By this brave act he re-enforced the half-
obsolete death-punishment and gave it the weight which
it should have in every properly ordered State.
obsolete death-punishment and gave it the weight which
it should have in every properly ordered State.
Treitschke - 1914 - Life and Works
39015030043338 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www.
hathitrust.
org/access_use#pd-us-google
? TWO EMPERORS.
15/A June, 1888.
For the second time within a hundred days the nation
stands at the bier of its Emperor. After the most for-
tunate of all her rulers, she laments the most unfortunate.
It seems as if in the course of the history of our Emperors,
not only imperial splendour was to have a new birth but
the tremendous tragic vicissitudes of fate were also to
be renewed. It was in very truth under the guidance
of God, as he so often said in simple humility, that the
Emperor Wilhelm I reached the pinnacle of universal
fame, against all human calculation and reckoning, and
far beyond his own hope. In his steady ascent, however,
he proved fully competent to each new and greater task,
till, arrived at the last limit of life, he ended his days in a
halo of glory. In death also he was the effective uniter
of the Germans, who, to the accompaniment of the cannon-
thunder of his battles, had, for the first time after centuries,
known the happiness of joy at complete victories, and now
gathered round his funeral vault in the unanimity of
hallowed grief. During the years when the character
of a growing man usually takes its decisive bent, Prince
Wilhelm could only cherish the ambition some day, as
213
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? 214 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
his father's or brother's commander-in-chief, to lead the
Armies of Prussia to new victories. Himself almost the
youngest among the champions of the War of Liberation,
he shared with Gneisenau, with Clausewitz, and all the
political thinkers of the Prussian Army the conviction that
Germany's new western frontier was as untenable as its
loose confederation of States, and that only a third Punic
War could finally decide the old struggle for power between
Gauls and Germans, and secure the independence of the
German State. All through the quiet period of peace he
held fast by this hope. As early as the year 1840 he copied
out in his own hand-writing Becker's song, "Our Rhine,
free German river, they ne'er shall take away," and
finished the last words," Till the last brave German warrior
beneath its stream is laid," with that bold flourish of
the pen which afterwards in the Emperor's signature
became familiar to the whole world. Hatred to the French
was entirely absent from his generous disposition, but
more sagacious than all the Prussian statesmen, with the
possible exception of Motz, he early grasped the European
situation as it regarded Prussia, and recognised that the
latter must grow in order to escape the intolerable pres-
sure of so many superior military powers. Thoroughly
imbued with such thoughts, and being every inch a soldier,
he became in a few years the favourite and the ideal of
the Army, beloved for his friendly courtesy, and feared
for an official severity, which showed even the lowest
camp-follower that a careful and judicial eye was watch-
ing him. He looked upon his people in arms and their
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? TWO EMPERORS 215
awakened intelligence with the undiminished enthusiasm
of the War of Liberation, but also with the more sober
resolve to develop singly the ideas of Scharnhorst and
adapt them to the changed times, so that this Army
might always remain the foremost. Outside, in the
smaller States, what was here undertaken in deep political
seriousness was regarded as idle parade display. The
leaders of public opinion indulged in radical dreams,
expressed enthusiastic admiration for Poles and French-
men, and hoped for perpetual peace. In the conceit of
their superfine culture they could not comprehend what
the Prince's simple martial thoroughness and devotion
to duty signified for the future of the Fatherland.
It was not till the reign of his brother, when the " Prince
of Prussia " had already to reckon with the possibility of
his own accession, that he engaged in affairs of State.
Like his father, he wished to preserve the foundations of
the ancient monarchical constitution unaltered. "Prussia
shall not cease to be Prussia. " Word for word he fore-
told to his brother * what he was hereafter destined to
experience when the controversy regarding the reorgan-
ization of the Army arose. The Diet, he said, would mis-
use its right to control taxes in order to weaken the power
of the Army by shortening the period of military service,
and could, under the plea of ecomony, easily deceive even
the loyal. His warning was disregarded, and, just as
he had once for the sake of the State sacrificed his youth-
ful love, so now he ceased to protest, as soon as the King
? Frederick William IV.
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? 216 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
had made his decision on the subject. He chivalrously
stepped into the breach in the United Diet, in order to
divert towards himself all the grudges which had collected
against the throne during that time of ferment.
Then came the storms of the Revolution period. A
mad hatred and huge misunderstanding were discharged
upon his head; only the Army which knew him under-
stood him. Round the bivouac fires of the Prussian
Guard in Schleswig-Holstein they sang:
"Prince of Prussia, bold and true.
Come back to thy troops anew.
Much beloved General! "
And when he returned from the exile which he had under-
gone for his brother's sake he accepted in obedience to
the King the new constitutional regime. He gladly
acknowledged what was right and vital in the measures
of the Frankfort Parliament; but he would not sacrifice
the privileges of the German Princes and the strict
monarchical constitution of the Army to doctrinaire
attempts at innovation. The movement, which had no
leaders, ended in a terrible disappointment. The Prince
found himself compelled to put down the disturbance
in Baden. During the long years of exhaustion which
followed he had plenty of time to reflect on the causes
of the failure, and to ponder his brother's remark that
an Imperial crown could only be won on the battle-
field.
Then the illness of King Frederick Wilhelm IV set
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? TWO EMPERORS 217
him at the head of the State. After a year of patient
waiting he assumed the regency in virtue of his own
right, firmly tearing asunder the finely-spun webs of
conspiracy, and two years afterwards he succeeded to
the throne. But once more, after some short days of
jubilation and vague expectancy, he had again to ex-
perience the fickleness of popular favour, and commence
the struggle which he had foreseen when heir to the
throne--the struggle which concerned his own peculiar
task--the re-constitution of the Army. Party hatred
increased to an incredible degree, such as was only
possible in the nation which had waged the Thirty Years'
War. Matters came to such a pitch that the German
comic papers caricatured the honest, manly soldier's
face, which still reflected the smile of Queen Louisa,
under the likeness of a tiger. The struggle about the
constitution of the Army became so hopelessly com-
plicated that only the decisive force of military successes
could cut the tangled knot and establish the King's
right.
And these successes came in those seven great years,
when all at once the results of two hundred years of
Prussian history were summed up, when, one after the
other, all the problems at which the Hohenzollern states-
men had laboured through so many generations were
solved. The last of the North German marches was
wrested from Scandinavian rule, and thereby the work
of the Great Elector was completed; the battle of
Koniggratz realised the hope which had been shattered
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? 218 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
on the field of Kollin--the hope of the liberation of Ger-
many from the dominion of Austria; finally, a succession
of incomparable victories, and the coronation of the
Emperor in the hall of the Bourbons at Versailles, sur-
passed all that the combatants of 1813 had expected
from the third Punic War, to which they looked forward.
The Prussians thankfully recognised that their Constitu-
tion was more secure than ever under this strong rule;
for immediately after the Bohemian War the King, who
had been so completely successful in the affair, volun-
tarily made legal reparation for the infringement of
constitutional forms, and when the strife was over not
a word of bitterness to recall it came from his lips.
But the German Confederates had, through the victories
of this war--the first they had really waged in common--
at last attained to a healthy national pride, and in their
joy at the new Empire had forgotten the rivalries of many
centuries.
In all these strange courses of events, which might
have turned even a sober brain, King William appeared
always and equally firm and sure, kindly and modest.
During the constitutional struggle he made, according
to his own confession, the severest sacrifice which could
have been demanded from his heart, which always craved
for affection, in bearing the estrangement from his
beloved people. In the same spirit of self-conquest he
formed the difficult resolve to go to war with Austria,
with whom he had been so long on friendly terms. Yet
after his victory he demanded without any hesitation
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? TWO EMPERORS 219
the acquisitions which he would never have taken from
the hands of the revolutionaries as the price of a righteous
war. During the sittings of the first North German
Reichstag, he said, smilingly, with his sublime naive
frankness, to the deputies for Leipzig, "Yes, I would
gladly have kept Leipzig. "
In these difficult years he only wavered when, with
his soldierly directness, he could not bring himself
at once to believe in the Jesuitry of cunning opponents
It was thus at Baden, in 1863, when the German Diet
invited him in so apparently friendly and frank a way
to the Frankfort Conference, and again in Ems during
the negotiations with Benedetti. But to regard the
great crisis of history in too petty and minute a way is
to falsify it; it is enough for posterity to know that
after a short hesitation, which did honour to his character,
King William made the right resolve in both cases.
After his return home the new Emperor said : "This
result had been for a long time in our thoughts as a
possibility. Now it has been brought to the light.
Let us take care that it remains day. " It is true that
he himself believed that in a " short span of time," as
he said, he would only be able to witness the first begin-
nings of the new order in Germany. But the event
proved otherwise and better. He was not only destined
to complete the fundamental laws of the kingdom, but
by the force of his personality to give inward support
to its growth. At first many of the Confederate Princes
only saw in the Constitution of the Empire a fetter, but
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? 220 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
they soon all recognised in it a security for their own
rights, because the indisputable leader of the high German
nobility wore the imperial crown and his fidelity assured
absolute security to each. So it came to pass, really
through the merit of the Emperor, and contrary to the
frankly uttered expectation of the Chancellor, that the
Federal Council, which at one time was universally
suspected as the representative of particularism, became
the reliable support of national unity, while the Reichstag
soon again fell a prey to the incalculable caprices of
party-spirit.
The Emperor William never possessed a confidant
who advised him in everything. With a sure knowledge
of men he found out capable ministers for his Council,
and with the magnanimity of a great man he allowed
those, whom he had tested, a very free hand; but each,
even the Chancellor, only within his own department.
He always remained the Emperor, and held all the
threads of government together in his own hand.
He first tasted the greatest happiness of life when,
after escaping by a miracle an attempt at assassination,
he answered the enemies of society with that magnani-
mous imperial manifesto, in which he undertook to
eradicate the social evils of the time. Then it was that
the nation first understood completely what they pos-
sessed in their Emperor; and a stream of affectionate
loyalty, such as only springs from the depths of the
German spirit, carried and supported him through his
last years. Europe became accustomed to revere in the
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? TWO EMPERORS 221
grey-headed victor of so many battles the preserver of
the world's peace; and it was for the sake of peace that
he overcame his old preference for Russia, and concluded
the Central-European Alliance. In domestic matters
the strong monarchical character of his rule grew more
defined as the years went on; the individual will of the
Emperor maintained his right in the Parliaments, and
was now supported by the cordial concurrence of a now
thoroughly informed public opinion. The Germans knew
that their Emperor always did what was necessary, and
in his simple, artless, distinct way, always "said what
was to be said," as Goethe expressed it. Even in provinces
which lay remote from the lines on which his own mental
development had proceeded, he soon found himself at
home with his inborn gift of kingly penetration; however
much the nation owed him in the sphere of artistic
production, he never distinguished with his favour
anyone who was unworthy among the artists and the
literati. Some features in his character recall his an-
cestors, the Great Elector and the Great King Frederick
William I, and Frederick William III; that which was
peculiar to him was the quiet and happy harmony of
his character. In his simple greatness there was nothing
dazzling or mysterious, except the almost superhuman
vitality of his body and soul. All could understand him,
except those who were blinded by the pride of half-
culture; the immense strength of his character and his
unswerving devotion to duty served as an example to
all, the simple and the intellectual alike. Thus he
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? 222 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
became the most beloved of all the Hohenzollern rulers.
With splendid unanimity the Reichstag voted him the
amount necessary for strengthening the Army, and up
to the last his honest eyes looked out hopefully from
the venerable storm-beaten countenance on all the vital
elements of the new time. Only shortly before his
death he spoke with confidence of the patriotic spirit
of the younger generation in Germany. When he
departed there was a universal feeling as though Ger-
many could not live without him, although for years we
had been obliged to expect the end.
What a contrast between the continually ascending
course of life of the great father and the gloomy destiny
of the noble son! Born as heir to the throne, and joy-
fully hailed at his birth on the propitious anniversary
of the battle of Leipzig by all Prussian hearts, carefully
educated for his princely position by excellent teachers.
Prince Frederick William, as soon as he attained to
manhood, appeared to excel all in manly strength and
beauty. When he married the English Princess Royal
all the circles of Liberalism expected from his rule a time
of prosperity for the nations, for England was still
reckoned to be the model land of freedom, and the halo
of political legend still encircled the heads of Leopold
of Belgium and of the House of Coburg, who were delighted
at the marriage. It was soon evident that the Crown
Prince could neither reconcile himself to those infringe-
ments of formal rights which were caused by the struggle
about the Constitution, nor to the plan for incorporating
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? TWO EMPERORS 223
Schleswig-Holstein with Prussia. But he never con-
sented, like most English heirs to the throne, to place
himself at the head of the Opposition; and he rejected
as un-Prussian the thought that there could ever be a
party of the Crown Prince. In the Danish War he
accomplished his first great service for the State; his
powerful co-operation helped the still unexperienced
and often hesitating commanders to decide on a bolder
procedure.
Then came the brilliant days of his fame as Com-
mander-in-Chief, which have secured for him for ever
his place in German history. He helped towards winning
the victory of Koniggratz by the bold attacking skir-
mishes of his Silesian Army and made it decisive by his
attack on Chulm. He delivered the first crushing blows
in the war against France; his fair Germanic giant
figure was the first announcement to the Alsatians that
their old Fatherland was demanding them back; through
his martial deeds and the heart-moving power of his
cheerful popular kindness the Bavarian and Suabian
warriors were for the first time quite won over to the
cause of German unity. Never in the German Army
will the day be forgotten when, after fresh and glorious
victories, "Our Fritz" distributed the iron crosses to
his Prussians and Bavarians before the statue of Louis
XIV, in the courtyard of the Palace of Versailles.
After peace was concluded the position of the famous
Commander-in-Chief was not an easy one. As a Field-
Marshal he was already too high in military rank and had
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? 224 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
too little interest in the daily duties of a time of peace
for it to be easy to find him a suitable command. Only
the most important of the German military inspections,
the oversight of the South German troops, was assigned to
him, and every year he performed this duty for some weeks
with so much insight, firmness, and friendliness that
he won almost more affection in the South than in his
Northern home. The South Germans saw him fully occu-
pied and exerting all his energies; at home he only seldom
appeared in public life. He was the victim of his father's
extraordinary greatness, and it was that which con-
stituted his tragic destiny. He passed in a life of retire-
ment long years of manly vigour, which according to all
human computation he would have had to pass upon the
throne. This long period indeed brought him a fulness
of paternal happiness and gave him frequent opportunities
for displaying his fine natural eloquence and for pursuing
benevolent projects that were fraught with blessing for
the common weal; but it did not provide adequate scope
for his virile energy. Already, when a young Prince, the
Emperor William cherished strict and well-weighed prin-
ciples regarding the unavoidable limits which the heir to
the throne must impose upon himself; he knew that the
first subject in the kingdom must not join in discussion,
if he is not to be tempted to join in rule. Like all the
great monarchs of history, and all the Hohenzollerns with
the solitary exception of King Frederick William III,
he allowed the heir to the throne no participation in
affairs of State.
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? TWO EMPERORS 225
Only once, after the last attempt on the Emperor's
life, was the Crown Prince commissioned to represent
his father. It was an eventful time; the Berlin Congress
had just assembled, the negotiations with the Roman
Curia had hardly begun, and the law regarding Socialists
was on the point of being passed. The Crown Prince
carried out all his difficult tasks with masterly discretion,
and Germany should never forget how he, contrary
doubtless to the dictates of his own mild heart, caused the
executioner's axe to fall on the neck of the Emperor's
assailant.
By this brave act he re-enforced the half-
obsolete death-punishment and gave it the weight which
it should have in every properly ordered State.
On the Emperor's recovery the Crown Prince withdrew
to the quiet life of his home, and the spirit of criticism
which pervades the Courts of all heirs-apparent could
not fail to find expression now and then, but it did so
always in a modest and respectful way. His exertions
on behalf of art were many and fruitful; without him the
Hermes of Praxiteles would not have been awakened
to new life, and the Berlin technological museum would
not have been completed in such classical purity of form-
He was the first in the succession of the Prussian heirs
to the throne who had received a University education,
and he was proud to wear the purple mantle of the Rector
of the old Albertina University. In his long life of retire-
ment, however, the Crown Prince sometimes lost touch
with the powerful progressive movements of the time,
and could not fully follow the new ideas which were in
P
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? 226 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
vogue. He thought to arrest with a few words of angry
censure the anti-Semitic movements, the sole cause of
which was the overweening presumption of the Jews, and
he warned the students of Konigsberg against the dangers
of Chauvinism--a sentiment which, after two hundred
years of cosmopolitanism, is as unfamiliar to the Germans
as its foreign name.
But the course of human things looks different from a
throne than when viewed from below. The nation,
knowing the well-beloved Prince as they did, hoped that,
as in the case of his father, his character would develop
with his life-tasks, and that he would show as much energy
as a sovereign as he had displayed when representing
his father. Then the catastrophe overtook him. Three
German physicians--Professors Gerhardt, von Bergmann,
and Tobold--recognised at once the character of the
disease, and spoke the truth fearlessly, as we are
accustomed to expect from German men of science.
A cure was still possible and even probable. But the
resolve which would have saved the patient was lacking,
and who can venture to utter a word of blame, since al-
most every layman in similar circumstances would
have made a similar choice? Then the patient was
handed over to an English physician, who at once, by the
unparalleled falsehood of his reports, cast a stain on the
good name of our ancient and honourable Prussia. With
growing anxiety the Germans began to surmise that this
precious life was in bad hands. The result was more
tragic than their worst fears. When the Emperor
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? TWO EMPERORS 227
William closed his eyes a dying Emperor came up to
succeed to the lofty inheritance.
The greatness of the Monarchy and its superiority to
all republican forms of government rests essentially on
the well-assured and long duration of the princely office.
Its power is crippled when this assurance is lacking. The
reign of the dying Emperor could only be a sad episode in
the history of the Fatherland: sad on account of the inex-
pressible sufferings of the noble patient, sad on account
of the deceitful proceedings of the English doctor and his
dirty journalistic accomplices, and sad on account of the
impudence of the German Liberal party, who obtruded
themselves eagerly on the Emperor as though he belonged
to them, and certainly gained one success, the fall of the
Minister, von Puttkamer. The monarchical parties on
the other hand, both by a feeling of loyalty and the
prospect of the approaching end, were compelled to
preserve comparative silence. At such times of testing
all the heart-secrets of parties are revealed. Those who
did now know it before were now obliged to recognise
what sycophancy lurks beneath the banner of free thought,
and how everyone who thought for himself would be
tyrannised over if this party ever came into power
Fortunately for us, in the whole Empire they only have
behind them the majority of Berlin people, some learned
men who have gone astray in politics, the mercantile
communities of some discontented trading towns, and the
certainly considerable power of international Judaism.
But let us banish these dark pictures which history has
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? 228 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
long left behind. Let us hold fast in reverent recol-
lection that which lends moral consecration to the
tragic reign of the Emperor Frederick. With a religious
patience whose greatness only a few of the initiated can
thoroughly understand, with a heroic strength which out-
shines all the glories of his victories on the battle-field,
he bore the tortures of his disease, and bereft of speech
he still preserved in the face of death the old fidelity to
duty of the Hohenzollerns and his warm enthusiasm for
all the unchanging ideals of humanity. In a way worthy
of his father he departed to everlasting peace, and so long
as German hearts beat they will remember the royal
sufferer, who once appeared to us the happiest and most
joyful of the Germans and now was doomed to end his
life in so much suffering.
In those happy days when the picture of the "Four
Kings " * hung in all German shop windows, many a
one said to himself in sorrowful foreboding that " it was
too great good-fortune. " Now the equalising justice of
Providence has caused the abundance of joy to be followed
by such an excess of grief as seems too hard for a monarchic
people. Of the four Kings two are no more. But
life belongs to the living. With hopeful confidence the
nation turns her eyes to her young Imperial Lord. All
which he has hitherto said to his people breathes a spirit
of strength and courage, piety and justice. We know
that the good spirit of the old Emperor's times still remains
unlost to the Empire, and even in the first days of mourn-
* William I, Frederick III, William II, Crown Prince William.
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? TWO EMPERORS 229
ing we lived through a great hour of German history.
With German fidelity all our Princes gathered around the
Emperor and appeared with him before the representa-
tives of the nation. The world learnt that the German
Emperor does not die, whoever may wear the crown for the
moment. What a change of affairs since the times when
on each New Year's day the German Courts watched
anxiously for the utterances of the mysterious Caesar on
the Seine! To-day the German speech from the throne
makes no mention of these world-Powers which once
presumed to be the only representatives of civilisation,
for one can argue as little with unteachable enemies as
with pushing and doubtful friends. Whether Europe
accommodates itself peacefully to the alteration of the old
relations between the Powers, or whether the German
sword must again be drawn to secure what has been won,
in either case we hope to be prepared.
Unless all signs are deceptive this great century, which
seemed to begin as a French one, will end as a German
one; by Germany's thoughts and Germany's deeds will
the problem be solved how a strong hereditary sove-
reignty can be compatible with the just claims of modern
society. Some day the time must come when the nations
will realise that the battles of the Emperor William not
only created a Fatherland for the Germans but bestowed
upon the community of European States a juster and more
reasonable arrangement. Then will be fulfilled what
Emmanuel Geibel once said to the grey-haired conqueror:
"Some day, through the German nation,
All the world will find salvation. "
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? GERMANY AND NEUTRAL STATES.
Heidelberg,
25th October, 1870.
No hatred is so bitter as enmity against the man who
has been unjustly treated; men hate in him what they
have done to him. That is as true of nations as of
individuals. All our neighbours, some time or other,
grew at Germany's expense, and to-day, when we have
at length smashed the last remnants of foreign domina-
tion, and demand a modest reward for righteous vic-
tories, a permanent guarantee of national freedom, angry
blame of German insatiability resounds throughout the
European Press. Especially do those small countries
which owe their very existence to the dismemberment of
the German Empire, e. g. , Belgium, Holland, Switzerland,
complain loudly that an arrogant Pan-Germanism has
destroyed our people's sense of fairness. It is hatred
that vents itself in these charges; no impartial person
can deny that the notion of Pan-Germanism is as foreign
to us Germans as its name, which originated in the
bogy-fears of foreign countries. No doubt owing to
230
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? GERMANY AND NEUTRAL STATES 231
the excitement of the times a foolish boastfulness has
here and there come into being; out-and-out Teutons
are imploring us to banish all foreign words from the
sanctuary of the German language; men of picturesque
talents among the unemployed are drawing on the
patient map of Europe a kingdom of Armorica and
Arelat between France and Germany. However, such
ideas are simply the isolated absurdities of idle heads;
once in a while they may accidentally stray into one of
the bigger newspapers, but even then they only appear in
those insignificant columns devoted to such subjects as
sea-snakes and triplets, children with fowls' heads, and
the mythical Fusilier Kutschke. The great majority of
German politicians exhibit to-day a deliberate modera-
tion, which the Swiss and Belgians would hold in greater
respect if those nations, which enjoy the more comfort-
able peace and quiet of a neutrality protected by other
Powers, were able to put themselves in thought in the
position of a great warrior-nation which has been forced
to fight for its life by an unscrupulous attack.
Public opinion has become more quickly united
regarding the reward of our victory than ever before in
a complicated question. The boundary line of the
Government of Alsace, which has indeed been drawn
with a considerate hand and will presumably constitute
Germany's boundary, meets almost everywhere with
agreement. People only regret, and rightly so, that the
splendid region of the Breusch, which is abundant in
springs, and the district around Schirmack, together with
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? 232 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
the Steinthal, that essentially German tract of country
consecrated by the life-work of the unforgettable Oberlin(
are not included in the new boundary. Blind lust of
conquest is so alien to Germans that they even decide
with much unwillingness to demand the possession of
Metz; but the obvious impossibility of leaving right at
our doors in the hands of revengeful enemies this town,
which is a stronghold by its position, not by its walls,
compels us in this case to enter into occupation of
French territory.
The desire of robbing the neutral neighbouring States,
which imaginative persons in Bale and Brussels are fond
of attributing to us, is expressed only by some isolated
German Chauvinists. We notice with anxiety, like all
the thoughtful Swiss, that those two decades of fresh
prosperity which Switzerland enjoyed since the Civil
War are to-day at an end. We ask gravely what shall
eventually be the outcome of a development which is
tending ever more and more to loosen every community
and every individual from the State? But we honestly
wish that the Confederation may succeed in overcoming
the disintegrating power of an unbridled Radicalism;
the role which this asylum for all parties has long played,
to the good of Europe, is not yet played out by any
means. No intelligent German wants to increase the
excessively strong centrifugal powers, which are em-
braced in our new Empire, by the inclusion of purely
Republican elements, and all free men are horror-struck
at the thought that Geneva and Lausanne, which are
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? GERMANY AND NEUTRAL STATES 233
to-day the centres of an independent intellectual move-
ment, would, by the dissolution of the Swiss Confedera-
tion, be involved in the horrible fall of France. We are
also quite without arriere pensee in regard to the Nether-
land States, which did so little to win Germany's friend-
ship; we certainly trust that the strengthening of the
German Empire will of itself bring it about, that the
foolish inclination at the Hague to France may be
moderated, and that the Flemish majority in Belgium
may find the courage to assert their race beside the
Walloon minority. Still, because we do not want to
shake the national constitutions of these buffer-States,
because we demand a lasting arrangement on our Western
boundary, for that reason a question has now to be settled
once for all which threatens to be continually disturbing
our good relations with our small neighbours, although
it has in very truth nothing whatever to do with the
independence of the Netherlands. The conclusion of
peace with France may and shall afford the opportunity
of incorporating Luxemburg in the German Empire.
It is repugnant to us to revive to-day the memory of
the odious transaction which deprived us of that terri-
tory--the single bitter memory in the glorious history
of the North German Confederation. Suffice it that that
German territory which by the decision of Europe was
once allotted to the House of Orange and the Crown of
Prussia, in order to protect it against France's lust of
piracy, was suddenly sold and betrayed to France by
its own rulers. When the Prussian Government entered
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? 234 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
a protest, it was confronted by the unconcealed partisan
disfavour of all the European Powers. The fear of
France lay heavily on the world; it reads to us to-day
like a farce, when we read in the documents of those
days how Lord Stanley and Count Beust outrivalled
each other in depicting to our Government the fearful
superiority of French power: the French Fleet would
occupy the attention of the greater portion of our forces,
would make it impossible for us to protect South Ger-
many, etc. Prussia, which was honestly trying to
display its love of peace in an affair not altogether free
from doubt, and was, moreover, fully busied with the
founding of the new Confederation, gave up its right of
garrisoning, and contented itself with the inadequate
result, that France had to abandon her welcome pur-
chase. In place of the military protection which Prussia
had afforded the country up till then was substituted
a moral protection, by which the Great Powers undertook
a common responsibility for the neutrality of the Grand
Duchy. But scarcely had the agreement been con-
cluded when it at once lost all its value owing to the
perfidious interpretation put upon it by England. Amid
the exultant cheers of Parliament, Lord Stanley declared
that Great Britain would only take up arms for Luxem-
burg's neutrality if the other Great Powers did the
same ; the Press, drunk with peace, rejoiced that Eng-
land's obligations were not extended, but limited, by
the May Convention--and the politics of the sinking
Island-Kingdom had taken a fresh step downwards.
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? GERMANY AND NEUTRAL STATES 235
After such words no description is requisite of the deeds
that might be expected from British statesmen; nobody
doubts that England would not have let itself be dis-
turbed in its neutral complacency, even if a victorious
French army had penetrated into Luxemburg last
August.
The joint European guarantee was from the start an
empty form, and the position of the little neutral country
has been rendered completely untenable by the mighty
revolutionary events of recent weeks. If the German
boundary advances as far as Metz and Diedenhof, Luxem-
burg becomes surrounded in the south, as in the north
and east, by German-Prussian territory, the country no
longer forms a buffer-State between France and Prussia,
and the object of the May Convention--the idea of prevent-
ing friction between the two great military Powers--
vanishes of itself. Considering the deadly enmity
which will threaten us yet a long time from Paris, the
Prussian Government could hardly tolerate seeing the
communications between Treves and Metz interrupted
by neutral territory; serious military considerations
compel Prussia's desire to plant its standard again on
those Luxemburg fortifications on which it stood for
fifty years, a screen for Germany.
And is not the neutrality of the little country, the
artificial creation of a nation luxembourgeoise, in very
truth a disgrace to Germany? Polyglot countries,
like Belgium and Switzerland, may justly be declared
neutral, because their mixed populations prevent them
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? 236 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
from taking partisan parts in the national struggles of
this century. But to cut off two hundred thousand
German persons from their fatherland in order to place
them under European guardianship, that was a crime
against common sense and history, an insult which could
be offered only to this our hard-struggling Germany.
The little State is German to the last hamlet, belongs
to us by speech and customs, by the memories of a
thousand-years-old history, as well as by the community
of material interests. And this country, which presented
us with three Emperors, which once revolted against
Philip of Burgundy in order to preserve its German
language, which, further, in the days of the French
Revolution, twice joined in the national war against the
hated French--this root-and-branch German country is
to-day under French rule! The official language is
French, the laws of the country are derived from France
and Belgium. Since the injurious nine-years' treaty with
Belgium people in Luxemburg have grown accustomed,
as in Brussels and Ghent, to admire French methods as
a mark of distinction. The officials, who are moulded
in French and Belgian schools, introduce French arro-
gance from their alien environment, radically oppose the
German spirit, change the honest old German place-
names of Klerf and Siebenbrunn into Clerveaux and
Septfontaines. The people are alienated from the Ger-
man system of government by the sins of the Diet ; they
cannot forget that the German Confederation once
abandoned half of the country in undignified fashion
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? GERMANY AND NEUTRAL STATES 237
to Belgium, and then obligingly all the governmental
pranks of reactionary ministers. A fanatical clergy, a
lying Press conducted by French and Belgians, no doubt
also maintained by French gold, foster their hatred for
the great Fatherland, and the Netherland States gaze
with indifference at the decline of German civilisation.
Under such unhealthy conditions every kind of political
corruption of which the German nature is capable has
spread over this small people. Whilst the German
youth are shedding their blood for the Eternal, for the
Infinite, the Luxemburgers are wallowing in the mire of
materialism; a superstitious belief in the life of this
world has emasculated their minds, they know nothing,
they want to know nothing except business and pleasure.
Whilst in Germany, amid hard strugglings, a new, a more
moral conception of liberty is arising, which is rooted
in the idea of duty; there an existence without duties is
praised as the highest aim of life. They want to derive
advantage from the Customs Union, to which the country
owes the essence of its prosperity, without doing the least
service for Germany. They let the Germans bleed for
the freedom of the left bank of the Rhine--including
Luxemburg--they loudly boast they have no fatherland,
and reserve it to themselves to heap abuse on Germans
as slaves, to shout to the German tide-waiters a scornful
"merde pour la Prusse! "
Ought Germany any longer to endure this European
scandal, this parasitic plant without a fatherland, which
is battening on the trunk of our Empire? The National
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? 238 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
State has the right and duty of protecting its nationals
all over the world; it cannot endure that a German race
should be gradually transforme 1 into a German-French
mongrel without any reason except the perversity of a
degenerate bureaucracy. There is only one way of
preventing it, as things are, namely, the inclusion of the
country in the German Empire. The Reichstag,
however, can only allow this inclusion under two
conditions: it must require that the German tongue be
used again as the official language, and that the agree-
ment binding the Grand Duchy to the Kingdom of the
Netherlands shall be broken off. The bond of union
between the two States is certainly very loose; still, in
our Diet we got to know only too thoroughly the un-
hallowed consequences of the blending of German and
foreign politics; although the Constitution of the Con-
federation says nothing about it, we must set up for our
new Empire the infrangible principle: no foreign sovereign
can be a member of the German Confederation.
? TWO EMPERORS.
15/A June, 1888.
For the second time within a hundred days the nation
stands at the bier of its Emperor. After the most for-
tunate of all her rulers, she laments the most unfortunate.
It seems as if in the course of the history of our Emperors,
not only imperial splendour was to have a new birth but
the tremendous tragic vicissitudes of fate were also to
be renewed. It was in very truth under the guidance
of God, as he so often said in simple humility, that the
Emperor Wilhelm I reached the pinnacle of universal
fame, against all human calculation and reckoning, and
far beyond his own hope. In his steady ascent, however,
he proved fully competent to each new and greater task,
till, arrived at the last limit of life, he ended his days in a
halo of glory. In death also he was the effective uniter
of the Germans, who, to the accompaniment of the cannon-
thunder of his battles, had, for the first time after centuries,
known the happiness of joy at complete victories, and now
gathered round his funeral vault in the unanimity of
hallowed grief. During the years when the character
of a growing man usually takes its decisive bent, Prince
Wilhelm could only cherish the ambition some day, as
213
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? 214 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
his father's or brother's commander-in-chief, to lead the
Armies of Prussia to new victories. Himself almost the
youngest among the champions of the War of Liberation,
he shared with Gneisenau, with Clausewitz, and all the
political thinkers of the Prussian Army the conviction that
Germany's new western frontier was as untenable as its
loose confederation of States, and that only a third Punic
War could finally decide the old struggle for power between
Gauls and Germans, and secure the independence of the
German State. All through the quiet period of peace he
held fast by this hope. As early as the year 1840 he copied
out in his own hand-writing Becker's song, "Our Rhine,
free German river, they ne'er shall take away," and
finished the last words," Till the last brave German warrior
beneath its stream is laid," with that bold flourish of
the pen which afterwards in the Emperor's signature
became familiar to the whole world. Hatred to the French
was entirely absent from his generous disposition, but
more sagacious than all the Prussian statesmen, with the
possible exception of Motz, he early grasped the European
situation as it regarded Prussia, and recognised that the
latter must grow in order to escape the intolerable pres-
sure of so many superior military powers. Thoroughly
imbued with such thoughts, and being every inch a soldier,
he became in a few years the favourite and the ideal of
the Army, beloved for his friendly courtesy, and feared
for an official severity, which showed even the lowest
camp-follower that a careful and judicial eye was watch-
ing him. He looked upon his people in arms and their
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? TWO EMPERORS 215
awakened intelligence with the undiminished enthusiasm
of the War of Liberation, but also with the more sober
resolve to develop singly the ideas of Scharnhorst and
adapt them to the changed times, so that this Army
might always remain the foremost. Outside, in the
smaller States, what was here undertaken in deep political
seriousness was regarded as idle parade display. The
leaders of public opinion indulged in radical dreams,
expressed enthusiastic admiration for Poles and French-
men, and hoped for perpetual peace. In the conceit of
their superfine culture they could not comprehend what
the Prince's simple martial thoroughness and devotion
to duty signified for the future of the Fatherland.
It was not till the reign of his brother, when the " Prince
of Prussia " had already to reckon with the possibility of
his own accession, that he engaged in affairs of State.
Like his father, he wished to preserve the foundations of
the ancient monarchical constitution unaltered. "Prussia
shall not cease to be Prussia. " Word for word he fore-
told to his brother * what he was hereafter destined to
experience when the controversy regarding the reorgan-
ization of the Army arose. The Diet, he said, would mis-
use its right to control taxes in order to weaken the power
of the Army by shortening the period of military service,
and could, under the plea of ecomony, easily deceive even
the loyal. His warning was disregarded, and, just as
he had once for the sake of the State sacrificed his youth-
ful love, so now he ceased to protest, as soon as the King
? Frederick William IV.
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? 216 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
had made his decision on the subject. He chivalrously
stepped into the breach in the United Diet, in order to
divert towards himself all the grudges which had collected
against the throne during that time of ferment.
Then came the storms of the Revolution period. A
mad hatred and huge misunderstanding were discharged
upon his head; only the Army which knew him under-
stood him. Round the bivouac fires of the Prussian
Guard in Schleswig-Holstein they sang:
"Prince of Prussia, bold and true.
Come back to thy troops anew.
Much beloved General! "
And when he returned from the exile which he had under-
gone for his brother's sake he accepted in obedience to
the King the new constitutional regime. He gladly
acknowledged what was right and vital in the measures
of the Frankfort Parliament; but he would not sacrifice
the privileges of the German Princes and the strict
monarchical constitution of the Army to doctrinaire
attempts at innovation. The movement, which had no
leaders, ended in a terrible disappointment. The Prince
found himself compelled to put down the disturbance
in Baden. During the long years of exhaustion which
followed he had plenty of time to reflect on the causes
of the failure, and to ponder his brother's remark that
an Imperial crown could only be won on the battle-
field.
Then the illness of King Frederick Wilhelm IV set
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? TWO EMPERORS 217
him at the head of the State. After a year of patient
waiting he assumed the regency in virtue of his own
right, firmly tearing asunder the finely-spun webs of
conspiracy, and two years afterwards he succeeded to
the throne. But once more, after some short days of
jubilation and vague expectancy, he had again to ex-
perience the fickleness of popular favour, and commence
the struggle which he had foreseen when heir to the
throne--the struggle which concerned his own peculiar
task--the re-constitution of the Army. Party hatred
increased to an incredible degree, such as was only
possible in the nation which had waged the Thirty Years'
War. Matters came to such a pitch that the German
comic papers caricatured the honest, manly soldier's
face, which still reflected the smile of Queen Louisa,
under the likeness of a tiger. The struggle about the
constitution of the Army became so hopelessly com-
plicated that only the decisive force of military successes
could cut the tangled knot and establish the King's
right.
And these successes came in those seven great years,
when all at once the results of two hundred years of
Prussian history were summed up, when, one after the
other, all the problems at which the Hohenzollern states-
men had laboured through so many generations were
solved. The last of the North German marches was
wrested from Scandinavian rule, and thereby the work
of the Great Elector was completed; the battle of
Koniggratz realised the hope which had been shattered
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? 218 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
on the field of Kollin--the hope of the liberation of Ger-
many from the dominion of Austria; finally, a succession
of incomparable victories, and the coronation of the
Emperor in the hall of the Bourbons at Versailles, sur-
passed all that the combatants of 1813 had expected
from the third Punic War, to which they looked forward.
The Prussians thankfully recognised that their Constitu-
tion was more secure than ever under this strong rule;
for immediately after the Bohemian War the King, who
had been so completely successful in the affair, volun-
tarily made legal reparation for the infringement of
constitutional forms, and when the strife was over not
a word of bitterness to recall it came from his lips.
But the German Confederates had, through the victories
of this war--the first they had really waged in common--
at last attained to a healthy national pride, and in their
joy at the new Empire had forgotten the rivalries of many
centuries.
In all these strange courses of events, which might
have turned even a sober brain, King William appeared
always and equally firm and sure, kindly and modest.
During the constitutional struggle he made, according
to his own confession, the severest sacrifice which could
have been demanded from his heart, which always craved
for affection, in bearing the estrangement from his
beloved people. In the same spirit of self-conquest he
formed the difficult resolve to go to war with Austria,
with whom he had been so long on friendly terms. Yet
after his victory he demanded without any hesitation
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? TWO EMPERORS 219
the acquisitions which he would never have taken from
the hands of the revolutionaries as the price of a righteous
war. During the sittings of the first North German
Reichstag, he said, smilingly, with his sublime naive
frankness, to the deputies for Leipzig, "Yes, I would
gladly have kept Leipzig. "
In these difficult years he only wavered when, with
his soldierly directness, he could not bring himself
at once to believe in the Jesuitry of cunning opponents
It was thus at Baden, in 1863, when the German Diet
invited him in so apparently friendly and frank a way
to the Frankfort Conference, and again in Ems during
the negotiations with Benedetti. But to regard the
great crisis of history in too petty and minute a way is
to falsify it; it is enough for posterity to know that
after a short hesitation, which did honour to his character,
King William made the right resolve in both cases.
After his return home the new Emperor said : "This
result had been for a long time in our thoughts as a
possibility. Now it has been brought to the light.
Let us take care that it remains day. " It is true that
he himself believed that in a " short span of time," as
he said, he would only be able to witness the first begin-
nings of the new order in Germany. But the event
proved otherwise and better. He was not only destined
to complete the fundamental laws of the kingdom, but
by the force of his personality to give inward support
to its growth. At first many of the Confederate Princes
only saw in the Constitution of the Empire a fetter, but
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? 220 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
they soon all recognised in it a security for their own
rights, because the indisputable leader of the high German
nobility wore the imperial crown and his fidelity assured
absolute security to each. So it came to pass, really
through the merit of the Emperor, and contrary to the
frankly uttered expectation of the Chancellor, that the
Federal Council, which at one time was universally
suspected as the representative of particularism, became
the reliable support of national unity, while the Reichstag
soon again fell a prey to the incalculable caprices of
party-spirit.
The Emperor William never possessed a confidant
who advised him in everything. With a sure knowledge
of men he found out capable ministers for his Council,
and with the magnanimity of a great man he allowed
those, whom he had tested, a very free hand; but each,
even the Chancellor, only within his own department.
He always remained the Emperor, and held all the
threads of government together in his own hand.
He first tasted the greatest happiness of life when,
after escaping by a miracle an attempt at assassination,
he answered the enemies of society with that magnani-
mous imperial manifesto, in which he undertook to
eradicate the social evils of the time. Then it was that
the nation first understood completely what they pos-
sessed in their Emperor; and a stream of affectionate
loyalty, such as only springs from the depths of the
German spirit, carried and supported him through his
last years. Europe became accustomed to revere in the
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? TWO EMPERORS 221
grey-headed victor of so many battles the preserver of
the world's peace; and it was for the sake of peace that
he overcame his old preference for Russia, and concluded
the Central-European Alliance. In domestic matters
the strong monarchical character of his rule grew more
defined as the years went on; the individual will of the
Emperor maintained his right in the Parliaments, and
was now supported by the cordial concurrence of a now
thoroughly informed public opinion. The Germans knew
that their Emperor always did what was necessary, and
in his simple, artless, distinct way, always "said what
was to be said," as Goethe expressed it. Even in provinces
which lay remote from the lines on which his own mental
development had proceeded, he soon found himself at
home with his inborn gift of kingly penetration; however
much the nation owed him in the sphere of artistic
production, he never distinguished with his favour
anyone who was unworthy among the artists and the
literati. Some features in his character recall his an-
cestors, the Great Elector and the Great King Frederick
William I, and Frederick William III; that which was
peculiar to him was the quiet and happy harmony of
his character. In his simple greatness there was nothing
dazzling or mysterious, except the almost superhuman
vitality of his body and soul. All could understand him,
except those who were blinded by the pride of half-
culture; the immense strength of his character and his
unswerving devotion to duty served as an example to
all, the simple and the intellectual alike. Thus he
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? 222 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
became the most beloved of all the Hohenzollern rulers.
With splendid unanimity the Reichstag voted him the
amount necessary for strengthening the Army, and up
to the last his honest eyes looked out hopefully from
the venerable storm-beaten countenance on all the vital
elements of the new time. Only shortly before his
death he spoke with confidence of the patriotic spirit
of the younger generation in Germany. When he
departed there was a universal feeling as though Ger-
many could not live without him, although for years we
had been obliged to expect the end.
What a contrast between the continually ascending
course of life of the great father and the gloomy destiny
of the noble son! Born as heir to the throne, and joy-
fully hailed at his birth on the propitious anniversary
of the battle of Leipzig by all Prussian hearts, carefully
educated for his princely position by excellent teachers.
Prince Frederick William, as soon as he attained to
manhood, appeared to excel all in manly strength and
beauty. When he married the English Princess Royal
all the circles of Liberalism expected from his rule a time
of prosperity for the nations, for England was still
reckoned to be the model land of freedom, and the halo
of political legend still encircled the heads of Leopold
of Belgium and of the House of Coburg, who were delighted
at the marriage. It was soon evident that the Crown
Prince could neither reconcile himself to those infringe-
ments of formal rights which were caused by the struggle
about the Constitution, nor to the plan for incorporating
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? TWO EMPERORS 223
Schleswig-Holstein with Prussia. But he never con-
sented, like most English heirs to the throne, to place
himself at the head of the Opposition; and he rejected
as un-Prussian the thought that there could ever be a
party of the Crown Prince. In the Danish War he
accomplished his first great service for the State; his
powerful co-operation helped the still unexperienced
and often hesitating commanders to decide on a bolder
procedure.
Then came the brilliant days of his fame as Com-
mander-in-Chief, which have secured for him for ever
his place in German history. He helped towards winning
the victory of Koniggratz by the bold attacking skir-
mishes of his Silesian Army and made it decisive by his
attack on Chulm. He delivered the first crushing blows
in the war against France; his fair Germanic giant
figure was the first announcement to the Alsatians that
their old Fatherland was demanding them back; through
his martial deeds and the heart-moving power of his
cheerful popular kindness the Bavarian and Suabian
warriors were for the first time quite won over to the
cause of German unity. Never in the German Army
will the day be forgotten when, after fresh and glorious
victories, "Our Fritz" distributed the iron crosses to
his Prussians and Bavarians before the statue of Louis
XIV, in the courtyard of the Palace of Versailles.
After peace was concluded the position of the famous
Commander-in-Chief was not an easy one. As a Field-
Marshal he was already too high in military rank and had
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? 224 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
too little interest in the daily duties of a time of peace
for it to be easy to find him a suitable command. Only
the most important of the German military inspections,
the oversight of the South German troops, was assigned to
him, and every year he performed this duty for some weeks
with so much insight, firmness, and friendliness that
he won almost more affection in the South than in his
Northern home. The South Germans saw him fully occu-
pied and exerting all his energies; at home he only seldom
appeared in public life. He was the victim of his father's
extraordinary greatness, and it was that which con-
stituted his tragic destiny. He passed in a life of retire-
ment long years of manly vigour, which according to all
human computation he would have had to pass upon the
throne. This long period indeed brought him a fulness
of paternal happiness and gave him frequent opportunities
for displaying his fine natural eloquence and for pursuing
benevolent projects that were fraught with blessing for
the common weal; but it did not provide adequate scope
for his virile energy. Already, when a young Prince, the
Emperor William cherished strict and well-weighed prin-
ciples regarding the unavoidable limits which the heir to
the throne must impose upon himself; he knew that the
first subject in the kingdom must not join in discussion,
if he is not to be tempted to join in rule. Like all the
great monarchs of history, and all the Hohenzollerns with
the solitary exception of King Frederick William III,
he allowed the heir to the throne no participation in
affairs of State.
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? TWO EMPERORS 225
Only once, after the last attempt on the Emperor's
life, was the Crown Prince commissioned to represent
his father. It was an eventful time; the Berlin Congress
had just assembled, the negotiations with the Roman
Curia had hardly begun, and the law regarding Socialists
was on the point of being passed. The Crown Prince
carried out all his difficult tasks with masterly discretion,
and Germany should never forget how he, contrary
doubtless to the dictates of his own mild heart, caused the
executioner's axe to fall on the neck of the Emperor's
assailant.
By this brave act he re-enforced the half-
obsolete death-punishment and gave it the weight which
it should have in every properly ordered State.
On the Emperor's recovery the Crown Prince withdrew
to the quiet life of his home, and the spirit of criticism
which pervades the Courts of all heirs-apparent could
not fail to find expression now and then, but it did so
always in a modest and respectful way. His exertions
on behalf of art were many and fruitful; without him the
Hermes of Praxiteles would not have been awakened
to new life, and the Berlin technological museum would
not have been completed in such classical purity of form-
He was the first in the succession of the Prussian heirs
to the throne who had received a University education,
and he was proud to wear the purple mantle of the Rector
of the old Albertina University. In his long life of retire-
ment, however, the Crown Prince sometimes lost touch
with the powerful progressive movements of the time,
and could not fully follow the new ideas which were in
P
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? 226 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
vogue. He thought to arrest with a few words of angry
censure the anti-Semitic movements, the sole cause of
which was the overweening presumption of the Jews, and
he warned the students of Konigsberg against the dangers
of Chauvinism--a sentiment which, after two hundred
years of cosmopolitanism, is as unfamiliar to the Germans
as its foreign name.
But the course of human things looks different from a
throne than when viewed from below. The nation,
knowing the well-beloved Prince as they did, hoped that,
as in the case of his father, his character would develop
with his life-tasks, and that he would show as much energy
as a sovereign as he had displayed when representing
his father. Then the catastrophe overtook him. Three
German physicians--Professors Gerhardt, von Bergmann,
and Tobold--recognised at once the character of the
disease, and spoke the truth fearlessly, as we are
accustomed to expect from German men of science.
A cure was still possible and even probable. But the
resolve which would have saved the patient was lacking,
and who can venture to utter a word of blame, since al-
most every layman in similar circumstances would
have made a similar choice? Then the patient was
handed over to an English physician, who at once, by the
unparalleled falsehood of his reports, cast a stain on the
good name of our ancient and honourable Prussia. With
growing anxiety the Germans began to surmise that this
precious life was in bad hands. The result was more
tragic than their worst fears. When the Emperor
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? TWO EMPERORS 227
William closed his eyes a dying Emperor came up to
succeed to the lofty inheritance.
The greatness of the Monarchy and its superiority to
all republican forms of government rests essentially on
the well-assured and long duration of the princely office.
Its power is crippled when this assurance is lacking. The
reign of the dying Emperor could only be a sad episode in
the history of the Fatherland: sad on account of the inex-
pressible sufferings of the noble patient, sad on account
of the deceitful proceedings of the English doctor and his
dirty journalistic accomplices, and sad on account of the
impudence of the German Liberal party, who obtruded
themselves eagerly on the Emperor as though he belonged
to them, and certainly gained one success, the fall of the
Minister, von Puttkamer. The monarchical parties on
the other hand, both by a feeling of loyalty and the
prospect of the approaching end, were compelled to
preserve comparative silence. At such times of testing
all the heart-secrets of parties are revealed. Those who
did now know it before were now obliged to recognise
what sycophancy lurks beneath the banner of free thought,
and how everyone who thought for himself would be
tyrannised over if this party ever came into power
Fortunately for us, in the whole Empire they only have
behind them the majority of Berlin people, some learned
men who have gone astray in politics, the mercantile
communities of some discontented trading towns, and the
certainly considerable power of international Judaism.
But let us banish these dark pictures which history has
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? 228 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
long left behind. Let us hold fast in reverent recol-
lection that which lends moral consecration to the
tragic reign of the Emperor Frederick. With a religious
patience whose greatness only a few of the initiated can
thoroughly understand, with a heroic strength which out-
shines all the glories of his victories on the battle-field,
he bore the tortures of his disease, and bereft of speech
he still preserved in the face of death the old fidelity to
duty of the Hohenzollerns and his warm enthusiasm for
all the unchanging ideals of humanity. In a way worthy
of his father he departed to everlasting peace, and so long
as German hearts beat they will remember the royal
sufferer, who once appeared to us the happiest and most
joyful of the Germans and now was doomed to end his
life in so much suffering.
In those happy days when the picture of the "Four
Kings " * hung in all German shop windows, many a
one said to himself in sorrowful foreboding that " it was
too great good-fortune. " Now the equalising justice of
Providence has caused the abundance of joy to be followed
by such an excess of grief as seems too hard for a monarchic
people. Of the four Kings two are no more. But
life belongs to the living. With hopeful confidence the
nation turns her eyes to her young Imperial Lord. All
which he has hitherto said to his people breathes a spirit
of strength and courage, piety and justice. We know
that the good spirit of the old Emperor's times still remains
unlost to the Empire, and even in the first days of mourn-
* William I, Frederick III, William II, Crown Prince William.
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? TWO EMPERORS 229
ing we lived through a great hour of German history.
With German fidelity all our Princes gathered around the
Emperor and appeared with him before the representa-
tives of the nation. The world learnt that the German
Emperor does not die, whoever may wear the crown for the
moment. What a change of affairs since the times when
on each New Year's day the German Courts watched
anxiously for the utterances of the mysterious Caesar on
the Seine! To-day the German speech from the throne
makes no mention of these world-Powers which once
presumed to be the only representatives of civilisation,
for one can argue as little with unteachable enemies as
with pushing and doubtful friends. Whether Europe
accommodates itself peacefully to the alteration of the old
relations between the Powers, or whether the German
sword must again be drawn to secure what has been won,
in either case we hope to be prepared.
Unless all signs are deceptive this great century, which
seemed to begin as a French one, will end as a German
one; by Germany's thoughts and Germany's deeds will
the problem be solved how a strong hereditary sove-
reignty can be compatible with the just claims of modern
society. Some day the time must come when the nations
will realise that the battles of the Emperor William not
only created a Fatherland for the Germans but bestowed
upon the community of European States a juster and more
reasonable arrangement. Then will be fulfilled what
Emmanuel Geibel once said to the grey-haired conqueror:
"Some day, through the German nation,
All the world will find salvation. "
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? GERMANY AND NEUTRAL STATES.
Heidelberg,
25th October, 1870.
No hatred is so bitter as enmity against the man who
has been unjustly treated; men hate in him what they
have done to him. That is as true of nations as of
individuals. All our neighbours, some time or other,
grew at Germany's expense, and to-day, when we have
at length smashed the last remnants of foreign domina-
tion, and demand a modest reward for righteous vic-
tories, a permanent guarantee of national freedom, angry
blame of German insatiability resounds throughout the
European Press. Especially do those small countries
which owe their very existence to the dismemberment of
the German Empire, e. g. , Belgium, Holland, Switzerland,
complain loudly that an arrogant Pan-Germanism has
destroyed our people's sense of fairness. It is hatred
that vents itself in these charges; no impartial person
can deny that the notion of Pan-Germanism is as foreign
to us Germans as its name, which originated in the
bogy-fears of foreign countries. No doubt owing to
230
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? GERMANY AND NEUTRAL STATES 231
the excitement of the times a foolish boastfulness has
here and there come into being; out-and-out Teutons
are imploring us to banish all foreign words from the
sanctuary of the German language; men of picturesque
talents among the unemployed are drawing on the
patient map of Europe a kingdom of Armorica and
Arelat between France and Germany. However, such
ideas are simply the isolated absurdities of idle heads;
once in a while they may accidentally stray into one of
the bigger newspapers, but even then they only appear in
those insignificant columns devoted to such subjects as
sea-snakes and triplets, children with fowls' heads, and
the mythical Fusilier Kutschke. The great majority of
German politicians exhibit to-day a deliberate modera-
tion, which the Swiss and Belgians would hold in greater
respect if those nations, which enjoy the more comfort-
able peace and quiet of a neutrality protected by other
Powers, were able to put themselves in thought in the
position of a great warrior-nation which has been forced
to fight for its life by an unscrupulous attack.
Public opinion has become more quickly united
regarding the reward of our victory than ever before in
a complicated question. The boundary line of the
Government of Alsace, which has indeed been drawn
with a considerate hand and will presumably constitute
Germany's boundary, meets almost everywhere with
agreement. People only regret, and rightly so, that the
splendid region of the Breusch, which is abundant in
springs, and the district around Schirmack, together with
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? 232 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
the Steinthal, that essentially German tract of country
consecrated by the life-work of the unforgettable Oberlin(
are not included in the new boundary. Blind lust of
conquest is so alien to Germans that they even decide
with much unwillingness to demand the possession of
Metz; but the obvious impossibility of leaving right at
our doors in the hands of revengeful enemies this town,
which is a stronghold by its position, not by its walls,
compels us in this case to enter into occupation of
French territory.
The desire of robbing the neutral neighbouring States,
which imaginative persons in Bale and Brussels are fond
of attributing to us, is expressed only by some isolated
German Chauvinists. We notice with anxiety, like all
the thoughtful Swiss, that those two decades of fresh
prosperity which Switzerland enjoyed since the Civil
War are to-day at an end. We ask gravely what shall
eventually be the outcome of a development which is
tending ever more and more to loosen every community
and every individual from the State? But we honestly
wish that the Confederation may succeed in overcoming
the disintegrating power of an unbridled Radicalism;
the role which this asylum for all parties has long played,
to the good of Europe, is not yet played out by any
means. No intelligent German wants to increase the
excessively strong centrifugal powers, which are em-
braced in our new Empire, by the inclusion of purely
Republican elements, and all free men are horror-struck
at the thought that Geneva and Lausanne, which are
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? GERMANY AND NEUTRAL STATES 233
to-day the centres of an independent intellectual move-
ment, would, by the dissolution of the Swiss Confedera-
tion, be involved in the horrible fall of France. We are
also quite without arriere pensee in regard to the Nether-
land States, which did so little to win Germany's friend-
ship; we certainly trust that the strengthening of the
German Empire will of itself bring it about, that the
foolish inclination at the Hague to France may be
moderated, and that the Flemish majority in Belgium
may find the courage to assert their race beside the
Walloon minority. Still, because we do not want to
shake the national constitutions of these buffer-States,
because we demand a lasting arrangement on our Western
boundary, for that reason a question has now to be settled
once for all which threatens to be continually disturbing
our good relations with our small neighbours, although
it has in very truth nothing whatever to do with the
independence of the Netherlands. The conclusion of
peace with France may and shall afford the opportunity
of incorporating Luxemburg in the German Empire.
It is repugnant to us to revive to-day the memory of
the odious transaction which deprived us of that terri-
tory--the single bitter memory in the glorious history
of the North German Confederation. Suffice it that that
German territory which by the decision of Europe was
once allotted to the House of Orange and the Crown of
Prussia, in order to protect it against France's lust of
piracy, was suddenly sold and betrayed to France by
its own rulers. When the Prussian Government entered
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? 234 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
a protest, it was confronted by the unconcealed partisan
disfavour of all the European Powers. The fear of
France lay heavily on the world; it reads to us to-day
like a farce, when we read in the documents of those
days how Lord Stanley and Count Beust outrivalled
each other in depicting to our Government the fearful
superiority of French power: the French Fleet would
occupy the attention of the greater portion of our forces,
would make it impossible for us to protect South Ger-
many, etc. Prussia, which was honestly trying to
display its love of peace in an affair not altogether free
from doubt, and was, moreover, fully busied with the
founding of the new Confederation, gave up its right of
garrisoning, and contented itself with the inadequate
result, that France had to abandon her welcome pur-
chase. In place of the military protection which Prussia
had afforded the country up till then was substituted
a moral protection, by which the Great Powers undertook
a common responsibility for the neutrality of the Grand
Duchy. But scarcely had the agreement been con-
cluded when it at once lost all its value owing to the
perfidious interpretation put upon it by England. Amid
the exultant cheers of Parliament, Lord Stanley declared
that Great Britain would only take up arms for Luxem-
burg's neutrality if the other Great Powers did the
same ; the Press, drunk with peace, rejoiced that Eng-
land's obligations were not extended, but limited, by
the May Convention--and the politics of the sinking
Island-Kingdom had taken a fresh step downwards.
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? GERMANY AND NEUTRAL STATES 235
After such words no description is requisite of the deeds
that might be expected from British statesmen; nobody
doubts that England would not have let itself be dis-
turbed in its neutral complacency, even if a victorious
French army had penetrated into Luxemburg last
August.
The joint European guarantee was from the start an
empty form, and the position of the little neutral country
has been rendered completely untenable by the mighty
revolutionary events of recent weeks. If the German
boundary advances as far as Metz and Diedenhof, Luxem-
burg becomes surrounded in the south, as in the north
and east, by German-Prussian territory, the country no
longer forms a buffer-State between France and Prussia,
and the object of the May Convention--the idea of prevent-
ing friction between the two great military Powers--
vanishes of itself. Considering the deadly enmity
which will threaten us yet a long time from Paris, the
Prussian Government could hardly tolerate seeing the
communications between Treves and Metz interrupted
by neutral territory; serious military considerations
compel Prussia's desire to plant its standard again on
those Luxemburg fortifications on which it stood for
fifty years, a screen for Germany.
And is not the neutrality of the little country, the
artificial creation of a nation luxembourgeoise, in very
truth a disgrace to Germany? Polyglot countries,
like Belgium and Switzerland, may justly be declared
neutral, because their mixed populations prevent them
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? 236 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
from taking partisan parts in the national struggles of
this century. But to cut off two hundred thousand
German persons from their fatherland in order to place
them under European guardianship, that was a crime
against common sense and history, an insult which could
be offered only to this our hard-struggling Germany.
The little State is German to the last hamlet, belongs
to us by speech and customs, by the memories of a
thousand-years-old history, as well as by the community
of material interests. And this country, which presented
us with three Emperors, which once revolted against
Philip of Burgundy in order to preserve its German
language, which, further, in the days of the French
Revolution, twice joined in the national war against the
hated French--this root-and-branch German country is
to-day under French rule! The official language is
French, the laws of the country are derived from France
and Belgium. Since the injurious nine-years' treaty with
Belgium people in Luxemburg have grown accustomed,
as in Brussels and Ghent, to admire French methods as
a mark of distinction. The officials, who are moulded
in French and Belgian schools, introduce French arro-
gance from their alien environment, radically oppose the
German spirit, change the honest old German place-
names of Klerf and Siebenbrunn into Clerveaux and
Septfontaines. The people are alienated from the Ger-
man system of government by the sins of the Diet ; they
cannot forget that the German Confederation once
abandoned half of the country in undignified fashion
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? GERMANY AND NEUTRAL STATES 237
to Belgium, and then obligingly all the governmental
pranks of reactionary ministers. A fanatical clergy, a
lying Press conducted by French and Belgians, no doubt
also maintained by French gold, foster their hatred for
the great Fatherland, and the Netherland States gaze
with indifference at the decline of German civilisation.
Under such unhealthy conditions every kind of political
corruption of which the German nature is capable has
spread over this small people. Whilst the German
youth are shedding their blood for the Eternal, for the
Infinite, the Luxemburgers are wallowing in the mire of
materialism; a superstitious belief in the life of this
world has emasculated their minds, they know nothing,
they want to know nothing except business and pleasure.
Whilst in Germany, amid hard strugglings, a new, a more
moral conception of liberty is arising, which is rooted
in the idea of duty; there an existence without duties is
praised as the highest aim of life. They want to derive
advantage from the Customs Union, to which the country
owes the essence of its prosperity, without doing the least
service for Germany. They let the Germans bleed for
the freedom of the left bank of the Rhine--including
Luxemburg--they loudly boast they have no fatherland,
and reserve it to themselves to heap abuse on Germans
as slaves, to shout to the German tide-waiters a scornful
"merde pour la Prusse! "
Ought Germany any longer to endure this European
scandal, this parasitic plant without a fatherland, which
is battening on the trunk of our Empire? The National
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? 238 TREITSCHKE: HIS LIFE AND WORKS
State has the right and duty of protecting its nationals
all over the world; it cannot endure that a German race
should be gradually transforme 1 into a German-French
mongrel without any reason except the perversity of a
degenerate bureaucracy. There is only one way of
preventing it, as things are, namely, the inclusion of the
country in the German Empire. The Reichstag,
however, can only allow this inclusion under two
conditions: it must require that the German tongue be
used again as the official language, and that the agree-
ment binding the Grand Duchy to the Kingdom of the
Netherlands shall be broken off. The bond of union
between the two States is certainly very loose; still, in
our Diet we got to know only too thoroughly the un-
hallowed consequences of the blending of German and
foreign politics; although the Constitution of the Con-
federation says nothing about it, we must set up for our
new Empire the infrangible principle: no foreign sovereign
can be a member of the German Confederation.
