An
American
dramatist; born near Baltimore,
Md.
Md.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
His works
include <The Labor Question in the Nineteenth
Century) (1871), «The Modern State and its
Functions) (2d ed. 1891), and others. He is
the founder and editor of L'Economiste Fran-
çais.
Le Sage, Alain René (lė-sazh'). A celebrated
French novelist and dramatist; born at Sarzeau,
near Vannes, May 8, 1668; died at Boulogne-
sur-Mer, Nov. 17, 1747. He abandoned law for
literature, with scant success till 1707, when
the comedy Crispin his Master's Rival) was
received with high public favor; as was “Tur-
caret) the following year. The latter - a sat-
ire on the financiers, trading classes, and nobil-
ity -- is one of the best comedies in French
literature ; every character is drawn with sharp
individuality. His novels (The Devil on Two
Sticks) (1707) and (Gil Blas) (1717), were
suggested by Spanish originals; but he owes
them nothing beyond suggestion. As author
of "Gil Blas) he is the parent and pattern of
Fielding and Smollett. Of his other romances
in the same general vein may be mentioned
(The Bachelor of Salamanca) and (The Life
and Adventures of M. de Beauchène. ) **
Lescure, Mathurin François Adolphe de
(lā-kür'). A French littérateur and historian;
born at Bretenoux (Lot), in 1833; died at
Clamart (Seine), May 6, 1892. Successively
attached to the Ministry of State and the Sen-
ate, he acquired a unique reputation by a series
of essays and monographs on the Revolutionary
and other periods in French history. Among
more than forty publications are: (Confessions
of the Abbess de Chelles) (1863); Marie
Antoinette and her Family) (1865); Mary
Stuart) (1871); (Illustrious Mothers) (1881);
(Love under the Terror) (1882); (Rivarol and
French Society during the Revolution and
Emigration (1883), his best work, crowned by
the Academy; (Châteaubriand) (1892); and
numerous memoirs.
Leskov, Nikolai Semyonovitch (les’kov).
A Russian novelist; born in the government
of Orel, Feb. 16, 1831 ; died in St. Petersburg,
March 5, 1895. His first story, No Way Out”
(1865), is a powerful delineation of Russian
society, and is tinged with radicalism and ni-
hilism. In the novel (The Clergy) he portrays
the life of the priesthood; in (To the Knife)
he describes in detail the schisms and factions
of the intellectual world of Russia. He has
also written many tales based on ancient
legends.
Lesley, John. A Scotch historian; born
Sept. 29, 1527 ; died in Brussels, Belgium, May
31, 1596. A stanch friend of Mary Queen of
Scots, he was implicated in the project for her
marriage to the Duke of Norfolk, and in the
consequent rebellion in the north of England,
and was imprisoned in the Tower. On his
release he crossed to the Continent, and sub-
sequently became bishop of Coutances in Nor-
mandy. His chief production is a history of
Scotland (published at Rome, 1578), in ten
books, seven in Latin and the last three in
Scotch dialect.
Leslie, Charles Robert. An English painter
and writer on art; born in London, Oct. 19,
1794; died there, May 5, 1859. He was brought
to America by his parents in 1799, but return-
ing to England (1811), studied art under Alls-
ton and West. For a brief period he was
instructor in art at West Point, N. Y. , and
later professor of painting at the Royal Aca-
demy (1848–52). His published works include:
Memoirs of John Constable (1845); Hand-
book for Young Painters) (1855), an enlarged
edition of his Royal Academy lectures; and
a Life of Reynolds) (completed by Taylor,
1865).
Leslie, Eliza. An American prose-writer;
born in Philadelphia, Nov. 16, 1787; died in
Gloucester, N. J. , Jan. 2, 1858. Her father
was a personal friend of Franklin, Jefferson,
and other eminent men of his time. Her first
successful work was a cookery book; she after-
ward adopted literature as a profession, and
edited The Gift, which attained great popu-
larity. Her published works include: Pencil
Sketches) (1833-37); (House Book) (1840);
"Ladies' Receipt Book) (1848); and (Behaviour
Book) (1853).
Lespès, Léo (les-pās'). A French story-teller;
born at Bouchain, June 18, 1815; died at Paris,
April 29, 1875. He wrote for the minor Paris
newspapers, under the signature “Timothy
Trimm," a number of short stories, which were re-
ceived with extraordinary popular favor. He
founded the Petit Journal (1862), which imme-
diately reached the then unexampled circulation
of 200,000 copies. Among his stories, which were
frequently republished, are: (Stories in Pink
and Black) (1842); Mysteries of the Grand
Opera) (1843); (A Story to Make You Shudder);
Physiology of Champagne) (1866); (Walks
about Paris) (1867).
L'Espinasse, Julie de (les-pē-näs'). A French
letter-writer; born at Lyons, about 1732; died
-
## p. 339 (#355) ############################################
LESSEPS - LEVER
339
at Paris, May 23, 1776. Her drawing-room was
a place of assembly for the fashion and wit of
Paris. Her Letters) (2 vols. , 1809), and "Un-
published Letters) (2 vols. , 1877), are of interest
more as reflecting the writer's passionate sen-
sibility and enthusiasm than for their literary
exceilence.
Lesseps, Ferdinand, Vicomte de (les-eps).
A French diplomat and engineer; born at
Versailles, Nov. 19, 1805; died Dec. 7, 1894. He
was employed several years in the French
consular and diplomatic service. In 1854, on
the invitation of Said Pasha, he visited Egypt
to study the problem of canalizing the Isthmus
of Suez: the results of his studies were stated
in a memoir, Piercing the Isthmus of Suez. )
He was made chief director of the works in
1856. The canal was opened to traffic Aug.
15, 1869. He published (1875-81) five volumes
of Letters, Journals, and Documents Relating
to the Suez Canal”; and in 1887, 'Recollections
of 40 Years. His attempt to pierce the Isth-
mus of Panama resulted in failure, and in
numberless discussions and papers, none of
which have been embodied in a book.
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (les'ing). A
great German poet, and the foremost critic of
German literature ; born at Kamenz in Upper
Lusatia, Jan. 22, 1729; died at Brunswick, Feb.
15, 1781. Among his writings are: (The Young
Savant,' a comedy (1750); (Trifles,' a collection
of his lyric poems (1751); (Rehabilitations)
(1751) — redeeming from obloquy the name and
fame of sundry historical personages; Miss
Sara Sampson (1755), a tragedy ; (The Free-
Thinker,' (The Jews, (The Woman-Hater)
(1755), comedies; Pope a Metaphysician ! )
(1755); "Letters on Literature (1758); Philo-
tas,' a prose tragedy (1759); "Laocoon: on the
Boundaries of Painting and Poetry, Part i.
(1766),- the second part was never written;
Minna von Barnhelm, a comedy (1767); An-
tiquarian Letters) (1768); Emilia Galotti, a
tragedy (1772); Nathan the Wise) (1779);
« Education of the Human Race) (1780); (Ernst
and Falk) (1780). *
Lester, Charles Edwards. An American
prose-writer; born in Griswold, Conn. , 1815;
died in Detroit, Mich. , 1890. Among his works
are: (The Glory and Shame of England' (2
vols. , 1841); (Artists in America) (1846); "Life
and Public Services of Charles Sumner) (1874);
History of the United States, Considered in
Five Great Periods) (2 vols. , 1883).
Lesueur, Daniel. See Loiseau.
Lethbridge, Roper, Sir. An English states-
man, scholar, and author; born in 1840. He
was for many years prominent in educational
and political movements in India, as professor
in the Bengal Educational Department, and
subsequently as Political Agent and Press Com-
missioner under Lord Lytton's viceroyalty,
Among his works are: A Short Manual of
the History of India) (1881); (High Educa-
tion in India! : A History of Bengal); and the
articles on 'Feudatory States) in the Imperial
Gazetteer of India, In 1890 he was created
Knight Commander of the Indian Empire.
Letronne, Jean Antoine (le-tron'). A French
archæologist; born at Paris, Jan. 2, 1787; died
there, Dec. 14, 1848. He is distinguished chiefly
for his studies in numismatics and inscriptions.
Among his writings are: (Topography of Syra-
cuse) (1813); (Fragments of Hero of Alexan.
dria) (1816); (Valuings of Greek and Roman
Coins) (1817); (Materials to Serve for a His.
tory of the Christian Religion (1833); (The
Vocal Statue of Memnon (1833); (Collection
of Greek and Latin Inscriptions from Egypt)
(1842-48).
Leuckart, Rudolf (loik'ärt). A German zo-
ölogist; born at Helmstedt, Oct. 7, 1822. He
was appointed professor of zoology at Giessen
in 1855, and of zoology and zoötomy at Leip-
sic in 1869. His studies were chiefly made in
the field of lower and lowest forms of animal
life, - zoophytes, sponges, insects, parasites.
Among his writings are treatises on (Trichina
Spiralis (1860); (Tapeworms); 'Parthenogene.
sis of Insects); (Anatomy of Bees. )
Leuthold, Heinrich (loit'öld). A German.
Swiss poet; born at Wetzikon, Switzerland,
Aug. 9, 1827; died near Zürich, July 1, 1879.
With Geibel he made translations of French
poetry: 'Five Books of French Lyrism (1862).
A volume of original verse, Poems) (1879),
showed him to be a gifted poet, possessing per-
fect mastery of artistic form. The author died
insane while his volume was going through the
press.
Leva, Giuseppe de (lā'vä). An Italian
writer of history; born at Zara in Dalmatia,
1821. Among his works are: Life of Cardi.
nal G. Contarini); Giulio della Rovere);
(Giovanni Grimani); (Documentary History of
Charles V. in his Relation to Italy) (4 vols. ,
1863-81).
Levasseur, Pierre Émile (lė-vas-ėr'). A
French political economist ; born at Paris, Dec.
8, 1828. He is author of Public Moneys among
the Romans) (1854); (The Gold Question
(1858); (The Laboring Classes of France from
Cæsar's Time to the Revolution' (2 vols. , 1859);
the same continued to 1867 (2 vols. ); (The
French Population (1889-91, 3 vols. ), an im-
portant work; France and her Colonies) (1893).
Levay, Joseph (lev'ā). A Hungarian poet;
born at Sajo Szent-Peter, Nov. 18, 1825. Be-
sides poems in eulogy of Kazinczy, Paloczy,
Deák, etc. , and translations of parts of Shakes-
peare's plays and of Burns's songs, he wrote:
Songs of Memory) (1850); Poems) (1850);
(New Poems) (1856). In his songs he always
strikes the chord of national and popular senti-
ment.
Lever, Charles (James). An Irish novelist;
born at Dublin, Aug. 31, 1806; died at Trieste,
June 1, 1872. He wrote : "Confessions of Harry
Lorrequer) (1841); "Charles O'Malley) (1841);
(Arthur O'Leary) (1844); Jack Hinton the
>
## p. 340 (#356) ############################################
340
LEVERRIER-LEWIS
)
Guardsman) (1844); (Tom Burke of Ours)
(1844); (The O'Donoghue) (1845); (Con Cre-
gan) (1849); (Roland Cashel (1850); (The
Daltons, or Three Roads in Life) (1852); (The
Dodd Family Abroad) (1854); (The Fortunes
of Glencore) (1857); Davenport Dunn' (1859);
(Barrington' (1863); "Luttrell of Arran) (1865);
(Sir Brooke Fosbrooke) (1866); (The Bram-
leighs of Bishop's Folly) (1868); (Lord Kil-
gobbin) (1872). *
Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph (lė-vā-ryā').
A celebrated French astronomer; born at St.
LÔ, March 11, 1811; died at Paris, Sept. 23,
1877. Till 1837 his studies were wholly in the
department of chemistry ; in that year he was
appointed teacher of astronomy in the Poly-
technic School. In 1839 he attained rank among
the foremost astronomers by two memoirs pre-
sented to the Academy on (Secular Perturba-
tions of the Planetary System. He then
studied the movements of Mercury and Uranus,
and was led to infer the existence of a planet
beyond Uranus : the inference was proved true
by the finding of the hypothetical planet (Nep-
tune) by Galle. His theories and tables of the
several planets are given in the (Annals of the
Paris Observatory. "
Levertin, Oscar. A Swedish poet; born at
Stockholm, 1862. He first wrote some stories
after the manner of the “realists, but they
had little success. Breaking then with realism,
he indulged his bent toward romance and mys-
ticism in his poems' Legends and Tales) (1891),
and New Poems) (1894). He is at the head
of the younger lyric poets of Sweden. In his
work (Gustavus III. as a Dramatist) (1894),
he proves himself an acute critic of 18th-century
literature.
Levien, Ilse. See Frapan.
Lewald, August (le-väld'). A German story-
teller; born at Königsberg, Prussia, Oct. 14,
1792; died at Munich, March 10, 1871. He
wrote: Aquarelles from Life) (1836); (Story
of the Theatre ) (5 vols. , 1841), autobiographical ;
(Clarinette) (3 vols. , 1863); (The Insurgent) (2
vols. , 1865); Last Travels) (1870).
Lewald, Fanny. A German novelist; born
at Königsberg, March 24, 1811; died at Dres-
den, Aug. 5, 1889. Her principal writings are:
(The Representative) (1841); (Clementine )
(1842); Diogena: Story of Iduna, Countess
H-H) (1847), a mild satire on Ida, Countess
Hahn-Hahn; Dunes and Mountain Strata)
(1851); ' Pictures of German Life) (1856); (From
Generation to Generation) (1863); "Woman :
Pro and Contra) (1870); “The Darner Family)
(1887); "Twelve Pictures from the Life) (1888).
Lewes, George Henry. An English historical
and miscellaneous writer; born at London,
April 18, 1817; died there, Nov. 28, 1878. Among
his writings are: (Biographical History of Phi-
losophy) (1845-46), afterward entitled History
of Philosophy from Thales to Comte) (1866);
(Life of Robespierre) (1849); (The Life and
Works of Goethe) (1855); (Seaside Studies!
(1858); (The Physiology of Common Life)
(1859); (Studies in Animal Life) (1862); (Aris-
totle: a Chapter from the History of Science)
(1864); Problems of Life and Mind' (3 vols. ,
1872-79); (The Physical Basis of Mind) (1877).
He wrote two novels, Ranthorpe) (1847), and
(Rose, Blanche, and Violet) (1848); and the
dramatic poems (Lope de Vega and Calderon)
and “The Noble Heart. *
Lewis, Alonzo. An American poet, known
as the "Lynn bard"); born in Lynn, Mass. , Aug.
28, 1794; died there, Jan. 21, 1861. He was the
author of Forest Flowers and Sea Shells,' which
reached ten editions, and History of Lynn
(1829; 2d ed. 1844). N. P. Willis spoke highly
of his poems.
Lewis, Charles Bertrand. [M. Quad. ” ]
An American journalist and humorist; born in
Liverpool, O. , 1842. He received his education
at the Michigan Agricultural College. During
the Civil War he served in the Union army.
For many years he was on the staff of the
Detroit Free Press, and since 1891 has been
connected with the New York World. He has
published : 'Quad's Odds) (1875); “Goaks and
Tears) (1875); (The Lime Kiln Club. ?
Lewis, Charlton Thomas. An American
scholar, journalist, and lawyer; born at West
Chester, Pa. , in 1834. He was professor of
mathematics and subsequently of Greek at
Troy University (1859-62), revenue commis-
sioner at Washington, D. C. , and latterly has
practiced law in New York. He wrote a 'His-
tory of Germany,' founded on D. Müller's
work, and collaborated with harles Short in
the preparation of "Harper's Latin Dictionary)
(1879), and a 'School Latin Dictionary) (1889).
Lewis, Estelle Anna Blanche Robinson.
An American dramatist; born near Baltimore,
Md. , April 1824; died in London, Nov. 24, 1880.
While a schoolgirl she translated the Eneid)
into English verse ; wrote (Forsaken'; and pub-
lished Records of the Heart' (1844), and
(Hebémah, or the Fall of Montezuma) (1864).
Her best dramatic work, “Sappho of Lesbos,
a tragedy, ran through seven editions, and was
translated into modern Greek and played at
Athens. Edgar A. Poe spoke of her as the rival
of Sappho; Lamartine called her the female
Petrarch. "
Lewis, George Cornewall, sir. An English
statesman, scholar, and critic; born at London,
April 21, 1806; died at Harpton Court, Radnor-
shire, April 13, 1863. A graduate of Christ
Church, Oxford, with high honors, he became a
lawyer, and rose almost to the top in politics,
filling three Cabinet places in rapid succession,
ending with Chancellor of the Exchequer in
1855. His immense knowledge, sagacious judg-
ment, and cool temper (he said to an excitable
colleague, “I am a vegetable and you are an
animal »), made him very influential both in
public life and in the world of critical scholar-
ship. His most enduring work is the "Enquiry
into the Credibility of Early Roman History)
## p. 341 (#357) ############################################
LEWIS- LIDNER
341
(2 vols. , 1855); mainly a criticism of Niebuhr's
assumption that there can be reliable intuitive
perceptions of historic fact without a sufficiently
tangible basis of evidence to support the test
of argument. It is also an excellent analysis
of early Roman records and legends. His books
on Grecian subjects, on the Romance languages,
on early astronomy, etc, are mines of research
and good criticism; on Egyptian subjects his
over-skepticism led him to the absurd conten-
tion that the hieroglyphics could not be de-
ciphered at all. His political writings, as On
the Use and Abuse of Political Terms) (1835),
On the Influence of Authority in Matters of
Opinion) (1849), (On the Methods of Observa-
tion and Reasoning in Politics) (2 vols. , 1852),
are clarifying but too prolix.
Lewis, Maria Theresa, Lady. An English
biographer, a descendant of the great historian
Lord Clarendon and wife of Sir George C.
Lewis; born March 8, 1803; died Nov. 9, 1865.
She wrote (Lives of the Friends and Contem-
poraries of Lord Chancellor Clarendon) (3
vols. , 1852).
Lewis, Matthew Gregory. ["Monk» Lewis. ]
An English poet; born at London, July 9, 1775;
died May 14, 1818. His first poem, Ambrosio,
or the Monk) (1795), became instantly very pop-
ular; a court decree stopped its sale for a time;
when its sale was resumed many objectionable
passages had been expunged. He next wrote a
musical drama, (The Castle Spectre (1796),
long a favorite piece on the stage. He wrote
also Journal of a West-Indian Proprietor, pub-
lished after his death.
Lewis, Tayler. An American scholar and au-
thor; born in Northumberland, N. Y. , in 1802 ;
died in Schenectady, N. Y. , May 11, 1877. Was
professor of Greek in the University of New
York in 1838, and later of Oriental literature in
Union College. He published many volumes.
Among these are: ! The Six Days of Creation
(1855); “Heroic Periods in a Nation's History)
(1866); (The Light by which We See Light)
(1875); and many addresses and reviews.
Lewis, Thomas Hayter. An English archi-
tect and author; born in London, July 9, 1818.
He was professor of architecture at University
College (1865-81), and is the author of (The
Holy Places of Jerusalem) (1888), the most
important work on the subject issued in recent
years. Besides papers relating to architecture
and antiquities in the transactions of various
societies, he has written also the articles on
architecture in the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Leybourn, William. An English mathema-
tician, a pioneer in popularizing arithmetic and
astronomy; born 1626; died about 1700. His
(Urania Practica) (1648) was the first English
treatise on astronomy; his (Panarithmologia)
(1693) the first English ready-reckoner.
Leyden John (li'den). A Scotch Oriental-
ist, poet, and author; born in Denholm, Sept.
8, 1775; died at Batavia, Java, Aug. 28, 1811.
Soon after obtaining his medical degree he
went to India, where his proficiency in Ori-
ental and especially Indo-Chinese languages
led to an appointment as professor of Hindus-
tani at Fort William College, Calcutta. He
is the author of (An Historical Account of
Discoveries in Northern and Western Africa)
(1789), an accurate and useful work for that
time; an essay on Indo-Chinese literature in
(Asiatic Researches); "Scenes of Infancy, a
poem; and a number of Scotch ballads, much
admired by Sir Walter Scott and others.
L'Hôpital, Michel de (lõ-pe-täl). A French
statesman; born at Aigueperse, 1505; died March
13, 1573. He left some elegant Latin poems,
also memoirs, discourses, and papers on juris-
prudence and political affairs; they were pub-
lished in five volumes under the title (Works
of Michel de l'Hôpital) (1824).
Libanius (li-bā'ni-us). A Greek sophist of
the fourth century; native of Antioch in Syria.
Though a heathen, he was beloved by St. Basil
and St. John Chrysostom, once his pupils. He
was a voluminous writer, and very successfully
imitated in his orations the style of Demos-
thenes; he got the nickname of the little De-
mosthenes. Of his orations 68 are extant: they
are of value for the history of his time; the
same is to be said of his (Epistles, of which
1,607 remain.
Libelt, Karol (lē'belt). A Polish miscellane-
ous writer; born at Posen, April 8, 1807; died
near Gollancz, June 9, 1875. His principal work
is Philosophy and Criticism) (5 vols. , 1845-
50). He wrote also : (Mathematical Handbook)
(2 vols. , 1844); a drama, (The Maid of Orleans)
(1847); Humor and Truth) (1848), a volume
of brief essays.
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (licht'en-
berg). A distinguished German satirical writer
and physicist; born near Darmstadt, July
1742; died at Göttingen, Feb. 24, 1799. He
gained great celebrity as a lecturer on physical
science, chiefly through the ingenious apparatus,
contrived by himself, with which he illustrated
his lectures. His being a hunchback probably
embittered his satiric disposition. The best of
his satires are those on the notorious literary
pirate Tobias Gobhard; the essay on (The
German Novel); (Timorus,' ridiculing Lava-
ter's zeal for proselytizing; and “Pronunciation
of the Wethers of Ancient Greece, aimed at
Voss's system of pronouncing Greek. His brill-
iant sayings have been collected and published
in a separate volume, Lichtenberg's Thoughts
and Maxims: Light Rays from his Works) (1871).
Lichtenstein, Ulrich von. See Ulrich von L.
Lichtwer, Magnus Gottfried (licht'văr). A
German poet; born at Wurzen, Jan. 30, 1719;
died at Halberstadt, July 6, 1783. His principal
work is Four Books of Æsopic Fables) (1748).
His didactic poem “The Right of Reason)
(1758), founded on the philosophy of Wolf, is
of little value.
Lidner, Bengt (lid'ner). A Swedish poet;
born at Göteborg (Gothenburg), March 16,
а
## p. 342 (#358) ############################################
342
LIE- LILLIE
1757; died at Stockholm, Jan. 4, 1793. He pub-
lished a volume of Fables) after the manner
of Lafontaine (1799). In 1781 he was secretary
to the Swedish envoy at Paris, and there wrote
the tragedy (Erik the Fjortonde. He lost his
secretaryship through his dissipations. He was
a highly gifted poet; but his poems were, like
his life, irregular, lacking sobriety and dignity.
The best of them are: 'Spastaras Dod (1783);
(Aret,' (1783); (Ythersta Domen'; and the op-
era Medea.
Lie, Jonas Laurits Idemil (lē). A Nor-
wegian poet; born at Eker, near Drammen,
June 11, 1833. He published a collection of his
(Poems) (1866); (The Ghost-Seer, a novel
(1870); (Pictures from Norway) (3d ed. 1880);
(Lotse and his Wife) (1874); (Fanfulla, an
Italian tale (1875); Faustina Strozzi, a lyrico-
dramatic poem (1875). Thereafter he wrote a
series of novels; among which were : ( Thomas
Ross) (1878); (Adam Schrader) (1879); (The
Commander's Daughter) (1886); (Evil Powers)
(1890). He also issued the comedies, Garbow's
Cat) (1880); and (Merry Wives) (1894). *
Lieber, Franz (lē'ber). An eminent Ameri-
can publicist; born at Berlin, Germany, March
18, 1800; died in New York, Oct. 2, 1872. He
volunteered as a soldier at 15, and was in
the battles of Ligny, Waterloo, and Namur. He
served also in the Greek war of independence,
recording his experiences in Journal in Greece)
(1823). He settled in the United States in
1827, and during the next five years was occu-
pied with the compilation of the "Encyclopædia
Americana) (13 vols. ). While professor of
history and political economy in South Caro-
lina College, he wrote the three great works
on which his fame mainly rests: (Manual of
Political Ethics) (1838); Legal and Political
Hermeneutics (1839); (Civil Liberty and Self-
Government (1853). In the beginning of the
Civil War he drew up by order of President
Lincoln the (Code of War for the Govern-
ment of the Armies of the United States in the
Field.
Liebig, Justus, Baron von (lē'big). A Ger-
man chemist; born at Darmstadt, May 12, 1803;
died at Munich, April 18, 1873. In 1826 he
was appointed professor of chemistry in the Uni-
versity of Giessen, and there set up the first
chemical laboratory for experimental instruction.
He was a very successful lecturer, and attracted
students from all over the world. His treatises
and memoirs on theoretical and practical chem-
istry are very numerous, and are of exceptional
value; and the term “Liebig's Extract is cer-
tainly a “household word. ” No other chemist
of great rank has so sedulously striven to make
the science a tender to practical utilities. Among
his writings on the chemistry of agriculture are :
(Principles of Agricultural Chemistry) (1855);
(Theory and Practice of Farming) (1856);(Sci-
entific Letters on Modern Farming' (1859).
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (lēb'necht). A Ger-
man socialist agitator; born at Giessen, Ma
29, 1826. He is editor-in-chief of the organ of
the Social Democratic party, Vorwärts; au-
thor of "The Fundamental Question) (1876);
(A Glance at the New World (1887), recount-
ing his observations during a visit to the United
States; (Robert Blum' (1890); (History of the
French Revolution) (1890); Robert Owen)
(1892). His work on “Woman' is widely
known.
Lieblein, Jens Daniel Carolus (lebʻlin). A
Norwegian Egyptologist; born at Christiania,
Dec. 23, 1827. He has written works on Egyp-
tology in French, German, Swedish, and Nor-
wegian; among them : Egyptian Chronology)
(1863); Dictionary of Hieroglyphic Names)
(1871-92); (Trade and Shipping in the Red
Sea in Ancient Times) (1887).
Liebrecht, Felix (lēb'recht). A noted Ger-
man mythologist; born at Namslau, Silesia,
March 13, 1812; died at St. Hubert, France,
Aug. 3, 1890. He made a study of the sagas
and legends of various countries. Among his
writings are : translations, with critical annota.
tions, of Giambattista Basile's (Pentamerone,
or the Story of Stories) (1846); of the (Baarlam
and Josaphat) of John of Damascus (1847);
and of Dunlop's History of Prose Poems.
Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de (lēn). A
Belgian soldier and miscellaneous writer; born
at Brussels, May 12, 1735; died Dec. 13, 1814.
He wrote : Military, Literary, and Sentimental
Miscellanies) (3 vols. , 1795-1811); Life of
Prince Eugene of Savoy' (2 vols. , 1809). From
his correspondence, journals, etc. , Mme. de Staël
compiled two volumes of "Letters and Thoughts)
(1809).
Liguori, Alfonso Maria de (lē-gwö'rē). An
Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church;
born at Naples, 1696; died Aug. I, 1787. While
bishop of Sant' Agata de' Goti, he founded the
religious congregation of Redemptorists. He
was beatified” in 1816; canonized in 1839;
proclaimed “Doctor of the Universal Church »
in 1871. He wrote Moral Theology) (ed. of
1881, 8 vols. ), and many books of devotion.
Liliencron, Detlev, Baron von (lēl'yen-
kron"). A German novelist and poet; born
at Kiel, June 3, 1844. He wrote: “The Adju-
tant's Rides, and Other Poems) (1883); (A
Summer Battle) (1886), a collection of stories;
“Work Ennobles) (1886); «The Merovingians,
a Tragedy) (1888); the novels (Under Flutter-
ing Banners) (1888), and Mæcenas) (1889);
and several volumes of collected poems.
Liliencron, Rochus, Baron von. A Ger-
man philologist ; born at Plön in Holstein, Dec.
8, 1820. He is author of (Runic Writing)
(1852); (Songs and Sayings from the Latest
Period of the Minnesingers) (1855); (Historic
Popular Ballads of Germany from the 13th to
the 16th Century) (4 vols. , 1864-69); (German
Life in the Folk-Song of the 16th Century. ?
Lillie, Mrs. Lucy Cecil (White). An Amer.
ican writer of juvenile literature; born in New
State in 1855. Among her most popular
works are : (Prudence) (1882); (Rolf House)
## p. 343 (#359) ############################################
LILLO - LINGG
343
(1886); (The Colonel's Money) (1888); (The
Squire's Daughter) (1891); (Alison's Advent-
ures) (1895).
Lillo, George. An eminent English drama-
tist; born at Moorfields, Feb. 4, 1693; died in
London, Sept. 3, 1739. The son of a Dutch
jeweler, he was brought up to his father's
trade, and was for several years in partnership
with him. "Silvia, or the Country Burial)
(1730), a ballad opera, was his first piece; and
was followed (1731) by the famous (London
Merchant, or the History of George Barnwell,
nowadays better known by its sub-title, which
made its author famous, and held the stage for
nearly a century. It had a marked influence
in its day, and may be regarded as a precursor
of the domestic drama. ” His other dramatic
productions include: Britannia, or the Royal
Lovers) (1734); ( Fatal Curiosity) (1736); (Arden
of Feversham,' an adaptation of an Elizabethan
play, revised or completed by John Hoadly
after Lillo's death.
Lilly, William Samuel. An English con-
troversial writer ; born at Fifehead, Dorsetshire,
1840. He is a champion of the Catholic point
of view in such works as (Ancient Religion
and Modern Thought) (1884), and (The Claims
of Christianity' (1894).
Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus van (lēm'börg-
brou'er). A Dutch scholar; born at Dordrecht,
Sept. 30, 1795; died at Groningen, June 21, 1847.
He wrote History of the Moral and Religious
Civilization of the Greeks) (3 vols. , 1833-42),
still highly valued; two fine historical novels
with the scene laid in ancient Greece,-(Chari-
cles and Euphorion (1831), and “Diophanes)
(1838); and a novel relating to his own time,
(The Reading Society) (1847).
Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus Abraham Sam-
uel van. A Dutch novelist, son of Petrus;
born at Liège, Nov. 15, 1829; died at The
Hague, Feb. 13, 1873. He wrote the Oriental
romance (Akbar) (1872), the work of a man of
poetic sensibility and most intimate knowledge
of Indian literature.
Lincoln, Abraham. Sixteenth President of
the United States, the great “War President);
born in Hardin County, Ky. , Feb. 12, 1809;
died at Washington, April 15, 1865. His (Ad-
dress on the occasion of the dedication of the
National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa. , Nov. 19,
1863, is justly esteemed one of the most memo-
rable utterances of human eloquence; classic
also is his "Second Inaugural Address) of
March 4, 1865. *
Lindau, Paul (lin'dou). A German novelist
and literary critic; born at Magdeburg, June 3,
1839. He has written books of travel, including
(From Venice) (1864); (From Paris); works
of literary criticism, as (Harmless Letters of
a Provincial German) (2 vols. , 1870); Literary
Trivialities) (1871); Molière (1872); (Alfred
de Musset) (1877); (From Literary France)
(1880); and novels, -(Mr. and Mrs. Brewer)
(1882); (Berlin. )
Lindau, Rudolf. A German diplomat and
novelist; born at Gardelegen, Oct. 10, 1830.
He was for many years engaged in the consu-
lar and diplomatic service of Switzerland and
Germany. His principal novels are: (Robert
Ashton) (1877); Liquidated) (1877); (Good
Company' (1880); (The Flirt' (1894); (Silence)
(1895). Some of his stories are perfect works
of art; all of them mirror with rare fidelity
life in the four quarters of the globe, as seen
and studied by a man of very extensive travel.
include <The Labor Question in the Nineteenth
Century) (1871), «The Modern State and its
Functions) (2d ed. 1891), and others. He is
the founder and editor of L'Economiste Fran-
çais.
Le Sage, Alain René (lė-sazh'). A celebrated
French novelist and dramatist; born at Sarzeau,
near Vannes, May 8, 1668; died at Boulogne-
sur-Mer, Nov. 17, 1747. He abandoned law for
literature, with scant success till 1707, when
the comedy Crispin his Master's Rival) was
received with high public favor; as was “Tur-
caret) the following year. The latter - a sat-
ire on the financiers, trading classes, and nobil-
ity -- is one of the best comedies in French
literature ; every character is drawn with sharp
individuality. His novels (The Devil on Two
Sticks) (1707) and (Gil Blas) (1717), were
suggested by Spanish originals; but he owes
them nothing beyond suggestion. As author
of "Gil Blas) he is the parent and pattern of
Fielding and Smollett. Of his other romances
in the same general vein may be mentioned
(The Bachelor of Salamanca) and (The Life
and Adventures of M. de Beauchène. ) **
Lescure, Mathurin François Adolphe de
(lā-kür'). A French littérateur and historian;
born at Bretenoux (Lot), in 1833; died at
Clamart (Seine), May 6, 1892. Successively
attached to the Ministry of State and the Sen-
ate, he acquired a unique reputation by a series
of essays and monographs on the Revolutionary
and other periods in French history. Among
more than forty publications are: (Confessions
of the Abbess de Chelles) (1863); Marie
Antoinette and her Family) (1865); Mary
Stuart) (1871); (Illustrious Mothers) (1881);
(Love under the Terror) (1882); (Rivarol and
French Society during the Revolution and
Emigration (1883), his best work, crowned by
the Academy; (Châteaubriand) (1892); and
numerous memoirs.
Leskov, Nikolai Semyonovitch (les’kov).
A Russian novelist; born in the government
of Orel, Feb. 16, 1831 ; died in St. Petersburg,
March 5, 1895. His first story, No Way Out”
(1865), is a powerful delineation of Russian
society, and is tinged with radicalism and ni-
hilism. In the novel (The Clergy) he portrays
the life of the priesthood; in (To the Knife)
he describes in detail the schisms and factions
of the intellectual world of Russia. He has
also written many tales based on ancient
legends.
Lesley, John. A Scotch historian; born
Sept. 29, 1527 ; died in Brussels, Belgium, May
31, 1596. A stanch friend of Mary Queen of
Scots, he was implicated in the project for her
marriage to the Duke of Norfolk, and in the
consequent rebellion in the north of England,
and was imprisoned in the Tower. On his
release he crossed to the Continent, and sub-
sequently became bishop of Coutances in Nor-
mandy. His chief production is a history of
Scotland (published at Rome, 1578), in ten
books, seven in Latin and the last three in
Scotch dialect.
Leslie, Charles Robert. An English painter
and writer on art; born in London, Oct. 19,
1794; died there, May 5, 1859. He was brought
to America by his parents in 1799, but return-
ing to England (1811), studied art under Alls-
ton and West. For a brief period he was
instructor in art at West Point, N. Y. , and
later professor of painting at the Royal Aca-
demy (1848–52). His published works include:
Memoirs of John Constable (1845); Hand-
book for Young Painters) (1855), an enlarged
edition of his Royal Academy lectures; and
a Life of Reynolds) (completed by Taylor,
1865).
Leslie, Eliza. An American prose-writer;
born in Philadelphia, Nov. 16, 1787; died in
Gloucester, N. J. , Jan. 2, 1858. Her father
was a personal friend of Franklin, Jefferson,
and other eminent men of his time. Her first
successful work was a cookery book; she after-
ward adopted literature as a profession, and
edited The Gift, which attained great popu-
larity. Her published works include: Pencil
Sketches) (1833-37); (House Book) (1840);
"Ladies' Receipt Book) (1848); and (Behaviour
Book) (1853).
Lespès, Léo (les-pās'). A French story-teller;
born at Bouchain, June 18, 1815; died at Paris,
April 29, 1875. He wrote for the minor Paris
newspapers, under the signature “Timothy
Trimm," a number of short stories, which were re-
ceived with extraordinary popular favor. He
founded the Petit Journal (1862), which imme-
diately reached the then unexampled circulation
of 200,000 copies. Among his stories, which were
frequently republished, are: (Stories in Pink
and Black) (1842); Mysteries of the Grand
Opera) (1843); (A Story to Make You Shudder);
Physiology of Champagne) (1866); (Walks
about Paris) (1867).
L'Espinasse, Julie de (les-pē-näs'). A French
letter-writer; born at Lyons, about 1732; died
-
## p. 339 (#355) ############################################
LESSEPS - LEVER
339
at Paris, May 23, 1776. Her drawing-room was
a place of assembly for the fashion and wit of
Paris. Her Letters) (2 vols. , 1809), and "Un-
published Letters) (2 vols. , 1877), are of interest
more as reflecting the writer's passionate sen-
sibility and enthusiasm than for their literary
exceilence.
Lesseps, Ferdinand, Vicomte de (les-eps).
A French diplomat and engineer; born at
Versailles, Nov. 19, 1805; died Dec. 7, 1894. He
was employed several years in the French
consular and diplomatic service. In 1854, on
the invitation of Said Pasha, he visited Egypt
to study the problem of canalizing the Isthmus
of Suez: the results of his studies were stated
in a memoir, Piercing the Isthmus of Suez. )
He was made chief director of the works in
1856. The canal was opened to traffic Aug.
15, 1869. He published (1875-81) five volumes
of Letters, Journals, and Documents Relating
to the Suez Canal”; and in 1887, 'Recollections
of 40 Years. His attempt to pierce the Isth-
mus of Panama resulted in failure, and in
numberless discussions and papers, none of
which have been embodied in a book.
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (les'ing). A
great German poet, and the foremost critic of
German literature ; born at Kamenz in Upper
Lusatia, Jan. 22, 1729; died at Brunswick, Feb.
15, 1781. Among his writings are: (The Young
Savant,' a comedy (1750); (Trifles,' a collection
of his lyric poems (1751); (Rehabilitations)
(1751) — redeeming from obloquy the name and
fame of sundry historical personages; Miss
Sara Sampson (1755), a tragedy ; (The Free-
Thinker,' (The Jews, (The Woman-Hater)
(1755), comedies; Pope a Metaphysician ! )
(1755); "Letters on Literature (1758); Philo-
tas,' a prose tragedy (1759); "Laocoon: on the
Boundaries of Painting and Poetry, Part i.
(1766),- the second part was never written;
Minna von Barnhelm, a comedy (1767); An-
tiquarian Letters) (1768); Emilia Galotti, a
tragedy (1772); Nathan the Wise) (1779);
« Education of the Human Race) (1780); (Ernst
and Falk) (1780). *
Lester, Charles Edwards. An American
prose-writer; born in Griswold, Conn. , 1815;
died in Detroit, Mich. , 1890. Among his works
are: (The Glory and Shame of England' (2
vols. , 1841); (Artists in America) (1846); "Life
and Public Services of Charles Sumner) (1874);
History of the United States, Considered in
Five Great Periods) (2 vols. , 1883).
Lesueur, Daniel. See Loiseau.
Lethbridge, Roper, Sir. An English states-
man, scholar, and author; born in 1840. He
was for many years prominent in educational
and political movements in India, as professor
in the Bengal Educational Department, and
subsequently as Political Agent and Press Com-
missioner under Lord Lytton's viceroyalty,
Among his works are: A Short Manual of
the History of India) (1881); (High Educa-
tion in India! : A History of Bengal); and the
articles on 'Feudatory States) in the Imperial
Gazetteer of India, In 1890 he was created
Knight Commander of the Indian Empire.
Letronne, Jean Antoine (le-tron'). A French
archæologist; born at Paris, Jan. 2, 1787; died
there, Dec. 14, 1848. He is distinguished chiefly
for his studies in numismatics and inscriptions.
Among his writings are: (Topography of Syra-
cuse) (1813); (Fragments of Hero of Alexan.
dria) (1816); (Valuings of Greek and Roman
Coins) (1817); (Materials to Serve for a His.
tory of the Christian Religion (1833); (The
Vocal Statue of Memnon (1833); (Collection
of Greek and Latin Inscriptions from Egypt)
(1842-48).
Leuckart, Rudolf (loik'ärt). A German zo-
ölogist; born at Helmstedt, Oct. 7, 1822. He
was appointed professor of zoology at Giessen
in 1855, and of zoology and zoötomy at Leip-
sic in 1869. His studies were chiefly made in
the field of lower and lowest forms of animal
life, - zoophytes, sponges, insects, parasites.
Among his writings are treatises on (Trichina
Spiralis (1860); (Tapeworms); 'Parthenogene.
sis of Insects); (Anatomy of Bees. )
Leuthold, Heinrich (loit'öld). A German.
Swiss poet; born at Wetzikon, Switzerland,
Aug. 9, 1827; died near Zürich, July 1, 1879.
With Geibel he made translations of French
poetry: 'Five Books of French Lyrism (1862).
A volume of original verse, Poems) (1879),
showed him to be a gifted poet, possessing per-
fect mastery of artistic form. The author died
insane while his volume was going through the
press.
Leva, Giuseppe de (lā'vä). An Italian
writer of history; born at Zara in Dalmatia,
1821. Among his works are: Life of Cardi.
nal G. Contarini); Giulio della Rovere);
(Giovanni Grimani); (Documentary History of
Charles V. in his Relation to Italy) (4 vols. ,
1863-81).
Levasseur, Pierre Émile (lė-vas-ėr'). A
French political economist ; born at Paris, Dec.
8, 1828. He is author of Public Moneys among
the Romans) (1854); (The Gold Question
(1858); (The Laboring Classes of France from
Cæsar's Time to the Revolution' (2 vols. , 1859);
the same continued to 1867 (2 vols. ); (The
French Population (1889-91, 3 vols. ), an im-
portant work; France and her Colonies) (1893).
Levay, Joseph (lev'ā). A Hungarian poet;
born at Sajo Szent-Peter, Nov. 18, 1825. Be-
sides poems in eulogy of Kazinczy, Paloczy,
Deák, etc. , and translations of parts of Shakes-
peare's plays and of Burns's songs, he wrote:
Songs of Memory) (1850); Poems) (1850);
(New Poems) (1856). In his songs he always
strikes the chord of national and popular senti-
ment.
Lever, Charles (James). An Irish novelist;
born at Dublin, Aug. 31, 1806; died at Trieste,
June 1, 1872. He wrote : "Confessions of Harry
Lorrequer) (1841); "Charles O'Malley) (1841);
(Arthur O'Leary) (1844); Jack Hinton the
>
## p. 340 (#356) ############################################
340
LEVERRIER-LEWIS
)
Guardsman) (1844); (Tom Burke of Ours)
(1844); (The O'Donoghue) (1845); (Con Cre-
gan) (1849); (Roland Cashel (1850); (The
Daltons, or Three Roads in Life) (1852); (The
Dodd Family Abroad) (1854); (The Fortunes
of Glencore) (1857); Davenport Dunn' (1859);
(Barrington' (1863); "Luttrell of Arran) (1865);
(Sir Brooke Fosbrooke) (1866); (The Bram-
leighs of Bishop's Folly) (1868); (Lord Kil-
gobbin) (1872). *
Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph (lė-vā-ryā').
A celebrated French astronomer; born at St.
LÔ, March 11, 1811; died at Paris, Sept. 23,
1877. Till 1837 his studies were wholly in the
department of chemistry ; in that year he was
appointed teacher of astronomy in the Poly-
technic School. In 1839 he attained rank among
the foremost astronomers by two memoirs pre-
sented to the Academy on (Secular Perturba-
tions of the Planetary System. He then
studied the movements of Mercury and Uranus,
and was led to infer the existence of a planet
beyond Uranus : the inference was proved true
by the finding of the hypothetical planet (Nep-
tune) by Galle. His theories and tables of the
several planets are given in the (Annals of the
Paris Observatory. "
Levertin, Oscar. A Swedish poet; born at
Stockholm, 1862. He first wrote some stories
after the manner of the “realists, but they
had little success. Breaking then with realism,
he indulged his bent toward romance and mys-
ticism in his poems' Legends and Tales) (1891),
and New Poems) (1894). He is at the head
of the younger lyric poets of Sweden. In his
work (Gustavus III. as a Dramatist) (1894),
he proves himself an acute critic of 18th-century
literature.
Levien, Ilse. See Frapan.
Lewald, August (le-väld'). A German story-
teller; born at Königsberg, Prussia, Oct. 14,
1792; died at Munich, March 10, 1871. He
wrote: Aquarelles from Life) (1836); (Story
of the Theatre ) (5 vols. , 1841), autobiographical ;
(Clarinette) (3 vols. , 1863); (The Insurgent) (2
vols. , 1865); Last Travels) (1870).
Lewald, Fanny. A German novelist; born
at Königsberg, March 24, 1811; died at Dres-
den, Aug. 5, 1889. Her principal writings are:
(The Representative) (1841); (Clementine )
(1842); Diogena: Story of Iduna, Countess
H-H) (1847), a mild satire on Ida, Countess
Hahn-Hahn; Dunes and Mountain Strata)
(1851); ' Pictures of German Life) (1856); (From
Generation to Generation) (1863); "Woman :
Pro and Contra) (1870); “The Darner Family)
(1887); "Twelve Pictures from the Life) (1888).
Lewes, George Henry. An English historical
and miscellaneous writer; born at London,
April 18, 1817; died there, Nov. 28, 1878. Among
his writings are: (Biographical History of Phi-
losophy) (1845-46), afterward entitled History
of Philosophy from Thales to Comte) (1866);
(Life of Robespierre) (1849); (The Life and
Works of Goethe) (1855); (Seaside Studies!
(1858); (The Physiology of Common Life)
(1859); (Studies in Animal Life) (1862); (Aris-
totle: a Chapter from the History of Science)
(1864); Problems of Life and Mind' (3 vols. ,
1872-79); (The Physical Basis of Mind) (1877).
He wrote two novels, Ranthorpe) (1847), and
(Rose, Blanche, and Violet) (1848); and the
dramatic poems (Lope de Vega and Calderon)
and “The Noble Heart. *
Lewis, Alonzo. An American poet, known
as the "Lynn bard"); born in Lynn, Mass. , Aug.
28, 1794; died there, Jan. 21, 1861. He was the
author of Forest Flowers and Sea Shells,' which
reached ten editions, and History of Lynn
(1829; 2d ed. 1844). N. P. Willis spoke highly
of his poems.
Lewis, Charles Bertrand. [M. Quad. ” ]
An American journalist and humorist; born in
Liverpool, O. , 1842. He received his education
at the Michigan Agricultural College. During
the Civil War he served in the Union army.
For many years he was on the staff of the
Detroit Free Press, and since 1891 has been
connected with the New York World. He has
published : 'Quad's Odds) (1875); “Goaks and
Tears) (1875); (The Lime Kiln Club. ?
Lewis, Charlton Thomas. An American
scholar, journalist, and lawyer; born at West
Chester, Pa. , in 1834. He was professor of
mathematics and subsequently of Greek at
Troy University (1859-62), revenue commis-
sioner at Washington, D. C. , and latterly has
practiced law in New York. He wrote a 'His-
tory of Germany,' founded on D. Müller's
work, and collaborated with harles Short in
the preparation of "Harper's Latin Dictionary)
(1879), and a 'School Latin Dictionary) (1889).
Lewis, Estelle Anna Blanche Robinson.
An American dramatist; born near Baltimore,
Md. , April 1824; died in London, Nov. 24, 1880.
While a schoolgirl she translated the Eneid)
into English verse ; wrote (Forsaken'; and pub-
lished Records of the Heart' (1844), and
(Hebémah, or the Fall of Montezuma) (1864).
Her best dramatic work, “Sappho of Lesbos,
a tragedy, ran through seven editions, and was
translated into modern Greek and played at
Athens. Edgar A. Poe spoke of her as the rival
of Sappho; Lamartine called her the female
Petrarch. "
Lewis, George Cornewall, sir. An English
statesman, scholar, and critic; born at London,
April 21, 1806; died at Harpton Court, Radnor-
shire, April 13, 1863. A graduate of Christ
Church, Oxford, with high honors, he became a
lawyer, and rose almost to the top in politics,
filling three Cabinet places in rapid succession,
ending with Chancellor of the Exchequer in
1855. His immense knowledge, sagacious judg-
ment, and cool temper (he said to an excitable
colleague, “I am a vegetable and you are an
animal »), made him very influential both in
public life and in the world of critical scholar-
ship. His most enduring work is the "Enquiry
into the Credibility of Early Roman History)
## p. 341 (#357) ############################################
LEWIS- LIDNER
341
(2 vols. , 1855); mainly a criticism of Niebuhr's
assumption that there can be reliable intuitive
perceptions of historic fact without a sufficiently
tangible basis of evidence to support the test
of argument. It is also an excellent analysis
of early Roman records and legends. His books
on Grecian subjects, on the Romance languages,
on early astronomy, etc, are mines of research
and good criticism; on Egyptian subjects his
over-skepticism led him to the absurd conten-
tion that the hieroglyphics could not be de-
ciphered at all. His political writings, as On
the Use and Abuse of Political Terms) (1835),
On the Influence of Authority in Matters of
Opinion) (1849), (On the Methods of Observa-
tion and Reasoning in Politics) (2 vols. , 1852),
are clarifying but too prolix.
Lewis, Maria Theresa, Lady. An English
biographer, a descendant of the great historian
Lord Clarendon and wife of Sir George C.
Lewis; born March 8, 1803; died Nov. 9, 1865.
She wrote (Lives of the Friends and Contem-
poraries of Lord Chancellor Clarendon) (3
vols. , 1852).
Lewis, Matthew Gregory. ["Monk» Lewis. ]
An English poet; born at London, July 9, 1775;
died May 14, 1818. His first poem, Ambrosio,
or the Monk) (1795), became instantly very pop-
ular; a court decree stopped its sale for a time;
when its sale was resumed many objectionable
passages had been expunged. He next wrote a
musical drama, (The Castle Spectre (1796),
long a favorite piece on the stage. He wrote
also Journal of a West-Indian Proprietor, pub-
lished after his death.
Lewis, Tayler. An American scholar and au-
thor; born in Northumberland, N. Y. , in 1802 ;
died in Schenectady, N. Y. , May 11, 1877. Was
professor of Greek in the University of New
York in 1838, and later of Oriental literature in
Union College. He published many volumes.
Among these are: ! The Six Days of Creation
(1855); “Heroic Periods in a Nation's History)
(1866); (The Light by which We See Light)
(1875); and many addresses and reviews.
Lewis, Thomas Hayter. An English archi-
tect and author; born in London, July 9, 1818.
He was professor of architecture at University
College (1865-81), and is the author of (The
Holy Places of Jerusalem) (1888), the most
important work on the subject issued in recent
years. Besides papers relating to architecture
and antiquities in the transactions of various
societies, he has written also the articles on
architecture in the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Leybourn, William. An English mathema-
tician, a pioneer in popularizing arithmetic and
astronomy; born 1626; died about 1700. His
(Urania Practica) (1648) was the first English
treatise on astronomy; his (Panarithmologia)
(1693) the first English ready-reckoner.
Leyden John (li'den). A Scotch Oriental-
ist, poet, and author; born in Denholm, Sept.
8, 1775; died at Batavia, Java, Aug. 28, 1811.
Soon after obtaining his medical degree he
went to India, where his proficiency in Ori-
ental and especially Indo-Chinese languages
led to an appointment as professor of Hindus-
tani at Fort William College, Calcutta. He
is the author of (An Historical Account of
Discoveries in Northern and Western Africa)
(1789), an accurate and useful work for that
time; an essay on Indo-Chinese literature in
(Asiatic Researches); "Scenes of Infancy, a
poem; and a number of Scotch ballads, much
admired by Sir Walter Scott and others.
L'Hôpital, Michel de (lõ-pe-täl). A French
statesman; born at Aigueperse, 1505; died March
13, 1573. He left some elegant Latin poems,
also memoirs, discourses, and papers on juris-
prudence and political affairs; they were pub-
lished in five volumes under the title (Works
of Michel de l'Hôpital) (1824).
Libanius (li-bā'ni-us). A Greek sophist of
the fourth century; native of Antioch in Syria.
Though a heathen, he was beloved by St. Basil
and St. John Chrysostom, once his pupils. He
was a voluminous writer, and very successfully
imitated in his orations the style of Demos-
thenes; he got the nickname of the little De-
mosthenes. Of his orations 68 are extant: they
are of value for the history of his time; the
same is to be said of his (Epistles, of which
1,607 remain.
Libelt, Karol (lē'belt). A Polish miscellane-
ous writer; born at Posen, April 8, 1807; died
near Gollancz, June 9, 1875. His principal work
is Philosophy and Criticism) (5 vols. , 1845-
50). He wrote also : (Mathematical Handbook)
(2 vols. , 1844); a drama, (The Maid of Orleans)
(1847); Humor and Truth) (1848), a volume
of brief essays.
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (licht'en-
berg). A distinguished German satirical writer
and physicist; born near Darmstadt, July
1742; died at Göttingen, Feb. 24, 1799. He
gained great celebrity as a lecturer on physical
science, chiefly through the ingenious apparatus,
contrived by himself, with which he illustrated
his lectures. His being a hunchback probably
embittered his satiric disposition. The best of
his satires are those on the notorious literary
pirate Tobias Gobhard; the essay on (The
German Novel); (Timorus,' ridiculing Lava-
ter's zeal for proselytizing; and “Pronunciation
of the Wethers of Ancient Greece, aimed at
Voss's system of pronouncing Greek. His brill-
iant sayings have been collected and published
in a separate volume, Lichtenberg's Thoughts
and Maxims: Light Rays from his Works) (1871).
Lichtenstein, Ulrich von. See Ulrich von L.
Lichtwer, Magnus Gottfried (licht'văr). A
German poet; born at Wurzen, Jan. 30, 1719;
died at Halberstadt, July 6, 1783. His principal
work is Four Books of Æsopic Fables) (1748).
His didactic poem “The Right of Reason)
(1758), founded on the philosophy of Wolf, is
of little value.
Lidner, Bengt (lid'ner). A Swedish poet;
born at Göteborg (Gothenburg), March 16,
а
## p. 342 (#358) ############################################
342
LIE- LILLIE
1757; died at Stockholm, Jan. 4, 1793. He pub-
lished a volume of Fables) after the manner
of Lafontaine (1799). In 1781 he was secretary
to the Swedish envoy at Paris, and there wrote
the tragedy (Erik the Fjortonde. He lost his
secretaryship through his dissipations. He was
a highly gifted poet; but his poems were, like
his life, irregular, lacking sobriety and dignity.
The best of them are: 'Spastaras Dod (1783);
(Aret,' (1783); (Ythersta Domen'; and the op-
era Medea.
Lie, Jonas Laurits Idemil (lē). A Nor-
wegian poet; born at Eker, near Drammen,
June 11, 1833. He published a collection of his
(Poems) (1866); (The Ghost-Seer, a novel
(1870); (Pictures from Norway) (3d ed. 1880);
(Lotse and his Wife) (1874); (Fanfulla, an
Italian tale (1875); Faustina Strozzi, a lyrico-
dramatic poem (1875). Thereafter he wrote a
series of novels; among which were : ( Thomas
Ross) (1878); (Adam Schrader) (1879); (The
Commander's Daughter) (1886); (Evil Powers)
(1890). He also issued the comedies, Garbow's
Cat) (1880); and (Merry Wives) (1894). *
Lieber, Franz (lē'ber). An eminent Ameri-
can publicist; born at Berlin, Germany, March
18, 1800; died in New York, Oct. 2, 1872. He
volunteered as a soldier at 15, and was in
the battles of Ligny, Waterloo, and Namur. He
served also in the Greek war of independence,
recording his experiences in Journal in Greece)
(1823). He settled in the United States in
1827, and during the next five years was occu-
pied with the compilation of the "Encyclopædia
Americana) (13 vols. ). While professor of
history and political economy in South Caro-
lina College, he wrote the three great works
on which his fame mainly rests: (Manual of
Political Ethics) (1838); Legal and Political
Hermeneutics (1839); (Civil Liberty and Self-
Government (1853). In the beginning of the
Civil War he drew up by order of President
Lincoln the (Code of War for the Govern-
ment of the Armies of the United States in the
Field.
Liebig, Justus, Baron von (lē'big). A Ger-
man chemist; born at Darmstadt, May 12, 1803;
died at Munich, April 18, 1873. In 1826 he
was appointed professor of chemistry in the Uni-
versity of Giessen, and there set up the first
chemical laboratory for experimental instruction.
He was a very successful lecturer, and attracted
students from all over the world. His treatises
and memoirs on theoretical and practical chem-
istry are very numerous, and are of exceptional
value; and the term “Liebig's Extract is cer-
tainly a “household word. ” No other chemist
of great rank has so sedulously striven to make
the science a tender to practical utilities. Among
his writings on the chemistry of agriculture are :
(Principles of Agricultural Chemistry) (1855);
(Theory and Practice of Farming) (1856);(Sci-
entific Letters on Modern Farming' (1859).
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (lēb'necht). A Ger-
man socialist agitator; born at Giessen, Ma
29, 1826. He is editor-in-chief of the organ of
the Social Democratic party, Vorwärts; au-
thor of "The Fundamental Question) (1876);
(A Glance at the New World (1887), recount-
ing his observations during a visit to the United
States; (Robert Blum' (1890); (History of the
French Revolution) (1890); Robert Owen)
(1892). His work on “Woman' is widely
known.
Lieblein, Jens Daniel Carolus (lebʻlin). A
Norwegian Egyptologist; born at Christiania,
Dec. 23, 1827. He has written works on Egyp-
tology in French, German, Swedish, and Nor-
wegian; among them : Egyptian Chronology)
(1863); Dictionary of Hieroglyphic Names)
(1871-92); (Trade and Shipping in the Red
Sea in Ancient Times) (1887).
Liebrecht, Felix (lēb'recht). A noted Ger-
man mythologist; born at Namslau, Silesia,
March 13, 1812; died at St. Hubert, France,
Aug. 3, 1890. He made a study of the sagas
and legends of various countries. Among his
writings are : translations, with critical annota.
tions, of Giambattista Basile's (Pentamerone,
or the Story of Stories) (1846); of the (Baarlam
and Josaphat) of John of Damascus (1847);
and of Dunlop's History of Prose Poems.
Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de (lēn). A
Belgian soldier and miscellaneous writer; born
at Brussels, May 12, 1735; died Dec. 13, 1814.
He wrote : Military, Literary, and Sentimental
Miscellanies) (3 vols. , 1795-1811); Life of
Prince Eugene of Savoy' (2 vols. , 1809). From
his correspondence, journals, etc. , Mme. de Staël
compiled two volumes of "Letters and Thoughts)
(1809).
Liguori, Alfonso Maria de (lē-gwö'rē). An
Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church;
born at Naples, 1696; died Aug. I, 1787. While
bishop of Sant' Agata de' Goti, he founded the
religious congregation of Redemptorists. He
was beatified” in 1816; canonized in 1839;
proclaimed “Doctor of the Universal Church »
in 1871. He wrote Moral Theology) (ed. of
1881, 8 vols. ), and many books of devotion.
Liliencron, Detlev, Baron von (lēl'yen-
kron"). A German novelist and poet; born
at Kiel, June 3, 1844. He wrote: “The Adju-
tant's Rides, and Other Poems) (1883); (A
Summer Battle) (1886), a collection of stories;
“Work Ennobles) (1886); «The Merovingians,
a Tragedy) (1888); the novels (Under Flutter-
ing Banners) (1888), and Mæcenas) (1889);
and several volumes of collected poems.
Liliencron, Rochus, Baron von. A Ger-
man philologist ; born at Plön in Holstein, Dec.
8, 1820. He is author of (Runic Writing)
(1852); (Songs and Sayings from the Latest
Period of the Minnesingers) (1855); (Historic
Popular Ballads of Germany from the 13th to
the 16th Century) (4 vols. , 1864-69); (German
Life in the Folk-Song of the 16th Century. ?
Lillie, Mrs. Lucy Cecil (White). An Amer.
ican writer of juvenile literature; born in New
State in 1855. Among her most popular
works are : (Prudence) (1882); (Rolf House)
## p. 343 (#359) ############################################
LILLO - LINGG
343
(1886); (The Colonel's Money) (1888); (The
Squire's Daughter) (1891); (Alison's Advent-
ures) (1895).
Lillo, George. An eminent English drama-
tist; born at Moorfields, Feb. 4, 1693; died in
London, Sept. 3, 1739. The son of a Dutch
jeweler, he was brought up to his father's
trade, and was for several years in partnership
with him. "Silvia, or the Country Burial)
(1730), a ballad opera, was his first piece; and
was followed (1731) by the famous (London
Merchant, or the History of George Barnwell,
nowadays better known by its sub-title, which
made its author famous, and held the stage for
nearly a century. It had a marked influence
in its day, and may be regarded as a precursor
of the domestic drama. ” His other dramatic
productions include: Britannia, or the Royal
Lovers) (1734); ( Fatal Curiosity) (1736); (Arden
of Feversham,' an adaptation of an Elizabethan
play, revised or completed by John Hoadly
after Lillo's death.
Lilly, William Samuel. An English con-
troversial writer ; born at Fifehead, Dorsetshire,
1840. He is a champion of the Catholic point
of view in such works as (Ancient Religion
and Modern Thought) (1884), and (The Claims
of Christianity' (1894).
Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus van (lēm'börg-
brou'er). A Dutch scholar; born at Dordrecht,
Sept. 30, 1795; died at Groningen, June 21, 1847.
He wrote History of the Moral and Religious
Civilization of the Greeks) (3 vols. , 1833-42),
still highly valued; two fine historical novels
with the scene laid in ancient Greece,-(Chari-
cles and Euphorion (1831), and “Diophanes)
(1838); and a novel relating to his own time,
(The Reading Society) (1847).
Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus Abraham Sam-
uel van. A Dutch novelist, son of Petrus;
born at Liège, Nov. 15, 1829; died at The
Hague, Feb. 13, 1873. He wrote the Oriental
romance (Akbar) (1872), the work of a man of
poetic sensibility and most intimate knowledge
of Indian literature.
Lincoln, Abraham. Sixteenth President of
the United States, the great “War President);
born in Hardin County, Ky. , Feb. 12, 1809;
died at Washington, April 15, 1865. His (Ad-
dress on the occasion of the dedication of the
National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa. , Nov. 19,
1863, is justly esteemed one of the most memo-
rable utterances of human eloquence; classic
also is his "Second Inaugural Address) of
March 4, 1865. *
Lindau, Paul (lin'dou). A German novelist
and literary critic; born at Magdeburg, June 3,
1839. He has written books of travel, including
(From Venice) (1864); (From Paris); works
of literary criticism, as (Harmless Letters of
a Provincial German) (2 vols. , 1870); Literary
Trivialities) (1871); Molière (1872); (Alfred
de Musset) (1877); (From Literary France)
(1880); and novels, -(Mr. and Mrs. Brewer)
(1882); (Berlin. )
Lindau, Rudolf. A German diplomat and
novelist; born at Gardelegen, Oct. 10, 1830.
He was for many years engaged in the consu-
lar and diplomatic service of Switzerland and
Germany. His principal novels are: (Robert
Ashton) (1877); Liquidated) (1877); (Good
Company' (1880); (The Flirt' (1894); (Silence)
(1895). Some of his stories are perfect works
of art; all of them mirror with rare fidelity
life in the four quarters of the globe, as seen
and studied by a man of very extensive travel.
