i, as
twins (d/dviioi), and one as managing the chariot,
while the other held the lash.
twins (d/dviioi), and one as managing the chariot,
while the other held the lash.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
, 74 )
--Pliny the elder was stationed at Misenum, aa com-
mander of the fleet, at the time of the great eruption
of Vesuvius, in which he perished. (Cramer'* Arte.
Italy, vol. 2, p. 154, teqq. )
? ? Misenus, a Trojan, conspicuous for both his prowess
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? MITHRADATES.
MITHRADATES.
o">> the successors of Alexander the Great; and, being
in actire and enterprising prince, he greatly extended
his paternal dominions, whence he if frequently sur-
named tlic founder (Krionyc) of the kingdom of Pontus.
He also ruled over Cappadocia and Phrygia. He was
put to death by Antigonus, B. C. 302, at Ciua in
Mysia, at the age of 84, according to Lucian (Macrob. ,
c. 13), because he was suspected of favouring the in-
terests of Cassandcr. --III Mithradates III. , son of
Ae preceding, ruled from B. C. 302 to 266. --IV.
Mithradates IV. , the son of Ariobarzancs III. , was
left a minor by his father. He attacked Sinope,
which was taken by his successor Pharnaces, and car-
ried on war against Eumcnes II. He was in close
alliance with tho Rhodians; and joined with sotnc
princes of Asia Minor in making valuable presents to
that people, to repair their losses after an earthquake.
(Poli/6. , 5, 89, set/. ) He married tho sister of Seleu-
cas Callinicus, by which alliance he obtained Phrygia.
Hi* own daughter was married to Antiochus the Great.
--V. Mithradates V. , surnamed Euergctcs, roigned
from about 156 to 120 B. C. He was an ally of the
Romans, and assisted them in the third Punic war with
a considerable fleet. He was assassinated at Sinope,
and succeeded by his son, the famous Mithradates. --
VI. Mithradates VI. , surnamed Eupator. and called
the Great, was one of the most formidable enemies
that the Romans ever encountered. He was only
eloren years old at the death of his father, and, during
his minority, hia life was frequently in danger from the
numerous conspiracies formed against him. He is
said to have been in the habit of taking an antidote
discovered by himself, which was sufficient to coun-
teract the effect of the most violent poisons. (PUn. ,
23, 77. --Id. , 25, 3. --Id, 29, 8 ) Mithradates pos-
sessed a strong mind and vigorous body; he excelled
in ail athletic sports, and waa distinguished in his early
years by his bodily strength and his daring spirit. He
had also paid great attention to the study of philosophy
and polite literature; and, according to Pliny, was
able to converse in twenty-two different languages
20, 3). As soon as Mithradates was old enough to
take the government into his own hands, he attacked
the Colchians and the barbarous nations who dwelt on
the eastern shores of the Black Sea, whom he reduced
to subjection. The next acquisition which he made
was Paphlagonia, which was said to have been left to
the kings of Pontus by Pylasmenes II. , king of Paph-
lagonia, who died about B. C. 121. Part of Papbla-
gonia lie gave to Nicomcdes II. , king of Bithynia,
who was, next to Mithradates, the most powerful mon-
arch in Aaia Minor. Nicomedes, however, was jealous,
of the increasing power of Mithradates; and on the
death of Ariarathes VII. , king of Paphlagonia, who had
married a sitter of Mithradates, Nicomedes married his
widow, and seized the kingdom of Cappadocia, to the
exclusion of the son of Ariarathes. Mithradates imme-
diately took up arms in favour of his nephew, defeat-
ed Nicomedes, and placed his nephew on the throne,
under the title of Ariarathes VIII. In a few months
afterward this prince was murdered by his uncle at a
private conference, who placed a son of his own on
the vacant throne, and defeated successively the broth-
er of the late king, and a pretender to the throne,
whom Nicomedes represented as a son of Ariarathes.
Unable to cope with his formidable enemy, Nicomedes
applied to Koine; and the Romans, who had long
? ? heen anxious to weaken the power of Mithradates, de-
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? MIT
MN E
irn ny the conqueror. In the following year Tigranes
was again defeated, together with Mithradates, near
Artaxala; but Lucullus was not able to derive all the
advantages he might have dono from his victories in
consequence of the mutinous disposition of his troops.
(Vid. Lucullus. ) Mithradates was thus enabled to col-
lect another army without opposition; and, having re-
turned to Ponlus, he defeated the Roman general Tri-
srius, with the loss of 7000 men, before Lucullus could
march to his assistance. This victory was followed
by others; vnrious parts of Asia Minor again submit-
ted to his authority; and the Romans appeared to be
on 'he point of losing all the acquisitions they had
made during the war. But the power of Mithradates
had been shaken to its foundation; and, on the appoint-
ment of Pompey to the command, B. C. 66, the war
was soon brought to an end. Mithradates was defeat-
ed Oil the banks of the Euphrates; and, in consequence
of Tigranes having submitted to Pompey, fled to the
barbarous tribes dwelling to the north of Caucasus,
who received him with hospitality and promised bim
support. The spirit of Mithradates had not yet been
broken by adversity; and he purposed, with the assist-
ance of the Colchiana and Scythians, to carry into ex-
ecution a plan which he is said to have formed in his ear-
lier years, namely, of marching through Thrace and
Macedonia, and invading Italy from the north. But
these plans were frustrated by the plots of his eldest
son Pharnaces, who gained over the army to his side,
and deprived his father of the throne. Unwilling to
fall into the hands of the Romans, Mithradates put an
end to his own life, B. C. 63, at the age of 68 or 69,
after a reign of 67 years. (Appian, Bell. Milhrad. --
Plut. , Vu. Lucull. -- Id. , Vtl. Syll. -- Clinlon, Fast.
Hell. , vol. 3, Appendix, 8. --Encycl. Ut. Knoiel. , vol.
15, p. 289, sey. )
Mitylbne, or, more correctly (if we follow the lan-
guage of coina), Mytilene, the capital of Lesbos, in
'. lie southeastern quarter of the island, facing the coast
jf Mysia. It waa first built on a small island, con-
nected by means of some low rocks with Lesbos it-
self. In process of time, the population increased so
much as to require an enlargement of the ancient lim-
its. The space between Lesbos and the small island
was filled up, and the city was extended to the main
island of Lesbos. In this way the place became pos-
sessed of two harbours, which the small island and the
causeway connecvJg it with I,csbos separated from
each other. The larger harbour was the northern one,
and was also protected by works from the violence of
ihe wind. {Strabo, 617 -- Diod. Sic, 13, 79. ) The
city ia said to have been named from the elder dau<rh-
. er of Macarcus. (Sleph. Byz. , t. v. MvnXijvii. --
Diod. Sic. , 5, 80. ) The fortunes of this place were
aiwaya intimately connected with those of Lesbos it-
self. In the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, the
people of Mytilene being accused of a secret negotia-
tion with the Lacedaemonians, Athens sent a fleet
apinst them. The other cities in the island, except
Methymna, made common cause with Mytilene. Af-
ter some resistance, however, the Athenians gained a
complete victory, when the walls of Mytilene were
razed, and many of its wealthier inhabitants put to
death. The Athenians even sent an order to their
commander to put to death all tho males who had at-
tained the age of puberty, but they became ashamed
of their own barbarity, and despatched messengers to
? ? revoke the order. The countermand arrived just one
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? M(E K
HOL
lime when Cumbyses overthrow the mag&ificerit tem-
ple of ileliopolis. Mncvis was worshipped with the
same superstitious ceremonies as Apia, and at his
death he received the same magnificent funeral. (Con-
sult Crcuztr, Symbolik, par GuigJiiaut, vol I, p. 498. )
Modestus, a Latin military writer, wuose history
is unknown. He wroto a work '? Dc vecabulis rci
msl-arii," by order of the Emperor Tacitus, A. D.
275 or 376. The first edition was published in 1474,
ill, Vera! . , edited by J. Aloysius; and is a book of
extreme rarity. There is also another edition, sup-
posed to Lave been printed at Rome by Laver, about
1475, 4to. An edition was also published in 1679,
2 vols. 4to, Ycsalia.
Moxmus, a river of Germany. {Vid. Menus )
Mcsris, I. a king of Egypt, who occupied the throne,
according to cbronologists, for the space of 68 years,
and was succeeded by Sesostris. (Lurcher, Tabl.
Ckronol. , p. 572. --Id. , Ckronol. a"Herod. , p. 86, >>tq.
--Bohr, ad Herod. , 2, 100. )--II. A lake of Egypt,
supposed to have been the work of a king of the same
name, concerning the situation and extent, and even
the exiatence of which, authors have differed. It has
been represented as the boldest and most wonderful
of all the works of the kings of Egypt, and, according-
ly, Herodotus considers it superior even to the pyra-
mids and labyrinth. (Herod. , 2, 149. ) As to its sit-
uation, Herodotus and Strabo (810) mark it out by
placing the labyrinth on its borders, and by fixing the
towns which were around it, such as Acanthus to ihe
south, Aphroditopolis towards the east, and Arsinoe
to the north. Diodorus (1, 52) and Pliny (5, 9) con-
firm this statement', by placing it at 21 leagues from
Memphis, between the province of that name and Ar-
sicce. The position thus indicated is supposed to
answer to the modern Birket-Caroun, a lake near-
by 50 leagues in circumference. Herodotus makes
the Lake Mceris 3600 stadia in circumference, and its
greatest depth 200 cubits. Bossuet has vindicated
the statement of its large extent against the raillery
of Voltaire. Rollin, however, deeming it to be in-
credible, adopts the opinion of Pomponius Mela (1,9),
and makes it 20,000 paces. D'Anville, with a view
of reconciling the contending parties, has marked on
his map of Egypt two lakes of this name, one of which
is in fact a canal running parallel with the Nile; this
be make* the Mceris of Herodotus and Diodorus,
while the other is situate to the northwest, and cor
responds, according to him, with the Mceris of Strabo
and Ptolemy. This last is the Birket-Caroun men-
tioned above; the former, which still subsists, is
known by the name of Bohr Jouteph, or Joseph's riv-
er. It opens Dear Tarout Ecehenff, and ends near
Birket-Caroun. The explanation given by Malte-
Brun is, however, the simplest, lie supposes that
the canal dignified with the name of Joseph, like many
other remarkable worka, was executed by order of
King Mceris The waters then filled the basin of the
lake Birket-Caroun, which received the name of the
prince who effected this great change. Thus a rea-
son ia given why the ancients say that the lake was
of artificial formation, while the Birket-Caroun gives
do evidence of any such operation. (Malte-Brun,
Geogr. , Tol. 2, p. 447, Brussels ed. ) If we listen,
however, merely to the relation of Herodotus, the Lake
Moeris was entirely the work of human trt; and, to
show this, two pyramids were to be seen in its centre,
? ? each of which was 200 cubits above, and as many be-
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? MUL
M 0<<
? em, according to the common interprctati. ?
i, as
twins (d/dviioi), and one as managing the chariot,
while the other held the lash. Aristarchus, however,
explained iiivpoi by iityvelc, on the authority of He-
liod (Kara rbv 'HrraJtW fLvQov), and saw in the Mo-
lionides a double body with two heads and four arms,
tike the double men of whom Hesiod speaks. This
explanation has boeri rejected by many as loo artificial
for the age of Homer; and in the same way has the
tradition mentioned by tho poet Ibycus been treated,
which makes the Molionidcs both to have come from
a >>ilver egg (ap Athen. , 2, p. 57,/. ). If we examine
attentively the genealogy assigned to these heroes,
new light will be found to break in upon this singular
fable. Actor, the father, is " the man of the shore,"
against which the waves of the sea break; he is also
"the man of grinding," of the grain crushed and bro-
ken by the mill. ('Kktoo, from ukt^. --Ai^repor
\iktti. --Hes. , Op. et D. , 32. ) On the other hand, Mo-
lione is " the female of combat. " Mm/to is the name
of her father (compare /iCitoe), according to Phcrccy-
des, and Apollodorus (1, 7) mentions two individuals
of this name, one the son of Mars, the other of Deu-
calion. Without war we can neither conquer nor de-
fend the soil destined for culture. Hence one of
these warriors is named Eurytus, or " the good de-
fender," the guardian, like the two Anaccs or Dios-
curi, whom the Spartan tradition made to have issued
from the same egg. Thus Eurytus is from ei and
Ho/tat, with an active signification. (Compare Butt-
man, Lcxilogus, vol. 1, p. 146. ) The other, Cteatus
'Krearoc--xreap, rtt mancipii), is " the possessor"
or "proprietor. " When the sea has entered within
its proper limits, and the shore now contains it, then
appear the cultivators of the soil. The man who
would remain master of his paternal soil must in
some sort be double. He must have two arms for
the sword and buckler, two for the lash and the reins
with which ho guides his coursers. A single body
aught to carry a double array of members, a single
will to actuate two souls. These are the double men
of Hesiod (di^tieff). --Such is the explanation of Creu-
ter as regards the fable of the Molionides. (Symbo-
tik, vol. 2, p. 337. --Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2,
pt. I, p. 334; seqq. ) In place of this very poetical ver-
aion of the legend, Hermann gives one altogether dif-
ferent, and singularly prosaic. He aees in the whole
story a general reference to traders coming by sea,
disposing of their merchandise to advantage, and be-
coming possessed of riches. (Ueber dat Wesen und
die Behandlung der Mythologie, p. 55. )--The Moli-
onides arc also mentioned as having come to the aid
of Augeas against Hercules. (Heyne, ad It. , 11,
708. ) The Cyclic poets, from whom Phcrccydcs and
Pindar (01. , 10, 32) drew, in this instance, their ma-
terials, make them to have been slain by Hercules,
whereas Homer speaka of them as surviving Hercu-
les, as being still young (naiff It' iovre), and contem-
porary with Nestor.
Molo, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also Apollo-
nins. (Vid Apollonius V. )
Molorchus, an old labouring-man near Clconae,
who hospitably entertained Hercules when tho Utter
wan on his way against the Nemean lion. Molorrhus
wishing to offer a sacrifice, in order to propitiate the
gods and obtain for Hercules a successful accomplish-
ment of his enterprise, the hero begged him to reserve
? ? it till the thirtieth day, saying that if he should then
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? HON
MOP
^mm lor the latter. (Cellaruu, G;ogr. Ant. , vol. 3 p.
355. )--II. An island off the coast of Britain, and fa-
cing the territory of the Ordovices, of which, in sti. ct-
ness, it formed part. It was situate to the southeast
of the former, and is now the Isle of Angltsty. Ta-
citus gives it the name of Mona (Aim. , 14, 29. --Vit.
Agric. ,14V *r. d Ptolemy styles it iiava, while Dio
Csssius (62, 7) names it Muvvn. It was remarkable
as ha. -ing been one of the principal seats of the Druids.
S jctoiiius Paullinus had conquered Anglesey; but the
ii. surrection of the Britons under Boadicea did not
leave him time to secure its possession. Agricola, at
a subsequent period, having subdued the Ordovices,
undertook the reduction of the island and succeeded.
The invasion by PaulllRusfwas seventeen years previous
to the conquest of Agricola. (Tacit. , VU. Agric, 18. )
Pennant mentions a pass in Wall's, into the valley of
Ulwyd, in the parish of Llanarmi. n, which, he says, is
still called Bwlch AgrikU, probul ly from having been
occupied by Agricola on his way o the isle of Mona.
Tacitus (Ann. , 14, 29, seqq. ) gives an interesting
account of the first conquest by Paullinus. The sa-
cred groves, stained with the blood of human sacrifices,
were destroyed by the Roman general. (Consult, in
relation* to the Druidical sacrifices, Higgins' Celtic
Druid*, p. 291, seqq. )
MoNiEiss, I. a Parthian commander, the same with
the Surena that defeated Crassus. The appellation
Surena, by which he is more commonly known, was
merely a Parthian term denoting his high rank. --II. A
Parthian officer in the time of Corbulo. (Dio Cass ,
82, 19. --Tacit. , Ann. , 15, 2. )
Monda, a river on the western coast of Lusitania,
between the Durius and Tagus. Conitnbriga (the
modVrn Coimbra) was situate on its banks. It is now
tbe Mondego. (Mela 3 I. --Marcian. , Pcripi, in
Hud*. Gr. M, vol. 1, p. 43. ) Pliny calls it the
M'n. da (4, 22).
Moneta, a surname of Juno among the Romans.
She received it, according to one account, because
ths advised them (monuit) to sacrifice a pregnant sow
to Cybele, to avert an earthquake. (Cic. , de Div. , 1,
16. ) I. ivy says, that a templo was vowed to Juno
under this name by the dictator L. P'urius Camillus,
when the Romans waged war against the Aurunci,
and that the temple was raised to the goddess by the
senate on the spot where the house of Manlius Ca-
pitolinus had formerly stood. (Livy, 7, 28. -- Com-
pare Ovid, Fast. , 6, 183. ) Suidas, however, states
that Juno was surnamed Moneta from her assuring the
Roman? , when, in the war against Pyrrhus, their pecu-
niary resources had failed them, and they had address-
ed her in prayer, that, as long as they prosecuted the
war with ju-uce, the means for carrying it on would be
supplied to them. After their arms were crowned with
success, they rendered divine honours to Juno, styling
her "Moneta," or the "adviser. " and resolved, for the
time to come, to coin money in her temple (Suid. ,
I. v. Movijra)--Many etymologists derive the English
word "money" from the Latin moneta; and this last,
according to Vossius, comes from monto; "quod ideo
moneta vacatur; quia nota inscripta monct nos nutans
tt valori*. 1' The true root, however, is most probably
contained in the Anglo-Saxon myncg-ian, " to mark,"
aimyntth-iaji, " to stamp," (Richardson, Eng. Diet. ,
t. v. " mint," "money. "--Compare Tookc, Diversion
tj Parley, vol. 2, p. 210, ed. 1829. )
? ? Monodus, a son of Prusias. He had one continued
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? MOR
MO S
rait Argos, intrusted the sovereign power to Mopscs,
to keep it foi him during the space of s year. On his
return, howercr, Mopsus refused to restore to him
the kingdom, whereupon, having quarrelled, they en-
gaged and slew each other. (Tzetz. ad Lycophr. ,
440. ) According to another legend, he was slain by
Hercules. {Ttetz. ad Lycophr. , 980. )--II. A son of
Atcpyx and Chloris, born at Titaressa in Thessaly.
He was the prophet and soothsayer of the Argonauts,
ii>d disd at his return from Colchis by the bite of a ser-
pent in Libya. (Hygin. , fab. , 14, 128, 172. --Tzetz.
id Lycophr. , 980. )
Morgantidm (or u), a town of Sicily, southeast of
Agyriun:, and nearly due west from Catana. It lay in
the neighbourhood of the river Symethus. The vil-
lage of Mandri Bianchi at present occupies a part of
its site. (Manner! , vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 430. )
Morimarusa, a name applied by the Cimbri to the
Noi. nern Ocean (Plin. , 4, 27), and which means " the
Dead Sea. " In the Welsh tongue, Afor is the " sea,"
and Marr "dead. " In the Irish, mutr-croinn denotes
a tiick, coagulated, frozen sea. (Class. Journ. , vol.
6, p. 296, seqq. )
Morini, a people of Bclgic Gaul, on the shores
of the British Ocean, and occupying what would cor-
respond to Ic Boulonnais, part of the Department du
Nord, and of Flanders along the sea. Their name
is derived from the Celtic Mor, which signifies "the
sea," and denoted a people dwelling along the sea-
coast. (Compare Thierry, Hist, des Gaulois, vol. 2,
p. 40. ) The Porlus Itius or Iccius lay within their
territories, and the passage hence to Britain was con-
sidered as the shortest. Virgil (JSn. , 8, 727) calls
them "czlremi hominum," with reference to their re-
mote situation on the coast of Belgic Gaul. (Heyne,
ad loe. --Compare Piin. , 19, 1. ) Their cities were,
Civitas Morinorum, now Terouenne; and Castellum
Monnorum, now Montcasscl. (Cas. , B. G , 4, 21. )
Mokpheus (two syllables), the God of Sleep, and
also of dreams, and hence his name from the various
forms (papyri, ? 'form," "figure") to which he gives be-
ing in the imagination of the dreamer. Thus Ovid
(Met. , 11, 634) styles him "artificem, simulatoremquc
figura.
--Pliny the elder was stationed at Misenum, aa com-
mander of the fleet, at the time of the great eruption
of Vesuvius, in which he perished. (Cramer'* Arte.
Italy, vol. 2, p. 154, teqq. )
? ? Misenus, a Trojan, conspicuous for both his prowess
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? MITHRADATES.
MITHRADATES.
o">> the successors of Alexander the Great; and, being
in actire and enterprising prince, he greatly extended
his paternal dominions, whence he if frequently sur-
named tlic founder (Krionyc) of the kingdom of Pontus.
He also ruled over Cappadocia and Phrygia. He was
put to death by Antigonus, B. C. 302, at Ciua in
Mysia, at the age of 84, according to Lucian (Macrob. ,
c. 13), because he was suspected of favouring the in-
terests of Cassandcr. --III Mithradates III. , son of
Ae preceding, ruled from B. C. 302 to 266. --IV.
Mithradates IV. , the son of Ariobarzancs III. , was
left a minor by his father. He attacked Sinope,
which was taken by his successor Pharnaces, and car-
ried on war against Eumcnes II. He was in close
alliance with tho Rhodians; and joined with sotnc
princes of Asia Minor in making valuable presents to
that people, to repair their losses after an earthquake.
(Poli/6. , 5, 89, set/. ) He married tho sister of Seleu-
cas Callinicus, by which alliance he obtained Phrygia.
Hi* own daughter was married to Antiochus the Great.
--V. Mithradates V. , surnamed Euergctcs, roigned
from about 156 to 120 B. C. He was an ally of the
Romans, and assisted them in the third Punic war with
a considerable fleet. He was assassinated at Sinope,
and succeeded by his son, the famous Mithradates. --
VI. Mithradates VI. , surnamed Eupator. and called
the Great, was one of the most formidable enemies
that the Romans ever encountered. He was only
eloren years old at the death of his father, and, during
his minority, hia life was frequently in danger from the
numerous conspiracies formed against him. He is
said to have been in the habit of taking an antidote
discovered by himself, which was sufficient to coun-
teract the effect of the most violent poisons. (PUn. ,
23, 77. --Id. , 25, 3. --Id, 29, 8 ) Mithradates pos-
sessed a strong mind and vigorous body; he excelled
in ail athletic sports, and waa distinguished in his early
years by his bodily strength and his daring spirit. He
had also paid great attention to the study of philosophy
and polite literature; and, according to Pliny, was
able to converse in twenty-two different languages
20, 3). As soon as Mithradates was old enough to
take the government into his own hands, he attacked
the Colchians and the barbarous nations who dwelt on
the eastern shores of the Black Sea, whom he reduced
to subjection. The next acquisition which he made
was Paphlagonia, which was said to have been left to
the kings of Pontus by Pylasmenes II. , king of Paph-
lagonia, who died about B. C. 121. Part of Papbla-
gonia lie gave to Nicomcdes II. , king of Bithynia,
who was, next to Mithradates, the most powerful mon-
arch in Aaia Minor. Nicomedes, however, was jealous,
of the increasing power of Mithradates; and on the
death of Ariarathes VII. , king of Paphlagonia, who had
married a sitter of Mithradates, Nicomedes married his
widow, and seized the kingdom of Cappadocia, to the
exclusion of the son of Ariarathes. Mithradates imme-
diately took up arms in favour of his nephew, defeat-
ed Nicomedes, and placed his nephew on the throne,
under the title of Ariarathes VIII. In a few months
afterward this prince was murdered by his uncle at a
private conference, who placed a son of his own on
the vacant throne, and defeated successively the broth-
er of the late king, and a pretender to the throne,
whom Nicomedes represented as a son of Ariarathes.
Unable to cope with his formidable enemy, Nicomedes
applied to Koine; and the Romans, who had long
? ? heen anxious to weaken the power of Mithradates, de-
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? MIT
MN E
irn ny the conqueror. In the following year Tigranes
was again defeated, together with Mithradates, near
Artaxala; but Lucullus was not able to derive all the
advantages he might have dono from his victories in
consequence of the mutinous disposition of his troops.
(Vid. Lucullus. ) Mithradates was thus enabled to col-
lect another army without opposition; and, having re-
turned to Ponlus, he defeated the Roman general Tri-
srius, with the loss of 7000 men, before Lucullus could
march to his assistance. This victory was followed
by others; vnrious parts of Asia Minor again submit-
ted to his authority; and the Romans appeared to be
on 'he point of losing all the acquisitions they had
made during the war. But the power of Mithradates
had been shaken to its foundation; and, on the appoint-
ment of Pompey to the command, B. C. 66, the war
was soon brought to an end. Mithradates was defeat-
ed Oil the banks of the Euphrates; and, in consequence
of Tigranes having submitted to Pompey, fled to the
barbarous tribes dwelling to the north of Caucasus,
who received him with hospitality and promised bim
support. The spirit of Mithradates had not yet been
broken by adversity; and he purposed, with the assist-
ance of the Colchiana and Scythians, to carry into ex-
ecution a plan which he is said to have formed in his ear-
lier years, namely, of marching through Thrace and
Macedonia, and invading Italy from the north. But
these plans were frustrated by the plots of his eldest
son Pharnaces, who gained over the army to his side,
and deprived his father of the throne. Unwilling to
fall into the hands of the Romans, Mithradates put an
end to his own life, B. C. 63, at the age of 68 or 69,
after a reign of 67 years. (Appian, Bell. Milhrad. --
Plut. , Vu. Lucull. -- Id. , Vtl. Syll. -- Clinlon, Fast.
Hell. , vol. 3, Appendix, 8. --Encycl. Ut. Knoiel. , vol.
15, p. 289, sey. )
Mitylbne, or, more correctly (if we follow the lan-
guage of coina), Mytilene, the capital of Lesbos, in
'. lie southeastern quarter of the island, facing the coast
jf Mysia. It waa first built on a small island, con-
nected by means of some low rocks with Lesbos it-
self. In process of time, the population increased so
much as to require an enlargement of the ancient lim-
its. The space between Lesbos and the small island
was filled up, and the city was extended to the main
island of Lesbos. In this way the place became pos-
sessed of two harbours, which the small island and the
causeway connecvJg it with I,csbos separated from
each other. The larger harbour was the northern one,
and was also protected by works from the violence of
ihe wind. {Strabo, 617 -- Diod. Sic, 13, 79. ) The
city ia said to have been named from the elder dau<rh-
. er of Macarcus. (Sleph. Byz. , t. v. MvnXijvii. --
Diod. Sic. , 5, 80. ) The fortunes of this place were
aiwaya intimately connected with those of Lesbos it-
self. In the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, the
people of Mytilene being accused of a secret negotia-
tion with the Lacedaemonians, Athens sent a fleet
apinst them. The other cities in the island, except
Methymna, made common cause with Mytilene. Af-
ter some resistance, however, the Athenians gained a
complete victory, when the walls of Mytilene were
razed, and many of its wealthier inhabitants put to
death. The Athenians even sent an order to their
commander to put to death all tho males who had at-
tained the age of puberty, but they became ashamed
of their own barbarity, and despatched messengers to
? ? revoke the order. The countermand arrived just one
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? M(E K
HOL
lime when Cumbyses overthrow the mag&ificerit tem-
ple of ileliopolis. Mncvis was worshipped with the
same superstitious ceremonies as Apia, and at his
death he received the same magnificent funeral. (Con-
sult Crcuztr, Symbolik, par GuigJiiaut, vol I, p. 498. )
Modestus, a Latin military writer, wuose history
is unknown. He wroto a work '? Dc vecabulis rci
msl-arii," by order of the Emperor Tacitus, A. D.
275 or 376. The first edition was published in 1474,
ill, Vera! . , edited by J. Aloysius; and is a book of
extreme rarity. There is also another edition, sup-
posed to Lave been printed at Rome by Laver, about
1475, 4to. An edition was also published in 1679,
2 vols. 4to, Ycsalia.
Moxmus, a river of Germany. {Vid. Menus )
Mcsris, I. a king of Egypt, who occupied the throne,
according to cbronologists, for the space of 68 years,
and was succeeded by Sesostris. (Lurcher, Tabl.
Ckronol. , p. 572. --Id. , Ckronol. a"Herod. , p. 86, >>tq.
--Bohr, ad Herod. , 2, 100. )--II. A lake of Egypt,
supposed to have been the work of a king of the same
name, concerning the situation and extent, and even
the exiatence of which, authors have differed. It has
been represented as the boldest and most wonderful
of all the works of the kings of Egypt, and, according-
ly, Herodotus considers it superior even to the pyra-
mids and labyrinth. (Herod. , 2, 149. ) As to its sit-
uation, Herodotus and Strabo (810) mark it out by
placing the labyrinth on its borders, and by fixing the
towns which were around it, such as Acanthus to ihe
south, Aphroditopolis towards the east, and Arsinoe
to the north. Diodorus (1, 52) and Pliny (5, 9) con-
firm this statement', by placing it at 21 leagues from
Memphis, between the province of that name and Ar-
sicce. The position thus indicated is supposed to
answer to the modern Birket-Caroun, a lake near-
by 50 leagues in circumference. Herodotus makes
the Lake Mceris 3600 stadia in circumference, and its
greatest depth 200 cubits. Bossuet has vindicated
the statement of its large extent against the raillery
of Voltaire. Rollin, however, deeming it to be in-
credible, adopts the opinion of Pomponius Mela (1,9),
and makes it 20,000 paces. D'Anville, with a view
of reconciling the contending parties, has marked on
his map of Egypt two lakes of this name, one of which
is in fact a canal running parallel with the Nile; this
be make* the Mceris of Herodotus and Diodorus,
while the other is situate to the northwest, and cor
responds, according to him, with the Mceris of Strabo
and Ptolemy. This last is the Birket-Caroun men-
tioned above; the former, which still subsists, is
known by the name of Bohr Jouteph, or Joseph's riv-
er. It opens Dear Tarout Ecehenff, and ends near
Birket-Caroun. The explanation given by Malte-
Brun is, however, the simplest, lie supposes that
the canal dignified with the name of Joseph, like many
other remarkable worka, was executed by order of
King Mceris The waters then filled the basin of the
lake Birket-Caroun, which received the name of the
prince who effected this great change. Thus a rea-
son ia given why the ancients say that the lake was
of artificial formation, while the Birket-Caroun gives
do evidence of any such operation. (Malte-Brun,
Geogr. , Tol. 2, p. 447, Brussels ed. ) If we listen,
however, merely to the relation of Herodotus, the Lake
Moeris was entirely the work of human trt; and, to
show this, two pyramids were to be seen in its centre,
? ? each of which was 200 cubits above, and as many be-
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? MUL
M 0<<
? em, according to the common interprctati. ?
i, as
twins (d/dviioi), and one as managing the chariot,
while the other held the lash. Aristarchus, however,
explained iiivpoi by iityvelc, on the authority of He-
liod (Kara rbv 'HrraJtW fLvQov), and saw in the Mo-
lionides a double body with two heads and four arms,
tike the double men of whom Hesiod speaks. This
explanation has boeri rejected by many as loo artificial
for the age of Homer; and in the same way has the
tradition mentioned by tho poet Ibycus been treated,
which makes the Molionidcs both to have come from
a >>ilver egg (ap Athen. , 2, p. 57,/. ). If we examine
attentively the genealogy assigned to these heroes,
new light will be found to break in upon this singular
fable. Actor, the father, is " the man of the shore,"
against which the waves of the sea break; he is also
"the man of grinding," of the grain crushed and bro-
ken by the mill. ('Kktoo, from ukt^. --Ai^repor
\iktti. --Hes. , Op. et D. , 32. ) On the other hand, Mo-
lione is " the female of combat. " Mm/to is the name
of her father (compare /iCitoe), according to Phcrccy-
des, and Apollodorus (1, 7) mentions two individuals
of this name, one the son of Mars, the other of Deu-
calion. Without war we can neither conquer nor de-
fend the soil destined for culture. Hence one of
these warriors is named Eurytus, or " the good de-
fender," the guardian, like the two Anaccs or Dios-
curi, whom the Spartan tradition made to have issued
from the same egg. Thus Eurytus is from ei and
Ho/tat, with an active signification. (Compare Butt-
man, Lcxilogus, vol. 1, p. 146. ) The other, Cteatus
'Krearoc--xreap, rtt mancipii), is " the possessor"
or "proprietor. " When the sea has entered within
its proper limits, and the shore now contains it, then
appear the cultivators of the soil. The man who
would remain master of his paternal soil must in
some sort be double. He must have two arms for
the sword and buckler, two for the lash and the reins
with which ho guides his coursers. A single body
aught to carry a double array of members, a single
will to actuate two souls. These are the double men
of Hesiod (di^tieff). --Such is the explanation of Creu-
ter as regards the fable of the Molionides. (Symbo-
tik, vol. 2, p. 337. --Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2,
pt. I, p. 334; seqq. ) In place of this very poetical ver-
aion of the legend, Hermann gives one altogether dif-
ferent, and singularly prosaic. He aees in the whole
story a general reference to traders coming by sea,
disposing of their merchandise to advantage, and be-
coming possessed of riches. (Ueber dat Wesen und
die Behandlung der Mythologie, p. 55. )--The Moli-
onides arc also mentioned as having come to the aid
of Augeas against Hercules. (Heyne, ad It. , 11,
708. ) The Cyclic poets, from whom Phcrccydcs and
Pindar (01. , 10, 32) drew, in this instance, their ma-
terials, make them to have been slain by Hercules,
whereas Homer speaka of them as surviving Hercu-
les, as being still young (naiff It' iovre), and contem-
porary with Nestor.
Molo, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also Apollo-
nins. (Vid Apollonius V. )
Molorchus, an old labouring-man near Clconae,
who hospitably entertained Hercules when tho Utter
wan on his way against the Nemean lion. Molorrhus
wishing to offer a sacrifice, in order to propitiate the
gods and obtain for Hercules a successful accomplish-
ment of his enterprise, the hero begged him to reserve
? ? it till the thirtieth day, saying that if he should then
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? HON
MOP
^mm lor the latter. (Cellaruu, G;ogr. Ant. , vol. 3 p.
355. )--II. An island off the coast of Britain, and fa-
cing the territory of the Ordovices, of which, in sti. ct-
ness, it formed part. It was situate to the southeast
of the former, and is now the Isle of Angltsty. Ta-
citus gives it the name of Mona (Aim. , 14, 29. --Vit.
Agric. ,14V *r. d Ptolemy styles it iiava, while Dio
Csssius (62, 7) names it Muvvn. It was remarkable
as ha. -ing been one of the principal seats of the Druids.
S jctoiiius Paullinus had conquered Anglesey; but the
ii. surrection of the Britons under Boadicea did not
leave him time to secure its possession. Agricola, at
a subsequent period, having subdued the Ordovices,
undertook the reduction of the island and succeeded.
The invasion by PaulllRusfwas seventeen years previous
to the conquest of Agricola. (Tacit. , VU. Agric, 18. )
Pennant mentions a pass in Wall's, into the valley of
Ulwyd, in the parish of Llanarmi. n, which, he says, is
still called Bwlch AgrikU, probul ly from having been
occupied by Agricola on his way o the isle of Mona.
Tacitus (Ann. , 14, 29, seqq. ) gives an interesting
account of the first conquest by Paullinus. The sa-
cred groves, stained with the blood of human sacrifices,
were destroyed by the Roman general. (Consult, in
relation* to the Druidical sacrifices, Higgins' Celtic
Druid*, p. 291, seqq. )
MoNiEiss, I. a Parthian commander, the same with
the Surena that defeated Crassus. The appellation
Surena, by which he is more commonly known, was
merely a Parthian term denoting his high rank. --II. A
Parthian officer in the time of Corbulo. (Dio Cass ,
82, 19. --Tacit. , Ann. , 15, 2. )
Monda, a river on the western coast of Lusitania,
between the Durius and Tagus. Conitnbriga (the
modVrn Coimbra) was situate on its banks. It is now
tbe Mondego. (Mela 3 I. --Marcian. , Pcripi, in
Hud*. Gr. M, vol. 1, p. 43. ) Pliny calls it the
M'n. da (4, 22).
Moneta, a surname of Juno among the Romans.
She received it, according to one account, because
ths advised them (monuit) to sacrifice a pregnant sow
to Cybele, to avert an earthquake. (Cic. , de Div. , 1,
16. ) I. ivy says, that a templo was vowed to Juno
under this name by the dictator L. P'urius Camillus,
when the Romans waged war against the Aurunci,
and that the temple was raised to the goddess by the
senate on the spot where the house of Manlius Ca-
pitolinus had formerly stood. (Livy, 7, 28. -- Com-
pare Ovid, Fast. , 6, 183. ) Suidas, however, states
that Juno was surnamed Moneta from her assuring the
Roman? , when, in the war against Pyrrhus, their pecu-
niary resources had failed them, and they had address-
ed her in prayer, that, as long as they prosecuted the
war with ju-uce, the means for carrying it on would be
supplied to them. After their arms were crowned with
success, they rendered divine honours to Juno, styling
her "Moneta," or the "adviser. " and resolved, for the
time to come, to coin money in her temple (Suid. ,
I. v. Movijra)--Many etymologists derive the English
word "money" from the Latin moneta; and this last,
according to Vossius, comes from monto; "quod ideo
moneta vacatur; quia nota inscripta monct nos nutans
tt valori*. 1' The true root, however, is most probably
contained in the Anglo-Saxon myncg-ian, " to mark,"
aimyntth-iaji, " to stamp," (Richardson, Eng. Diet. ,
t. v. " mint," "money. "--Compare Tookc, Diversion
tj Parley, vol. 2, p. 210, ed. 1829. )
? ? Monodus, a son of Prusias. He had one continued
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? MOR
MO S
rait Argos, intrusted the sovereign power to Mopscs,
to keep it foi him during the space of s year. On his
return, howercr, Mopsus refused to restore to him
the kingdom, whereupon, having quarrelled, they en-
gaged and slew each other. (Tzetz. ad Lycophr. ,
440. ) According to another legend, he was slain by
Hercules. {Ttetz. ad Lycophr. , 980. )--II. A son of
Atcpyx and Chloris, born at Titaressa in Thessaly.
He was the prophet and soothsayer of the Argonauts,
ii>d disd at his return from Colchis by the bite of a ser-
pent in Libya. (Hygin. , fab. , 14, 128, 172. --Tzetz.
id Lycophr. , 980. )
Morgantidm (or u), a town of Sicily, southeast of
Agyriun:, and nearly due west from Catana. It lay in
the neighbourhood of the river Symethus. The vil-
lage of Mandri Bianchi at present occupies a part of
its site. (Manner! , vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 430. )
Morimarusa, a name applied by the Cimbri to the
Noi. nern Ocean (Plin. , 4, 27), and which means " the
Dead Sea. " In the Welsh tongue, Afor is the " sea,"
and Marr "dead. " In the Irish, mutr-croinn denotes
a tiick, coagulated, frozen sea. (Class. Journ. , vol.
6, p. 296, seqq. )
Morini, a people of Bclgic Gaul, on the shores
of the British Ocean, and occupying what would cor-
respond to Ic Boulonnais, part of the Department du
Nord, and of Flanders along the sea. Their name
is derived from the Celtic Mor, which signifies "the
sea," and denoted a people dwelling along the sea-
coast. (Compare Thierry, Hist, des Gaulois, vol. 2,
p. 40. ) The Porlus Itius or Iccius lay within their
territories, and the passage hence to Britain was con-
sidered as the shortest. Virgil (JSn. , 8, 727) calls
them "czlremi hominum," with reference to their re-
mote situation on the coast of Belgic Gaul. (Heyne,
ad loe. --Compare Piin. , 19, 1. ) Their cities were,
Civitas Morinorum, now Terouenne; and Castellum
Monnorum, now Montcasscl. (Cas. , B. G , 4, 21. )
Mokpheus (two syllables), the God of Sleep, and
also of dreams, and hence his name from the various
forms (papyri, ? 'form," "figure") to which he gives be-
ing in the imagination of the dreamer. Thus Ovid
(Met. , 11, 634) styles him "artificem, simulatoremquc
figura.
