As the Belgian canal boats came through they
were loaded with the contraband wheat and provided
?
were loaded with the contraband wheat and provided
?
Soviet Union - 1931 - Fighting the Red Trade Menace
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 75
map, may be observed in classic form the nationalis-
tic, local patriotic, commercial reasons why Europe,
though partly convinced that the economic expan-
sion of the Soviet Union means trouble, and wholly if
vaguely convinced that it is undesirable, has done
nothing effective to check that expansion.
Seldom can one find conflicting interests in such
profusion as exist here, and each has its bearing on
Belgo-Soviet relations. The traditional conflicts ex-
istent everywhere are here between industry and ag-
riculture; between producer and consumer; between
those who want to buy Soviet goods because they
are cheaper, and those who want to keep Soviet
goods out because they compete with their own prod-
ucts; between those industrials who long for Soviet
orders and those who fear Soviet industrial competi-
tion. And to these conflicts are added the uniquely
Belgian conflict between the Walloons and the Flem-
ish. Looming over all is the Belgian national rivalry
with the old antagonist, Holland.
The Walloon-Flemish controversy must surprise
any observer coming in from the outside with the
war-time American picture in his mind of the hotly
patriotic nation of Belgians, united as a monolith
under the aegis of Albert.
To learn that radicals in the Flemish party agi-
tate for separation from Belgium, that moderates in
the same party, in very considerable numbers demand
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? 76 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
a revision of the constitution and organization of a
sort of dual, federal state, and that the police fre-
quently have to use their clubs to quell the treason-
able public demonstrations of the secessionists, is to
realize that the Walloon-Flemish conflict has more
serious aspects than the mere fact that it requires
knowledge of two languages to get a place in the pub-
lic service.
This is an aspect of Belgium that has more sig-
nificance as an illustration of one of Europe's most
acute post-war ailments than for its importance in
itself. And particularly in any study of the relation-
ship of Europe to the Soviet Union is it desirable
correctly to estimate the part played by the astonish-
ing growth since the war of the spirit of nationalism,
of sectional patriotism. Upon these centrifugal
forces the Soviet Union is depending in large part
for the undisturbed execution of its ambition to erect
an economically independent, militarily potent Com-
munist state, in a world of capitalist enemies too
busy hating each other to band against a common foe.
Hardly a nation in Europe is free from the dis-
integrating element of national minorities, bent on
having their independence even if they have to tear
up the Continent into scraps of States. Poland has its
Ukrainians, its Germans and its Jews; Germany has
its Poles; Czecho-Slovakia has its Slovaks; Jugo-
slavia its Croats; Rumania its Hungarians; Italy its
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 77
Austrians; France its Germans, and the Spanish rev-
olution has shown what the Basques and the Cata-
lonians thought of Spain.
These are by no means all. There are many more
groups of peoples dissatisfied and bitter against
their Governments. It may be remarked that of the
examples named, all except the Spanish dissenters
blame their troubles on the Versailles peace treaty
that rearranged Europe's boundaries with awkward
hand. For that very reason it was interesting to find
in Belgium a "national minority" problem that had
nothing to do with the Versailles peace treaty.
The Belgians have had 100 years since the founda-
tion of their present nation in 1830 in which to
reconcile the differences between the Flemish inhabit-
ants of the coast and the Walloon inhabitants of the
interior. The conflict still exists; the Flemish lan-
guage was given equal official rights with the French
in 1898; in 1923 the formerly French speaking uni-
versity at Ghent was converted to the Flemish tongue,
and today in Antwerp it is easier to get a civil an-
swer from a man on the street by speaking German
than by speaking French.
The Flemish, proud masters of the Port of Ant-
werp, claim that the Walloons pre-empt the plums
of government. The Walloons propose to continue the
pre-empting. Thus when Brussels takes a step toward
checking Soviet imports, Antwerp is urged by no
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? 78 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
exaggerated feelings of friendliness toward the capi-
tal to refrain from pressing its local claims to con-
sideration. Brussels is forced to compromise; Mos-
cow profits.
How Antwerp actually behaved when Brussels tried
to curb Soviet imports, and the role played by Rot-
terdam, and the dramatic circumstances of the rift in
Belgo-Soviet trade will be discussed in another chap-
ter. Here it is necessary to record the formal course
of events.
Belgium has no diplomatic relations with the So-
viet Union. This is one of the few important in-
stances in which Brussels has failed to follow the lead
of Paris. Belgium industrial investments in Czarist
Russia are estimated to have been worth around
$800,000,000. This was all lost when the Soviet
Government nationalized property and not a penny
has been recovered.
Feeling over this loss is still strong and the pre-
dominance in politics here of the clerical Catholic ele-
ment has made the assumption of diplomatic relations
with the Soviet Union an academic question. So far
Belgo-Soviet diplomatic relations consist of an agree-
ment for the return of citizens, signed April 20,1920.
Despite the lack of diplomatic relations, Belgium
and the Soviet Union by last year had developed a
trade that, though small in itself, made Belgium
seventh largest taker of Soviet goods. In 1930 Bel-
gium imported Soviet grain, flax, oil, lumber and a
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 79
few other products to the value of $12,800,000. She
exported to the Soviet Union, however, only $3,750,-
000 worth of machines, tools and boilers.
The Belgo-Russian balance of trade was distinctly
unfavorable to Belgium but not large enough in itself,
out of a total Belgian foreign trade of $1,700,000,-
000, to worry about so long as prosperity was abroad
in the land. Last autumn the flood of Soviet grain
disturbed Belgian farmers, the general economic de-
pression made even the small unfavorable trade bal-
ance with Russia irritating and the action of the
French in establishing their license system for Soviet
imports convinced Belgium she should do the same.
The license system, it was hoped, would throttle Rus-
sian "dumping" and improve the trade balance.
France decreed its license system October 4, 1930.
Belgium followed on October 26. Less extensive even
than the French, the Belgian list of Soviet products
requiring a license for import included only cereals
and cereal products, wine, glue and oleic and stearic
acid. The results of the French experiment have been
described. The Belgian findings have been if any-
thing even more discouraging.
Although Soviet grain has ceased to come into the
country legally, it is conceded by the Government
that it comes in in large quantities illegally, smuggled
by Belgian, Dutch and French traders. Petroleum
and timber were not put on the license list because
they are products not produced in Belgium, and, as
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? 80 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
in France, the Government had no interest in pro-
tecting American, Canadian or Scandinavian oil and
timber interests. Flax was not put on the list for
reasons given later.
Leaving grain entirely out of account, official Bel-
gium statistics show that in the first two months of
this year, after two months of operation of the license
system, Belgian imports of Soviet petroleum, lumber
and flax have averaged a little over a million dollars
a month, almost precisely as much as last year, while
Soviet imports of Belgian goods had fallen off from
a monthly average in 1930 of $300,000 to a monthly
average in 1931 of $100,000.
As in France the trade balance is now considerably
worse. As in France, Moscow had peremptorily cut
off orders from Belgium while Belgian desire for
cheap Soviet goods not competing with their own had
induced her traders to continue buying nearly as
much as they had before the license system.
As in France the Soviet export trade had suffered
very little, while that of America and the other great
producers of the Soviet staples, oil and lumber, con-
tinues to meet the pressure of Soviet competition
here. In both these products America competes di-
rectly with the Soviet Union for the Belgian mar-
ket, the United States having sold to Belgium in 1929
more than $15,000,000 of petroleum and petroleum
products, and $3,200,000 of timber.
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 81
The Belgian Government is admittedly uncertain
what to do. It is sure of but one thing: that its license
system has failed to accomplish the ends for which it
was created. The opinion in governmental circles is
that nothing can be done effectively against Soviet
economic expansion by one state acting alone, that
only united action can avail, but that the possibility
of united action appears remote as a dream.
Only a few objective Belgians realize that the rea-
sons why Europe cannot unite against the Soviet
Union are contained in substance in Belgium itself,
where not even within its own boundaries can the
citizens agree to carry out loyally the policy of the
Government.
While members of militant anti-Bolshevik organi-
zations speak of Briand's Pan-Europe as the coming
cure for Communism, Belgian smugglers ship quan-
tities of unlicensed Soviet grain across the border,
others falsify bills of lading and forward freight car-
loads of unlicensed Soviet timber into France, still
others buy Soviet flax, oil, and timber in preference
to the more expensive products of non-Soviet coun-
tries, and Antwerp, anxious over her port fees, steve-
dore wages and her trade rivalry with Rotterdam,
presses hard for complete abolition of all checks on
Soviet trade.
Moscow worries over the "anti-Soviet front" in
Europe. One wonders why.
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? CHAPTER IX
Antwerp:
Miles of brilliant flower beds, tulips, crocuses,
scarlet yellow, purple, lie between the tiny states of
Belgium and Holland. Spring makes their frontier
the pleasantest in Europe. But a great deal more
than flowers divides the Belgians from the Dutch
and to their many grounds for mutual national an-
tagonism has been added today the question of trade
with the Soviet Union.
Twenty-nine ships flying the red flag with the So-
viet hammer and sickle approached the port of Ant-
werp. Two million bushels of grain were in their
holds.
Strung out along the ocean track from the Black
to the North Seas the twenty-nine ships steamed for-
ward oblivious of world events, their twenty-nine cap-
tains busy only with the chart, course, Antwerp.
That forenoon there met in Brussels twelve men,
the Belgian Cabinet. They reflected on the "Red
Trade Menace," the falling price of wheat, on the
protests of their farmers, on the example set by
France. They framed a law, and thenceforth Soviet
grain required a license to enter Belgium.
That afternoon there met in Moscow nine men,
82
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 83
the Politburo of the Russian Communist Party.
That night the twenty-nine captains of the Soviet
grain fleet simultaneously by radio received one la-
conic message: "Pass Antwerp; dock Rotterdam. "
Now, Antwerp, Belgium, is the fifth greatest port
in the world. Rotterdam, Dutch, is the fourth. Ant-
werp hates Rotterdam; Rotterdam hates Antwerp.
For Antwerp the menace is not Red; it is Rotterdam.
For Rotterdam the menace is not Moscow, it is
Antwerp.
It took the Antwerp Chamber of Commerce just
twenty-four hours to awake, but in twenty-four
hours a long and burning telegram was laid before
the Belgian Cabinet.
"For the sake of this, for the sake of that you
cripple our trade, you help our rival. The Soviet
Government has ordered its Antwerp cargoes to Rot-
terdam, has boycotted our port. We are even going to
lose the Soviet transit trade. Help! "
Not in these words, but in this sense, the Antwerp
Chamber of Commerce framed its protest.
Before the Belgian Cabinet loomed the threat to
Antwerp. It had been forgotten in the larger threat
to Belgium. Now it nearly dimmed the "Red Trade
Menace. " Embarrassed, unable incontinently to
withdraw a royal edict, the Cabinet compromised and
two days after its first decree, issued another that
the license law did not apply to transit grain. Too
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? 84 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
late, for the Soviet Government announced its boy-
cott on Antwerp as port of transit would be main-
tained so long as the Belgian Government kept any
license system discriminating against the import into
Belgium of Soviet goods. The Antwerp Chamber of
Commerce has reckoned that it will lose in a year
on the transit of Soviet grain alone around 200,000
tons of traffic and from 800,000 to 1,000,000 tons of
imports.
The nine men in Moscow happily observed that
the twenty-nine ships were hospitably received in
Rotterdam; they observed the indignation in Ant-
werp, not against Moscow but against Brussels, and
summing up their observations they noted that the
Five-Year Export Plan was holding up nicely.
To the many reasons why the bourgeois world has
not been able to unite against Soviet economic ex-
pansion, to the reasons of European national rivalry,
mistrust and fear, to the reasons of individual busi-
nessmen's desire for profit from Soviet trade, the
Moscow observers were able to add as a curiosity the
special reasons of local patriotism operating in two
of the greatest ports of the world.
Rotterdam and Antwerp are favored in almost
equal degree by nature. Both have canal systems
reaching deep into the heart of Europe, and because of
these canal systems and their excellent harbor facil-
ities, the two cities, though belonging to the smallest
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 85
of continental nations, have developed into world
ports behind only New York, London, Hamburg and
Los Angeles. Their natural advantages being equal
the two ports can only compete through their hos-
pitality to trade.
The two ports covet each other's shipping to such
a degree that consideration of international scope re-
cede behind the foreground of their local ambitions.
Antwerp has made it hard for the Belgian Govern-
ment to maintain any sort of control system on So-
viet imports; Holland has made it virtually im-
possible.
The license system was established in late October.
Since that time sufficient has transpired to confirm
the impression that it has been unsuccessful. Bel-
gium's experience is worth attention as an example of
the difficulties that must be met by any bourgeois
nation that attempts individually to exert measures
of control over trade with the Soviet Union. For the
history of the Belgian license system on Soviet im-
ports is the history of the development of a new boot-
legging racket, the business of smuggling Soviet
wares under false certificates of origin.
It is not so picturesque a racket as the business of
liquor dealing in the United States, nor is it as profit-
able, but it is profitable enough. Its methods afford an
instructive view of a sort of individual disloyalty of
citizens to their state during its attempt at trade war
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? 86 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
with the Soviet Union--a disloyalty that Marxists
contend is inseparable from the private capitalist
system.
Bootlegging Soviet grain into Belgium is made
easier by the fact that the canal systems of the two
countries interlace and frequently a Belgian canal
passes for a short distance through Dutch territory.
One spot where this occurs has been exploited heav-
ily by the grain smugglers. Down in the extreme
southern tip of Holland a little tongue of Dutch ter-
ritory runs in between Germany and Belgium.
Through this tongue of Holland runs the Belgian
"Zuid-Willems" canal. It runs from Liege to Ant-
werp and save for the few mileo on Dutch territory
is exclusively Belgian.
In the little strip of Dutch territory through
which the canal passes it touches the Dutch town of
Maastricht. Boats coming up the canal had been long
accustomed to carry wheat from Antwerp to Liege.
After the Belgian Government subjected Soviet
wheat to an import license, Belgian customs author-
ities remarked an extraordinary increase in the canal
traffic from Antwerp to Liege. Dutch importers of
the Soviet grain that had been refused admittance to
Belgium had sold quantities of it to Belgian brokers
and shipped it to Maastricht.
As the Belgian canal boats came through they
were loaded with the contraband wheat and provided
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 87
with false bills of lading attesting that the grain was
of American or Canadian origin, pursued their dig-
nified way on back into Belgium. In this way many
thousands of tons of Soviet grain have entered the
country. Other thousands, also on false bills of lad-
ing, have been brought on lighters from Rotterdam
into Antwerp. One Antwerp business man told me he
estimated that more Soviet grain had been brought
into the country in this illegal manner than before the
license system was passed.
"It's like trying to dam a river with a fish net;
like trying to sweep the tide back with a broom," he
exclaimed. "There is no use in any one country try-
ing to keep out the cheap products of the Soviet
Union. So long as any nation in the world takes
Soviet goods, those goods will eventually find their
way into all the other nations. How can you identify
Soviet wheat, oats, rye, barley; how can you spot
Soviet timber, coal or oil? It is not as though you
put up a tariff on all grain, timber, coal or oil. That
is easy to enforce. But when you put up restrictions
only against Soviet products, you have to be able to
identify the stuff as coming from the Soviet Union.
How can you do it? We have not been able to find
out. "
He shrugged his shoulders.
As a matter of fact the Belgian Government is now
trying the experiment of requiring importers of
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? 88 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
grain from all countries to show samples as well as
produce certificates of origin, and it is hoped that ex-
pert grain men may be able to distinguish the Rus-
sian growths if they continue to be offered under false
bills of lading.
Worth noting is the fact that the smugglers of
Soviet wares are never the Soviet trade representa-
tives but always citizens of the country that has laid
down the restrictions, or of neighboring countries.
So for the last several months there has been a
heavy traffic in Soviet timber through Belgium into
France.
France, it may be remembered, last October in-
cluded timber on its list of Soviet products requiring
special import licenses. But French timber brokers,
operating through Rotterdam agents, buy their
quantities of Soviet timber and, shipping it through
Belgium, send it across the French frontier on false
bills of lading, alleging its origin in Finnland, Swe-
den, Poland, or some other non-Soviet timber pro-
ducing country. The Soviets would not permit this,
for they have refused to send any more transit
through Belgium. Nevertheless the Soviets profit
thereby.
All of the familiar aspects of capitalist inter-
necine contention are present in Belgium to par-
alyze the efforts of the few who believe that Soviet
economic expansion is not a threat merely to the in-
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 89
dividual producers now feeling the pinch of Soviet
state capitalist competition, but a threat to the en-
tire structure of private capitalism in Europe. So
far, in Belgium as in France, the only capitalists who
react are those immediately hit, and there are al-
ways to be found other capitalists whose profits from
Soviet trade make them active in counteracting the
efforts of their injured countrymen to defend them-
selves.
Flax in Belgium provides a useful example. Rus-
sian flax dominates the world market and under the
Five-Year Plan the Soviet production has already
outstripped the pre-war output. In 1913 Russia
grew 330,000 tons of flax; in 1929, 4-27,700 tons,
out of a total world production of 689,100 tons.
About two-thirds of all the world's flax is grown in
Russia, and last year the Soviet Union exported 71,-
583 tons of it. After Russia come Poland with 67,500
tons annual production, Latvia with 34<,600 tons and
Belgium fourth with 27,400 tons. In Belgium the
flax industry is especially important, for the plant
is not only grown there, but is worked up into linen.
But the Belgian flax industry is sharply divided
between the growers and the weavers. The growers
suffer under Russian competition, the weavers profit
by it. When the Government was considering its im-
port license plan for Soviet products, the flax grow-
ers asked that Russian flax be put on the list. The
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? 90 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
weavers demanded that it be kept off the list. It was
kept off, and today even under the bad relations ex-
isting between Belgium and the Soviet Union, exports
of flax into Belgium have increased enormously. In
the first two months this year they amounted to
2,746 tons against 836 tons in the same period the
year before, or an increase of more than 300 per cent.
The Flemish fight the Walloons, they both fight
the Dutch; Belgian industry fights Belgian agricul-
ture while Moscow marks triumphant red the North
Sea sector of the "Anti-Soviet Front. "
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? CHAPTER X
Amsterdam:
Twenty-nine ships carrying Soviet cargoes passed
Antwerp in a huff last October when the Belgian
Government decreed a license law for Soviet imports.
The twenty-nine ships went to Rotterdam instead.
Today the twenty-nine ships have been followed by
307 more.
With wide outstretched arms Holland eagerly has
received the Soviet trade that Belgium denied its
doors and the Netherlands are doing an import busi-
ness from the Soviet Union that for volume and va-
riety is nothing short of phenomenal, and in rela-
tionship to American trade with Holland is most
instructive.
Three hundred and seven steamships carrying
Soviet cargoes have discharged in Holland during
the seven months up to May 1, 1931. Three hundred
and seven merchant vessels can carry a great deal
of goods. So much, in fact, that not only has the
Dutch import from the Soviet Union risen by far
above that of the same period in the previous year,
but it has exceeded the combined Belgian and Dutch
imports from the Soviet Union for the same period
91
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? 92 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
in the previous year. If any evidence were needed
that Soviet exports are on the sharp upgrade, it is
offered by an examination of the contents of this Red
armada.
Furthermore, although it is impossible to establish
a causal connection between the decline in American
exports to Holland and the increase in Soviet ex-
ports to Holland, the statistical record of this move-
ment nevertheless is more interesting than statistics
are wont to be.
In blunt terms, the United States lost $5,000,000
worth of exports to Holland and the Soviet Union
gained precisely $5,000,000 worth of exports to
Holland in the three months, January to March,
1931, as compared with the same period in 1930.
American exports to Holland in the first three months
of 1931 were just one-half as much as they were in
the first three months of 1929, and Soviet exports to
Holland in the first three months of 1931 were just
nine times more than in the first three months of
1929.
Wheat, corn, lumber and petroleum are the prin-
cipal products in which the United States competes
with the Soviet Union for the Dutch market.
The movement of trade thus indicated is so ex-
traordinarily violent that it had better be fully
documented. The official figures are:
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 93
(Last three ciphers omitted)
--In First Three Months of--
1929 1930 1931
Total Dutch imports $250,400 $259,200 $197,600
From U. S 32,400 21,600 16,409
From Soviet Union. . . 800 2,644 7,600
American exports to Holland sank from $32,400,-
000 in the first quarter of 1929 to $16,400,000 in
1931, while Soviet exports to Holland rose from
$800,000 to $7,600,000. America's share of total
Dutch imports sank from 13 per cent in 1929, March
quarter, to 8. 45 per cent in the corresponding quar-
ter this year, while the Soviet Union's share in all
Netherlands imports rose from . 37 per cent in 1929
to nearly 4 per cent in 1931.
If one has no taste for statistics but is skeptical
still of the ability of the Soviet Union to export any
considerable quantities of the copious assortment of
goods observed as for sale in the Soviet pavilion of
the Milan Fair, there could be no more easy and en-
lightening reading than the ships' manifests of the
Soviet armada.
Here on the docks of capacious Dutch ports may
be seen in bulk the items displayed to the public in
the samples in Milan. In bales, blocks, sacks, cases,
tons, standards, barrels, from Archangel, Leningrad,
?
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? 94 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
Kherson, Mariupol, Murmansk, Nicolaieff, Novoros-
sik, Odessa, Poti, Sevastopol, Theodosia and Vladi-
vostock, "a great variety of commodities," as the
official report says, arrived. They came in ships flying
flags of virtually every maritime nation, British and
Italian companies leading and Soviet ships of
"Sovtorgflot" carrying perhaps 40 per cent of the
cargoes. To be quite exact about it, there arrived
goods in more than 200 different categories from
Russia, most of them either not mentioned at all in
the ships' manifests of 1929 and 1930 or appearing
in small volume. The list is much too long to repro-
duce. Alphabetically, it ranges from four cases of
"advertising-printed matter," to fifteen barrels of
"zinc ash. "
Grain men will be interested to observe that in
these first three months of 1931 there entered Hol-
land from the Soviet Union 85,222 tons of barley,
1,920 tons of buckwheat, 18,741 of corn, 58,970 of
oats, 23,799 of rye and 46,117 of wheat.
Rotterdam quotations on wheat as of May 16,
1931 showed Russian wheat selling at only a slight
advantage in price under wheat of similar quality
from other countries, a difference in fact of only five
Dutch cents per hundred weight. Russian rye was
quoted the same day at exactly the same price as rye
from other countries. This bears out the observation
already made that in the grain market the Soviet
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 95
does not always or often find it necessary to cut prices
more than a shade. Informed circles here are aware
that there is still a stock of surplus grain in Russia.
How much of this stock from the old crop will be
sold depends on the prospects for the new crop. If
the new crop is favorable, it is anticipated the Soviet
Union will come on the market again with fairly large
quantities. If the new crop is unfavorable, the mar-
ket may be spared further Soviet exports of grain
until the actual harvest in the Summer and Autumn
of 1931 has proved the supplies are sufficient both
for the Russian internal consumption and for ex-
port.
But grain is only one set of items worth pausing
before in these ship manifests from Russia. The mani-
fests, it must be recorded, have been made available
in the reports of the American consular service in
Holland--reports on Dutch imports from the Soviet
Union that for comprehensiveness surpass any piece
of official reporting on Soviet trade yet encountered
on this trip.
Here one reads that the Soviets imported into Hol-
land 853 cases of frozen eggs, 157 cases of egg yolks,
although the Soviet foreign trade delegations abroad
have frequently sought to give the impression that
so long as the acute shortage of eggs for the popu-
lation persisted at home, export of eggs would be
eliminated.
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? 96 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
Of particular value for the light it throws on the
attitude of the German Dye Trust toward the Soviet
Union is the list of chemicals Holland imported from
Russia. It may be recalled that the German Dye
Trust, Europe's greatest chemical concern, is ad-
verse to trading with the Soviet Union, although in
that respect it differs not only from the official
policy of the German Government but from the gen-
eral attitude of most of the larger German manu-
facturing concerns. Few of these concerns have been
hit by Soviet competition. Here in the ports of Hol-
land one finds the reason for the German Dye Trust's
unwillingness to keep step with its own Government
on the Russian problem.
The infant Soviet chemical industry has sent to
Holland in the first three months of this year 990
sacks of calcined soda, 180 drums of calcium chlo-
ride, 440 drums of calcium carbide, 3,362 drums of
caustic soda, 19 drums of chromic acid, 340 demi-
johns of formic acid, 325 drums of glycerin,
9,528 bags of magnesite and 3,858 tons of sodium
sulphite.
One surprising item of Soviet exports was clothing.
No specifications were given and one was left in the
dark as to what sort of clothing it could have been
or who could have been the prospective wearers, but
at any rate there is the fact--three bales and 1,262
cases of Soviet clothing exported into Holland.
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 97
Of other manufactured articles there are items in
plenty, although the total volume is not sufficient to
be evidence that any serious export of manufactured
goods has begun from the Soviet Union to this
country. The list nevertheless is long and various.
According to the ships' manifests Holland took from
the Soviet Union in the first quarter of this year
among other things various quantities of aniline
dyes, billiard balls, blankets, brass ware, brushes,
buttons, cables, carpets, celluloid, cotton textiles,
drugs, embroideries, electric light bulbs, lacquered
goods, lampsteads, finished leather, matches, metal-
ware, paint, paper, pencils, porcelain, rubber ga-
loshes, rubber tires, shawls, shoes, silk, window glass,
plywood and telegraph poles.
But what a really large place Soviet wares have
won recently in the Dutch market can best be judged
by the fact that in the period under consideration
Russia contributed more than two-thirds of all the
wheat Holland imported, 93 per cent of all rye, 73
per cent of all oats, 64 per cent of all lumber, 99 per
cent of all pulpwood, 94 per cent of all manganese
and so on down a long list of products including forty
of the more important Dutch imports, of which on the
average Holland took from the Soviet Union more
than 30 per cent of her total acquirements from
abroad.
A similar study of Soviet exports to Holland in the
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? 98 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
year 1930 reveals that during the year the quantity
and value of exports steadily rose, although not so
rapidly as after Belgium and France laid down their
restrictive measures. During these months, however,
when the Soviet grain crop was being rushed to the
market, the Rotterdam market had a busy time of it,
as a large part of the total Soviet grain exports went
through that port. Rotterdam grain merchants are
unanimous in their opinion of the quality of the sales-
manship and the mastery of market tactics displayed
by the Soviet foreign trade monopoly.
According to one grain broker, the Russian or-
ganization for the marketing of their grain was
"elaborate, farflung and farsighted. " The Russians
received in their headquarters, he said, from every
important grain center in the world information
covering supplies both on hand and expected from
crops and other sources, as well as on the market
trend, demand and other factors. They not only
gauged correctly the trend of 1930 prices as strongly
downward, helped by their own knowledge of gener-
ally unsuspected Russian supplies, but they maneu-
vered arrivals of their grain in various market cen-
ters, so as to take the utmost advantage of any local
conditions favoring them.
In view of the fact that the Soviet grain exporters
knew the market was going to decline continuously,
they hastened to sell their own grain as fast as pos-
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 99
sible. It was reported in Rotterdam that a ship often
would be chartered by the Soviets, loaded and dis-
patched on its way with instructions to deliver the
cargo as indicated later. Sometimes the point of des-
tination was not decided until almost at the last
moment. Sometimes on arrival at the designated port,
instructions were received to deliver the cargo at an-
other port.
? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 75
map, may be observed in classic form the nationalis-
tic, local patriotic, commercial reasons why Europe,
though partly convinced that the economic expan-
sion of the Soviet Union means trouble, and wholly if
vaguely convinced that it is undesirable, has done
nothing effective to check that expansion.
Seldom can one find conflicting interests in such
profusion as exist here, and each has its bearing on
Belgo-Soviet relations. The traditional conflicts ex-
istent everywhere are here between industry and ag-
riculture; between producer and consumer; between
those who want to buy Soviet goods because they
are cheaper, and those who want to keep Soviet
goods out because they compete with their own prod-
ucts; between those industrials who long for Soviet
orders and those who fear Soviet industrial competi-
tion. And to these conflicts are added the uniquely
Belgian conflict between the Walloons and the Flem-
ish. Looming over all is the Belgian national rivalry
with the old antagonist, Holland.
The Walloon-Flemish controversy must surprise
any observer coming in from the outside with the
war-time American picture in his mind of the hotly
patriotic nation of Belgians, united as a monolith
under the aegis of Albert.
To learn that radicals in the Flemish party agi-
tate for separation from Belgium, that moderates in
the same party, in very considerable numbers demand
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? 76 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
a revision of the constitution and organization of a
sort of dual, federal state, and that the police fre-
quently have to use their clubs to quell the treason-
able public demonstrations of the secessionists, is to
realize that the Walloon-Flemish conflict has more
serious aspects than the mere fact that it requires
knowledge of two languages to get a place in the pub-
lic service.
This is an aspect of Belgium that has more sig-
nificance as an illustration of one of Europe's most
acute post-war ailments than for its importance in
itself. And particularly in any study of the relation-
ship of Europe to the Soviet Union is it desirable
correctly to estimate the part played by the astonish-
ing growth since the war of the spirit of nationalism,
of sectional patriotism. Upon these centrifugal
forces the Soviet Union is depending in large part
for the undisturbed execution of its ambition to erect
an economically independent, militarily potent Com-
munist state, in a world of capitalist enemies too
busy hating each other to band against a common foe.
Hardly a nation in Europe is free from the dis-
integrating element of national minorities, bent on
having their independence even if they have to tear
up the Continent into scraps of States. Poland has its
Ukrainians, its Germans and its Jews; Germany has
its Poles; Czecho-Slovakia has its Slovaks; Jugo-
slavia its Croats; Rumania its Hungarians; Italy its
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 77
Austrians; France its Germans, and the Spanish rev-
olution has shown what the Basques and the Cata-
lonians thought of Spain.
These are by no means all. There are many more
groups of peoples dissatisfied and bitter against
their Governments. It may be remarked that of the
examples named, all except the Spanish dissenters
blame their troubles on the Versailles peace treaty
that rearranged Europe's boundaries with awkward
hand. For that very reason it was interesting to find
in Belgium a "national minority" problem that had
nothing to do with the Versailles peace treaty.
The Belgians have had 100 years since the founda-
tion of their present nation in 1830 in which to
reconcile the differences between the Flemish inhabit-
ants of the coast and the Walloon inhabitants of the
interior. The conflict still exists; the Flemish lan-
guage was given equal official rights with the French
in 1898; in 1923 the formerly French speaking uni-
versity at Ghent was converted to the Flemish tongue,
and today in Antwerp it is easier to get a civil an-
swer from a man on the street by speaking German
than by speaking French.
The Flemish, proud masters of the Port of Ant-
werp, claim that the Walloons pre-empt the plums
of government. The Walloons propose to continue the
pre-empting. Thus when Brussels takes a step toward
checking Soviet imports, Antwerp is urged by no
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? 78 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
exaggerated feelings of friendliness toward the capi-
tal to refrain from pressing its local claims to con-
sideration. Brussels is forced to compromise; Mos-
cow profits.
How Antwerp actually behaved when Brussels tried
to curb Soviet imports, and the role played by Rot-
terdam, and the dramatic circumstances of the rift in
Belgo-Soviet trade will be discussed in another chap-
ter. Here it is necessary to record the formal course
of events.
Belgium has no diplomatic relations with the So-
viet Union. This is one of the few important in-
stances in which Brussels has failed to follow the lead
of Paris. Belgium industrial investments in Czarist
Russia are estimated to have been worth around
$800,000,000. This was all lost when the Soviet
Government nationalized property and not a penny
has been recovered.
Feeling over this loss is still strong and the pre-
dominance in politics here of the clerical Catholic ele-
ment has made the assumption of diplomatic relations
with the Soviet Union an academic question. So far
Belgo-Soviet diplomatic relations consist of an agree-
ment for the return of citizens, signed April 20,1920.
Despite the lack of diplomatic relations, Belgium
and the Soviet Union by last year had developed a
trade that, though small in itself, made Belgium
seventh largest taker of Soviet goods. In 1930 Bel-
gium imported Soviet grain, flax, oil, lumber and a
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 79
few other products to the value of $12,800,000. She
exported to the Soviet Union, however, only $3,750,-
000 worth of machines, tools and boilers.
The Belgo-Russian balance of trade was distinctly
unfavorable to Belgium but not large enough in itself,
out of a total Belgian foreign trade of $1,700,000,-
000, to worry about so long as prosperity was abroad
in the land. Last autumn the flood of Soviet grain
disturbed Belgian farmers, the general economic de-
pression made even the small unfavorable trade bal-
ance with Russia irritating and the action of the
French in establishing their license system for Soviet
imports convinced Belgium she should do the same.
The license system, it was hoped, would throttle Rus-
sian "dumping" and improve the trade balance.
France decreed its license system October 4, 1930.
Belgium followed on October 26. Less extensive even
than the French, the Belgian list of Soviet products
requiring a license for import included only cereals
and cereal products, wine, glue and oleic and stearic
acid. The results of the French experiment have been
described. The Belgian findings have been if any-
thing even more discouraging.
Although Soviet grain has ceased to come into the
country legally, it is conceded by the Government
that it comes in in large quantities illegally, smuggled
by Belgian, Dutch and French traders. Petroleum
and timber were not put on the license list because
they are products not produced in Belgium, and, as
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? 80 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
in France, the Government had no interest in pro-
tecting American, Canadian or Scandinavian oil and
timber interests. Flax was not put on the list for
reasons given later.
Leaving grain entirely out of account, official Bel-
gium statistics show that in the first two months of
this year, after two months of operation of the license
system, Belgian imports of Soviet petroleum, lumber
and flax have averaged a little over a million dollars
a month, almost precisely as much as last year, while
Soviet imports of Belgian goods had fallen off from
a monthly average in 1930 of $300,000 to a monthly
average in 1931 of $100,000.
As in France the trade balance is now considerably
worse. As in France, Moscow had peremptorily cut
off orders from Belgium while Belgian desire for
cheap Soviet goods not competing with their own had
induced her traders to continue buying nearly as
much as they had before the license system.
As in France the Soviet export trade had suffered
very little, while that of America and the other great
producers of the Soviet staples, oil and lumber, con-
tinues to meet the pressure of Soviet competition
here. In both these products America competes di-
rectly with the Soviet Union for the Belgian mar-
ket, the United States having sold to Belgium in 1929
more than $15,000,000 of petroleum and petroleum
products, and $3,200,000 of timber.
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 81
The Belgian Government is admittedly uncertain
what to do. It is sure of but one thing: that its license
system has failed to accomplish the ends for which it
was created. The opinion in governmental circles is
that nothing can be done effectively against Soviet
economic expansion by one state acting alone, that
only united action can avail, but that the possibility
of united action appears remote as a dream.
Only a few objective Belgians realize that the rea-
sons why Europe cannot unite against the Soviet
Union are contained in substance in Belgium itself,
where not even within its own boundaries can the
citizens agree to carry out loyally the policy of the
Government.
While members of militant anti-Bolshevik organi-
zations speak of Briand's Pan-Europe as the coming
cure for Communism, Belgian smugglers ship quan-
tities of unlicensed Soviet grain across the border,
others falsify bills of lading and forward freight car-
loads of unlicensed Soviet timber into France, still
others buy Soviet flax, oil, and timber in preference
to the more expensive products of non-Soviet coun-
tries, and Antwerp, anxious over her port fees, steve-
dore wages and her trade rivalry with Rotterdam,
presses hard for complete abolition of all checks on
Soviet trade.
Moscow worries over the "anti-Soviet front" in
Europe. One wonders why.
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? CHAPTER IX
Antwerp:
Miles of brilliant flower beds, tulips, crocuses,
scarlet yellow, purple, lie between the tiny states of
Belgium and Holland. Spring makes their frontier
the pleasantest in Europe. But a great deal more
than flowers divides the Belgians from the Dutch
and to their many grounds for mutual national an-
tagonism has been added today the question of trade
with the Soviet Union.
Twenty-nine ships flying the red flag with the So-
viet hammer and sickle approached the port of Ant-
werp. Two million bushels of grain were in their
holds.
Strung out along the ocean track from the Black
to the North Seas the twenty-nine ships steamed for-
ward oblivious of world events, their twenty-nine cap-
tains busy only with the chart, course, Antwerp.
That forenoon there met in Brussels twelve men,
the Belgian Cabinet. They reflected on the "Red
Trade Menace," the falling price of wheat, on the
protests of their farmers, on the example set by
France. They framed a law, and thenceforth Soviet
grain required a license to enter Belgium.
That afternoon there met in Moscow nine men,
82
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 83
the Politburo of the Russian Communist Party.
That night the twenty-nine captains of the Soviet
grain fleet simultaneously by radio received one la-
conic message: "Pass Antwerp; dock Rotterdam. "
Now, Antwerp, Belgium, is the fifth greatest port
in the world. Rotterdam, Dutch, is the fourth. Ant-
werp hates Rotterdam; Rotterdam hates Antwerp.
For Antwerp the menace is not Red; it is Rotterdam.
For Rotterdam the menace is not Moscow, it is
Antwerp.
It took the Antwerp Chamber of Commerce just
twenty-four hours to awake, but in twenty-four
hours a long and burning telegram was laid before
the Belgian Cabinet.
"For the sake of this, for the sake of that you
cripple our trade, you help our rival. The Soviet
Government has ordered its Antwerp cargoes to Rot-
terdam, has boycotted our port. We are even going to
lose the Soviet transit trade. Help! "
Not in these words, but in this sense, the Antwerp
Chamber of Commerce framed its protest.
Before the Belgian Cabinet loomed the threat to
Antwerp. It had been forgotten in the larger threat
to Belgium. Now it nearly dimmed the "Red Trade
Menace. " Embarrassed, unable incontinently to
withdraw a royal edict, the Cabinet compromised and
two days after its first decree, issued another that
the license law did not apply to transit grain. Too
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? 84 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
late, for the Soviet Government announced its boy-
cott on Antwerp as port of transit would be main-
tained so long as the Belgian Government kept any
license system discriminating against the import into
Belgium of Soviet goods. The Antwerp Chamber of
Commerce has reckoned that it will lose in a year
on the transit of Soviet grain alone around 200,000
tons of traffic and from 800,000 to 1,000,000 tons of
imports.
The nine men in Moscow happily observed that
the twenty-nine ships were hospitably received in
Rotterdam; they observed the indignation in Ant-
werp, not against Moscow but against Brussels, and
summing up their observations they noted that the
Five-Year Export Plan was holding up nicely.
To the many reasons why the bourgeois world has
not been able to unite against Soviet economic ex-
pansion, to the reasons of European national rivalry,
mistrust and fear, to the reasons of individual busi-
nessmen's desire for profit from Soviet trade, the
Moscow observers were able to add as a curiosity the
special reasons of local patriotism operating in two
of the greatest ports of the world.
Rotterdam and Antwerp are favored in almost
equal degree by nature. Both have canal systems
reaching deep into the heart of Europe, and because of
these canal systems and their excellent harbor facil-
ities, the two cities, though belonging to the smallest
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 85
of continental nations, have developed into world
ports behind only New York, London, Hamburg and
Los Angeles. Their natural advantages being equal
the two ports can only compete through their hos-
pitality to trade.
The two ports covet each other's shipping to such
a degree that consideration of international scope re-
cede behind the foreground of their local ambitions.
Antwerp has made it hard for the Belgian Govern-
ment to maintain any sort of control system on So-
viet imports; Holland has made it virtually im-
possible.
The license system was established in late October.
Since that time sufficient has transpired to confirm
the impression that it has been unsuccessful. Bel-
gium's experience is worth attention as an example of
the difficulties that must be met by any bourgeois
nation that attempts individually to exert measures
of control over trade with the Soviet Union. For the
history of the Belgian license system on Soviet im-
ports is the history of the development of a new boot-
legging racket, the business of smuggling Soviet
wares under false certificates of origin.
It is not so picturesque a racket as the business of
liquor dealing in the United States, nor is it as profit-
able, but it is profitable enough. Its methods afford an
instructive view of a sort of individual disloyalty of
citizens to their state during its attempt at trade war
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? 86 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
with the Soviet Union--a disloyalty that Marxists
contend is inseparable from the private capitalist
system.
Bootlegging Soviet grain into Belgium is made
easier by the fact that the canal systems of the two
countries interlace and frequently a Belgian canal
passes for a short distance through Dutch territory.
One spot where this occurs has been exploited heav-
ily by the grain smugglers. Down in the extreme
southern tip of Holland a little tongue of Dutch ter-
ritory runs in between Germany and Belgium.
Through this tongue of Holland runs the Belgian
"Zuid-Willems" canal. It runs from Liege to Ant-
werp and save for the few mileo on Dutch territory
is exclusively Belgian.
In the little strip of Dutch territory through
which the canal passes it touches the Dutch town of
Maastricht. Boats coming up the canal had been long
accustomed to carry wheat from Antwerp to Liege.
After the Belgian Government subjected Soviet
wheat to an import license, Belgian customs author-
ities remarked an extraordinary increase in the canal
traffic from Antwerp to Liege. Dutch importers of
the Soviet grain that had been refused admittance to
Belgium had sold quantities of it to Belgian brokers
and shipped it to Maastricht.
As the Belgian canal boats came through they
were loaded with the contraband wheat and provided
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 87
with false bills of lading attesting that the grain was
of American or Canadian origin, pursued their dig-
nified way on back into Belgium. In this way many
thousands of tons of Soviet grain have entered the
country. Other thousands, also on false bills of lad-
ing, have been brought on lighters from Rotterdam
into Antwerp. One Antwerp business man told me he
estimated that more Soviet grain had been brought
into the country in this illegal manner than before the
license system was passed.
"It's like trying to dam a river with a fish net;
like trying to sweep the tide back with a broom," he
exclaimed. "There is no use in any one country try-
ing to keep out the cheap products of the Soviet
Union. So long as any nation in the world takes
Soviet goods, those goods will eventually find their
way into all the other nations. How can you identify
Soviet wheat, oats, rye, barley; how can you spot
Soviet timber, coal or oil? It is not as though you
put up a tariff on all grain, timber, coal or oil. That
is easy to enforce. But when you put up restrictions
only against Soviet products, you have to be able to
identify the stuff as coming from the Soviet Union.
How can you do it? We have not been able to find
out. "
He shrugged his shoulders.
As a matter of fact the Belgian Government is now
trying the experiment of requiring importers of
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? 88 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
grain from all countries to show samples as well as
produce certificates of origin, and it is hoped that ex-
pert grain men may be able to distinguish the Rus-
sian growths if they continue to be offered under false
bills of lading.
Worth noting is the fact that the smugglers of
Soviet wares are never the Soviet trade representa-
tives but always citizens of the country that has laid
down the restrictions, or of neighboring countries.
So for the last several months there has been a
heavy traffic in Soviet timber through Belgium into
France.
France, it may be remembered, last October in-
cluded timber on its list of Soviet products requiring
special import licenses. But French timber brokers,
operating through Rotterdam agents, buy their
quantities of Soviet timber and, shipping it through
Belgium, send it across the French frontier on false
bills of lading, alleging its origin in Finnland, Swe-
den, Poland, or some other non-Soviet timber pro-
ducing country. The Soviets would not permit this,
for they have refused to send any more transit
through Belgium. Nevertheless the Soviets profit
thereby.
All of the familiar aspects of capitalist inter-
necine contention are present in Belgium to par-
alyze the efforts of the few who believe that Soviet
economic expansion is not a threat merely to the in-
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 89
dividual producers now feeling the pinch of Soviet
state capitalist competition, but a threat to the en-
tire structure of private capitalism in Europe. So
far, in Belgium as in France, the only capitalists who
react are those immediately hit, and there are al-
ways to be found other capitalists whose profits from
Soviet trade make them active in counteracting the
efforts of their injured countrymen to defend them-
selves.
Flax in Belgium provides a useful example. Rus-
sian flax dominates the world market and under the
Five-Year Plan the Soviet production has already
outstripped the pre-war output. In 1913 Russia
grew 330,000 tons of flax; in 1929, 4-27,700 tons,
out of a total world production of 689,100 tons.
About two-thirds of all the world's flax is grown in
Russia, and last year the Soviet Union exported 71,-
583 tons of it. After Russia come Poland with 67,500
tons annual production, Latvia with 34<,600 tons and
Belgium fourth with 27,400 tons. In Belgium the
flax industry is especially important, for the plant
is not only grown there, but is worked up into linen.
But the Belgian flax industry is sharply divided
between the growers and the weavers. The growers
suffer under Russian competition, the weavers profit
by it. When the Government was considering its im-
port license plan for Soviet products, the flax grow-
ers asked that Russian flax be put on the list. The
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? 90 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
weavers demanded that it be kept off the list. It was
kept off, and today even under the bad relations ex-
isting between Belgium and the Soviet Union, exports
of flax into Belgium have increased enormously. In
the first two months this year they amounted to
2,746 tons against 836 tons in the same period the
year before, or an increase of more than 300 per cent.
The Flemish fight the Walloons, they both fight
the Dutch; Belgian industry fights Belgian agricul-
ture while Moscow marks triumphant red the North
Sea sector of the "Anti-Soviet Front. "
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? CHAPTER X
Amsterdam:
Twenty-nine ships carrying Soviet cargoes passed
Antwerp in a huff last October when the Belgian
Government decreed a license law for Soviet imports.
The twenty-nine ships went to Rotterdam instead.
Today the twenty-nine ships have been followed by
307 more.
With wide outstretched arms Holland eagerly has
received the Soviet trade that Belgium denied its
doors and the Netherlands are doing an import busi-
ness from the Soviet Union that for volume and va-
riety is nothing short of phenomenal, and in rela-
tionship to American trade with Holland is most
instructive.
Three hundred and seven steamships carrying
Soviet cargoes have discharged in Holland during
the seven months up to May 1, 1931. Three hundred
and seven merchant vessels can carry a great deal
of goods. So much, in fact, that not only has the
Dutch import from the Soviet Union risen by far
above that of the same period in the previous year,
but it has exceeded the combined Belgian and Dutch
imports from the Soviet Union for the same period
91
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? 92 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
in the previous year. If any evidence were needed
that Soviet exports are on the sharp upgrade, it is
offered by an examination of the contents of this Red
armada.
Furthermore, although it is impossible to establish
a causal connection between the decline in American
exports to Holland and the increase in Soviet ex-
ports to Holland, the statistical record of this move-
ment nevertheless is more interesting than statistics
are wont to be.
In blunt terms, the United States lost $5,000,000
worth of exports to Holland and the Soviet Union
gained precisely $5,000,000 worth of exports to
Holland in the three months, January to March,
1931, as compared with the same period in 1930.
American exports to Holland in the first three months
of 1931 were just one-half as much as they were in
the first three months of 1929, and Soviet exports to
Holland in the first three months of 1931 were just
nine times more than in the first three months of
1929.
Wheat, corn, lumber and petroleum are the prin-
cipal products in which the United States competes
with the Soviet Union for the Dutch market.
The movement of trade thus indicated is so ex-
traordinarily violent that it had better be fully
documented. The official figures are:
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 93
(Last three ciphers omitted)
--In First Three Months of--
1929 1930 1931
Total Dutch imports $250,400 $259,200 $197,600
From U. S 32,400 21,600 16,409
From Soviet Union. . . 800 2,644 7,600
American exports to Holland sank from $32,400,-
000 in the first quarter of 1929 to $16,400,000 in
1931, while Soviet exports to Holland rose from
$800,000 to $7,600,000. America's share of total
Dutch imports sank from 13 per cent in 1929, March
quarter, to 8. 45 per cent in the corresponding quar-
ter this year, while the Soviet Union's share in all
Netherlands imports rose from . 37 per cent in 1929
to nearly 4 per cent in 1931.
If one has no taste for statistics but is skeptical
still of the ability of the Soviet Union to export any
considerable quantities of the copious assortment of
goods observed as for sale in the Soviet pavilion of
the Milan Fair, there could be no more easy and en-
lightening reading than the ships' manifests of the
Soviet armada.
Here on the docks of capacious Dutch ports may
be seen in bulk the items displayed to the public in
the samples in Milan. In bales, blocks, sacks, cases,
tons, standards, barrels, from Archangel, Leningrad,
?
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? 94 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
Kherson, Mariupol, Murmansk, Nicolaieff, Novoros-
sik, Odessa, Poti, Sevastopol, Theodosia and Vladi-
vostock, "a great variety of commodities," as the
official report says, arrived. They came in ships flying
flags of virtually every maritime nation, British and
Italian companies leading and Soviet ships of
"Sovtorgflot" carrying perhaps 40 per cent of the
cargoes. To be quite exact about it, there arrived
goods in more than 200 different categories from
Russia, most of them either not mentioned at all in
the ships' manifests of 1929 and 1930 or appearing
in small volume. The list is much too long to repro-
duce. Alphabetically, it ranges from four cases of
"advertising-printed matter," to fifteen barrels of
"zinc ash. "
Grain men will be interested to observe that in
these first three months of 1931 there entered Hol-
land from the Soviet Union 85,222 tons of barley,
1,920 tons of buckwheat, 18,741 of corn, 58,970 of
oats, 23,799 of rye and 46,117 of wheat.
Rotterdam quotations on wheat as of May 16,
1931 showed Russian wheat selling at only a slight
advantage in price under wheat of similar quality
from other countries, a difference in fact of only five
Dutch cents per hundred weight. Russian rye was
quoted the same day at exactly the same price as rye
from other countries. This bears out the observation
already made that in the grain market the Soviet
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 95
does not always or often find it necessary to cut prices
more than a shade. Informed circles here are aware
that there is still a stock of surplus grain in Russia.
How much of this stock from the old crop will be
sold depends on the prospects for the new crop. If
the new crop is favorable, it is anticipated the Soviet
Union will come on the market again with fairly large
quantities. If the new crop is unfavorable, the mar-
ket may be spared further Soviet exports of grain
until the actual harvest in the Summer and Autumn
of 1931 has proved the supplies are sufficient both
for the Russian internal consumption and for ex-
port.
But grain is only one set of items worth pausing
before in these ship manifests from Russia. The mani-
fests, it must be recorded, have been made available
in the reports of the American consular service in
Holland--reports on Dutch imports from the Soviet
Union that for comprehensiveness surpass any piece
of official reporting on Soviet trade yet encountered
on this trip.
Here one reads that the Soviets imported into Hol-
land 853 cases of frozen eggs, 157 cases of egg yolks,
although the Soviet foreign trade delegations abroad
have frequently sought to give the impression that
so long as the acute shortage of eggs for the popu-
lation persisted at home, export of eggs would be
eliminated.
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? 96 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
Of particular value for the light it throws on the
attitude of the German Dye Trust toward the Soviet
Union is the list of chemicals Holland imported from
Russia. It may be recalled that the German Dye
Trust, Europe's greatest chemical concern, is ad-
verse to trading with the Soviet Union, although in
that respect it differs not only from the official
policy of the German Government but from the gen-
eral attitude of most of the larger German manu-
facturing concerns. Few of these concerns have been
hit by Soviet competition. Here in the ports of Hol-
land one finds the reason for the German Dye Trust's
unwillingness to keep step with its own Government
on the Russian problem.
The infant Soviet chemical industry has sent to
Holland in the first three months of this year 990
sacks of calcined soda, 180 drums of calcium chlo-
ride, 440 drums of calcium carbide, 3,362 drums of
caustic soda, 19 drums of chromic acid, 340 demi-
johns of formic acid, 325 drums of glycerin,
9,528 bags of magnesite and 3,858 tons of sodium
sulphite.
One surprising item of Soviet exports was clothing.
No specifications were given and one was left in the
dark as to what sort of clothing it could have been
or who could have been the prospective wearers, but
at any rate there is the fact--three bales and 1,262
cases of Soviet clothing exported into Holland.
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 97
Of other manufactured articles there are items in
plenty, although the total volume is not sufficient to
be evidence that any serious export of manufactured
goods has begun from the Soviet Union to this
country. The list nevertheless is long and various.
According to the ships' manifests Holland took from
the Soviet Union in the first quarter of this year
among other things various quantities of aniline
dyes, billiard balls, blankets, brass ware, brushes,
buttons, cables, carpets, celluloid, cotton textiles,
drugs, embroideries, electric light bulbs, lacquered
goods, lampsteads, finished leather, matches, metal-
ware, paint, paper, pencils, porcelain, rubber ga-
loshes, rubber tires, shawls, shoes, silk, window glass,
plywood and telegraph poles.
But what a really large place Soviet wares have
won recently in the Dutch market can best be judged
by the fact that in the period under consideration
Russia contributed more than two-thirds of all the
wheat Holland imported, 93 per cent of all rye, 73
per cent of all oats, 64 per cent of all lumber, 99 per
cent of all pulpwood, 94 per cent of all manganese
and so on down a long list of products including forty
of the more important Dutch imports, of which on the
average Holland took from the Soviet Union more
than 30 per cent of her total acquirements from
abroad.
A similar study of Soviet exports to Holland in the
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? 98 FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE
year 1930 reveals that during the year the quantity
and value of exports steadily rose, although not so
rapidly as after Belgium and France laid down their
restrictive measures. During these months, however,
when the Soviet grain crop was being rushed to the
market, the Rotterdam market had a busy time of it,
as a large part of the total Soviet grain exports went
through that port. Rotterdam grain merchants are
unanimous in their opinion of the quality of the sales-
manship and the mastery of market tactics displayed
by the Soviet foreign trade monopoly.
According to one grain broker, the Russian or-
ganization for the marketing of their grain was
"elaborate, farflung and farsighted. " The Russians
received in their headquarters, he said, from every
important grain center in the world information
covering supplies both on hand and expected from
crops and other sources, as well as on the market
trend, demand and other factors. They not only
gauged correctly the trend of 1930 prices as strongly
downward, helped by their own knowledge of gener-
ally unsuspected Russian supplies, but they maneu-
vered arrivals of their grain in various market cen-
ters, so as to take the utmost advantage of any local
conditions favoring them.
In view of the fact that the Soviet grain exporters
knew the market was going to decline continuously,
they hastened to sell their own grain as fast as pos-
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? FIGHTING THE RED TRADE MENACE 99
sible. It was reported in Rotterdam that a ship often
would be chartered by the Soviets, loaded and dis-
patched on its way with instructions to deliver the
cargo as indicated later. Sometimes the point of des-
tination was not decided until almost at the last
moment. Sometimes on arrival at the designated port,
instructions were received to deliver the cargo at an-
other port.
