The mighty
elements
their wrath forego
Under his skilled and wise command;
He bids the waters leave the valleys low,
And mountains sink to level land !
Under his skilled and wise command;
He bids the waters leave the valleys low,
And mountains sink to level land !
Poland - 1881 - Poets and Poetry of Poland
hathitrust.
org/access_use#pd
? KRASICKI. 145
" Well, God must pay men for their care:
From what is made the coats they wear? "
THE CAPTIVE BIRD.
" Why weepest thou? 1 ' a youngling bird
To older one appealed,
"Art thou not better in this cage
Than in yon dangerous field?
For me the prison-house and care,
'Fore danger and the open air," '
" Peace ! " said the elder bird, " be still !
Within this thou wert born;
But I have known the hallowed sweets
Of freedom in life's morn.
Bright liberty once sunned my brow,
I weep that I'm a prisoner now. "
THE PHILOSOPHER.
There lived somewhere, in olden time,
A proud philosopher,
Who, fixed in his opinions, thought
That he could never err.
Progressed through life without assistance,
And scoffed the thought of God's existence.
But sickness came, and with its pangs
Came loss of fortitude ;
And he who measured heaven's space,
And farther'st planets viewed,
Came not alone a God to know,
But all the fiends of hell ; also.
10
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? 146 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
WENGIERSKI.
Thomas Kajetan Wengierski, the Polish Piron, was
born in Podolia in 1755, and educated by the Jesuits
at Nowe Miasto, as also at Warsaw. He became a
chamberlain to the king Stanislaus Augustus, but his
unbridled passion tor satires and epigrams caused him
many bitter enemies. All his writings are distinguished
for smoothness and great wit. His ' c Calash " and ' ' The
Philosopher" are short poems, but excellent. He is
also the author of "Organy" (the organs), a poem of
great power and bitter satire. His satirical attacks of
persons connected with the king's court caused his dis-
missal, and he was obliged to leave the country.
He traveled in England, Italy, France, Martinique,
Hayti, St. Domingo and the United States of North
America. He gave a lucid account of his travels in
Southern France and Italy in the French language, but
the rest of his peregrinations were written in his native
tongue.
There is no denying that Wengierski was a poet of
great genius, but his language is occasionally some-
what loose. He died at Marseilles quite young (at the
age of thirty-two), having impaired his health and
shortened his life by all sorts of excesses.
Lucian Siemien? ski, in his "Literary Portraits," pub-
lished in 1850, wrote an article on the "Travels and
Reminiscences of Wengierski," mentioning many inter-
esting incidents in the poet's life, softening greatly the
asperse criticisms on Wengierski, and acquainting us
with the unknown part of his life and character.
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? VVENGIEESKI. 147
MY WIFE.
A DREAM.
Strangely 'wilder'd I must seem,
I was married in a dream, --
Oh, the ecstasy of bliss!
Brother! what a joy it is!
Think about it and confess
'Tis a storm of happiness, --
And the memory is to me
Sunbeams, -- but sixteen was she.
Cheeks of roses red and white;
Mouth like Davia's ; eyes of light,
Fiery, round, of raven hue,
Swimming, but coquettish too;
Ivory teeth; lips fresh as dew;
Bosom beauteous, hand of down,
Fairy foot. She stood alone
In her graces, -- she was mine,
And I drank her charms divine.
**** 4
But in early years our schemes
Are but showy, shadowy dreams;
For a season they deceive,
Then our souls in darkness leave.
Oft the bowl the water bears,
Yet 'tis useless soon with years;
First it cracks, and then it leaks,
And at last -- at last it breaks.
All things with beginning tend
To their melancholy end --
So her beauty fled.
Then did anger, care and malice
Mingle up their bitter chalice.
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? 148 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
Kiches like a whirlwind flew,
Honors, gifts, and glories too;
And my lovely wife, so mild,
Fortune's frail and flattered child,
Spent our wealth, as if the day
Ne'er would dim or pass away;
And -- 0, monstrous thought ! -- the fair
Scratched my eyes, and tore my hair;
Nought but misery was our guest,
So I sought the parish priest.
" Father! grant me a divorce --
Nay, you will grant it me, of course:
Reasons many can be given, --
Keasons both of earth and heaven. "
" I know all you wish to say:
Have you wherewithal to pay?
Money is a thing of course, --
Money may obtain divorce. "
" Reverend father! hear me, please ye,
'Tis not an affair so easy. "
" Silence, child! where money's needed
Eloquence is superseded. "
Then I talked of morals; but
The good father's ears were shut.
With a fierce and frowning look
Off he drove me, --
And I woke.
WHAT ONE LIKES.
" Co kto lubi. "
Let the toper his empty glass fill,
And the gambler throw his dice with skill;
Let the huntsman gallop his steed at will,
And the warrior other warriors kill;
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? WENGIERSKI 149
Let the courtier buzz in the palace gate,
The usurer eat the youth's estate;
The lawyer pillage and prose and prate,
And rob even beggars, with looks sedate;
The monk may leave his sandals where
They tell strange tales, -- I nothing care,
If of this world's follies I get my share ;
Let each just as he likes -- that's fair.
The end of life is happiness. -- Pursue
That end life's transitory journey through,
Nor fear, on earth, while happiness pursuing,
That thou art storing up for heaven thy ruin.
But if thou fear the future, oh, beware
At every step, and tread with cautious care;
For in this world, to sin and sin unheeded,
A very decent character is needed ;
So get a character, and then just do
Whate'er you please, -- the world will smile on you.
Helter skelter, a dandy scuds over the streets,
With his hot, foaming steeds, helter skelter,
The dread and annoyance of all that he meets,
Who fly at his coming for shelter.
His horses he flogs and cries " Out of the way, 1 '
As they tear up the pebbles and stones, sir;
And he thinks it a great condescension to say
" Be off ! or I'll break all your bones, sir. "
I saw him once knock a poor mendicant down,
And laugh as the luckless one stumbled;
And I said, " E'er he reaches the verge of the town
That cold-hearted pride will be humbled !
Sure a tyrant like this, one so reckless and base,
Should be curl'd to be cautious or quiet. "
But still he dash'd on in his life-scorning race,
Till he rattled toward Nowy Siviat*
* Nowy Swiat," the New World, -- a fashionable part of Warsaw.
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? 150 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
When he struck on a stone at a corner -- and smack
Went the axle, and down came the hero.
He was thrown like a stone from a sling, on his back,
And his pride sunk at once below zero.
I have seen him on crutches, and hope he has found
This secret -- I need not reveal it, --
'Tis easy indeed to occasion a wound,
But not very easy to heal it.
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? TREMBECKI. 151
TREMBECKI.
Stanislaus Trembecki was a man of extraordinary
powers of mind. He possessed the greatest facility of
being easily impressed with all kinds of literary crea-
tions. He was well versed in Latin literature, wrote
in French as well as in Polish, and was thoroughly
learned in all Slavonic languages. In life, and in the
world around him, objects presented themselves to him
only as themes for writing poetry upon. He praised
many people and many things, but he loved no one
and nothing. He never had a soul-attachment to any
one. Persons and things that interested him he loved
but for a little while. "Not having the popularity of
Krasicki, he was superior to him in taste and poetic
talent. Among the learned he had a great repute.
He composed satires, letters, fables, on common and
political subjects. We must also add that he was dis-
tinguished in epic poetry. In his lyrics he was cold
and constrained, but occasionally he warmed up with
patriotic feeling, but even then he was more eloquent
than poetic. His satires were the fruits of momentary
impressions and tools of contention. Open and hab-
itual derider, he comes out with bitterness and severity,
never trying to smooth things over with harmless wit
or even irony, frequently using common and even
coarse expressions. In his panegyrics he frequently
piles flattery with great profusion. Epic poetry was his
chief pursuit, in which he distinguished himself as the
poet most conversant with the patterns of the masters
of antiquity. Initiated into the mysteries of poetic
spirit, in the riches and adaptation of his native
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? 152 POETS AND POETKY OF POLAND.
tongue he was gifted with aesthetic feeling and a deli-
cate taste. Although an imitator and a disciple of a
new school, he did not know how to become a national
writer, neither did he wish to approach the grateful
simplicity and freshness of the poets of Sigismund's
times, yet he equaled them in power, dignity, and fer-
tility, but in the outward smoothness and polish consid-
erably outstripped them.
His most celebrated poem is "Zofio? wka" (Sophia's
Park or Garden), a description of a garden of that
name, the property of Count Potocki, situated close to
the city of Human? , in Ukraine. In this park of mag-
nificent proportions and great beauty is a grotto, on
entering which your senses are struck with a delightful
sight of rare works of art and many wonderful curiosi-
ties. As you gaze around it the spell of enchantment
only increases, and you almost imagine that you have
entered the gates of Paradise. The following in scrip tion
in Polish may perhaps be seen up to this day over the
grotto, the meaning of which is this:
Before you enter here leave your troubles all behind, --
If you're already happy, more happiness you'll find.
The conciseness of presenting high thoughts, the power,
skill, and the appropriateness in description, the inim-
itable skill in the outer form of the verse, distinguish
him from all his contemporaries. Trembecki has been
called more of an artist than a poet.
He was born in 1723. While yet very young he
traveled over nearly all Europe, and resided for some
time in Paris, where he contracted a friendly intimacy
with many distinguished French poets. It was there
that he was impressed with the philosophy of the eigh-
teenth century, and with the manners and customs of
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? TREMBECKI. 153
the French court of Louis XV. He fought thirty duels,
the cause of almost every one being women. Returning
to his country he became chamberlain to King Stanis-
laus Augustus; from this time hence he lived at War-
saw, and was engaged in the, composition of different
kinds of verses. After the abdication of King Ponia-
towski he remained with him continually at Grodno
and St. Petersburg. After the king's death he resided
at Tulczyn, in the Province of Podolia, at Count
Potocki' s manor. For thirty years he never ate meat
nor drank any wine. Toward the end of his life he
associated with but very few, and scarcely left his
house. He spent one clay in the week giving alms.
He died in 1812.
All his works were published in 1828, in two vol-
umes, at Breslau, and in Leipsic in 1806 and 1836.
Quite a learned dissertation on Trembecki's poetry was
published by Hippolitus Klimaszewski in 1830. "Zo-
fio? wka" was translated into French by De Lagarde.
BALLOON.
Where the eagle in his rapid flight
With strong pursuit the birds do scare --
And lurid thunderbolts with angry might
Rush through the regions of the air.
A strange pair whom fear has never checked,
Resolved to o'ercome Nature's laws;
And striking the road where Icarus wrecked,
Soared through the clouds without a pause.
With gas the vehicle the pair innate,
Upward the air its course inclines --
Its chains are threads, its rudder is fate,
They are competing with the winds.
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? 154 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
The lofty, gorgeous houses, one by one,
Lessen and disappear from sight,
And looking from the trap of the balloon --
A ruined heap they all unite.
The broad Vistula, so august and grand,
Looked like a stream whose drops would fail,
Its width like a finger from a child's hand,
Though it flowed grandly in the vale.
Yet some attribute wonders strangely great
To this unsafe and crazy craft,
Perhaps 'tis so, yet I may truly state,
Wise men have at their judgment laughed.
Yet we admit that Nature's giant might
Has burst strong walls of stone and steel,
Man's wisdom, too, all obstacles shall smite --
But give him time with work and zeal.
With gallant ships his fertile brain has filled
The stormy and the pathless main,
Of gems to rob the ocean he is skilled --
Eternal rocks he rends in twain.
The mighty elements their wrath forego
Under his skilled and wise command;
He bids the waters leave the valleys low,
And mountains sink to level land !
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? NIEMCEWICZ.
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? NIEMCEWICZ. 157
NIEMCEWICZ.
With pleasure Heaven itself surveys
A brave man struggling in the storms of fate,
And greatly falling with the falling state. Pope.
Julian Ursin Niemcewicz, secretary to the senate of
the kingdom of Poland, and soon after a senator,
president of the Royal Society of Science of Warsaw,
and member of many literary societies in Europe and
America, was born of an ancient and respectable family
in Lithuania, in the year 1T5S. As citizen, statesman,
author, historian, and poet, he shone with an eclat
unparalleled since the clays of Crichton. While still
very young he was elected representative of the palati-
nate of Polish Livonia to the diets of 1788 and 1792.
Much civil courage was requisite in those assemblies to
combat the menaces and intrigues of the factions, and
much activity to repress the turbulence of the people;
for in addition to the dangers to be apprehended from
exterior enemies, the ambition, interest, and prejudices
of the great, and the ignorance of the people, were
opposed to the efforts of the patriots.
The young Niemcewicz, endowed with a generous
mind and superior talents, knew how to merit this
doubje praise. Amidst the representatives of his
country his eloquence was poured forth in defense of
the sacred cause of rational liberty, and sustained the
rights of the peasant against the usurped privileges of
the aristocrat when this important question was before
the house. To disseminate his principles he united
with two of his colleagues, -- the castellan Thadeus
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? 158 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
Mostowski, and the representative of Livonia, Joseph
Weyssenhoff, in publishing a political journal; and
notwithstanding the s-hort duration of " The Foreign
and National Gazette " (1st January, 1791), it rendered
important service to the public cause. The muse of
Niemcewicz, by chanting in spirited strains the exploits
of the heroes of his country, kindled the torch of
patriotism in the breasts of their compatriots. The
laurel that entwines the brow of the hero would wither
in his tomb if, like that of Achilles, it were not pre-
served by the bard in unfading freshness. Niemcewicz
also made the theater subservient to his ruling passion.
One of his comedies, the "Return of the Representa-
tive," displays equally his talents and public spirit.
During the public fetes on the anniversary of the 3d
of May, 1791, a new drama (Casimir the Great) had
the honor of embellishing the national rejoicings,
adding to his fame, and acquiring lasting and deserved
popularity. The memorable day on which it was
enacted was the last of Poland's happiness. A handful
of traitors, bribed by the empress, Catharine III, sup-
ported by her troops, and encouraged by the shameful
irresolution of King Stanislaus Augustus, with the deadly
blight of their treason blasted the councils of the
brave, and prepared for the ruin of their unfortunate
country. But Poland did not yield without covering
herself with immortal glory during the last moments
of her political existence. The illustrious Kos? ciuszko
raised the standard of independence, and placed him-
self at the head of those brave men who resolved to
bury themselves under the ruins of their country. The
young Niemcewicz became aid-de-camp to the general-
issimo. It was he who composed the proclamations,
orders of the day, and bulletins of the battles, -- all
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? NIEMCEWICZ. 1 59
dictated by ardent love for Poland and for glory. But
when, after unhoped-for success, the fatal day of the
10th of October, 1794, covered Poland with mourning,
and Kos? ciuszko, pierced with wounds, fell into the
hands of the enemy on the field of Macieiowice, the
brave Niemcewicz, also grievously wounded, shared
his fate. They were sent, with a number of other
illustrious victims, to the dungeons of St. Petersburg.
In their solitary confinement they mourned over the
fate of Poland until the accession of Paul I to the
throne of Russia restored 14,000 Polanders, dispersed
through Siberia and the different strongholds of the
vast Russian empire, to liberty. But the virtuous
Niemcewicz seemed destined to form an exception to
the amnesty of 1797. Niemcewicz still inspired the
new czar with suspicion. "I fear," said Paul, "that
his ardent mind, vast intellectual powers, and persua-
sive eloquence will excite new troubles in my empire. "
The entreaties of Kos? ciuszko overcame the fears of the
czar, and Niemcewicz followed his immortal friend into
that refuge of oppressed virtue, the hospitable land
of America. In exile, as well as in captivity, he found
in letters his chief consolation. It was in his Russian
prison that he composed his beautiful translation of the
"Rape of the Lock," and of "Racine's Athalia. "
Desirous of seeing his family he sailed for Warsaw in
1809, and there published his works in twelve volumes.
Received into the Scientific Society, he joined in their
labors, and wrote some political tracts, which are
greatly esteemed. It was in Paris, in 1803, that he
was invited into Russia, where the government offered
him employment; but disdaining to serve the spoilers
of his country, he refused the offers of Alexander, and
returned to America, where he married a lady native of
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? 160 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
]STew Jersey, whose talents and agreeable qualities
formed the frequent theme of his muse during his short
visit to Europe. During his former visit to America
he had, with his general, Kos? ciuszko, been admitted into
the friendship of the immortal Washington. In the verd-
ant groves of his charming residence in Mount Yernon,
and on the banks of the superb Potomac, Niemcewicz
mused on the condition of his beloved Poland, or con-
templated the august' figure of the most virtuous of
Americans, until his sentiments of respect and venera-
tion for this hero found utterance in his biography of
George Washington. The events of 1806, the creation
of the grand duchy of Warsaw, and their hopes of
the complete restoration of Poland, caused many of
her patriots to return thither, and among the rest
JN? iemcewicz, who was nominated . secretary to the
senate -- an office he filled until 1830. The muses
were his relaxation, science and his duties as a states-
man his occupation, and the veneration of his com-
patriots his solace. Frederick Augustus, King of
Saxony and Grand Duke of Warsaw, conferred upon
him the order of St. Stanislaus. He was afterward
nominated a member of the Directory of Public In-
struction; he devoted himself to this honorable office,
which he retained until 1821, when an absolute system
adopted anew by Stanislaus Grabowski, senator and
minister of public instruction, made him resign it.
His retirement was requisite to enable the government
to stifle every germ of liberty. JSTiemcewicz was
always odious to Pussia, both from his services to
Poland and from his avowed hatred to her oppressors.
His "Lithuanian Letters," published periodically dur-
ing the war of 1812, to promote a revolt in Lithuania,
contributed much toward increasing this feeling. All
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? NIEMCEWICZ. 161
his works aimed at the one point, that of keeping
Polish patriotism alive. His national melodies, his
historical pages glowing with love of his country, and
ingenious allegories equaling La Fontaine's, which his
fertile imagination offered periodically to his country-
men, all breathed the same spirit.
The retirement of Niemcewicz from the directory
did not deprive him of all means of serving his com-
patriots. Called by the choice of the inhabitants of
Warsaw to the presidency of the beneficent society of
that city, he found a sweet pleasure in exercising his
philanthropic feelings. Another proof of public
regard awaited him. The Royal Scientific Society
honored themselves by raising him to the office of
president, vacant by the death of the learned and
philanthropic Stanislaus Staszyc.
Niemcewicz was equally illustrious as historian,
journalist, romancer, and poet. His romances "Dwaj
Sieciechowie" and " Leyba i Siora " (Levi and Sarah)
are of great importance, and were not without influence
on the public mind. Following is a list of his works :
1st. The Secret History of John of Bourbon; trans-
lated from the French in 1779, 2 vols. 8vo.
2d. The History of Margaret of Yalois, Queen of
Navarre; translated in 1781.
3d. Odes on quitting England (1787).
4th. Casimir the Great, a drama in three acts, acted
at Warsaw May 3, 1792.
5th. The Rape of the Lock; translated into Polish
verse from the English of Pope in 1796.
6th. Wladislas, King of Poland, a tragedy, acted
at Warsaw in 1796.
7th. King John Sobieski's Page, a farce, written in
1808.
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? 162 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
8th. Lithuanian Letters, written in 1812.
9th. The Public Prisons, written in 1818.
10th. Keign of Sigismund III, King of Poland
(1819), 3 vols. 8vo.
11th. Two historical romances (1819).
12th. Odes of the Polish Army in 1792.
13th. Historical Melodies in 1819.
14th. Fables and Tales (1820).
15th. Historical Recollections of Poland as it has
been (1822), 4 vols. 8vo.
16th. John de Tenczyn, an historical romance,
translated into German in 1826.
17th. Leyba i Siora, a Jewish romance; translated
into German, English, and Dutch.
18th. What Pleases Ladies, a tale of Voltaire;
translated from the French.
19th. Odes of Pope and of Dry den on music;
translated into verse.
20th. The Miseries of Human Life; translated into
Polish.
1st. Athalia, a tragedy of Racine's ; translated into
verse.
22d. Hedwige, Queen of Poland, an opera in verse;
the music by Kurpin? ski.
23d. The Return of the Representative, a comedy
in three acts, in verse; this work, twenty years after
its publication, excited the resentment of the Grand
Duke Con stan tine.
24th. Traits of the Life of General Washington.
25th. Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia; translated
from the English.
26th. The Suspicious, a comedy in Hve acts and in
verse, acted during the revolution.
27th. The Yain Man, in five acts.
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? NIEMCEWICZ. 168
28th. Kochanowski, a drama.
And a number of other works of great interest.
In 1830, the day preceding our revolution, the
supreme counsel of the kingdom having felt the neces-
sity of being supported by names dear to the natives,
called upon Niemcewicz to join its ranks.
? KRASICKI. 145
" Well, God must pay men for their care:
From what is made the coats they wear? "
THE CAPTIVE BIRD.
" Why weepest thou? 1 ' a youngling bird
To older one appealed,
"Art thou not better in this cage
Than in yon dangerous field?
For me the prison-house and care,
'Fore danger and the open air," '
" Peace ! " said the elder bird, " be still !
Within this thou wert born;
But I have known the hallowed sweets
Of freedom in life's morn.
Bright liberty once sunned my brow,
I weep that I'm a prisoner now. "
THE PHILOSOPHER.
There lived somewhere, in olden time,
A proud philosopher,
Who, fixed in his opinions, thought
That he could never err.
Progressed through life without assistance,
And scoffed the thought of God's existence.
But sickness came, and with its pangs
Came loss of fortitude ;
And he who measured heaven's space,
And farther'st planets viewed,
Came not alone a God to know,
But all the fiends of hell ; also.
10
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? 146 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
WENGIERSKI.
Thomas Kajetan Wengierski, the Polish Piron, was
born in Podolia in 1755, and educated by the Jesuits
at Nowe Miasto, as also at Warsaw. He became a
chamberlain to the king Stanislaus Augustus, but his
unbridled passion tor satires and epigrams caused him
many bitter enemies. All his writings are distinguished
for smoothness and great wit. His ' c Calash " and ' ' The
Philosopher" are short poems, but excellent. He is
also the author of "Organy" (the organs), a poem of
great power and bitter satire. His satirical attacks of
persons connected with the king's court caused his dis-
missal, and he was obliged to leave the country.
He traveled in England, Italy, France, Martinique,
Hayti, St. Domingo and the United States of North
America. He gave a lucid account of his travels in
Southern France and Italy in the French language, but
the rest of his peregrinations were written in his native
tongue.
There is no denying that Wengierski was a poet of
great genius, but his language is occasionally some-
what loose. He died at Marseilles quite young (at the
age of thirty-two), having impaired his health and
shortened his life by all sorts of excesses.
Lucian Siemien? ski, in his "Literary Portraits," pub-
lished in 1850, wrote an article on the "Travels and
Reminiscences of Wengierski," mentioning many inter-
esting incidents in the poet's life, softening greatly the
asperse criticisms on Wengierski, and acquainting us
with the unknown part of his life and character.
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? VVENGIEESKI. 147
MY WIFE.
A DREAM.
Strangely 'wilder'd I must seem,
I was married in a dream, --
Oh, the ecstasy of bliss!
Brother! what a joy it is!
Think about it and confess
'Tis a storm of happiness, --
And the memory is to me
Sunbeams, -- but sixteen was she.
Cheeks of roses red and white;
Mouth like Davia's ; eyes of light,
Fiery, round, of raven hue,
Swimming, but coquettish too;
Ivory teeth; lips fresh as dew;
Bosom beauteous, hand of down,
Fairy foot. She stood alone
In her graces, -- she was mine,
And I drank her charms divine.
**** 4
But in early years our schemes
Are but showy, shadowy dreams;
For a season they deceive,
Then our souls in darkness leave.
Oft the bowl the water bears,
Yet 'tis useless soon with years;
First it cracks, and then it leaks,
And at last -- at last it breaks.
All things with beginning tend
To their melancholy end --
So her beauty fled.
Then did anger, care and malice
Mingle up their bitter chalice.
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? 148 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
Kiches like a whirlwind flew,
Honors, gifts, and glories too;
And my lovely wife, so mild,
Fortune's frail and flattered child,
Spent our wealth, as if the day
Ne'er would dim or pass away;
And -- 0, monstrous thought ! -- the fair
Scratched my eyes, and tore my hair;
Nought but misery was our guest,
So I sought the parish priest.
" Father! grant me a divorce --
Nay, you will grant it me, of course:
Reasons many can be given, --
Keasons both of earth and heaven. "
" I know all you wish to say:
Have you wherewithal to pay?
Money is a thing of course, --
Money may obtain divorce. "
" Reverend father! hear me, please ye,
'Tis not an affair so easy. "
" Silence, child! where money's needed
Eloquence is superseded. "
Then I talked of morals; but
The good father's ears were shut.
With a fierce and frowning look
Off he drove me, --
And I woke.
WHAT ONE LIKES.
" Co kto lubi. "
Let the toper his empty glass fill,
And the gambler throw his dice with skill;
Let the huntsman gallop his steed at will,
And the warrior other warriors kill;
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? WENGIERSKI 149
Let the courtier buzz in the palace gate,
The usurer eat the youth's estate;
The lawyer pillage and prose and prate,
And rob even beggars, with looks sedate;
The monk may leave his sandals where
They tell strange tales, -- I nothing care,
If of this world's follies I get my share ;
Let each just as he likes -- that's fair.
The end of life is happiness. -- Pursue
That end life's transitory journey through,
Nor fear, on earth, while happiness pursuing,
That thou art storing up for heaven thy ruin.
But if thou fear the future, oh, beware
At every step, and tread with cautious care;
For in this world, to sin and sin unheeded,
A very decent character is needed ;
So get a character, and then just do
Whate'er you please, -- the world will smile on you.
Helter skelter, a dandy scuds over the streets,
With his hot, foaming steeds, helter skelter,
The dread and annoyance of all that he meets,
Who fly at his coming for shelter.
His horses he flogs and cries " Out of the way, 1 '
As they tear up the pebbles and stones, sir;
And he thinks it a great condescension to say
" Be off ! or I'll break all your bones, sir. "
I saw him once knock a poor mendicant down,
And laugh as the luckless one stumbled;
And I said, " E'er he reaches the verge of the town
That cold-hearted pride will be humbled !
Sure a tyrant like this, one so reckless and base,
Should be curl'd to be cautious or quiet. "
But still he dash'd on in his life-scorning race,
Till he rattled toward Nowy Siviat*
* Nowy Swiat," the New World, -- a fashionable part of Warsaw.
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? 150 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
When he struck on a stone at a corner -- and smack
Went the axle, and down came the hero.
He was thrown like a stone from a sling, on his back,
And his pride sunk at once below zero.
I have seen him on crutches, and hope he has found
This secret -- I need not reveal it, --
'Tis easy indeed to occasion a wound,
But not very easy to heal it.
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? TREMBECKI. 151
TREMBECKI.
Stanislaus Trembecki was a man of extraordinary
powers of mind. He possessed the greatest facility of
being easily impressed with all kinds of literary crea-
tions. He was well versed in Latin literature, wrote
in French as well as in Polish, and was thoroughly
learned in all Slavonic languages. In life, and in the
world around him, objects presented themselves to him
only as themes for writing poetry upon. He praised
many people and many things, but he loved no one
and nothing. He never had a soul-attachment to any
one. Persons and things that interested him he loved
but for a little while. "Not having the popularity of
Krasicki, he was superior to him in taste and poetic
talent. Among the learned he had a great repute.
He composed satires, letters, fables, on common and
political subjects. We must also add that he was dis-
tinguished in epic poetry. In his lyrics he was cold
and constrained, but occasionally he warmed up with
patriotic feeling, but even then he was more eloquent
than poetic. His satires were the fruits of momentary
impressions and tools of contention. Open and hab-
itual derider, he comes out with bitterness and severity,
never trying to smooth things over with harmless wit
or even irony, frequently using common and even
coarse expressions. In his panegyrics he frequently
piles flattery with great profusion. Epic poetry was his
chief pursuit, in which he distinguished himself as the
poet most conversant with the patterns of the masters
of antiquity. Initiated into the mysteries of poetic
spirit, in the riches and adaptation of his native
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? 152 POETS AND POETKY OF POLAND.
tongue he was gifted with aesthetic feeling and a deli-
cate taste. Although an imitator and a disciple of a
new school, he did not know how to become a national
writer, neither did he wish to approach the grateful
simplicity and freshness of the poets of Sigismund's
times, yet he equaled them in power, dignity, and fer-
tility, but in the outward smoothness and polish consid-
erably outstripped them.
His most celebrated poem is "Zofio? wka" (Sophia's
Park or Garden), a description of a garden of that
name, the property of Count Potocki, situated close to
the city of Human? , in Ukraine. In this park of mag-
nificent proportions and great beauty is a grotto, on
entering which your senses are struck with a delightful
sight of rare works of art and many wonderful curiosi-
ties. As you gaze around it the spell of enchantment
only increases, and you almost imagine that you have
entered the gates of Paradise. The following in scrip tion
in Polish may perhaps be seen up to this day over the
grotto, the meaning of which is this:
Before you enter here leave your troubles all behind, --
If you're already happy, more happiness you'll find.
The conciseness of presenting high thoughts, the power,
skill, and the appropriateness in description, the inim-
itable skill in the outer form of the verse, distinguish
him from all his contemporaries. Trembecki has been
called more of an artist than a poet.
He was born in 1723. While yet very young he
traveled over nearly all Europe, and resided for some
time in Paris, where he contracted a friendly intimacy
with many distinguished French poets. It was there
that he was impressed with the philosophy of the eigh-
teenth century, and with the manners and customs of
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? TREMBECKI. 153
the French court of Louis XV. He fought thirty duels,
the cause of almost every one being women. Returning
to his country he became chamberlain to King Stanis-
laus Augustus; from this time hence he lived at War-
saw, and was engaged in the, composition of different
kinds of verses. After the abdication of King Ponia-
towski he remained with him continually at Grodno
and St. Petersburg. After the king's death he resided
at Tulczyn, in the Province of Podolia, at Count
Potocki' s manor. For thirty years he never ate meat
nor drank any wine. Toward the end of his life he
associated with but very few, and scarcely left his
house. He spent one clay in the week giving alms.
He died in 1812.
All his works were published in 1828, in two vol-
umes, at Breslau, and in Leipsic in 1806 and 1836.
Quite a learned dissertation on Trembecki's poetry was
published by Hippolitus Klimaszewski in 1830. "Zo-
fio? wka" was translated into French by De Lagarde.
BALLOON.
Where the eagle in his rapid flight
With strong pursuit the birds do scare --
And lurid thunderbolts with angry might
Rush through the regions of the air.
A strange pair whom fear has never checked,
Resolved to o'ercome Nature's laws;
And striking the road where Icarus wrecked,
Soared through the clouds without a pause.
With gas the vehicle the pair innate,
Upward the air its course inclines --
Its chains are threads, its rudder is fate,
They are competing with the winds.
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? 154 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
The lofty, gorgeous houses, one by one,
Lessen and disappear from sight,
And looking from the trap of the balloon --
A ruined heap they all unite.
The broad Vistula, so august and grand,
Looked like a stream whose drops would fail,
Its width like a finger from a child's hand,
Though it flowed grandly in the vale.
Yet some attribute wonders strangely great
To this unsafe and crazy craft,
Perhaps 'tis so, yet I may truly state,
Wise men have at their judgment laughed.
Yet we admit that Nature's giant might
Has burst strong walls of stone and steel,
Man's wisdom, too, all obstacles shall smite --
But give him time with work and zeal.
With gallant ships his fertile brain has filled
The stormy and the pathless main,
Of gems to rob the ocean he is skilled --
Eternal rocks he rends in twain.
The mighty elements their wrath forego
Under his skilled and wise command;
He bids the waters leave the valleys low,
And mountains sink to level land !
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? NIEMCEWICZ.
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? NIEMCEWICZ. 157
NIEMCEWICZ.
With pleasure Heaven itself surveys
A brave man struggling in the storms of fate,
And greatly falling with the falling state. Pope.
Julian Ursin Niemcewicz, secretary to the senate of
the kingdom of Poland, and soon after a senator,
president of the Royal Society of Science of Warsaw,
and member of many literary societies in Europe and
America, was born of an ancient and respectable family
in Lithuania, in the year 1T5S. As citizen, statesman,
author, historian, and poet, he shone with an eclat
unparalleled since the clays of Crichton. While still
very young he was elected representative of the palati-
nate of Polish Livonia to the diets of 1788 and 1792.
Much civil courage was requisite in those assemblies to
combat the menaces and intrigues of the factions, and
much activity to repress the turbulence of the people;
for in addition to the dangers to be apprehended from
exterior enemies, the ambition, interest, and prejudices
of the great, and the ignorance of the people, were
opposed to the efforts of the patriots.
The young Niemcewicz, endowed with a generous
mind and superior talents, knew how to merit this
doubje praise. Amidst the representatives of his
country his eloquence was poured forth in defense of
the sacred cause of rational liberty, and sustained the
rights of the peasant against the usurped privileges of
the aristocrat when this important question was before
the house. To disseminate his principles he united
with two of his colleagues, -- the castellan Thadeus
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? 158 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
Mostowski, and the representative of Livonia, Joseph
Weyssenhoff, in publishing a political journal; and
notwithstanding the s-hort duration of " The Foreign
and National Gazette " (1st January, 1791), it rendered
important service to the public cause. The muse of
Niemcewicz, by chanting in spirited strains the exploits
of the heroes of his country, kindled the torch of
patriotism in the breasts of their compatriots. The
laurel that entwines the brow of the hero would wither
in his tomb if, like that of Achilles, it were not pre-
served by the bard in unfading freshness. Niemcewicz
also made the theater subservient to his ruling passion.
One of his comedies, the "Return of the Representa-
tive," displays equally his talents and public spirit.
During the public fetes on the anniversary of the 3d
of May, 1791, a new drama (Casimir the Great) had
the honor of embellishing the national rejoicings,
adding to his fame, and acquiring lasting and deserved
popularity. The memorable day on which it was
enacted was the last of Poland's happiness. A handful
of traitors, bribed by the empress, Catharine III, sup-
ported by her troops, and encouraged by the shameful
irresolution of King Stanislaus Augustus, with the deadly
blight of their treason blasted the councils of the
brave, and prepared for the ruin of their unfortunate
country. But Poland did not yield without covering
herself with immortal glory during the last moments
of her political existence. The illustrious Kos? ciuszko
raised the standard of independence, and placed him-
self at the head of those brave men who resolved to
bury themselves under the ruins of their country. The
young Niemcewicz became aid-de-camp to the general-
issimo. It was he who composed the proclamations,
orders of the day, and bulletins of the battles, -- all
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? NIEMCEWICZ. 1 59
dictated by ardent love for Poland and for glory. But
when, after unhoped-for success, the fatal day of the
10th of October, 1794, covered Poland with mourning,
and Kos? ciuszko, pierced with wounds, fell into the
hands of the enemy on the field of Macieiowice, the
brave Niemcewicz, also grievously wounded, shared
his fate. They were sent, with a number of other
illustrious victims, to the dungeons of St. Petersburg.
In their solitary confinement they mourned over the
fate of Poland until the accession of Paul I to the
throne of Russia restored 14,000 Polanders, dispersed
through Siberia and the different strongholds of the
vast Russian empire, to liberty. But the virtuous
Niemcewicz seemed destined to form an exception to
the amnesty of 1797. Niemcewicz still inspired the
new czar with suspicion. "I fear," said Paul, "that
his ardent mind, vast intellectual powers, and persua-
sive eloquence will excite new troubles in my empire. "
The entreaties of Kos? ciuszko overcame the fears of the
czar, and Niemcewicz followed his immortal friend into
that refuge of oppressed virtue, the hospitable land
of America. In exile, as well as in captivity, he found
in letters his chief consolation. It was in his Russian
prison that he composed his beautiful translation of the
"Rape of the Lock," and of "Racine's Athalia. "
Desirous of seeing his family he sailed for Warsaw in
1809, and there published his works in twelve volumes.
Received into the Scientific Society, he joined in their
labors, and wrote some political tracts, which are
greatly esteemed. It was in Paris, in 1803, that he
was invited into Russia, where the government offered
him employment; but disdaining to serve the spoilers
of his country, he refused the offers of Alexander, and
returned to America, where he married a lady native of
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? 160 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
]STew Jersey, whose talents and agreeable qualities
formed the frequent theme of his muse during his short
visit to Europe. During his former visit to America
he had, with his general, Kos? ciuszko, been admitted into
the friendship of the immortal Washington. In the verd-
ant groves of his charming residence in Mount Yernon,
and on the banks of the superb Potomac, Niemcewicz
mused on the condition of his beloved Poland, or con-
templated the august' figure of the most virtuous of
Americans, until his sentiments of respect and venera-
tion for this hero found utterance in his biography of
George Washington. The events of 1806, the creation
of the grand duchy of Warsaw, and their hopes of
the complete restoration of Poland, caused many of
her patriots to return thither, and among the rest
JN? iemcewicz, who was nominated . secretary to the
senate -- an office he filled until 1830. The muses
were his relaxation, science and his duties as a states-
man his occupation, and the veneration of his com-
patriots his solace. Frederick Augustus, King of
Saxony and Grand Duke of Warsaw, conferred upon
him the order of St. Stanislaus. He was afterward
nominated a member of the Directory of Public In-
struction; he devoted himself to this honorable office,
which he retained until 1821, when an absolute system
adopted anew by Stanislaus Grabowski, senator and
minister of public instruction, made him resign it.
His retirement was requisite to enable the government
to stifle every germ of liberty. JSTiemcewicz was
always odious to Pussia, both from his services to
Poland and from his avowed hatred to her oppressors.
His "Lithuanian Letters," published periodically dur-
ing the war of 1812, to promote a revolt in Lithuania,
contributed much toward increasing this feeling. All
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? NIEMCEWICZ. 161
his works aimed at the one point, that of keeping
Polish patriotism alive. His national melodies, his
historical pages glowing with love of his country, and
ingenious allegories equaling La Fontaine's, which his
fertile imagination offered periodically to his country-
men, all breathed the same spirit.
The retirement of Niemcewicz from the directory
did not deprive him of all means of serving his com-
patriots. Called by the choice of the inhabitants of
Warsaw to the presidency of the beneficent society of
that city, he found a sweet pleasure in exercising his
philanthropic feelings. Another proof of public
regard awaited him. The Royal Scientific Society
honored themselves by raising him to the office of
president, vacant by the death of the learned and
philanthropic Stanislaus Staszyc.
Niemcewicz was equally illustrious as historian,
journalist, romancer, and poet. His romances "Dwaj
Sieciechowie" and " Leyba i Siora " (Levi and Sarah)
are of great importance, and were not without influence
on the public mind. Following is a list of his works :
1st. The Secret History of John of Bourbon; trans-
lated from the French in 1779, 2 vols. 8vo.
2d. The History of Margaret of Yalois, Queen of
Navarre; translated in 1781.
3d. Odes on quitting England (1787).
4th. Casimir the Great, a drama in three acts, acted
at Warsaw May 3, 1792.
5th. The Rape of the Lock; translated into Polish
verse from the English of Pope in 1796.
6th. Wladislas, King of Poland, a tragedy, acted
at Warsaw in 1796.
7th. King John Sobieski's Page, a farce, written in
1808.
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? 162 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
8th. Lithuanian Letters, written in 1812.
9th. The Public Prisons, written in 1818.
10th. Keign of Sigismund III, King of Poland
(1819), 3 vols. 8vo.
11th. Two historical romances (1819).
12th. Odes of the Polish Army in 1792.
13th. Historical Melodies in 1819.
14th. Fables and Tales (1820).
15th. Historical Recollections of Poland as it has
been (1822), 4 vols. 8vo.
16th. John de Tenczyn, an historical romance,
translated into German in 1826.
17th. Leyba i Siora, a Jewish romance; translated
into German, English, and Dutch.
18th. What Pleases Ladies, a tale of Voltaire;
translated from the French.
19th. Odes of Pope and of Dry den on music;
translated into verse.
20th. The Miseries of Human Life; translated into
Polish.
1st. Athalia, a tragedy of Racine's ; translated into
verse.
22d. Hedwige, Queen of Poland, an opera in verse;
the music by Kurpin? ski.
23d. The Return of the Representative, a comedy
in three acts, in verse; this work, twenty years after
its publication, excited the resentment of the Grand
Duke Con stan tine.
24th. Traits of the Life of General Washington.
25th. Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia; translated
from the English.
26th. The Suspicious, a comedy in Hve acts and in
verse, acted during the revolution.
27th. The Yain Man, in five acts.
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? NIEMCEWICZ. 168
28th. Kochanowski, a drama.
And a number of other works of great interest.
In 1830, the day preceding our revolution, the
supreme counsel of the kingdom having felt the neces-
sity of being supported by names dear to the natives,
called upon Niemcewicz to join its ranks.
