Hobbes stated more
prosaically
that "in ancient times, (before letters were in common use, the laws were many times put into verse, that the rude people taking pleasure in singing or reciting them might the more easily retain them in memory" (Hobbes 16sr/r994, 178).
Kittler-Gramophone-Film-Typewriter
Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, in idem I920/I962, I8: 24.
44. See Derrida I967ir978, 22I-3 1.
45. Abraham and Hornbostel I904, 231. Hornbostel's superior, the great
music physiologist Carl Stumpf, concluded that it was necessary to establish a phonographic archive in Berlin, as well (which was realized soon thereafter). His criticism o f the exclusion o f optics led another participant i n the discussion to argue that it should be linked to a film archive (ibid. , 235-36). See Meumann I9I2, I30. . .
? 46. Hirth, I 897, J8. Sabina Spielrein proves that psychoanalysts didn't think any differently. According to her, the "treatment of hysteria" consists in "bringing about a transformation of the psychosexual components of the ego (either by way of art or simple reactions-whichever you prefer: in this way the component is
progressively weakened like a playing
I906ir986, 224.
47? 49. 5 1 . 52?
56. 58. 60. 62. 64. 66. 67. 68.
"Claire Lenoir" and the commentary in S. Weber I980, I37-44.
69. See Kafka,January 22-23, I9I3, in Kafka I974, I67-68.
70. Ibid. , I66.
71. See G. Neumann I985, IOI-2.
72. See Cocteau I930ir9sr, 28.
73. Kafka, January 22-23, I9I3, in Kafka I974, I68.
74. Campe I986, 69?
75? See Kakfa I93 5/I950, 93, and Siegert I986, 299, 3 24-25.
76. See Kafka, January I7-I8, I9I3, in Kafka I974, I58, and Campe
Rilke I9IO/I949, 146.
See Flechsig I 894, 2 I-22.
Rilke I9IOir949, I 8 5 (translation modified). Lothar I924, 58.
[sic] gramophone record ) . " Spielrein 48. Sachs I905, 4?
50. See Hamburger I966, I79-275.
53? Ibid. , 59-60.
55. Moholy-Nagy I923, I04? 57. Ibid. , I05?
59? Lothar I924, 55?
61. Pynchon I973, 405.
63. See Hodges I983, 245-46. 65. Marinetti I9I2/I97I, 87.
Ibid.
Zglinicki I956, 6I9?
Moholy-Nagy I923, I04.
See Andresen I982, 83-84.
See ibid. , 287-88.
See Valery I937ir957-60, I: 886-907.
Parzer-Miihlbacher I902, I07.
See Ribot I882, I14. For agony snapshots, see also Villiers's story
I986, 86.
77. See Campe I986, 72.
79. See Wetzel I985.
81. M. Weber I928, 9.
83. Kafka, January 22-23, I9I3, in Kafka I974, I68. 84. See Wagner I880ir976, 5I2.
78. See Lacan I973ir978, I74ff. 80. Dahms I895, 21.
82. Wellershoff I980, 2I2-14.
54? See Rilke I925ir957, 339-40.
278
Notes to Pages 59-78
85?
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93?
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99? Snyder 1974, II.
100. Scherer 198 6, 4 9 . For the factual history o f similarly dismembered bod-
ies, see Seeliger 1985. The major identification problem between 1826 and 1916 and in 1959 appears to have been Schiller's rather than Goethe's skull. Whether or not the corpse in the royal tomb will prove that Goethe used arsenic to poison Schiller, whether it belongs to the poet or to a young woman, whether Goethe used a file to distort its teeth-all that is still unresolved. Reason enough for Pro- fessor Pschorr to reenact the 1912 opening of tomb and coffin in 1916.
IOI. Philipp Siedler, 1962, quoted in Campe 1986, 9? .
102. I03 ? I04. IO5.
Reis I 86Iir952, 37.
Bell quoted in Snyder 1974, 14.
See Saussure I9I5ir959, 17-20.
On the algorithms of digital speech recognition, and its input and out-
Dehmel I896ir906-09, 3: II5-I6. See Kittler I985ir990, 147-48.
See Holst 1 802, 63-66.
Schlegel I799ir958, 8: 48, 42. Deleuze and Guattari I972ir983, 209. E. T. A. Hoffmann I 8 I9ir97I, 32. Lothar 1924, 7-8.
Diippengiesser 1928, quoted in Hay I975a, 124-25.
Eyth 1909, I: 457-58.
Scientific American, 1877, quoted in Read and Welch 1959, 12. See Bredow 1950, 16.
Enzensberger I970ir974, 97?
Rilke I9 IOir949, 1 3 8 .
Turing 1950, 434. See Hodges 1983, 291.
put in general, see Sickert 1983 . The particulars of continuing Pschorr's Goethe experiment are as follows: "Under the Tokyo number 320-3000, a famous dead person is talking about his work. In his own language, the French painter Pierre Auguste Renoir, who died in 19 19, is promoting an exhibition of impressionist paintings. Renoir's ghostly voice was captured on tape by scientists of the Japan Acoustic Research Laboratory-with the help of computers. The computer seance is based on electronic voice simulation and anatomical measurements: according to the researchers, various vocal features can be reconstructed from the charac- teristics of a person's nasopharyngeal cavity. In the case of Renoir, the voice of a French native speaker was gradually modulated according to the characteristics of Renoir's nasopharyngeal cavity. Japanese vocal experts, at least, consider the result to be 'pure Renoir'" ? (Der Spiegei 40, no. I [1986]: 137). Unlike Pschorr, the Japan Acoustic Research Laboratory has kept silent about the acquisition of Renoir's nasopharyngeal cavity.
106. I08. IIO. II2. I I 3 . II4?
Foucault I969ir972, 27. Friedlaender 1922, 326.
Ibid. , 326.
O. Wiener 1900, 23-24.
"The New Phonograph" 1 8 87, 422. Gelatt 1977, IOO-IOI.
107. Ibid. , 103 . I09? Ibid. , 327. III. Ibid.
I I 5 . Bruch 1979, 24?
II6. See Lerg 1970, 29-34. In the name of all German engineers, Slaby ( 19 I I , 3 69-70) found the exalting words: "At the turn of the century, words of deliverance resounding from the heights of the throne opened the path leading up- ward to the hallowed peaks of science . . . For whom do our hearts in this hour beat more passionately than for our emperor? He endowed us with rights and
privileges in the world of supreme intellectual life, he made us a full part of the struggle for the glory of the fatherland, and at its deepest roots he provided the blooming science of engineering with new ideal incentives. "
II7. For details, see Kittler 1984a, 42. [AVUS: Autoverkehrs- und Ubungs- strasse, a famous speedway in Berlin. -Trans. ]
I I 8 . Wildenbruch, 1 897, quoted in Bruch 1979, 20.
II9. Nietzsche/1882-1887ir974, 138.
Hobbes stated more prosaically that "in ancient times, (before letters were in common use, the laws were many times put into verse, that the rude people taking pleasure in singing or reciting them might the more easily retain them in memory" (Hobbes 16sr/r994, 178).
1 20. See Mallarme 1 897/r94 5 , 4 5 5 . This poet's only "innovation" was
for the first time, the empty spaces between words or letters were granted typo- graphic "weight"-typewriter poetics.
121. Jensen 1917, 53.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
1 27.
128.
129.
1 30.
1 3 1 . Freud, "Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria," 1905, in
idem 1962, 7: 77-78.
132. Stern 1908, 432.
133. See Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson 1967, 54-55. 134. See Stern 19? 8, 432.
135. See Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson 1967, 72n.
147. Freud, "Recommendations to Physicans Practising Psycho-Analysis," 1912, in idem 1962, 12: II5-16. Since the study in the Berggasse was not cabled, the telephony Freud describes must have been wireless: radio avant la lettre. On the analogy between psychic and technological media, see also Freud, New In- troductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1933, in idem 1962, 22: 55. "And par- ticularly so far as thought-transference is concerned, it seems actually to favour
Kracauer 1930ir971-79, I: 262. Keun 1932ir979b, 194.
Ibid. , 8.
Ibid. , 58, 95.
Siemsen, 1926, in Kaes, Jay, and Dimendberg 1994, 664.
Wilde, 1890, in idem 1966, I091.
Benn 1959-61, 3: 474. For the same in prose, see Benn 1959-61, I: 518. Zumthor 1985, 368.
"The New Phonograph" 1 8 87, 422.
136. Stransky 1905, 18.
138. Ibid. , 4.
140. Ibid. , 96.
142. For details, see Kittlerr982/1989-90, 143-73.
143? Stoker 1897ir965, 79? 144? See Blodgett 1890, 43. 145? Gutzmann 1908, 486-88. 146. Ibid. , 499.
Notes to Pages 78-88 279
? 137. Ibid. , 18.
139? Ibid. , 7.
141. Baade 1913, 81-82.
that
280 Notes to Pages 89-94
the extension of the scientific-or, as our opponents say, the mechanistic-mode of thought to mental phenomena which are so hard to lay hold of. The telepathic process is supposed to consist in a mental act in one person instigating the same mental act in another person. What lies between these two mental acts may eas- ily be a physical process into which the mental one is transformed at one end and which is transformed back once more into the same mental one at the other end. The analogy with other transformations, such as occur in hearing or speaking by telephone, would then be unmistakable. "
148. See Campe 1986, 88.
149. Rilke 1910ir955-66, 6: 767.
150. See Stoker 1897ir965, 70, 79.
1 5 1 . See Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 1920, in idem 19 62, 1 8 : 25. 152. Freud, "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria," 1905, in idem
1962, 7: 10. See also Freud, New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1933, in idem 1962, 22: 5, on his writing technique: "My Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis were delivered during the two Winter Terms of 19 1 5-16 and 1916-17 in a lecture room of the Vienna Psychiatric Clinic before an audience gathered from all the Faculties of the University. The first half of the lectures were improvised, and written out immediately afterwards; drafts of the second half were made during the intervening summer vacation at Salzburg, and delivered word for word in the following winter. At that time I still possessed the gift of a phonographic memory. "
153. See Benjamin 1968, 235.
154. See Freud, Interpretation ofDreams, 1899, in idem 1962, 4: 277-78. 155? Guattari 1975?
156. Berliner quoted in Bruch 1979, 31.
1 5 7. See the endless descriptions of symptoms in Freud, Studies on Hysteria,
1895, in idem 1962, 2: 48-79.
158. Ibid. , 2: 49-50. Freud was "always vexed" by the "'sound relation-
ships' . . . because here I lack the most elementary knowledge, thanks to the atro- phy of my acoustic sensibilities" (Freud, August 31, 1898, in idem 1985, 325). 159. Freud, "An Outline ofPsycho-Analysis," 1938, in idem 1962, 23: 196. 160. See Freud, "On Beginning the Treatment," 1913, in idem 1962, 12:
134-3 5?
1 6 1 . Freud, "The Handling o f Dream-Interpretation i n Psycho-Analysis,"
1912, in idem 1962, 12: 96.
162. Freud, Interpretation ofDreams, 1899, in idem 1962, 4: 278.
? Abraham 1913, 194. 164. Ibid. , 194-95.
See Sartre 1969b, 43. 166. Ibid. , 46.
Sartre 1969a, 1 8 12. 168. Sartre 1969b, 49. Foucault 1976ir990, 150. 170. Faulstich 1979, 193. See Chapple and Garofalo 1977, 1 .
163.
165.
167.
169.
1 7 1 .
172. List, 1939, quoted in Pohle 1955, 339: "Due to newspapers, journals,
and radio, the population's leadership vacuum is relatively small. It is about 4 or 5 out of 100. . . . It must therefore be emphasized that with the exception of a rel- atively small part the population is subject to the will of the political leadership. " The logic o f world war mobilization.
Notes to Pages 94-I04 281
173. McLuhan 1964, 307. 174. Slaby 19II, VII.
175? Ibid. , 333-34? 176. Ibid. , 344?
177. See Bronnen 1935, 76. As everywhere in his key novel, Bronnen is ex-
tremely well informed.
178. See Chapple and Garofalo 1977, 54.
179. See Briggs 1961, 27.
180. See Lerg 197? , 43.
181. See Blair 1929, 87: "From the earliest time the Army has been a pio-
neer in the development of radio as a means of communication, and more espe- cially in the development of radio equipment for use by military forces in the field. . . . During the World War there was intensive development along all lines that appeared to make for the success of armies in the field. The armies of all powers involved . . . were quick to recognize its value and to expend funds and energy lavishly in scientific radio research. One of the biggest improvements which resulted was the design of more sensitive amplifiers by using vacuum tube detectors and amplifiers. "
182. See Volckheim 1923, 14. 184. See Briggs 1961, 38. 186. See Lerg 1970, 51.
188. H6fle, December, 20, 1923, quoted in Lerg 1970, 188.
189. Bronnen 1935, 21.
190. Ibid. , 16.
191. SundayTimes,quotedinGelatt1977,234.
192. Villiers 1886iI982, 97.
194. Kafka 1924ir948, 257. For sources, see Bauer-Wabnegg 1986, 179-80. 195? Cocteau 1992, 63-64.
196. Gelatt 1977, 282.
197. von Schramm 1979, 324. For similar, though fictionalized and post
(acto, gramophone simulations of the First World War, see Fussell 1975, 227-30. 198. See Pink Floyd 1975, 77, and Kittler I984b, 145-46.
44. See Derrida I967ir978, 22I-3 1.
45. Abraham and Hornbostel I904, 231. Hornbostel's superior, the great
music physiologist Carl Stumpf, concluded that it was necessary to establish a phonographic archive in Berlin, as well (which was realized soon thereafter). His criticism o f the exclusion o f optics led another participant i n the discussion to argue that it should be linked to a film archive (ibid. , 235-36). See Meumann I9I2, I30. . .
? 46. Hirth, I 897, J8. Sabina Spielrein proves that psychoanalysts didn't think any differently. According to her, the "treatment of hysteria" consists in "bringing about a transformation of the psychosexual components of the ego (either by way of art or simple reactions-whichever you prefer: in this way the component is
progressively weakened like a playing
I906ir986, 224.
47? 49. 5 1 . 52?
56. 58. 60. 62. 64. 66. 67. 68.
"Claire Lenoir" and the commentary in S. Weber I980, I37-44.
69. See Kafka,January 22-23, I9I3, in Kafka I974, I67-68.
70. Ibid. , I66.
71. See G. Neumann I985, IOI-2.
72. See Cocteau I930ir9sr, 28.
73. Kafka, January 22-23, I9I3, in Kafka I974, I68.
74. Campe I986, 69?
75? See Kakfa I93 5/I950, 93, and Siegert I986, 299, 3 24-25.
76. See Kafka, January I7-I8, I9I3, in Kafka I974, I58, and Campe
Rilke I9IO/I949, 146.
See Flechsig I 894, 2 I-22.
Rilke I9IOir949, I 8 5 (translation modified). Lothar I924, 58.
[sic] gramophone record ) . " Spielrein 48. Sachs I905, 4?
50. See Hamburger I966, I79-275.
53? Ibid. , 59-60.
55. Moholy-Nagy I923, I04? 57. Ibid. , I05?
59? Lothar I924, 55?
61. Pynchon I973, 405.
63. See Hodges I983, 245-46. 65. Marinetti I9I2/I97I, 87.
Ibid.
Zglinicki I956, 6I9?
Moholy-Nagy I923, I04.
See Andresen I982, 83-84.
See ibid. , 287-88.
See Valery I937ir957-60, I: 886-907.
Parzer-Miihlbacher I902, I07.
See Ribot I882, I14. For agony snapshots, see also Villiers's story
I986, 86.
77. See Campe I986, 72.
79. See Wetzel I985.
81. M. Weber I928, 9.
83. Kafka, January 22-23, I9I3, in Kafka I974, I68. 84. See Wagner I880ir976, 5I2.
78. See Lacan I973ir978, I74ff. 80. Dahms I895, 21.
82. Wellershoff I980, 2I2-14.
54? See Rilke I925ir957, 339-40.
278
Notes to Pages 59-78
85?
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93?
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99? Snyder 1974, II.
100. Scherer 198 6, 4 9 . For the factual history o f similarly dismembered bod-
ies, see Seeliger 1985. The major identification problem between 1826 and 1916 and in 1959 appears to have been Schiller's rather than Goethe's skull. Whether or not the corpse in the royal tomb will prove that Goethe used arsenic to poison Schiller, whether it belongs to the poet or to a young woman, whether Goethe used a file to distort its teeth-all that is still unresolved. Reason enough for Pro- fessor Pschorr to reenact the 1912 opening of tomb and coffin in 1916.
IOI. Philipp Siedler, 1962, quoted in Campe 1986, 9? .
102. I03 ? I04. IO5.
Reis I 86Iir952, 37.
Bell quoted in Snyder 1974, 14.
See Saussure I9I5ir959, 17-20.
On the algorithms of digital speech recognition, and its input and out-
Dehmel I896ir906-09, 3: II5-I6. See Kittler I985ir990, 147-48.
See Holst 1 802, 63-66.
Schlegel I799ir958, 8: 48, 42. Deleuze and Guattari I972ir983, 209. E. T. A. Hoffmann I 8 I9ir97I, 32. Lothar 1924, 7-8.
Diippengiesser 1928, quoted in Hay I975a, 124-25.
Eyth 1909, I: 457-58.
Scientific American, 1877, quoted in Read and Welch 1959, 12. See Bredow 1950, 16.
Enzensberger I970ir974, 97?
Rilke I9 IOir949, 1 3 8 .
Turing 1950, 434. See Hodges 1983, 291.
put in general, see Sickert 1983 . The particulars of continuing Pschorr's Goethe experiment are as follows: "Under the Tokyo number 320-3000, a famous dead person is talking about his work. In his own language, the French painter Pierre Auguste Renoir, who died in 19 19, is promoting an exhibition of impressionist paintings. Renoir's ghostly voice was captured on tape by scientists of the Japan Acoustic Research Laboratory-with the help of computers. The computer seance is based on electronic voice simulation and anatomical measurements: according to the researchers, various vocal features can be reconstructed from the charac- teristics of a person's nasopharyngeal cavity. In the case of Renoir, the voice of a French native speaker was gradually modulated according to the characteristics of Renoir's nasopharyngeal cavity. Japanese vocal experts, at least, consider the result to be 'pure Renoir'" ? (Der Spiegei 40, no. I [1986]: 137). Unlike Pschorr, the Japan Acoustic Research Laboratory has kept silent about the acquisition of Renoir's nasopharyngeal cavity.
106. I08. IIO. II2. I I 3 . II4?
Foucault I969ir972, 27. Friedlaender 1922, 326.
Ibid. , 326.
O. Wiener 1900, 23-24.
"The New Phonograph" 1 8 87, 422. Gelatt 1977, IOO-IOI.
107. Ibid. , 103 . I09? Ibid. , 327. III. Ibid.
I I 5 . Bruch 1979, 24?
II6. See Lerg 1970, 29-34. In the name of all German engineers, Slaby ( 19 I I , 3 69-70) found the exalting words: "At the turn of the century, words of deliverance resounding from the heights of the throne opened the path leading up- ward to the hallowed peaks of science . . . For whom do our hearts in this hour beat more passionately than for our emperor? He endowed us with rights and
privileges in the world of supreme intellectual life, he made us a full part of the struggle for the glory of the fatherland, and at its deepest roots he provided the blooming science of engineering with new ideal incentives. "
II7. For details, see Kittler 1984a, 42. [AVUS: Autoverkehrs- und Ubungs- strasse, a famous speedway in Berlin. -Trans. ]
I I 8 . Wildenbruch, 1 897, quoted in Bruch 1979, 20.
II9. Nietzsche/1882-1887ir974, 138.
Hobbes stated more prosaically that "in ancient times, (before letters were in common use, the laws were many times put into verse, that the rude people taking pleasure in singing or reciting them might the more easily retain them in memory" (Hobbes 16sr/r994, 178).
1 20. See Mallarme 1 897/r94 5 , 4 5 5 . This poet's only "innovation" was
for the first time, the empty spaces between words or letters were granted typo- graphic "weight"-typewriter poetics.
121. Jensen 1917, 53.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
1 27.
128.
129.
1 30.
1 3 1 . Freud, "Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria," 1905, in
idem 1962, 7: 77-78.
132. Stern 1908, 432.
133. See Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson 1967, 54-55. 134. See Stern 19? 8, 432.
135. See Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson 1967, 72n.
147. Freud, "Recommendations to Physicans Practising Psycho-Analysis," 1912, in idem 1962, 12: II5-16. Since the study in the Berggasse was not cabled, the telephony Freud describes must have been wireless: radio avant la lettre. On the analogy between psychic and technological media, see also Freud, New In- troductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1933, in idem 1962, 22: 55. "And par- ticularly so far as thought-transference is concerned, it seems actually to favour
Kracauer 1930ir971-79, I: 262. Keun 1932ir979b, 194.
Ibid. , 8.
Ibid. , 58, 95.
Siemsen, 1926, in Kaes, Jay, and Dimendberg 1994, 664.
Wilde, 1890, in idem 1966, I091.
Benn 1959-61, 3: 474. For the same in prose, see Benn 1959-61, I: 518. Zumthor 1985, 368.
"The New Phonograph" 1 8 87, 422.
136. Stransky 1905, 18.
138. Ibid. , 4.
140. Ibid. , 96.
142. For details, see Kittlerr982/1989-90, 143-73.
143? Stoker 1897ir965, 79? 144? See Blodgett 1890, 43. 145? Gutzmann 1908, 486-88. 146. Ibid. , 499.
Notes to Pages 78-88 279
? 137. Ibid. , 18.
139? Ibid. , 7.
141. Baade 1913, 81-82.
that
280 Notes to Pages 89-94
the extension of the scientific-or, as our opponents say, the mechanistic-mode of thought to mental phenomena which are so hard to lay hold of. The telepathic process is supposed to consist in a mental act in one person instigating the same mental act in another person. What lies between these two mental acts may eas- ily be a physical process into which the mental one is transformed at one end and which is transformed back once more into the same mental one at the other end. The analogy with other transformations, such as occur in hearing or speaking by telephone, would then be unmistakable. "
148. See Campe 1986, 88.
149. Rilke 1910ir955-66, 6: 767.
150. See Stoker 1897ir965, 70, 79.
1 5 1 . See Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 1920, in idem 19 62, 1 8 : 25. 152. Freud, "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria," 1905, in idem
1962, 7: 10. See also Freud, New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1933, in idem 1962, 22: 5, on his writing technique: "My Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis were delivered during the two Winter Terms of 19 1 5-16 and 1916-17 in a lecture room of the Vienna Psychiatric Clinic before an audience gathered from all the Faculties of the University. The first half of the lectures were improvised, and written out immediately afterwards; drafts of the second half were made during the intervening summer vacation at Salzburg, and delivered word for word in the following winter. At that time I still possessed the gift of a phonographic memory. "
153. See Benjamin 1968, 235.
154. See Freud, Interpretation ofDreams, 1899, in idem 1962, 4: 277-78. 155? Guattari 1975?
156. Berliner quoted in Bruch 1979, 31.
1 5 7. See the endless descriptions of symptoms in Freud, Studies on Hysteria,
1895, in idem 1962, 2: 48-79.
158. Ibid. , 2: 49-50. Freud was "always vexed" by the "'sound relation-
ships' . . . because here I lack the most elementary knowledge, thanks to the atro- phy of my acoustic sensibilities" (Freud, August 31, 1898, in idem 1985, 325). 159. Freud, "An Outline ofPsycho-Analysis," 1938, in idem 1962, 23: 196. 160. See Freud, "On Beginning the Treatment," 1913, in idem 1962, 12:
134-3 5?
1 6 1 . Freud, "The Handling o f Dream-Interpretation i n Psycho-Analysis,"
1912, in idem 1962, 12: 96.
162. Freud, Interpretation ofDreams, 1899, in idem 1962, 4: 278.
? Abraham 1913, 194. 164. Ibid. , 194-95.
See Sartre 1969b, 43. 166. Ibid. , 46.
Sartre 1969a, 1 8 12. 168. Sartre 1969b, 49. Foucault 1976ir990, 150. 170. Faulstich 1979, 193. See Chapple and Garofalo 1977, 1 .
163.
165.
167.
169.
1 7 1 .
172. List, 1939, quoted in Pohle 1955, 339: "Due to newspapers, journals,
and radio, the population's leadership vacuum is relatively small. It is about 4 or 5 out of 100. . . . It must therefore be emphasized that with the exception of a rel- atively small part the population is subject to the will of the political leadership. " The logic o f world war mobilization.
Notes to Pages 94-I04 281
173. McLuhan 1964, 307. 174. Slaby 19II, VII.
175? Ibid. , 333-34? 176. Ibid. , 344?
177. See Bronnen 1935, 76. As everywhere in his key novel, Bronnen is ex-
tremely well informed.
178. See Chapple and Garofalo 1977, 54.
179. See Briggs 1961, 27.
180. See Lerg 197? , 43.
181. See Blair 1929, 87: "From the earliest time the Army has been a pio-
neer in the development of radio as a means of communication, and more espe- cially in the development of radio equipment for use by military forces in the field. . . . During the World War there was intensive development along all lines that appeared to make for the success of armies in the field. The armies of all powers involved . . . were quick to recognize its value and to expend funds and energy lavishly in scientific radio research. One of the biggest improvements which resulted was the design of more sensitive amplifiers by using vacuum tube detectors and amplifiers. "
182. See Volckheim 1923, 14. 184. See Briggs 1961, 38. 186. See Lerg 1970, 51.
188. H6fle, December, 20, 1923, quoted in Lerg 1970, 188.
189. Bronnen 1935, 21.
190. Ibid. , 16.
191. SundayTimes,quotedinGelatt1977,234.
192. Villiers 1886iI982, 97.
194. Kafka 1924ir948, 257. For sources, see Bauer-Wabnegg 1986, 179-80. 195? Cocteau 1992, 63-64.
196. Gelatt 1977, 282.
197. von Schramm 1979, 324. For similar, though fictionalized and post
(acto, gramophone simulations of the First World War, see Fussell 1975, 227-30. 198. See Pink Floyd 1975, 77, and Kittler I984b, 145-46.
