Stumpel 1985, 8.
75. McLuhan 1964, 260. 76. Bliven 1954, 132.
77. Nietzsche, letter of August 20-21, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: II7.
78. Burghagen 1 898, 120 (referring to Mailing Hansen's typewriter).
79. Nietzsche, letter of August 20-21, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: II7.
80. Berliner Tageblatt, March 1882.
81. See Nietzsche, letter ofMarch 17, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 180.
"I enjoyed a report of the Berliner Tageblatt about my existence in Genoa-even the typewriter was mentioned. " The mechanized philosopher clipped the news item.
82. Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, 1908, in idem 1967, 287. 83 . See, for example, Eye 1958, 20.
84. Beyerlen quoted in Herbertz 1909, 559.
85? Beyerlen 1909, 362.
86. Swift 1904, 299, 300, 302. Also see the self-observation in the novel by Bruck (1930, 238): "Here I sit, day by day, . . . typing freight letters, freight let- ters, freight letters. After three days it turned into purely mechanical work, the dim interactions between eyes and fingers, in which consciousness does not ac- tively participate. "
8 7 . This list o f early typewriting authors is taken from Burghagen 1 898, 22. 88. Nietzsche, letter of April I, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 188.
89. See Doyle I889/r930, 199.
90. Nietzsche, letter of March 17, 1 8 8 2, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 1 80. 91. Nietzsche, letter of March 27, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 188. 92. Nietzsche,letterofMarch17,1882,inidem1975-84,pt. 3,I:180;on
?
Notes to Pages 208-I8 293
the "reading machine," see Nietzsche, letter of December 21, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 151.
93? Forster-Nietzsche, in Nietzsche 1902-9, pt. 5, 2: 488.
94. Nietzsche, letter ofJune 18, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 206. 95? Forster-Nietzsche 193 5, 136.
96. Ibid. , 138.
97. Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, 1908, in idem 1967, 267.
98. Nietzsche, Genealogy, 1887, in ibid. , 61.
99. Ibid. , 68.
IOO. Meysenburg, April 26, 1882, in Pfeiffer 1970, 420.
IOI. Nietzsche 1889ir984, 57. I02. Ibid. , 59.
I03? Nietzsche 1968, 89. 104. M. Weber 1918, 3.
I05. Nietzsche, letter of February I, 1883, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 324.
I06. See Nietzsche 1 8 83-8 5ir966, 40.
I07? Nietzsche, letter, June 1885, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, 3: 58.
I08. Nietzsche, letter ofJuly 23, 1885, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, 3: 70.
I09? Bliven 1954, 79?
IIO. Hofmannsthal, June I I , 19 19, in Hofmannsthal and Degenfeld
1974, 385.
III. Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1915-16, in idem
1962, 15: 154-
II2. Ibid. , 155.
II3. Ibid. , 156.
II4. E. Jones 1953-57, 2: 98.
II5. Freud, May 4, 1915, in Freud and Abraham 1980, 212.
II6. Hyde 1969, 161.
II7? Bosanquet 1924, 245.
II8. Ibid. , 248.
II9. Forthetextofandacommentaryonthesedictates,seeHyde1969,277. 120. See Van Creveld 1985, 58-78.
121. See Nowell 1960, 106.
122. Ibid. , 14, 199.
123. Benn, January IO, 1937, in idem 1969, 184.
124. Benn 1952ir959-61, 4: 173-74?
125. Benn, November 22, 1950, in idem 1962, 120.
126. Benn, February 6, 1937, in idem 1969, 194.
127. Benn, January 25, 1937, in idem 1969, 187. Klaus Theweleit describes
this situation in much more detail, from the two girlfriends and the marriage to the war-induced suicide of Herta von Wedemeyer. For a portion, see Theweleit 1985, 133-56.
128. Benn, January IO, 1937, in idem 1969, 185-86.
129. See Kretzer 1894, in which a female accountant and daughter of an of- ficer's widow ( a sensation in the male office) still writes in longhand, but in which the problem of anonymous writing already appears in the form of block letters and round hand (166).
130. See Derrida 1980ir987, 53-55.
? ? 294 Notes to Pages 2I8-42
1 3 1 . Eye 1958, 69, 80. Thus, for this volume August Walla typed the mes- sage that his "technological factory-like written highly honored highly esteemed honored valid typewriter" is being "appreciated by all gods and all political mor- tal public sovereigns. "
1 3 2. Hahne 1984, 224-25.
133. Hitler,March29,1942,inPicker1976,157. OntheFiihrer'stypewriter (including four-millimeter Antique types against farsightedness), see ibid. , 42.
134. Schramm 1982, I: 139E. 135. Tolstoi 1978, 181.
136. Schlier 1926, 81. 137. Briick 1930, 2I8.
138. Ibid. , 225. Onthe wish listofpublications (whichwillthen be fulfilled
by the typewriter novel), see 233-34, 280.
1 39. Ibid. , 229. For a psychiatrist's commentary on such tipptipp, see Ballet
1 8 8 6, 1 4 3 . "If it's a mild case of agraphia, patients are able to write many words, but with numerous mistakes; for example, they repeat at every occasion the same letters or the same syllable; they suffer, as Gairdner calls it, from intoxication through the letter, just as certain aphasic patients suffer from intoxication through the word. "
140. See Kafka, November 27, 1912, in idem 1974, 70. 141. See Siegert 1986, 292.
142. Kafka 1912ir965, 268.
143. Kafka, October 27, 1912, in idem 1974, 16.
144. Kafka, November 2, 1912, in ibid. , 23.
145. Kafka, August IO, 1913, in ibid. , 302.
146. Streicher 1919, 38-41. Based on these criminological uses, on April 8,
1983 , the republic of Romania came to the nice conclusion of coercing all type- writer owners into registering their machines with the authorities. See Rosenblatt
? 1983, 88. 147. 148. 149? 1 50.
Kafka, October 30, 1916, in idem 1974, 580.
See Kafka, August 22, 1916, in ibid. , 491-92.
See Zglinicki 1956, 395.
Kafka, March 1922, in idem 1953, 229. See Derrida 1980ir987, 33?
? l S I. Kafka, November 27, 1912, in idem 1974, 70.
152. Kafka, January 22123, 1913, in idem 1974: 167-68. 153. Bronnen 1926ir977, 13I.
154? Weckerle 1925, 3 1-32?
155. Kafka,July10,1913,inidem1974,289.
156. Kafka, December 21-22, 1912, in ibid. , II5-16.
157? Mallarme 1895ir945, 366.
159? Benn 1951ir959-6I, I: 529.
161. Streicher 1919, 7.
163. See Apollinaire 1918ir965-66, 3: 901. More generally, see Ong
1982, 128.
164. Eliot, August 21, 1916, in idem 1971: x.
165. Foucault 1969ir972, 85. 167. Ibid. , 84.
169. Schmitt 1917ir918, 90.
166. Ibid. , 86.
168. Enright 197Iir98I, IOI. 170. Ibid. , 92-I05.
158. Derrida 1980ir987, 194? 160. Benn 1949ir959-6I, I: 366. 162. Benjamin 1928ir978, 79, 78.
Notes to Pages 243-55 295
1 7 1 . See Diller 1980, 1 8 8-92. The Secret Service took over British TV sta- tions to use UHF to scramble the stereophony of German bombers over England.
See R.
