; Ceillier, Auteurs Sacris,
Huet, afterwards Bp.
Huet, afterwards Bp.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
c.
viii.
), Picus, 4to, Paris, 1555, and in Greek by Jo.
and is still extant. It was first published, 12mo. Rud. Wetstenius, with a Latin version, 4to, Basel,
Oxford, 1685, with a Latin version. (Delarue, 1674. It is given by Delarue (vol. i. pp. 800-
vol. i. pp. 195—272. )
872), but not as Origen's. It was ascribed to
6. Eis uaptúplov #pOTPETTIKOS Abyos, Exhortatio Origen, perhaps by Basil and Gregory Nazianzen,
ad Martyrium, or repl uapt uplov, De Martyrio, certainly by Anastasius Sinaita ; but Huet has
addressed to his friend and patron Ambrosius, and shown that internal evidence is against its being
to Protoctetus of Caesareia, during the persecution bis ; and it is in all probability the production of
under the emperor Maximin (a. D. 235—238), and a later age. Adamantius is the “ orthodox
still extant. (Delarue, vol. i. pp. 273–310. ) It speaker in the Dialogue (comp. Maximus Hiero
was first published by Jo. Rud. Wetstenius SOLYMITANUS); and there is reason to believe,
(Wetstein) the younger, 4to, Basel, 1574, with a froin the testimony of Theodoret (Haeret. Fubulur.
Latin version and notes. Origen's letter of like Praefut. and i. 25), that the author really bore that
purport, written when a mere boy to his father, has name, and was a distinct person altogether from
been already noticed.
Origen ; but that, as Origen also bore the name of
7. Kata Kencov Tómoi ', Contra Celsum Libri Adamantius, the work came to be erroneously
VIII. , written in the time of the emperor Philippus ascribed to him. (2) Miloo opoúueva, 6. Toû kard
(Euseb. H. E. vi. 36), and still extant. In this | πασών αιρέσεων ελέγχου βιβλίον α', Philosophu-
valnable work Origen defends the truth of Chris- mena 6. Adversus omnes Haereses, Lilver primus.
tianity against the attacks of Celsus, an Epicurean, This work was first published with a Latin version
or perhaps a Platonic philosopher (Celsus). The and notes, vindicating Origen's title to the author-
Philocalia is chiefly made up of extracts from it. ship, by Jac. Gronovius, in the tenth volume of
It was first printed in the Latin version of Christo- his Thesaurus Antiquitatum Graecarum, p. 249, &c. ,
phorus Persona, fol. Rome, 1481, and in Greek under the title of Origenis Philosophumenwv Frug.
by David Hoeschelius, 4to, Augsburg, 1605. (De mentum. This title is not quite correct : the Phi-
larue, vol. i. pp. 310-799. )
losophumena, or account of the systems of the an-
It may be as well here to mention that the cient philosophy, appears to be entire, but is itself
dokania, Philocalia, so often mentioned, was a only a portion of a larger work against all here-
compilation by Basil of Caesareia, and his friend sies" or sects holding erroneous views. The author
Gregory of Nazianzus (Basilius, No. 2 ; GREGO is not known ; but he was not Origen ; for in his
RIUS NAZIA NZENUS), almost exclusively from the prooemium he claims episcopal rank, which Origen
writings of Origen, of which many important frag- never held. (The work is in Delarue, vol. i. pp.
ments have been tbus preserved, especially from 872—909. ) (3) Exónia eis cixdiv Kupakúv, Scho-
his reply to Celsus. It is divided into twenty- lia in Orationem Dominicam, published by Fed.
seven chapters. It was first published in the Latin Morellus, in 1601, as the production of " Origen
version of Gilbertus Genebrardus, in the second or some other teacher of that age :" but Huet and
volume of that author's edition of Origen's works, Delarue deny that these Scho'ia are his, and Huet
fol. Paris, 1574, and in Greek by Joannes Ta- ascribes them to Petrus of Laodiceia, following the
rinus, 4to, Paris, 1618. It is not given as a whole editors of the Bibliotheca Patrum, who have given
by Delarue, but such of the extracts as are not a Latin version of them in that collection. (Delarue,
elsewhere extant are distributed to their appro- vol. i. pp. 909, 911. )-The above, with (4), an an-
priate places,
cient Latin version of a Commentary on Job, are
Many works of Origen are totally lost. An the only supposititious works given by Delarue.
enumeration of those of which we have any in- Others, however, are extant, and have been given
forination is given by Fabricius (Bibl. Graec. by other editors, but do not require any further
vol. vii. p. 235, &c). The majority of those notice here.
which are lost were biblical and exegetical. The Beside his own works, Origen revised the Lexi-
others were chiefly directed against the various con of Hebrew names, Hebruicorum Nominun S.
classes of heretics, and partly consisted of records Scripturae et Mensurarum Interpretation of Philo
of bis disputations with them. The book De Judaeus (Philo); and enlarged it by the addition
Libero Arbitrio, mentioned by himself in his Com- of the names in the New Testament: the work is
mentary on the Epistle to the Romans, was perhaps consequently ascribed to him in some MSS. : but
that portion of his lepi dpxw which relates to that after his reputed heresies had rendered him odious,
subject. What the Monobiblia, mentioned by the name of Cyril of Alexandria was prefixed to the
E 3
## p. 54 (#70) ##############################################
54
ORIGENES.
ORIGENES.
work in some MSS. in place of his. The Lexicon | notes, in 15 vols. 8vo. Würzburg, 1785, &c. A
is extant in the Latin version of Jerome, among number of additional passages from Origen, chiefly
whose works it is usually printed. (Vol. ii. pars i. gleaned from various Catenae, and containing Scho-
edit. Benedictin, vol. iii. ed. Vallars. )
lia on several of the books of Scripture, are given in
The collected works of Origen, more or less the Appendix to the xivth (posthumous) volume of
complete, have been repeatedly published. The Galland's Bibliotheca Patrum. The most important
first editions contained the Latin versions only; of these additions are to the Scholia on the books of
they were those of Jac. Merlinus, 4 vols. , or more Deuteronomy, Samuel, Kings, Job, Psalms, Pro-
exactly, 4 parts in 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1512-1519. verbs, and the Gospels of Matthew and Luke.
In this edition the editor published an Apologia Some additions to the Scholia on the Canticles, and
pro Origene, which involved him in much trouble, to the Hexaplar readings on the same book, are
and obliged him to defend himself in a new Apo- contained in the Eis ta ouata, Catena in Canticum,
logia, published in A. D. 1522, when his edition was of Procopius of Gaza, published in the Classicorum
reprinted, as it was again in 1530, and perhaps 1536. Auctorum e l'aticanis Codd. editorum of Angelo
The second edition was prepared by Erasmus, who Mai, vol. ix. p. 257, &c. 8vo. Rome, 1837. Two
made the versions, and was published after his death fragments of Origen, one considerable one, Eis TÒ
by Beatus Rhenanus, fol. Basel. 1536. Panzerkata Moukāv, In Evangelium Lucue (pp. 474 482),
(Annules Typ. vol. vii. ) gives the version of Eras- and one of a few lines, Els AevitiKÓV, In Leviticum,
mus as published in 4 vols. fol. Lyon (Lugdunum), appear in vol. X. of the same series. Some Scholia
1536. It was reprinted, with additions, in 1545, of Origen are contained in a collection, Eis tòx
1551, 1557, and 1571. The third and most complete Aanna épunvela. Siapópwv, In Danielem l'ariorum
Latin edition was that of Gilbertus Genebrardus, Commentarii, published in vol. i. pars ii. p. 161, &c.
2 vols. Paris, 1574, reprinted in 1604 and 1619. of the Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio, 10 vols.
The value of these Latin editions is diminished by | 4to. Rome, 1825, &c. of the same learned editur,
the consideration, that some of the works of Origen, On the writings of Origen, see Huet, Origeniara,
for instance, the De Martyrio and De Oratione, are lib. iii. ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 230, vol. i. p. 112,
not contained in them, and that the versions of ed. Oxford, 1740—43; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol.
Rufinus, which make up a large part of them, are iii. p. 551, &c. , 771, &c. ; Dupin, Nouvelle Biblioth.
notoriously unfaithful. We do not here notice any des Aut
. Ecclés. des I. II. III. Siècles, vol. i. p. 326,
but professedly complete editions of Origen's works. &c. 3d ed. 8vo. Paris, 1698; Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
Of the Graeco-Latin editions the most important vol. iii. p. 708, &c. , vol. vi. p. 199, &c. , vol. vii.
are the following: - Origenis Opera Exegetica, p. 201; Oudin. Comment. de Scriptoribus Eccles.
2 vols. fol. Rouen, 1668, edited by Pierre Daniel vol. i. col. 231, &c.
; Ceillier, Auteurs Sacris,
Huet, afterwards Bp. of Avranches. An ample vol. ii. p. 601, &c. ; Lardner, Credibiluy, &c. part
and valuable dissertation on the life, opinions, and ii. c. 38.
works of Origen, entitled Origeniana, was prefixed Few writers have exercised greater influence by
to this edition. The fragments, collected from the the force of their intellect and the variety of their
Catenae oy Combéfis, were sent to Huet, but were attainments than Origen, or have been the occasion
not inserted by him. Huet intended to publish of longer and more acrimonious disputes. His
the complete works of Origen, but did not execute influence is the more remarkable as he had not the
his purpose. His edition was reprinted at Paris, advantage of high rank and a commanding position
in 1679, and at Cologne, or rather Frankfort, in in the church ; and his freedom in interpreting the
1685. But the standard edition of Origen's works Scriptures, and the general liberality of his views
is that of the French Benedictine, Charles Delarue, were in direct opposition to the current of religious
completed after his death by his nephew, Charles opinion in his own and subsequent times.
Vincent Delarue, a monk of the same order, 4 vols. Of the more distinctive tenets of this father,
fol. Paris, 1733—1759. The first volume contains several bad reference to the foctrine of the
the Miscellaneous, including some of the supposi- Trinity, on which he was charged with distin-
titious works; and the other three the Exegetical guishing the ovvia, substantia, of the Father from
works, including one of the supposititious Commen that of the Son, with affirming the inferiority of the
tarii in Jobum. The fragments of the Hexapla Holy Spirit to the Son, with making both the
and-the Hebraicorum Nominum, &c. Interpretatio, Son and Spirit creatures, and with various other
and a portion of the supposititious works, are not errors either asserted by him, or regarded as
given. To the fourth volume are appended (1) Ru- necessarily flowing from his assertions, which it is
finus' version of the Apologia pro Origene of the not requisite to mention. Others of his opinions
Martyr Pamphilus, with considerable fragments of had reference to the difficult subject of the incar-
the Greek, accompanied by a new Latin version of nation, and to the pre-existence of Christ's human
the fragments. (2) The Epilogus of Rufinus on soul, which, as well as the pre-existence of other
the interpolation of Origen's writings. (3) Eis human souls, he affirmed. He was charged also
Ωριγένην προσφωνητικός και πανηγυρικός λόγος. | with holding the corporeity of angels and with
In Origenem Prosphonetica ac Panegyrica Oratio, other errors as to angels and daemons on which
addressed by Gregorius Thanmaturgus to Origen, his subjects his views appear to have fluctuated. He
preceptor, on leaving him to return to his native land, held the freedom of the human will, and ascribed
with the Latin version of Gerard Vossius. (4) The to man a nature less corrupt and depraved than
Origeniana of Huet: and (5) an extract from was consistent with orthodox riews of the ope-
Bishop Bull's Defensio Fidei Nicaenae, cap. ix. on ration of divine grace. He held the doctrine of
the Consubstantiality of the Son of God. The the universal restoration of the guilty, conceiving
whole works were accompanied by valuable pre- that the devil alone would suffer eternal punish-
faces, “ monita," and notes.
ment. Other points of less moment we do not
The works of Origen, from the edition of Dela- notice here. A full discussion of them is contained
rue, revised by Oberthür, were reprinted without in the Origeniana of Huet (lib. ii. c. 2, 3).
## p. 55 (#71) ##############################################
ORION.
65
ORION.
Origen lived before the limits which separated said to have been called by the Boeotians Cundaon.
orthodoxy and heterodoxy were so determinately (Hom. Od. xi. 309 ; Strab. ix. p. 404 ; Tzetz. ad
and narrowly laid down, as in the following centu- Lyc. 328. ) Once he caine to Chios (Ophiusa), and
ries ; and therefore, though his opinions were ob- fell in love with Aero, or Merope, the daughter of
noxious to many, and en bittered the opposition to Oenopion, by the nymph Helice. He cleared the
him, he was not cast out of the church as a heretic island from wild beasts, and brought the spoils of
in his lifetime, the grounds of his excommunication the chase as presents to his beloved ; but as
relating rather to points of ecclesiastical order and Oenopion constantly deferred the marringe, Orion
regularity, than to questions dogmatic theology. one day being intoxicated forced his way into the
But some time after his death, and especially after chamber of the maiden. Oenopion now implored
the outbreak of the Arian controversy, and the the assistance of Dionysus, who caused Orion to
appeal of the Arians to passages in Origen's works, be thrown into a deep sleep by styrs, in which
the cry of heresy was raised by the orthodox party Oenopion blinded him. Being informed by an
against his writings. The tone, however, of the oracle that he should recover his sight, if he would
earlier orthodox leaders, Athanasius, Basil, and go towards the east and expose his eye-balls to the
Gregory Nazianzen was moderate ; others, as rays of the rising sun, Orion following the sound
Hilary of Poitiers, John of Jerusalem, Didymus, of a Cyclops' hammer, went to Lemnos, where
Gregory Nysseni, Eusebius of Vercellae, Titus of Hephaestus gave to him Cedalion as his guidc.
Bostra, Ambrose, Palladius, Isidore of Pelusium, When afterwards he had recovered his sight, Orion
and even Jerome himself in his earlier life, de returned to Chios to take vengeance, but as Oeno-
fended Origen, though Jerome's change of opinion pion had been concealed by his friends, Orion was
in respect of Origen afterwards led to his famous unable to find him, and then proceeded to Crete,
quarrel with Rufinus. About the close of the where he lived as a hunter with Artemis. (Apollod.
fourth century, Theophilus of Alexandria expelled i 4. § 3; Parthen. Erot. 20 ; Theon, ad Arat. 638 ;
some monks from Egypt on account of their Hygin. Poct. Astr. ii. 34. ) The cause of his death,
Origenism ; but the oppressive deed was not ap which took place either in Crete or Chios, is
proved at Constantinople, where the monks were differently stated. According to some Eos, who
kindly received by the Patriarch Chrysostom and loved Orion for his beauty, carried him off, but as
the Empress Eudoxia. The monks were restored: the gods were angry at this, Artemis killed him
but the conflict of Theophilus and Chrysostom led with an arrow in Ortygia (Hom. Od. v. 121); ac-
to the deposition of the latter, one of the charges cording to others he was beloved by Artemis, and
agninst whom was that of Origenism. The memory Apollo, indignant at his sister's affection for him,
and opinions of Origen were now more decidedly asserted that she was unable to hit with her bow
condemned both in the East and West, yet they a distant point which he showed to her in the sea.
were favourably regarded by some of the more She thereupon took aim, and hit it, but the point
eminent men, among wbom were the ecclesiastical was the head of Orion, who had been swimming
historians Sucrates, Sozomen and Theodoret. In in the sea. (Hygin. I. c. ; Ov. Fust. v. 537. ) A
the reign of Justinian, Origenism revived in the third account states that he harboured an improper
monasteries of Palestine, and the emperor himself love for Artemis, that he challenged her to a game
wrote his Epistola ad Menam (s. Mennam) Pa- of discus, or that he violated Upis, on which ac-
triarcham CPolitanum against the Origenists, who count Artemis shot him, or sent & monstrous
were expelled from their monasteries in Palestine, scorpion which killed him. (Serv. ad Aen. i. 539 ;
and condemned in the fifth oecumenical (second Horat. Carm. ii. 4. 72; Apollod. i. 4. 8 5. ) A fourth
Constantinopolitan), council A. D. 553. The Greeks account, lastly, states that he boasted he would
generally followed the decision of the council, and conquer every animal, and would clear the earth
a new element, the question of the salvation of from all wild beasts ; but the earth sent forth a scor-
Origen, was added to the controversy respecting pion by which he was killed. (Or. Fast. v. 539,
the truth or error of his doctrines. In the West &c. ) Asclepius wanted to recall him to life, but
the dispute was revived with the revival of was slain by Zeus with a flash of lightning.
learning. Merlinus, Erasmus, and Genebrardus, (ASCLEPIUS. ) The accounts of his parentage and
his editors, Joannes Picus of Mirandula, Sixtus of birth-place are varying in the different writers, for
Sena, and the Jesuit Halloix, defended Origen, and some call him a son of Poseidon and Euryale
affirmed his salvation. The cardinals Baronius (Apollod, i. 4. § 3), and others say that he was
and Bellarmin took the opposite side, as did the born of the earth, or a son of Oenopion. (Sery,
reformers Luther and Beza. Stephen Binet, a ad Aen. i. 539, x. 763. ) He is further called a
Jesuit, published a little book, De Salute Ori Theban, or Tanagraean, but probably because
genis, Paris, 1629, in which he introduces the lead- Hyria, his native place, sometimes belonged to
ing writers on the subject as debating the question Tanagra, and sometimes to Thebes. (Hygin. Pret.
of Origen's salvation, and makes Baronius propose Astr. ii. 34 ; Paus. ix. 20. § 3 ; Strab. ix. p. 404. )
a descent to the infernal regions to ascertain the After his death, Orion was placed among the stars
truth. (Bayle, Dictionnaire, s. v. Origene, note D. ) (Hom. N. xviii. 486, &c. , xxii. 29, Od. v. 274),
A summary of the history of Origenism is given where he appears as a giant with a girdle, sword,
by Huet (Origeniana, lib. ii
. c. 4), and by the Jesuit a lion's skin and a club. As the rising and setting
Doucin, in bis Histoire de l'Origenisme. [J. C. M. ) of the constellation of Orion was believed to be
ORI'GENES, a platonic philosopher, who wrote accompanied by storms and rain, he is often called
a book De Daemonibus. He is not to be confounded imbrifer, nimbosus, or aquosus. His tomb was
with the subject of the foregoing article, as has shown at Tanagra. (Paus. ix. 20. $ 3. ) [L. S. ]
been sometimes done. (Porphyr. Vita Plotin. c. 3.
ORION and ORUS ('plw and 'npos), names
20; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol iii. p. 180. ) (J. C. M. ] of more than one ancient grammarian. The mode
ORI'ON ('Oplwy), a son of 'Hyrieus, of Hyria, in which they are mentioned by the authorities
in Boeotia, a very handsome giant and hunter, and who speak of them is so confused, that it is a matter
•
a
1
## p. 56 (#72) ##############################################
66
ORION.
ORION.
:
a
of the greatest difficulty to distinguish the different against this supposition, that, besides the internal
writers, and to assign to them their respective pro evidence that the articles taken from Orus and
ductions. The subject has been investigated with those taken from Orus the Milesian are really
great care and acuteness by Ritschl, and the follow- taken from one and the same author, all the works
ing are the leading results at which he has arrived. attributed by Suidas to the Alexandrian Orus are
Suidas speaks of two writers of the name of Orion, qnoted as the works of the Milesian Orus in the
and one of the name of Orus. The first Orion he Etymologica. From this, combined with the circum-
makes a native of Thebes in Egypt, the author of stance that the quotations made by Orus exhibit a
an avlondylov in three books, dedicated to Eudo- more extensive acquaintance with ancient and
cia, the wife of the younger Theodosius. The somewhat rare authors than was to be expected in
second Orion he describes as an Alexandrian gram- a Byzantine grammarian of the fourth century, and
marian, the author of, 1. an dvdolbylov ; 2. 'ATTO- that in the passages in the Etymologica no author
KWV négewe ouvaywrh ; 3. A work on etymology ; later than the second century is quoted by Orus,
4. A panegyric on the emperor Hadrian. Orus is Ritschl concludes that there were two grammarians
said by Suidas (as the text stands) to have been a of the name of Orus ; one a Milesian, who lived in
grammarian of Alexandria, who taught at Constan- the second century, and was the author of the
tinople, the author of a treatise #epl Sixpów, a works mentioned by Suidas: the other, an Alexan.
treatise tepl dOviwv, one on orthography, and drine grammarian, who taught at Constantinople
several others. Now Orus and Orion are men- not earlier than the middle of the fourth century
tioned some hundreds of times in the Etymologi- after Christ, and of whose worke, if he was the
cum Magnum, the Etymologicum Gudianum, and author of any, we possess no remains.
the Etymologicum of Zonaras. But they are nei- A comparison of the Etymologicum Magnum
ther of them ever styled Alexandrians, while a and the Etymologicum Gudianum with the lexicou
Milesian Orus is often quoted, here and there a of Orion shows that the various articles of the
Theban Orus is spoken of, and also a Milesian latter have been incorporated in the two former,
Orion : and these quotations apportion the writings though not always in exactly the same form as
referred to not only quite differently from Suidas, that in which they appear in Orion. It is found
but not even uniformiy as regards these etymo- also that in the Etymologicum Magnum a very
logical works as compared with each other and large number of the citations professedly taken
themselves. Both a Theban Orion and a Theban from Orus are also found in Orion. Ritschl has
Orus are quoted as writing on etymology ; a shown that it is impossible to substitute in all
Milesian Orion and Orus nepl dOvikwv; a Milesian these passages the name of Orion, as the Orus
Orus (not an Alexandrian, as Suidas says) on spoken of is sometimes distinctly called ó Mianowos;
orthography. Now in the midst of this confusion and that moreover it is not necessary to attempt it,
it happens fortunately enough that the etymo- for an article in the Etymologicum Magnum, which
logical work of Orion is still extant; and in it he | ends with the words ούτως 'Ωρος αλλά και 'Ωρίων
is distinctly spoken of as a Theban, who taught at kal 'Hpwòlavos repi natwv, renders it all but cer-
Caesarea. The άνθολόγιον προς Ευδοκίαν, in three tain that Orion had borrowed a large number of
books, is likewise extant in manuscript, bearing his articles from Orus without acknowledgment
the name of the same author. The dedication of This is confirmed by a comparison of various
this work to Eudocia fixes the period when the passages. Orion cites the older authorities by
Theban Orion lived to about the middle of the name.
and is still extant. It was first published, 12mo. Rud. Wetstenius, with a Latin version, 4to, Basel,
Oxford, 1685, with a Latin version. (Delarue, 1674. It is given by Delarue (vol. i. pp. 800-
vol. i. pp. 195—272. )
872), but not as Origen's. It was ascribed to
6. Eis uaptúplov #pOTPETTIKOS Abyos, Exhortatio Origen, perhaps by Basil and Gregory Nazianzen,
ad Martyrium, or repl uapt uplov, De Martyrio, certainly by Anastasius Sinaita ; but Huet has
addressed to his friend and patron Ambrosius, and shown that internal evidence is against its being
to Protoctetus of Caesareia, during the persecution bis ; and it is in all probability the production of
under the emperor Maximin (a. D. 235—238), and a later age. Adamantius is the “ orthodox
still extant. (Delarue, vol. i. pp. 273–310. ) It speaker in the Dialogue (comp. Maximus Hiero
was first published by Jo. Rud. Wetstenius SOLYMITANUS); and there is reason to believe,
(Wetstein) the younger, 4to, Basel, 1574, with a froin the testimony of Theodoret (Haeret. Fubulur.
Latin version and notes. Origen's letter of like Praefut. and i. 25), that the author really bore that
purport, written when a mere boy to his father, has name, and was a distinct person altogether from
been already noticed.
Origen ; but that, as Origen also bore the name of
7. Kata Kencov Tómoi ', Contra Celsum Libri Adamantius, the work came to be erroneously
VIII. , written in the time of the emperor Philippus ascribed to him. (2) Miloo opoúueva, 6. Toû kard
(Euseb. H. E. vi. 36), and still extant. In this | πασών αιρέσεων ελέγχου βιβλίον α', Philosophu-
valnable work Origen defends the truth of Chris- mena 6. Adversus omnes Haereses, Lilver primus.
tianity against the attacks of Celsus, an Epicurean, This work was first published with a Latin version
or perhaps a Platonic philosopher (Celsus). The and notes, vindicating Origen's title to the author-
Philocalia is chiefly made up of extracts from it. ship, by Jac. Gronovius, in the tenth volume of
It was first printed in the Latin version of Christo- his Thesaurus Antiquitatum Graecarum, p. 249, &c. ,
phorus Persona, fol. Rome, 1481, and in Greek under the title of Origenis Philosophumenwv Frug.
by David Hoeschelius, 4to, Augsburg, 1605. (De mentum. This title is not quite correct : the Phi-
larue, vol. i. pp. 310-799. )
losophumena, or account of the systems of the an-
It may be as well here to mention that the cient philosophy, appears to be entire, but is itself
dokania, Philocalia, so often mentioned, was a only a portion of a larger work against all here-
compilation by Basil of Caesareia, and his friend sies" or sects holding erroneous views. The author
Gregory of Nazianzus (Basilius, No. 2 ; GREGO is not known ; but he was not Origen ; for in his
RIUS NAZIA NZENUS), almost exclusively from the prooemium he claims episcopal rank, which Origen
writings of Origen, of which many important frag- never held. (The work is in Delarue, vol. i. pp.
ments have been tbus preserved, especially from 872—909. ) (3) Exónia eis cixdiv Kupakúv, Scho-
his reply to Celsus. It is divided into twenty- lia in Orationem Dominicam, published by Fed.
seven chapters. It was first published in the Latin Morellus, in 1601, as the production of " Origen
version of Gilbertus Genebrardus, in the second or some other teacher of that age :" but Huet and
volume of that author's edition of Origen's works, Delarue deny that these Scho'ia are his, and Huet
fol. Paris, 1574, and in Greek by Joannes Ta- ascribes them to Petrus of Laodiceia, following the
rinus, 4to, Paris, 1618. It is not given as a whole editors of the Bibliotheca Patrum, who have given
by Delarue, but such of the extracts as are not a Latin version of them in that collection. (Delarue,
elsewhere extant are distributed to their appro- vol. i. pp. 909, 911. )-The above, with (4), an an-
priate places,
cient Latin version of a Commentary on Job, are
Many works of Origen are totally lost. An the only supposititious works given by Delarue.
enumeration of those of which we have any in- Others, however, are extant, and have been given
forination is given by Fabricius (Bibl. Graec. by other editors, but do not require any further
vol. vii. p. 235, &c). The majority of those notice here.
which are lost were biblical and exegetical. The Beside his own works, Origen revised the Lexi-
others were chiefly directed against the various con of Hebrew names, Hebruicorum Nominun S.
classes of heretics, and partly consisted of records Scripturae et Mensurarum Interpretation of Philo
of bis disputations with them. The book De Judaeus (Philo); and enlarged it by the addition
Libero Arbitrio, mentioned by himself in his Com- of the names in the New Testament: the work is
mentary on the Epistle to the Romans, was perhaps consequently ascribed to him in some MSS. : but
that portion of his lepi dpxw which relates to that after his reputed heresies had rendered him odious,
subject. What the Monobiblia, mentioned by the name of Cyril of Alexandria was prefixed to the
E 3
## p. 54 (#70) ##############################################
54
ORIGENES.
ORIGENES.
work in some MSS. in place of his. The Lexicon | notes, in 15 vols. 8vo. Würzburg, 1785, &c. A
is extant in the Latin version of Jerome, among number of additional passages from Origen, chiefly
whose works it is usually printed. (Vol. ii. pars i. gleaned from various Catenae, and containing Scho-
edit. Benedictin, vol. iii. ed. Vallars. )
lia on several of the books of Scripture, are given in
The collected works of Origen, more or less the Appendix to the xivth (posthumous) volume of
complete, have been repeatedly published. The Galland's Bibliotheca Patrum. The most important
first editions contained the Latin versions only; of these additions are to the Scholia on the books of
they were those of Jac. Merlinus, 4 vols. , or more Deuteronomy, Samuel, Kings, Job, Psalms, Pro-
exactly, 4 parts in 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1512-1519. verbs, and the Gospels of Matthew and Luke.
In this edition the editor published an Apologia Some additions to the Scholia on the Canticles, and
pro Origene, which involved him in much trouble, to the Hexaplar readings on the same book, are
and obliged him to defend himself in a new Apo- contained in the Eis ta ouata, Catena in Canticum,
logia, published in A. D. 1522, when his edition was of Procopius of Gaza, published in the Classicorum
reprinted, as it was again in 1530, and perhaps 1536. Auctorum e l'aticanis Codd. editorum of Angelo
The second edition was prepared by Erasmus, who Mai, vol. ix. p. 257, &c. 8vo. Rome, 1837. Two
made the versions, and was published after his death fragments of Origen, one considerable one, Eis TÒ
by Beatus Rhenanus, fol. Basel. 1536. Panzerkata Moukāv, In Evangelium Lucue (pp. 474 482),
(Annules Typ. vol. vii. ) gives the version of Eras- and one of a few lines, Els AevitiKÓV, In Leviticum,
mus as published in 4 vols. fol. Lyon (Lugdunum), appear in vol. X. of the same series. Some Scholia
1536. It was reprinted, with additions, in 1545, of Origen are contained in a collection, Eis tòx
1551, 1557, and 1571. The third and most complete Aanna épunvela. Siapópwv, In Danielem l'ariorum
Latin edition was that of Gilbertus Genebrardus, Commentarii, published in vol. i. pars ii. p. 161, &c.
2 vols. Paris, 1574, reprinted in 1604 and 1619. of the Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio, 10 vols.
The value of these Latin editions is diminished by | 4to. Rome, 1825, &c. of the same learned editur,
the consideration, that some of the works of Origen, On the writings of Origen, see Huet, Origeniara,
for instance, the De Martyrio and De Oratione, are lib. iii. ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 230, vol. i. p. 112,
not contained in them, and that the versions of ed. Oxford, 1740—43; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol.
Rufinus, which make up a large part of them, are iii. p. 551, &c. , 771, &c. ; Dupin, Nouvelle Biblioth.
notoriously unfaithful. We do not here notice any des Aut
. Ecclés. des I. II. III. Siècles, vol. i. p. 326,
but professedly complete editions of Origen's works. &c. 3d ed. 8vo. Paris, 1698; Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
Of the Graeco-Latin editions the most important vol. iii. p. 708, &c. , vol. vi. p. 199, &c. , vol. vii.
are the following: - Origenis Opera Exegetica, p. 201; Oudin. Comment. de Scriptoribus Eccles.
2 vols. fol. Rouen, 1668, edited by Pierre Daniel vol. i. col. 231, &c.
; Ceillier, Auteurs Sacris,
Huet, afterwards Bp. of Avranches. An ample vol. ii. p. 601, &c. ; Lardner, Credibiluy, &c. part
and valuable dissertation on the life, opinions, and ii. c. 38.
works of Origen, entitled Origeniana, was prefixed Few writers have exercised greater influence by
to this edition. The fragments, collected from the the force of their intellect and the variety of their
Catenae oy Combéfis, were sent to Huet, but were attainments than Origen, or have been the occasion
not inserted by him. Huet intended to publish of longer and more acrimonious disputes. His
the complete works of Origen, but did not execute influence is the more remarkable as he had not the
his purpose. His edition was reprinted at Paris, advantage of high rank and a commanding position
in 1679, and at Cologne, or rather Frankfort, in in the church ; and his freedom in interpreting the
1685. But the standard edition of Origen's works Scriptures, and the general liberality of his views
is that of the French Benedictine, Charles Delarue, were in direct opposition to the current of religious
completed after his death by his nephew, Charles opinion in his own and subsequent times.
Vincent Delarue, a monk of the same order, 4 vols. Of the more distinctive tenets of this father,
fol. Paris, 1733—1759. The first volume contains several bad reference to the foctrine of the
the Miscellaneous, including some of the supposi- Trinity, on which he was charged with distin-
titious works; and the other three the Exegetical guishing the ovvia, substantia, of the Father from
works, including one of the supposititious Commen that of the Son, with affirming the inferiority of the
tarii in Jobum. The fragments of the Hexapla Holy Spirit to the Son, with making both the
and-the Hebraicorum Nominum, &c. Interpretatio, Son and Spirit creatures, and with various other
and a portion of the supposititious works, are not errors either asserted by him, or regarded as
given. To the fourth volume are appended (1) Ru- necessarily flowing from his assertions, which it is
finus' version of the Apologia pro Origene of the not requisite to mention. Others of his opinions
Martyr Pamphilus, with considerable fragments of had reference to the difficult subject of the incar-
the Greek, accompanied by a new Latin version of nation, and to the pre-existence of Christ's human
the fragments. (2) The Epilogus of Rufinus on soul, which, as well as the pre-existence of other
the interpolation of Origen's writings. (3) Eis human souls, he affirmed. He was charged also
Ωριγένην προσφωνητικός και πανηγυρικός λόγος. | with holding the corporeity of angels and with
In Origenem Prosphonetica ac Panegyrica Oratio, other errors as to angels and daemons on which
addressed by Gregorius Thanmaturgus to Origen, his subjects his views appear to have fluctuated. He
preceptor, on leaving him to return to his native land, held the freedom of the human will, and ascribed
with the Latin version of Gerard Vossius. (4) The to man a nature less corrupt and depraved than
Origeniana of Huet: and (5) an extract from was consistent with orthodox riews of the ope-
Bishop Bull's Defensio Fidei Nicaenae, cap. ix. on ration of divine grace. He held the doctrine of
the Consubstantiality of the Son of God. The the universal restoration of the guilty, conceiving
whole works were accompanied by valuable pre- that the devil alone would suffer eternal punish-
faces, “ monita," and notes.
ment. Other points of less moment we do not
The works of Origen, from the edition of Dela- notice here. A full discussion of them is contained
rue, revised by Oberthür, were reprinted without in the Origeniana of Huet (lib. ii. c. 2, 3).
## p. 55 (#71) ##############################################
ORION.
65
ORION.
Origen lived before the limits which separated said to have been called by the Boeotians Cundaon.
orthodoxy and heterodoxy were so determinately (Hom. Od. xi. 309 ; Strab. ix. p. 404 ; Tzetz. ad
and narrowly laid down, as in the following centu- Lyc. 328. ) Once he caine to Chios (Ophiusa), and
ries ; and therefore, though his opinions were ob- fell in love with Aero, or Merope, the daughter of
noxious to many, and en bittered the opposition to Oenopion, by the nymph Helice. He cleared the
him, he was not cast out of the church as a heretic island from wild beasts, and brought the spoils of
in his lifetime, the grounds of his excommunication the chase as presents to his beloved ; but as
relating rather to points of ecclesiastical order and Oenopion constantly deferred the marringe, Orion
regularity, than to questions dogmatic theology. one day being intoxicated forced his way into the
But some time after his death, and especially after chamber of the maiden. Oenopion now implored
the outbreak of the Arian controversy, and the the assistance of Dionysus, who caused Orion to
appeal of the Arians to passages in Origen's works, be thrown into a deep sleep by styrs, in which
the cry of heresy was raised by the orthodox party Oenopion blinded him. Being informed by an
against his writings. The tone, however, of the oracle that he should recover his sight, if he would
earlier orthodox leaders, Athanasius, Basil, and go towards the east and expose his eye-balls to the
Gregory Nazianzen was moderate ; others, as rays of the rising sun, Orion following the sound
Hilary of Poitiers, John of Jerusalem, Didymus, of a Cyclops' hammer, went to Lemnos, where
Gregory Nysseni, Eusebius of Vercellae, Titus of Hephaestus gave to him Cedalion as his guidc.
Bostra, Ambrose, Palladius, Isidore of Pelusium, When afterwards he had recovered his sight, Orion
and even Jerome himself in his earlier life, de returned to Chios to take vengeance, but as Oeno-
fended Origen, though Jerome's change of opinion pion had been concealed by his friends, Orion was
in respect of Origen afterwards led to his famous unable to find him, and then proceeded to Crete,
quarrel with Rufinus. About the close of the where he lived as a hunter with Artemis. (Apollod.
fourth century, Theophilus of Alexandria expelled i 4. § 3; Parthen. Erot. 20 ; Theon, ad Arat. 638 ;
some monks from Egypt on account of their Hygin. Poct. Astr. ii. 34. ) The cause of his death,
Origenism ; but the oppressive deed was not ap which took place either in Crete or Chios, is
proved at Constantinople, where the monks were differently stated. According to some Eos, who
kindly received by the Patriarch Chrysostom and loved Orion for his beauty, carried him off, but as
the Empress Eudoxia. The monks were restored: the gods were angry at this, Artemis killed him
but the conflict of Theophilus and Chrysostom led with an arrow in Ortygia (Hom. Od. v. 121); ac-
to the deposition of the latter, one of the charges cording to others he was beloved by Artemis, and
agninst whom was that of Origenism. The memory Apollo, indignant at his sister's affection for him,
and opinions of Origen were now more decidedly asserted that she was unable to hit with her bow
condemned both in the East and West, yet they a distant point which he showed to her in the sea.
were favourably regarded by some of the more She thereupon took aim, and hit it, but the point
eminent men, among wbom were the ecclesiastical was the head of Orion, who had been swimming
historians Sucrates, Sozomen and Theodoret. In in the sea. (Hygin. I. c. ; Ov. Fust. v. 537. ) A
the reign of Justinian, Origenism revived in the third account states that he harboured an improper
monasteries of Palestine, and the emperor himself love for Artemis, that he challenged her to a game
wrote his Epistola ad Menam (s. Mennam) Pa- of discus, or that he violated Upis, on which ac-
triarcham CPolitanum against the Origenists, who count Artemis shot him, or sent & monstrous
were expelled from their monasteries in Palestine, scorpion which killed him. (Serv. ad Aen. i. 539 ;
and condemned in the fifth oecumenical (second Horat. Carm. ii. 4. 72; Apollod. i. 4. 8 5. ) A fourth
Constantinopolitan), council A. D. 553. The Greeks account, lastly, states that he boasted he would
generally followed the decision of the council, and conquer every animal, and would clear the earth
a new element, the question of the salvation of from all wild beasts ; but the earth sent forth a scor-
Origen, was added to the controversy respecting pion by which he was killed. (Or. Fast. v. 539,
the truth or error of his doctrines. In the West &c. ) Asclepius wanted to recall him to life, but
the dispute was revived with the revival of was slain by Zeus with a flash of lightning.
learning. Merlinus, Erasmus, and Genebrardus, (ASCLEPIUS. ) The accounts of his parentage and
his editors, Joannes Picus of Mirandula, Sixtus of birth-place are varying in the different writers, for
Sena, and the Jesuit Halloix, defended Origen, and some call him a son of Poseidon and Euryale
affirmed his salvation. The cardinals Baronius (Apollod, i. 4. § 3), and others say that he was
and Bellarmin took the opposite side, as did the born of the earth, or a son of Oenopion. (Sery,
reformers Luther and Beza. Stephen Binet, a ad Aen. i. 539, x. 763. ) He is further called a
Jesuit, published a little book, De Salute Ori Theban, or Tanagraean, but probably because
genis, Paris, 1629, in which he introduces the lead- Hyria, his native place, sometimes belonged to
ing writers on the subject as debating the question Tanagra, and sometimes to Thebes. (Hygin. Pret.
of Origen's salvation, and makes Baronius propose Astr. ii. 34 ; Paus. ix. 20. § 3 ; Strab. ix. p. 404. )
a descent to the infernal regions to ascertain the After his death, Orion was placed among the stars
truth. (Bayle, Dictionnaire, s. v. Origene, note D. ) (Hom. N. xviii. 486, &c. , xxii. 29, Od. v. 274),
A summary of the history of Origenism is given where he appears as a giant with a girdle, sword,
by Huet (Origeniana, lib. ii
. c. 4), and by the Jesuit a lion's skin and a club. As the rising and setting
Doucin, in bis Histoire de l'Origenisme. [J. C. M. ) of the constellation of Orion was believed to be
ORI'GENES, a platonic philosopher, who wrote accompanied by storms and rain, he is often called
a book De Daemonibus. He is not to be confounded imbrifer, nimbosus, or aquosus. His tomb was
with the subject of the foregoing article, as has shown at Tanagra. (Paus. ix. 20. $ 3. ) [L. S. ]
been sometimes done. (Porphyr. Vita Plotin. c. 3.
ORION and ORUS ('plw and 'npos), names
20; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol iii. p. 180. ) (J. C. M. ] of more than one ancient grammarian. The mode
ORI'ON ('Oplwy), a son of 'Hyrieus, of Hyria, in which they are mentioned by the authorities
in Boeotia, a very handsome giant and hunter, and who speak of them is so confused, that it is a matter
•
a
1
## p. 56 (#72) ##############################################
66
ORION.
ORION.
:
a
of the greatest difficulty to distinguish the different against this supposition, that, besides the internal
writers, and to assign to them their respective pro evidence that the articles taken from Orus and
ductions. The subject has been investigated with those taken from Orus the Milesian are really
great care and acuteness by Ritschl, and the follow- taken from one and the same author, all the works
ing are the leading results at which he has arrived. attributed by Suidas to the Alexandrian Orus are
Suidas speaks of two writers of the name of Orion, qnoted as the works of the Milesian Orus in the
and one of the name of Orus. The first Orion he Etymologica. From this, combined with the circum-
makes a native of Thebes in Egypt, the author of stance that the quotations made by Orus exhibit a
an avlondylov in three books, dedicated to Eudo- more extensive acquaintance with ancient and
cia, the wife of the younger Theodosius. The somewhat rare authors than was to be expected in
second Orion he describes as an Alexandrian gram- a Byzantine grammarian of the fourth century, and
marian, the author of, 1. an dvdolbylov ; 2. 'ATTO- that in the passages in the Etymologica no author
KWV négewe ouvaywrh ; 3. A work on etymology ; later than the second century is quoted by Orus,
4. A panegyric on the emperor Hadrian. Orus is Ritschl concludes that there were two grammarians
said by Suidas (as the text stands) to have been a of the name of Orus ; one a Milesian, who lived in
grammarian of Alexandria, who taught at Constan- the second century, and was the author of the
tinople, the author of a treatise #epl Sixpów, a works mentioned by Suidas: the other, an Alexan.
treatise tepl dOviwv, one on orthography, and drine grammarian, who taught at Constantinople
several others. Now Orus and Orion are men- not earlier than the middle of the fourth century
tioned some hundreds of times in the Etymologi- after Christ, and of whose worke, if he was the
cum Magnum, the Etymologicum Gudianum, and author of any, we possess no remains.
the Etymologicum of Zonaras. But they are nei- A comparison of the Etymologicum Magnum
ther of them ever styled Alexandrians, while a and the Etymologicum Gudianum with the lexicou
Milesian Orus is often quoted, here and there a of Orion shows that the various articles of the
Theban Orus is spoken of, and also a Milesian latter have been incorporated in the two former,
Orion : and these quotations apportion the writings though not always in exactly the same form as
referred to not only quite differently from Suidas, that in which they appear in Orion. It is found
but not even uniformiy as regards these etymo- also that in the Etymologicum Magnum a very
logical works as compared with each other and large number of the citations professedly taken
themselves. Both a Theban Orion and a Theban from Orus are also found in Orion. Ritschl has
Orus are quoted as writing on etymology ; a shown that it is impossible to substitute in all
Milesian Orion and Orus nepl dOvikwv; a Milesian these passages the name of Orion, as the Orus
Orus (not an Alexandrian, as Suidas says) on spoken of is sometimes distinctly called ó Mianowos;
orthography. Now in the midst of this confusion and that moreover it is not necessary to attempt it,
it happens fortunately enough that the etymo- for an article in the Etymologicum Magnum, which
logical work of Orion is still extant; and in it he | ends with the words ούτως 'Ωρος αλλά και 'Ωρίων
is distinctly spoken of as a Theban, who taught at kal 'Hpwòlavos repi natwv, renders it all but cer-
Caesarea. The άνθολόγιον προς Ευδοκίαν, in three tain that Orion had borrowed a large number of
books, is likewise extant in manuscript, bearing his articles from Orus without acknowledgment
the name of the same author. The dedication of This is confirmed by a comparison of various
this work to Eudocia fixes the period when the passages. Orion cites the older authorities by
Theban Orion lived to about the middle of the name.
