The name Titans is also given to those divine
whence they are also called Oủpaviwves or Oủpavi- or semi-divine beings who were descended from the
dal.
whence they are also called Oủpaviwves or Oủpavi- or semi-divine beings who were descended from the
dal.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
Eigennamen.
) (P.
S.
).
provided that the king should support all the forces
TISIE'NUS GALLUS. (Gallus. ]
he might send for, so long as they continued in his
TISI'PHONE (Tripovn). 1. The name of territory, the article, however, which had virtually
one of the Erinnycs (the avenger of murder, Orph. acknowledged the sovereignty of Persia over all
Arg. 966 ; comp. ERINNYES).
the states she had ever possessed, being only
2. A daughter of Alcmaeon and Manto. (Apol. slightly modified. Accordingly the eleven com-
lod. jji. 7. S 7. )
(L. S. ) missioners, whom the Spartans sent out in the
TISI'PHONUS (Toldovos), the eldest brother winter of the same year (412) as counsellors to
of Thebe, the wife of Alexander of Pherae, in Astyochus, objected strongly to both the treaties,
whose murder he took part with his sister and his and especially to the sweeping clause in question ;
two brothers, Lycophron and Peitholaus. After whereupon Tissaphernes, in real or pretended anger,
Alexander's death, according to Conon the gram- broke off the conference and withdrew. When
marian, Thebe virtually governed, while Tisiphonus therefore Alcibiades deemed it expedient to abandon
held the nominal authority. Xenophon simply the Peloponnesian cause, and took refuge with the
mentions him as Alexander's successor, and Dio- satrap, he found him fully prepared to listen to his
dorus tells us that he and Lycophron held the ty- suggestions, that the pay to the seamen should be
ranny together, maintaining themselves by cruelty not only reduced, but irregularly supplied, and that
and violence with the aid of a mercenary force. it would conduce more to the king's interests to
We do not know how long the reign of Tisiphonus hold the balance between Athens and Sparta, and
lasted ; but he appears to have been dead by B. C. so to weaken both, than to give a coinplete triumph
352, when Philip of Macedon marched into Thes to the latter. In this advice, however, the subile
saly to support the Aleuadae against Lycophron. Athenian had over-reached himself; for the view
(Xen. Hell. vi. 4. & 37 ; Diod. xvi. 14; Con. Narr. which it opened was so acceptable to Tissaphernes,
50 ; Plut. Pel. 35; Clint. F. H. vol. ii. App. and suited so well his crafty temper, that Alcibiades
ch. 15. )
(E. E. ] could not persuade him to take any decided part
TISIPPUS (TlOITTOS), an Aetolian, and a in favour of Athens ; and therefore when PeisanDER
partisan of Rome. [BAEBIUS, No. 5; LYCIS- and his fellow-ambassadors came to negotiate for
cus. )
[E. E. ] his alliance, their mission proved an utter failure.
TÍSSAPHERNES (Trocapépums), a famous Tissaphernes now sought to connect himself again
Persian, who in B. C. 414 was commissioned by with the Peloponnesians, and a new treaty between
Dareius 11. (Nothus) to quell the rebellion of the parties was concluded, which contained a more
Pissuthnes, satrap of Lower Asia, and to succeed stringent stipulation on the subject of the pay,
him in his government. Tissaphernes and his col- while the offensive article as to the king's right
leagues bribed the Greek mercenaries of Pissuthnes over the Asiatic cities was expressed in more vague
to desert his cause, and then entrapped him into a and ambiguous terms. But Tissaphernes, with all
surrender by a promise, which Dareius broke, that his subscriptions to treaties, and all his promises of
his liſe should be spared. Amorges, however, the bringing up a Phoenician fleet to act against the
son of Pissuthnes, still continued in revolt, and Athenians, never intended to give any effectual
Tissaphernes was commanded by Dareius to slay assistance to his nominal allies, who at length
or capture him. The king also required from the (worn out and disgusted with his duplicity, and
new satrap the full tribute arising from his govern. alarmed too at the apparent good understanding
ment, a considerable portion of which, viz. all between him and Alcibiades, of which the latter
which was due from the Greek towns under the made an ostentatious display) withdrew their
protection of Athens, it had been hitherto impos- whole armament from Miletus, and sailed north-
sible to collect. These combined motives led ward to unite themselves with Pharna bazus (B. C.
Tissaphernes, early in B. C. 412, to despatch an 411). Annoyed at this step of their's, and alarmed
ambassador to Sparta, proposing an alliance, with also at the part they had taken in the expulsion
the promise of payment for any troops that might from Antandrus of the Persian garrison under
be sent him, and supporting the prayer of Chios Arsaces, his lieutenant, Tissaphernes left Aspendus,
and Erythrae (states within his satrapy) that they whither he had gone under pretence of bringing up
might be aided by a Peloponnesian force in their the Phoenician fleet; and proceeded towards the
intended revolt from Athens. Through the influence Hellespont to remonstrate with the Peloponnesians,
mainly of Alcibiades the Lacedaemonians decided and, if possible, to conciliate them. On his way
in favour of the application of Tissaphernes, in | he stopped at Ephesus, and sacrificed there to the
3
## p. 1155 (#1171) ##########################################
TISSAPHERNES.
1155
TISSAPHERNES.
him;
F. phesian Artemis, a circumstance which Thucy. | information of the danger. At the battle of
dides, for some reason unknown to us, has thought Cunaxa, in B. C. 401, he was one of the four
it worth while to record, and with which his generals who commanded the army of Artaxerxes,
history abruptly ends. When the satrap arrived and was stationed with the main body of the
at the Hellespont, Alcibiades came with presents cavalry in the left wing, of which his troops were
to pay his court to him, but Tissaphernes, in the the only portion that was not put to flight by the
hope of regaining the confidence of his old allies, Greeks. When the 10,000 had begun their re-
seized the Athenian and sent him to Sardis, to be treat, Tissaphernes sought an interview with them,
there kept in custody. He endeavoured also at professed his great anxiety to serve them, as being
the same time to apologise for his breach of promise a neighbour of Greece in his satrapy, and declared
with respect to the Phoenician ships, by alleging that he had been using in their favour his influ-
that they were needed to defend the king's do- ence with the king, who had promised to consider
minions from the Arabians and Egyptians ; for liis request, and had sent him in the meantime to
there can be no doubt that the name of Pharna- ask the reason of their expedition against him. By
bazus in Diodorus (xiii. 46) is a blunder of the his advice they gave to this message a moderate
historian's for Tissaphernes, as it certainly is in and prudent answer, and within three days' time
other passages of the same author, e. g. xiii. 36, 37, Tissnphernes returned and informed them that he
38, xiv, 22. As however the value of the pro- had with much difficulty prevailed on Artaxerxes
fessions of Tissaphernes was now pretty well to allow him to conduct them home in safety.
known, it is probable that few, if any, believed After a delay of more than twenty days, during
and Alcibiades, when he escaped from prison, which he kept them waiting, the march began.
after a month's detention, would be likely enough In spite, however, of the solemn treaty between
to gain credit for his assertion, that he had been the parties, mutual suspicions continued to prevail,
released by the satrap himself. The latter not, and it was in the hope of removing these that
withstanding still carried on his intrigues, through Clearchus sought an explanation with Tissaphernes
his emissaries at Sparta, to win back the confidence and consented to the interview, at which he him-
which had been transferred to Pharnabazus ; but self and four of the other generals were arrested by
his attempts were defeated by HERMOCRATES, the treacherous satrap. (CLEARCH US. ) Some time
who had repaired thither for the express purpose after this, Tissaphernes endeavoured, through his
of setting his character in its true light before the emissary Mithridates, to ascertain the plans of the
Lacedaemonians, and, a revolution having taken Greeks, but his attempt was baffled by their reso-
place about the same time at Thasos (B. C. 410), lution to hold no further intercourse with him.
accompanied with the expulsion of Eteonicus, the He then continued to annoy and harass them in
Spartan harmost, Tissaphernes was suspected of their march, without however seriously impeding
having promoted it. In the following year (B. c. it, till they reached the Carduchian Mountains, at
409), when the Athenians under Thrasyllus had which point he gave up the pursuit.
invaded Lydia, and were threatening Ephesus, Not long after, and while the 10,000 were yet
Tissaphernes sent all round to summon the popula- on their return home, Tissaphernes, as a reward
tion“ to the defence of the goddess," and, having for his great services, was invested by the king, in
thus collected a considerable force, baffled the addition to his own satrapy, with all the authority
attempt of the enemy.
which Cyrus had enjoyed in western Asia. On
In B. C. 407 Cyrus the younger was appointed his arrival he claimed dominion over the Ionian
by his father, Dareius, to be viceroy of the whole cities, which, alarmed for their liberty, and fearing,
maritime region of Asia Minor, and, regarding too, the resentment of the satrap, whose rule they
Tissaphernes as his enemy, listened readily to had renounced for that of Cyrus, applied to Sparta
Lysander's complaints against him, and prepared for aid. Their request was granted, and an army
to supply the Lacedaemonians with cordial and was sent under Thimbron, in B. C. 400, to support
effectual assistance ; nor could he be diverted from them. In the following year Dercyllidas super-
this course by the representations of Tissaphernes, seded Thimbron, and, taking advantage of the
Jea-
that the true policy for Persia was the one which lousy between Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes, con-
he himself had hitherto pursued. The mutual cluded a truce with the latter, who, to save his own
distrust and hostility between the prince and the territory, unscrupulously abandoned that of his
satrap only increased with time ; and when Cyrus, fellow satrap to the invasion of the enemy. In
in B. C. 405, was summoned to court by his father, B. C. 397, however, the Lacedaemonian forces
he took Tissaphernes with him, under pretence of threatened Caria, where the property of Tissapher-
doing him honour, but really because he was afraid nes lay. The two satraps now united their forces,
to leave him behind. After the death of Dareius, but no engagement took place, and the negotiations
at the end of the same year, Tissaphernes accused which ensued ended in a truce, which was to last
Cyrus of a plot against the life of his brother till the mutual requisitions of the belligerents should
Artaxerxes, the new king, and it was only through be decided on by the Spartan authorities and the
the influence of the queen-mother, Parysatis, that Persian king respectively. [DERCYLLIDAS. ] In
the prince was pardoned. On their return to the following year, when Agesilaus invaded Asia
western Asia, Cyrus and Tissaphernes were en- with the professed intention of effecting the inde-
gaged in continual disputes about the cities in the pendence of the Asiatic Greeks, Tissaphernes pro-
satrapy of the latter, over which Cyrus claimed posed an armistice, that he might have time to lay
dominion, and all of which indeed transferred their the demand of the Lacedaemonians before Arta-
allegiance to him, with the exception of Miletus, xerxes, whose answer he pretended to think would
where Tissaphernes quenched an intended revolt be favourable. The truce was solemnly ratified ;
in blood. The ambitious views of Cyrus towards but Tissaphernes, who of course had no intention
the throne at length became manifest to the satrap, of keeping it, immediately sent to the king for re-
who lost no time in repairing to the king with inforcements, and on their arrival arrogantly coni-
4 E 2
## p. 1156 (#1172) ##########################################
1156
TITAN.
TITHONUS.
.
1
1
1
1
manded Agesilaus to withdraw from Asia. To | Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Pluto and Poseidon. Rhien
this the Spartan king replied that he thanked therefore, when she was pregnant with Zens. went
the satrap for having, by his perjury, made the to Crete, gave birth to the child in the Dictaenn
gods the allies of Greece. Having then induced Cave, and entrusted him to be brought up to the
his wily and selfish enemy to believe that Caria Curetes, and the daughters of Melissus, the nymphs
was the object of his attack, and thus induced him Adrasteia and Ida. The armed Curetes guarded
to concentrate his forces in that direction, Agesilaus the infant in the cave, and struck their shields with
carried the war successfully into the satrapy of their spears, that Cronus might not hear the voice
Pharnabazus. In the following year, B. C. 395, he of the child. Rhea, moreover, deceived Cronus by
declared his intention of invading the richest por- giving him a stone wrapped up in cloth, which lie
tion of the enemy's country, and Tissaphernes, swallowed, believing it to be his newly-born son.
imagining that, if this had been his real purpose, (A pollod. i. $S 1-5; Ov. Fast. iv. 179, &c. )
he would not have revealed it, and that his opera- When Zeus had grown up be availed hinself of
tions therefore would now be indeed directed against the assistance of Thetis, the daughter of Oceanus
Caria, again arranged his forces for the defence of who gave to Cronus a potion which caused him to
that province. Agesilaus then, in accordance with bring up the stone and the children he had swal-
what he had given out, marched into the country lowed. United with his brothers and sisters, Zeus
about Sardis, ravaged it for three days, and defeated now began the contest against Cronus and the
a body of cavalry which Tissaphernes had sent ruling Titans. This contest (usually called the Ti-
against him. Grievous complaints of selfish neglect | tanomachia), which was carried on in Thessaly,
and treachery were now made against the satrap the Titans occupying Mount Othrys, and the song
by those who had suffered from the Lacedaemonian of Cronus Mount Olympus, lasted for ten years,
invasion; and the charges were transmitted to court, when at length Gaea promised victory to Zeus,
where they were backed by all the influence of if he would deliver the Cyclopes and Hecaton-
Parysalis, eager for revenge on the enemy of Cy- cheires from Tartarus. Zeus accordingly slew
rus, her favourite son. The result was that Ti- Campe, who guarded the Cyclopes, and the latter
thraustes was commissioned by the king to put furnished him with thunder and lightning, Pluto
Tissaphernes to death and to succeed him in his gave him a helmet, and Poseidon a trident. The
government. The disgraced satrap accordingly was Titans then were overcome, and hurled down into
surprised and slain in his bath by a minister of a cavity below Tartarus (Hom. 1. xiv. 279; Hes.
execution, and his head was sent to Artaxerxes. Theog. 697, 851; Hom. Hymn. in Apoll. 335 ;
(Thucyd. viii. ; Xen. Hell. i. 1, 2, 5, iii. 1, 2, 4, Paus. viii. 37. $ 3), and the Hecatoncheires were
Anob. passim, Ages. i. ; Plut. Alc. , Art. , Ages. ; set to guard them. (Hom. II. viii. 479; Hes.
Diod. U. cc. xiv. 23, 26, 27, 80 ; Ath. xi. p. Theog. 617, &c. ; Apollod. i. 2. $ 1. ) It must be
505, a)
[E. E. ) observed that the fight of the Titans is sometimes
TITAN (Totáv). ]. This name commonly ap- confounded by ancient writers with the fight of the
pears in the plural Titāves, from Titavides, as the Gigantes.
name of the sons and daughters of Uranus and Ge, 2.
The name Titans is also given to those divine
whence they are also called Oủpaviwves or Oủpavi- or semi-divine beings who were descended from the
dal. (Hom. I. v. 898 ; Apollon. Rhod. ii. 1232. ) Titans, such as Prometheus, Hecate (Hes. Theog.
These Titans are Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, 424; Serv. ad Aen. iv. 511), Latona (Or. Met.
Iapetus, Cronus, Theia, Rheia, Themis, Mnemosyne, vi. 346), Pyrrha (i. 395), and especially Helios
Phoebe, and Tethys, to whom Apollodorus (i. 1. and Selene (Mene), as the children of Hyperion
§ 3) adds Dione. (Hes. Theog. 133, &c. ) Some and Theia, and even the descendants of Helios,
writers also add Phorcys and Demeter. (Heyne, ad such as Circe. (Serv, ad Aen. iv. 119, vi. 725 ;
Apollod. i. 1. $1; Clemens, Homil. vi. 2. ) Stepha- Schol. ap Apollon. Rhod. iv. 54; Ov. Fast. i. 617,
nus of Byzantium (s. v. "Adava) has the following iv. 943, Met. iii. 173, xiv. 382; Tibull. iv. I. 50. )
as the names of the children of Uranus and Ge: 3. The name Titans, lastly, is given to certain
Adanus, Ostasus, Andes, Cronus, Rhea, Iapetus, tribes of men from whom all mankind is descended.
Olymbrus ; and Pausanias (viii. 37. 3) mentions Thus the ancient city of Cnosos in Crete is said to
a Titan Anytus, who was believed to have brought have originally been inhabited by Titans, who
up the Arcadian Despoena. Uranus, the first ruler were hostile to Zeus, but were driven away by
of the world, threw his sons, the Hecatoncheires, Pan with the fearful sounds of his shell-trumpei.
Briareus, Cottys, Gyes (Hes. Theog. 617), and the (Hom. Hymn. in Apoll. 336; Diod. iii. 57, v. 66;
Cyclopes, Arges, Steropes, and Brontes, into Tar-Orph. Hymn. 36. 2; comp. Höck, Creta, p. 171,
tarus. Gaea, indignant at this, persuaded the &c. ; Lobeck, Aglaoph. p. 763; Völcker, Mythol.
Titans to rise against their father, and gave to des Iapet. Geschl. p. 280, &c. ) (L. S. ]
Cronus an adamantine sickle (&pan). They did as TITARE'SIUS (Tetapholos), a
surname of
their mother bade them, with the exception of Mopsus, derived, according to some, from the river
Oceanus. Cronus, with his sickle, unmanned his Titaresius in Thessaly, near which he was born
father, and threw the part into the sea, and out of (Hom. II. ii. 751), but according to others, from
the drops of his blood there arose the Erinnyes, his grandfather Titaron. (Apollon. Rhod. i. 65
Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megaera. The Titans then with the Schol. )
[L. S. ]
deposed Uranus, liberated their brothers who had TITHOʻNUS (TiOwvós), a son of Laomedon,
been cast into Tartarus, and raised Cronus to the and brother of Priam (Hom. 1. xx. 237), or accord-
throne. But he again threw the Cyclopes into Tar-ing to others (Serv. ad Virg. Georg. i. 447, iii. 48),
tarus, and married his sister Rhea (Ovid, Met. ix. a brother of Laomedon. Others, again, call him a son
497, calls her Ops). As, however, he had been of Cephalus and Eos. (A pollod. iii. 14. & 3. ) Bythe
foretold by Gaea and Uranus, that he should be prayers of Eos who loved him he obtained from the
dethroned by one of his own children, he, after immortal gods immortality, but not eternal youth, in
their birth, swallowed successively his children consequence of which he completely shrunk together
1
;
i
.
## p. 1157 (#1173) ##########################################
TITIANUS.
1157
TITINIUS.
in his old age, whence an old decrepit man was TITIANUS, CORNELIUS, a friend of the
proverbially called Tithonus. (Hom. Hymn. in younger Pliny, who has addressed two letters to
Ven. 219 ; Hes. Theog. 984 ; Apollod. iii. 12. § 4; him. (Ep. i. 17, ix. 32. )
Tzetz. ad Lyc. 18 ; Horat. Carm. i. 28. 8 ; Or. TITIANUS, T. FA'BIUS, consul under Con-
Fast. i. 461. )
(L. S. ] stantinus in a. D. 337 with Felicianus. (Fasti. )
TITHOʻREA (T. Bopéa), a nymph of Mount TITIANUS, FLAVIUS, procurator of Alex-
Parnassus, from whom the town of Tithores, pre- andria, was put to death by Theocritus, the fn-
viously called Neon, was believed to have derived vourite of Caracalla. (Dion Casa lxxvii. 21. )
its name. (Paus. x. 32. & 6. ) (L. S. ) TITIA'NI'S, JU’LIUS, a Roman writer, all
TITHRÀUSTES (Ti@pavotns), a Persian, whose works are lost was the father of the rheto-
who was commissioned by Artaxerxes II. (Mne- rician Titianus, who taught the younger Maximi.
mon), in B. c. 395, to put Tissaphernes to death, nus. The elder Titianus may therefore be placed in
and to succeed him in his satrapy. On his arrival the reigns of Commodus, Pertinax, and 'Severus.
At Colossae in Phrygia, he caused Tissaphernes to He was called the ape of his age, because he had
be slain, and sent his head to the king. He then imitated every thing (Jul. Capitol. Maximin. Jun.
opened negotiations with Agesilaus, representing c. l). He wrote, 1. A description of the provinces
to him that, as the chief promoter of the war was of the Roman empire (Jul. Capitol. l. c. ), which is
dead, there was no longer any occasion for the prce perhaps the same work as the Chorographiu, which
sence of a Spartan army in Asin, and proposing is quoted by Servius (ud Virg. Aen. iv. 42) as a
peace on condition that ihe Asiatic Greeks should work of Titianus. 2. Epistolae, which were sup-
be independent, only paying their ancient tribute posed to be written by distinguished women, and
to Persia. To this Agesilaus would not consent in in which he imitated the style of Cicero. (Sidon.
the absence of instructions from home, and Ti- A poll. Ep. i. 1. ) 3. Rhetorica. (Isidor. Orig. ii.
thraustes then persuaded him to remove the war 2. ) 4. Themata, or subjects for declamation taken
from his satrapy into that of Pharnabazus, and from Virgil (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. x. 18).
TISIE'NUS GALLUS. (Gallus. ]
he might send for, so long as they continued in his
TISI'PHONE (Tripovn). 1. The name of territory, the article, however, which had virtually
one of the Erinnycs (the avenger of murder, Orph. acknowledged the sovereignty of Persia over all
Arg. 966 ; comp. ERINNYES).
the states she had ever possessed, being only
2. A daughter of Alcmaeon and Manto. (Apol. slightly modified. Accordingly the eleven com-
lod. jji. 7. S 7. )
(L. S. ) missioners, whom the Spartans sent out in the
TISI'PHONUS (Toldovos), the eldest brother winter of the same year (412) as counsellors to
of Thebe, the wife of Alexander of Pherae, in Astyochus, objected strongly to both the treaties,
whose murder he took part with his sister and his and especially to the sweeping clause in question ;
two brothers, Lycophron and Peitholaus. After whereupon Tissaphernes, in real or pretended anger,
Alexander's death, according to Conon the gram- broke off the conference and withdrew. When
marian, Thebe virtually governed, while Tisiphonus therefore Alcibiades deemed it expedient to abandon
held the nominal authority. Xenophon simply the Peloponnesian cause, and took refuge with the
mentions him as Alexander's successor, and Dio- satrap, he found him fully prepared to listen to his
dorus tells us that he and Lycophron held the ty- suggestions, that the pay to the seamen should be
ranny together, maintaining themselves by cruelty not only reduced, but irregularly supplied, and that
and violence with the aid of a mercenary force. it would conduce more to the king's interests to
We do not know how long the reign of Tisiphonus hold the balance between Athens and Sparta, and
lasted ; but he appears to have been dead by B. C. so to weaken both, than to give a coinplete triumph
352, when Philip of Macedon marched into Thes to the latter. In this advice, however, the subile
saly to support the Aleuadae against Lycophron. Athenian had over-reached himself; for the view
(Xen. Hell. vi. 4. & 37 ; Diod. xvi. 14; Con. Narr. which it opened was so acceptable to Tissaphernes,
50 ; Plut. Pel. 35; Clint. F. H. vol. ii. App. and suited so well his crafty temper, that Alcibiades
ch. 15. )
(E. E. ] could not persuade him to take any decided part
TISIPPUS (TlOITTOS), an Aetolian, and a in favour of Athens ; and therefore when PeisanDER
partisan of Rome. [BAEBIUS, No. 5; LYCIS- and his fellow-ambassadors came to negotiate for
cus. )
[E. E. ] his alliance, their mission proved an utter failure.
TÍSSAPHERNES (Trocapépums), a famous Tissaphernes now sought to connect himself again
Persian, who in B. C. 414 was commissioned by with the Peloponnesians, and a new treaty between
Dareius 11. (Nothus) to quell the rebellion of the parties was concluded, which contained a more
Pissuthnes, satrap of Lower Asia, and to succeed stringent stipulation on the subject of the pay,
him in his government. Tissaphernes and his col- while the offensive article as to the king's right
leagues bribed the Greek mercenaries of Pissuthnes over the Asiatic cities was expressed in more vague
to desert his cause, and then entrapped him into a and ambiguous terms. But Tissaphernes, with all
surrender by a promise, which Dareius broke, that his subscriptions to treaties, and all his promises of
his liſe should be spared. Amorges, however, the bringing up a Phoenician fleet to act against the
son of Pissuthnes, still continued in revolt, and Athenians, never intended to give any effectual
Tissaphernes was commanded by Dareius to slay assistance to his nominal allies, who at length
or capture him. The king also required from the (worn out and disgusted with his duplicity, and
new satrap the full tribute arising from his govern. alarmed too at the apparent good understanding
ment, a considerable portion of which, viz. all between him and Alcibiades, of which the latter
which was due from the Greek towns under the made an ostentatious display) withdrew their
protection of Athens, it had been hitherto impos- whole armament from Miletus, and sailed north-
sible to collect. These combined motives led ward to unite themselves with Pharna bazus (B. C.
Tissaphernes, early in B. C. 412, to despatch an 411). Annoyed at this step of their's, and alarmed
ambassador to Sparta, proposing an alliance, with also at the part they had taken in the expulsion
the promise of payment for any troops that might from Antandrus of the Persian garrison under
be sent him, and supporting the prayer of Chios Arsaces, his lieutenant, Tissaphernes left Aspendus,
and Erythrae (states within his satrapy) that they whither he had gone under pretence of bringing up
might be aided by a Peloponnesian force in their the Phoenician fleet; and proceeded towards the
intended revolt from Athens. Through the influence Hellespont to remonstrate with the Peloponnesians,
mainly of Alcibiades the Lacedaemonians decided and, if possible, to conciliate them. On his way
in favour of the application of Tissaphernes, in | he stopped at Ephesus, and sacrificed there to the
3
## p. 1155 (#1171) ##########################################
TISSAPHERNES.
1155
TISSAPHERNES.
him;
F. phesian Artemis, a circumstance which Thucy. | information of the danger. At the battle of
dides, for some reason unknown to us, has thought Cunaxa, in B. C. 401, he was one of the four
it worth while to record, and with which his generals who commanded the army of Artaxerxes,
history abruptly ends. When the satrap arrived and was stationed with the main body of the
at the Hellespont, Alcibiades came with presents cavalry in the left wing, of which his troops were
to pay his court to him, but Tissaphernes, in the the only portion that was not put to flight by the
hope of regaining the confidence of his old allies, Greeks. When the 10,000 had begun their re-
seized the Athenian and sent him to Sardis, to be treat, Tissaphernes sought an interview with them,
there kept in custody. He endeavoured also at professed his great anxiety to serve them, as being
the same time to apologise for his breach of promise a neighbour of Greece in his satrapy, and declared
with respect to the Phoenician ships, by alleging that he had been using in their favour his influ-
that they were needed to defend the king's do- ence with the king, who had promised to consider
minions from the Arabians and Egyptians ; for liis request, and had sent him in the meantime to
there can be no doubt that the name of Pharna- ask the reason of their expedition against him. By
bazus in Diodorus (xiii. 46) is a blunder of the his advice they gave to this message a moderate
historian's for Tissaphernes, as it certainly is in and prudent answer, and within three days' time
other passages of the same author, e. g. xiii. 36, 37, Tissnphernes returned and informed them that he
38, xiv, 22. As however the value of the pro- had with much difficulty prevailed on Artaxerxes
fessions of Tissaphernes was now pretty well to allow him to conduct them home in safety.
known, it is probable that few, if any, believed After a delay of more than twenty days, during
and Alcibiades, when he escaped from prison, which he kept them waiting, the march began.
after a month's detention, would be likely enough In spite, however, of the solemn treaty between
to gain credit for his assertion, that he had been the parties, mutual suspicions continued to prevail,
released by the satrap himself. The latter not, and it was in the hope of removing these that
withstanding still carried on his intrigues, through Clearchus sought an explanation with Tissaphernes
his emissaries at Sparta, to win back the confidence and consented to the interview, at which he him-
which had been transferred to Pharnabazus ; but self and four of the other generals were arrested by
his attempts were defeated by HERMOCRATES, the treacherous satrap. (CLEARCH US. ) Some time
who had repaired thither for the express purpose after this, Tissaphernes endeavoured, through his
of setting his character in its true light before the emissary Mithridates, to ascertain the plans of the
Lacedaemonians, and, a revolution having taken Greeks, but his attempt was baffled by their reso-
place about the same time at Thasos (B. C. 410), lution to hold no further intercourse with him.
accompanied with the expulsion of Eteonicus, the He then continued to annoy and harass them in
Spartan harmost, Tissaphernes was suspected of their march, without however seriously impeding
having promoted it. In the following year (B. c. it, till they reached the Carduchian Mountains, at
409), when the Athenians under Thrasyllus had which point he gave up the pursuit.
invaded Lydia, and were threatening Ephesus, Not long after, and while the 10,000 were yet
Tissaphernes sent all round to summon the popula- on their return home, Tissaphernes, as a reward
tion“ to the defence of the goddess," and, having for his great services, was invested by the king, in
thus collected a considerable force, baffled the addition to his own satrapy, with all the authority
attempt of the enemy.
which Cyrus had enjoyed in western Asia. On
In B. C. 407 Cyrus the younger was appointed his arrival he claimed dominion over the Ionian
by his father, Dareius, to be viceroy of the whole cities, which, alarmed for their liberty, and fearing,
maritime region of Asia Minor, and, regarding too, the resentment of the satrap, whose rule they
Tissaphernes as his enemy, listened readily to had renounced for that of Cyrus, applied to Sparta
Lysander's complaints against him, and prepared for aid. Their request was granted, and an army
to supply the Lacedaemonians with cordial and was sent under Thimbron, in B. C. 400, to support
effectual assistance ; nor could he be diverted from them. In the following year Dercyllidas super-
this course by the representations of Tissaphernes, seded Thimbron, and, taking advantage of the
Jea-
that the true policy for Persia was the one which lousy between Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes, con-
he himself had hitherto pursued. The mutual cluded a truce with the latter, who, to save his own
distrust and hostility between the prince and the territory, unscrupulously abandoned that of his
satrap only increased with time ; and when Cyrus, fellow satrap to the invasion of the enemy. In
in B. C. 405, was summoned to court by his father, B. C. 397, however, the Lacedaemonian forces
he took Tissaphernes with him, under pretence of threatened Caria, where the property of Tissapher-
doing him honour, but really because he was afraid nes lay. The two satraps now united their forces,
to leave him behind. After the death of Dareius, but no engagement took place, and the negotiations
at the end of the same year, Tissaphernes accused which ensued ended in a truce, which was to last
Cyrus of a plot against the life of his brother till the mutual requisitions of the belligerents should
Artaxerxes, the new king, and it was only through be decided on by the Spartan authorities and the
the influence of the queen-mother, Parysatis, that Persian king respectively. [DERCYLLIDAS. ] In
the prince was pardoned. On their return to the following year, when Agesilaus invaded Asia
western Asia, Cyrus and Tissaphernes were en- with the professed intention of effecting the inde-
gaged in continual disputes about the cities in the pendence of the Asiatic Greeks, Tissaphernes pro-
satrapy of the latter, over which Cyrus claimed posed an armistice, that he might have time to lay
dominion, and all of which indeed transferred their the demand of the Lacedaemonians before Arta-
allegiance to him, with the exception of Miletus, xerxes, whose answer he pretended to think would
where Tissaphernes quenched an intended revolt be favourable. The truce was solemnly ratified ;
in blood. The ambitious views of Cyrus towards but Tissaphernes, who of course had no intention
the throne at length became manifest to the satrap, of keeping it, immediately sent to the king for re-
who lost no time in repairing to the king with inforcements, and on their arrival arrogantly coni-
4 E 2
## p. 1156 (#1172) ##########################################
1156
TITAN.
TITHONUS.
.
1
1
1
1
manded Agesilaus to withdraw from Asia. To | Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Pluto and Poseidon. Rhien
this the Spartan king replied that he thanked therefore, when she was pregnant with Zens. went
the satrap for having, by his perjury, made the to Crete, gave birth to the child in the Dictaenn
gods the allies of Greece. Having then induced Cave, and entrusted him to be brought up to the
his wily and selfish enemy to believe that Caria Curetes, and the daughters of Melissus, the nymphs
was the object of his attack, and thus induced him Adrasteia and Ida. The armed Curetes guarded
to concentrate his forces in that direction, Agesilaus the infant in the cave, and struck their shields with
carried the war successfully into the satrapy of their spears, that Cronus might not hear the voice
Pharnabazus. In the following year, B. C. 395, he of the child. Rhea, moreover, deceived Cronus by
declared his intention of invading the richest por- giving him a stone wrapped up in cloth, which lie
tion of the enemy's country, and Tissaphernes, swallowed, believing it to be his newly-born son.
imagining that, if this had been his real purpose, (A pollod. i. $S 1-5; Ov. Fast. iv. 179, &c. )
he would not have revealed it, and that his opera- When Zeus had grown up be availed hinself of
tions therefore would now be indeed directed against the assistance of Thetis, the daughter of Oceanus
Caria, again arranged his forces for the defence of who gave to Cronus a potion which caused him to
that province. Agesilaus then, in accordance with bring up the stone and the children he had swal-
what he had given out, marched into the country lowed. United with his brothers and sisters, Zeus
about Sardis, ravaged it for three days, and defeated now began the contest against Cronus and the
a body of cavalry which Tissaphernes had sent ruling Titans. This contest (usually called the Ti-
against him. Grievous complaints of selfish neglect | tanomachia), which was carried on in Thessaly,
and treachery were now made against the satrap the Titans occupying Mount Othrys, and the song
by those who had suffered from the Lacedaemonian of Cronus Mount Olympus, lasted for ten years,
invasion; and the charges were transmitted to court, when at length Gaea promised victory to Zeus,
where they were backed by all the influence of if he would deliver the Cyclopes and Hecaton-
Parysalis, eager for revenge on the enemy of Cy- cheires from Tartarus. Zeus accordingly slew
rus, her favourite son. The result was that Ti- Campe, who guarded the Cyclopes, and the latter
thraustes was commissioned by the king to put furnished him with thunder and lightning, Pluto
Tissaphernes to death and to succeed him in his gave him a helmet, and Poseidon a trident. The
government. The disgraced satrap accordingly was Titans then were overcome, and hurled down into
surprised and slain in his bath by a minister of a cavity below Tartarus (Hom. 1. xiv. 279; Hes.
execution, and his head was sent to Artaxerxes. Theog. 697, 851; Hom. Hymn. in Apoll. 335 ;
(Thucyd. viii. ; Xen. Hell. i. 1, 2, 5, iii. 1, 2, 4, Paus. viii. 37. $ 3), and the Hecatoncheires were
Anob. passim, Ages. i. ; Plut. Alc. , Art. , Ages. ; set to guard them. (Hom. II. viii. 479; Hes.
Diod. U. cc. xiv. 23, 26, 27, 80 ; Ath. xi. p. Theog. 617, &c. ; Apollod. i. 2. $ 1. ) It must be
505, a)
[E. E. ) observed that the fight of the Titans is sometimes
TITAN (Totáv). ]. This name commonly ap- confounded by ancient writers with the fight of the
pears in the plural Titāves, from Titavides, as the Gigantes.
name of the sons and daughters of Uranus and Ge, 2.
The name Titans is also given to those divine
whence they are also called Oủpaviwves or Oủpavi- or semi-divine beings who were descended from the
dal. (Hom. I. v. 898 ; Apollon. Rhod. ii. 1232. ) Titans, such as Prometheus, Hecate (Hes. Theog.
These Titans are Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, 424; Serv. ad Aen. iv. 511), Latona (Or. Met.
Iapetus, Cronus, Theia, Rheia, Themis, Mnemosyne, vi. 346), Pyrrha (i. 395), and especially Helios
Phoebe, and Tethys, to whom Apollodorus (i. 1. and Selene (Mene), as the children of Hyperion
§ 3) adds Dione. (Hes. Theog. 133, &c. ) Some and Theia, and even the descendants of Helios,
writers also add Phorcys and Demeter. (Heyne, ad such as Circe. (Serv, ad Aen. iv. 119, vi. 725 ;
Apollod. i. 1. $1; Clemens, Homil. vi. 2. ) Stepha- Schol. ap Apollon. Rhod. iv. 54; Ov. Fast. i. 617,
nus of Byzantium (s. v. "Adava) has the following iv. 943, Met. iii. 173, xiv. 382; Tibull. iv. I. 50. )
as the names of the children of Uranus and Ge: 3. The name Titans, lastly, is given to certain
Adanus, Ostasus, Andes, Cronus, Rhea, Iapetus, tribes of men from whom all mankind is descended.
Olymbrus ; and Pausanias (viii. 37. 3) mentions Thus the ancient city of Cnosos in Crete is said to
a Titan Anytus, who was believed to have brought have originally been inhabited by Titans, who
up the Arcadian Despoena. Uranus, the first ruler were hostile to Zeus, but were driven away by
of the world, threw his sons, the Hecatoncheires, Pan with the fearful sounds of his shell-trumpei.
Briareus, Cottys, Gyes (Hes. Theog. 617), and the (Hom. Hymn. in Apoll. 336; Diod. iii. 57, v. 66;
Cyclopes, Arges, Steropes, and Brontes, into Tar-Orph. Hymn. 36. 2; comp. Höck, Creta, p. 171,
tarus. Gaea, indignant at this, persuaded the &c. ; Lobeck, Aglaoph. p. 763; Völcker, Mythol.
Titans to rise against their father, and gave to des Iapet. Geschl. p. 280, &c. ) (L. S. ]
Cronus an adamantine sickle (&pan). They did as TITARE'SIUS (Tetapholos), a
surname of
their mother bade them, with the exception of Mopsus, derived, according to some, from the river
Oceanus. Cronus, with his sickle, unmanned his Titaresius in Thessaly, near which he was born
father, and threw the part into the sea, and out of (Hom. II. ii. 751), but according to others, from
the drops of his blood there arose the Erinnyes, his grandfather Titaron. (Apollon. Rhod. i. 65
Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megaera. The Titans then with the Schol. )
[L. S. ]
deposed Uranus, liberated their brothers who had TITHOʻNUS (TiOwvós), a son of Laomedon,
been cast into Tartarus, and raised Cronus to the and brother of Priam (Hom. 1. xx. 237), or accord-
throne. But he again threw the Cyclopes into Tar-ing to others (Serv. ad Virg. Georg. i. 447, iii. 48),
tarus, and married his sister Rhea (Ovid, Met. ix. a brother of Laomedon. Others, again, call him a son
497, calls her Ops). As, however, he had been of Cephalus and Eos. (A pollod. iii. 14. & 3. ) Bythe
foretold by Gaea and Uranus, that he should be prayers of Eos who loved him he obtained from the
dethroned by one of his own children, he, after immortal gods immortality, but not eternal youth, in
their birth, swallowed successively his children consequence of which he completely shrunk together
1
;
i
.
## p. 1157 (#1173) ##########################################
TITIANUS.
1157
TITINIUS.
in his old age, whence an old decrepit man was TITIANUS, CORNELIUS, a friend of the
proverbially called Tithonus. (Hom. Hymn. in younger Pliny, who has addressed two letters to
Ven. 219 ; Hes. Theog. 984 ; Apollod. iii. 12. § 4; him. (Ep. i. 17, ix. 32. )
Tzetz. ad Lyc. 18 ; Horat. Carm. i. 28. 8 ; Or. TITIANUS, T. FA'BIUS, consul under Con-
Fast. i. 461. )
(L. S. ] stantinus in a. D. 337 with Felicianus. (Fasti. )
TITHOʻREA (T. Bopéa), a nymph of Mount TITIANUS, FLAVIUS, procurator of Alex-
Parnassus, from whom the town of Tithores, pre- andria, was put to death by Theocritus, the fn-
viously called Neon, was believed to have derived vourite of Caracalla. (Dion Casa lxxvii. 21. )
its name. (Paus. x. 32. & 6. ) (L. S. ) TITIA'NI'S, JU’LIUS, a Roman writer, all
TITHRÀUSTES (Ti@pavotns), a Persian, whose works are lost was the father of the rheto-
who was commissioned by Artaxerxes II. (Mne- rician Titianus, who taught the younger Maximi.
mon), in B. c. 395, to put Tissaphernes to death, nus. The elder Titianus may therefore be placed in
and to succeed him in his satrapy. On his arrival the reigns of Commodus, Pertinax, and 'Severus.
At Colossae in Phrygia, he caused Tissaphernes to He was called the ape of his age, because he had
be slain, and sent his head to the king. He then imitated every thing (Jul. Capitol. Maximin. Jun.
opened negotiations with Agesilaus, representing c. l). He wrote, 1. A description of the provinces
to him that, as the chief promoter of the war was of the Roman empire (Jul. Capitol. l. c. ), which is
dead, there was no longer any occasion for the prce perhaps the same work as the Chorographiu, which
sence of a Spartan army in Asin, and proposing is quoted by Servius (ud Virg. Aen. iv. 42) as a
peace on condition that ihe Asiatic Greeks should work of Titianus. 2. Epistolae, which were sup-
be independent, only paying their ancient tribute posed to be written by distinguished women, and
to Persia. To this Agesilaus would not consent in in which he imitated the style of Cicero. (Sidon.
the absence of instructions from home, and Ti- A poll. Ep. i. 1. ) 3. Rhetorica. (Isidor. Orig. ii.
thraustes then persuaded him to remove the war 2. ) 4. Themata, or subjects for declamation taken
from his satrapy into that of Pharnabazus, and from Virgil (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. x. 18).
