No More Learning

r Rukn ad-Din Mankuras al-Farqani, with fifty-five of the Sultan's guard. On the Sultan's orders Tripoli was demolished. The thickness of the walls was such that three horsemen could ride their horses side by side along it. The population was extremely wealthy, and 4,000 weaver's looms were found.
According to the Muslim lunar calendar (502-688), or 180 solar years (1109-1289). The Citadel on the hill of al-Muqattam, the Sultan's home in Cairo.
The MS. has 'first', which can be emended from the context and from Abu l-Fida? '.
The MS. has 'the Franks', correctly emended by Quatreme`re.
1
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Part Four: The Mamlu? ks and the Liquidation of the Crusaders 205
The Sultan confirmed the ruler of Juba? il (Byblos) in his position, in return for the tribute paid by him; he took Beiru? t3 and Ja? bala and the surrounding forts and returned to Damascus half-way through jumada I/June 1289. The army camped as usual at Hisn al-Akra? d, under the command of its general the ami? r Saif ad-Din Balba? n at-Tabakhi, and the vanguard went down from Hisn al-Akra? d to Tripoli, which now came under at-Tabakhi's control. With him were 150 soldiers, ten ami? rs 'with bands' and fifteen ami? rs 'of ten', who received fiefs. The Sultan later built a new city near the river; a great and beautiful city which now bears the name of Tripoli.
3
Beiru? t really fell two years later, after Acre (see below).
CHAPTER THREE
In 1291 al-Ashraf, Qalawu? n's son, completed his father's work (Qalawu? n died while preparations for the campaign against Acre were in progress) and the work of all his predecessors in the struggle against the Christian invader. The bloody conquest of Acre after a strenuous resistance is described here by Abu l-Fida? ', who took part in it as one of the Sultan's vassals. His account is consistent with that of the 'Templar of Tyre', the best known Western source for the episode that marked the end of Christian rule in the Holy Land. The treacherous slaughter of the heroic defenders after the surrender is shown by a later Egyptian chronicler, Abu l-Mahasin, to reflect a similar massacre of Muslim prisoners under treaty committed a hundred years before by Richard Coeur de Lion, also at Acre. This harsh application of the old law closes the last act of the drama of the Crusaders.
THE FALL OF ACRE (ABU L-FIDA? ', 163-5)
In 690/1291 the Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf marched on Acre with his Egyptian troops and sent word to the Syrian army to join up with him and to bring the siege-engines. The ruler of Hama? t, al-Malik al-Muzaffar, set out with his uncle al-Malik al-Afdal1 and the whole of Hama? t's army for Hisn al-Akra? d, where we collected a huge catapult called 'the Victorious'; a hundred wagons were needed to transport it. (It was dismantled and the pieces) distributed through the army. The part consigned to me was only one wagon-load, since at the time I was an 'ami? r of ten'. 2 It was the end of the winter when we marched off with the wagons; rain and snowstorms struck us between Hisn al-Akra? d and Damascus, causing great hardship, for the wagons were heavy and the oxen weak and dying of cold. Because of the wagons it took us a month to march from Hisn al-Akra? d to Acre, usually an eight-day ride. The Sultan ordered all the other fortresses to send catapults and siege- engines to Acre, and in this way a great number of large and small artillery concentrated under its walls, more than had ever before been assembled in one place.
The Muslim troops mustered at Acre in the first days of jumada I 690/beginning of May 1291, and the battle raged furiously. The Franks did not close most of the gates; in fact they left them wide open and fought in front of them in their defence. The Hama? t army was in its usual position on the extreme right wing. This meant that we were on the seashore, with the sea on our right when we faced Acre. We were attacked by troops landing from boats protected by wood-faced frames covered with buffalo-hides, from which they shot at us with bows and ballistas. Thus we found ourselves fighting on two fronts, the city and the
The author's cousin and father respectively. Abu l-Fida? ' was to become in his turn ruler of Hama? t. One of the lowest ranks in the feudal hierarchy.
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Part Four: The Mamlu? ks and the Liquidation of the Crusaders 207
sea. A ship came up with a catapult mounted on it that battered us and our tents from the sea. We were severely hindered by it, but one night when a fierce wind blew up the ship was buffeted on the waves and the catapult broke up and was not rebuilt.
One night during the siege the Franks made a sortie, put the outposts to flight and reached the tents, where they became tangled up in the guy-ropes. One knight fell into the latrine-trench of one of the ami? r's detachments and was killed. Our troops turned out in overwhelming numbers and the Franks turned tail and fled back to the city, leaving a number of dead accounted for by the Hama? t army. The next morning al-Malik al-Muzaffar, Lord of Hama? t, had a number of Frankish heads attached to the necks of horses we had captured and presented them to the Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf.
The blockade was continually reinforced, until God granted to the attackers victory over the city on Friday 10 jumada II/ 17 June 1291. As the Muslims stormed the city some of the citizens took to the sea in boats. Within the city was a number of well-fortified towers, and some Franks shut themselves inside them and defended them. The Muslims killed vast numbers of people and gathered immense booty. The Sultan forced all those in the towers to surrender, and they submitted to the last man, and to the last man were decapitated outside the city walls. 1 At the Sultan's command the city was razed to the ground.
An amazing coincidence occurred; the Franks seized Acre from Saladin at midday on 17 jumada II 587, and captured and then killed all the Muslims therein; and God in His prescience destined that this year it should be reconquered at the hand of another Saladin, the Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf. 2
After the conquest of Acre God put despair into the hearts of the other Franks left in Palestine; they abandoned Sidon and Beiru? t, which (the ami? r) ash-Shuja'i took over at the end of rajab/end of July. The population of Tyre also abandoned the city and the Sultan sent troops to occupy it. He received the surrender of 'Athli? th on the first of sha'ba? n/30 July, and that of Tortosa on 5 sha'ba? n of the same year. So this Sultan had the good fortune, granted to none other, to conquer without effort and without striking a blow these great, well-fortified cities, all of which were at his command demolished.
With these conquests the whole of Palestine was now in Muslim hands, a result that no one would have dared to hope for or to desire. Thus the whole of Syria and the coastal zones were purified of the Franks, who had once been on the point of conquering Egypt and subduing Damascus and other cities. Praise be to God!
(ABU L-MAHASIN, FO. 24v-25r)
At the beginning of 690 al-Malik al-Ashraf began preparations for his departure for Syria. He called up his troops, assembled siege-engines and employed craftsmen to put them all in order. Then on 3 rabi? ' 1/6 March 1291 he left Egypt, and began his siege of Acre, on 4 rabi? ' II, which corresponds to 5 April. A vast army concentrated at Acre, of which more soldiers were volunteers than were regular troops or members of the Sultan's private army. There were also fifteen great 'Frankish' catapults, capable of throwing a load weighing
Abu l-Fida? ' says nothing about the guarantee of safety given by the Sultan and later violated by this massacre. But see below for Abu l-Mahasin's account.
He also bore, like his illustrious predecessor, the title Salah ad-Din.
1
2
208 Arab Historians of the Crusades
a Damascene quintal or more, and other, lighter machines as well as a good number of 'devils' and the like. Some tunnels were dug for mines. The King of Cyprus himself came to help the people of Acre, who on the night of his arrival lit great fires, greater than were ever seen before, as a sign of their joy. But he stayed only three days before returning home, for he realized their desperate position and the disaster looming over them.
The city was besieged and vigorously attacked until the defenders' morale began to crumble and weakness destroyed their unity. There was fighting every day and a certain number of Muslims fell as martyrs for the Faith. At dawn on Friday 17 jumada II1 the Sultan and his troops, mounted on their horses, moved in to attack before sunrise. They beat their drums, creating a terrible, terrifying noise, and the army massed under the walls. The Franks fled and the city was taken by storm. Not three hours of the day had passed before the Muslims entered Acre and made themselves masters of it, while the Franks cast themselves into the sea, trampled on by the Muslim troops who killed and captured them. Only a few escaped. The Muslims took all the booty they could find, goods, treasure and arms, and the population was killed or taken prisoner. Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Hospitallers made a last stand in four lofty towers in the middle of the city, where they were besieged. On Saturday 19th of the month,1 two days after the fall of the city, regular troops and others attacked the house and tower where the Templars were. The Templars begged for their lives, which the Sultan granted them. He sent them a standard which they accepted and raised over the tower. The door was opened and a horde of regulars and others swarmed in. When they came face to face with the defenders some of the soldiers began to pillage and to lay hands on the women and children who were with them, whereupon the Franks shut the door and attacked them, killing a number of Muslims. They hauled down the standard and stiffened their resistance. The siege continued. On the same day the Teutonic Hospitallers asked for an amnesty and this was granted to them and their women by the Sultan, by the hand of the ami? r Zain ad-Din Kitbugha? al-Mansuri. The battle against the Templars' tower continued until Sunday 20 jumada II2 when they and the defenders of the other two towers sued for their lives. The Sultan granted them permission to go where they liked, but when they came out he killed more than 2,000 of them, took an equal number prisoners and sent the women and children as slaves to the gate of the Sultan's pavilion. One reason for the Sultan's wrath against them, apart from their other crimes, was that when the ami? r Kitbugha? al-Mansuri had gone up (to receive their surrender) they had seized and killed him. They had also hamstrung their horses and destroyed everything they could, which increased the Sultan's wrath against them. The army and volunteers made a vast haul of prisoners and booty.
When the remaining Franks realized what had happened to their companions they decided to keep up their resistance to the end. They rejected the assurances offered them and fought desperately, and when they captured five Muslims threw them down from the top of the tower. One alone escaped; the other four died. On Tuesday 18th of the same
The dates given in the text in the following pages are Professor Gabrieli's emendation of the text from which he was obliged to work (see his note on Abu l-Mahasin in the section on the authors). The Cairo edition offers the emendations given in the notes.
Actually the 18th.
Sunday 19th (preserving the Jumada I of the MS. and noting that the two MSS. have 29th).
1
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Part Four: The Mamlu? ks and the Liquidation of the Crusaders 209
month of jumada1 the last of the towers to keep up a resistance was taken. The defenders abandoned it in return for their lives, for the tower had been mined from all sides. When the Franks had come out and most of the contents had been removed the tower collapsed on a group of sightseers and on the looters within, killing them all. After that the Sultan set the women and children apart and decapitated all the men, of whom there was a great number.
It is marvellous to observe that Almighty God permitted the Muslims to conquer Acre on the same day and at the same hour as that on which the Franks had taken it: they gained control of Acre in 587/1191 after the famous siege on Friday 17 Jumada II2 at the third hour of the day, promised to spare the lives of the Muslims and then treacherously killed them. God permitted the Muslims to reconquer them this time at the third hour of 17 jumada II,3 the Sultan gave his word to the Franks and then had them slaughtered as the Franks had done to the Muslims. Thus Almighty God was revenged on their descendants.
When the Sultan had taken Acre he sent a body of troops under the ami? r 'Alam ad-Din Sanjar as-Sawabi al-Jashnighi? r4 in the direction of Tyre to patrol the roads, collect information and blockade the city. While they were doing this the ships fleeing from Acre arrived and tried to enter the harbour at Tyre. The ami? r prevented them, and the people of Tyre asked for an amnesty and were granted security for themselves and their possessions. So they surrendered the city, which is among the best situated and fortified. It was not taken by the Sultan Saladin as one of his conquests in Palestine; when he took a town and granted the inhabitants their lives he sent them to Tyre, because of the strength of its fortifications. But now God filled the hearts of its inhabitants with despair and they surrendered it without a battle or siege of any sort, whereas al-Malik al-Ashraf had in fact had no intention of attacking it. When he received the surrender he sent men to organize its demolition, to pull down the walls and buildings, and he gained from this a good quantity of marble and salvage. With Tyre so easily taken al-Malik al-Ashraf confirmed his intention to proceed with the conquest of all the remaining (Frankish territories). 1
1 2
3 4 1
Actually, Tuesday 28.
Text has 17 Jumada I, which destroys the coincidence in day and hour of the Frankish and Muslim conquests of Acre.
According to whether Jumada I or II is right, Acre fell in May or June 1291.
'Taster' or 'steward'; a title in the court hierarchy.
I. e. Beiru? t, Sidon, 'Athli? th and Tortosa, all of which surrendered or were abandoned without a fight in the summer of the same year (see Abu l-Fida? '). The small island of Ruwa? d facing Tortosa remained in the Templars' hands until 1303.
INDEX
Abaq, Ami? r of Damascus, 45, 60
'Abbasid Caliphs of Baghda? d, xii
'Abd ar-Rahma? n al-Halhuli, killed at Damascus (1148), 57
'Abd as-Sala? m al-Ma? ghribi, 179
Abu Abdulla? h Muhammad al-Mustansir bi-lla? h, Hafsid Sultan, 303
Abu 'Ali ibn Rawaha al-Ha? mawi, killed in siege of Acre, 188, 193
Abu Fira? s, Shaikh of Ma? inaqa, xxxi
Abu Hafs, King of Tunisia, 303
Abu Ja'far, ima? m of al-Kallusa, at Saladin's death-bed, 250-1
Abu l-Fada'il of Hama? t, xxxii
Abu l-Fadl ibn al-Khashsha? b, 37
Abu l-Fida? , xx, xxxv-xxxvi, 323, 341-2, 344-6
Abu l-Mahasin, xxxvi, 344, 347-50
Abu l-MuzafFar al-Abiwardi, poems on discord among the Muslims, 11-12 Abu l-Qasim ibn 'Asakir, historian of Damascus, 62
Abu Muhammed 'Abd al-Wahid, 303
Abu Sa'd al-Ha? rawi, 11
Abu Shama, xv, xx, xxx-xxxi, xxxiv, 208, 214-15:
Book of the 'Two Gardens, xxx, 87 Abu Zakariyya Yahya, 303
Acre:
fighting for, 10, 13, 16;
captured by the Franks (1103-4), 17;
fighting near the city (1187), 117-18;
Franks begin to besiege it (1189), 183-5;
battles before the city, 185-9, 192-6;
Saladin withdraws and Franks renew siege, 190-1;
Egyptian army and fleet arrive, 191;
assault by the Franks and burning of siege-towers (1190), 198-200; incidents during siege, 200-7;
Frankish women, 204-7;
arrival of French and English kings, 212-14;
last attack on city, 215-19;
negotiations and surrender, 218-22, 346, 349;
Franks take possession, 222-3;
massacre of Muslim prisoners, 223-5;
Emperor Frederick at Acre (1228), 267-9;
negotiations between Baibars and Hugh III (1268), 312-16;
treaty with Qalawu? n (1283), 326-33;
besieged and captured by al-Ashraf (1291), 344-50;
slaughter of the inhabitants, 346, 348, 349
Ahmad ibn Isma'i? l az-Zayya? n, prophesies King Louis' death, 303-4 'Ain Jalu? t, battle of (1260), xiv
'Ala? ad-Din, 200
Al-'Adl az-Za? bdani of Sidon, 220
Al-Afdal, Fatimid vizier, 17, 30 Al-'Aini, xxxv, 307, 319-22
Al-'Alai, Ami? r, 289
'Alam ad-Din Qaisar, mathematician, 270
'Alam ad-Din Sanjar as-Sawabi al-Jashnighi? r, 349
'Alam ad-Din Sulaima? n ibn Jandar, 105, 212, 226 Al-Ashraf, Mamlu? k sultan, xxxiii, xxxvi, 307, 324n. , 342:
besieges and captures Acre (1291), 344-50; obtains surrender of Tyre, 346, 350;
whole of Syria in his hands, 346, 350
Albigenses, Crusade against, xiv
Al-Fadil, Qadi, Head of Saladin's Chancellery, 89
Al-Fath al-qussi fi l-fath al-qudsi ('Ima? d ad-Din), xxx
Al-Jana? h, Ami?
r, 219
Al-Malik al-'Adil, brother of Saladin, xiii, 91, 100, 103, 105, 171, 174, 191, 197-8, 230, 257, 298:
at siege of Tyre, 179;
at siege of Acre, 216, 220;
and peace negotiations (1191-2), 225-7, 231-3;
and Saladin's last illness and death, 246-7, 251, 252; unites Saladin's kingdom under his own control, 256; organizes Ayyabid domains, 256;
death (1218), 257
Al-Malik al-'Adil Saif ad-Din Abu Bakr, 276
Al-Malik al-Afdal, son of Saladin, 100, 103, 116-17, 172, 233;
victory near Acre (1187), 117; at battle of Hittin, 122-3;
at siege of Tyre, 177, 179;
at siege of Acre, 192;
and Saladin's last illness and death, 246, 248-51;
secures oath of loyalty to himself, 248-9
Al-Malik al-Amjad, 289
Al-Malik al-Ashraf, ruler of the Jazira and Armenia, 258, 268;
troubles in his kingdom, 260-1;
and recapture of Damietta, 261, 263, 264; besieges Damascus, 274
Al-Malik al-Ashraf Khati? l, see Al-Ashraf Al-Malik al-Awhad, 289
Al-Malik al-Aziz 'Uthma? n, 172
Al-Malik al-Fa'iz ibn al-'Adil, 258 Al-Malik al-Juyushi al-Afdal, see Al-Afdal Al-Malik al-Kamil, xiii, xix, 275, 285-7:
and siege of Damietta (1218-19), 256-8; plots to depose him, 258;
stands firm after fall of Damietta, 260; confronts the Franks, 261;
cuts off Damietta, 262;
receives its surrender on terms (1221), 263-5;
sends to Emperor Frederick for help, 267-8; negotiations with the Emperor, 269-71;
yields Jerusalem on terms, 269-70;
his action disapproved by Muslims, 271;
an-Nasir's attempts to alienate people from him, 272-4;
Index 211
212 Index
besieges Damascus, 274;
death, 276
Al-Malik al-Mansu? r, see Qalawu? n
Al-Malik al-Mansu? r, Ami? r of Hims, xxxii-xxxiii, 233 Al-Malik al-Mu'azzam Isa, Sultan of Damascus, 289;
at siege of Damietta, 258;
destroys walls of Jerusalem, 260;
and recapture of Damietta, 261, 263, 264; quarrel with his brothers, 267-8;
death, 268, 269
Al-Malik al-Mu'azzam Turansha? h, 248, 277, 292-4: letter after battle of Mansura, 302;
fails to move on Damietta, 295;
assassinated (1250), 295-8
Al-Malik al-Muzaffar, ruler of Hama? t, at siege of Acre (1291), 344, 345 Al-Malik al-Muzaffar Qutu? z, 296
Al-Malik al-Muzaffar Taqi ad-Din, see Taqi ad-Din
Al-Malik al-Mughi? th, 289
Al-Malik al-Qahir, ruler of Mosul, 260, 289 Al-Malik an-Nasir Dawu? d, 284, 289, 298:
and loss of Jerusalem to Emperor, 272-4;
attempts to alienate people from his uncle al-Kamil, 272-4; besieged in Damascus, 274
Al-Malik as-Sa'i? d, son of Baibars, 318, 319
Al-Malik as-Salih 'Ala? ' ad-Din 'Ali, son of Qalawu? n, 323-4, 326 Al-Malik as Salih Najm ad-Din Ayyu? b, 265, 290, 294, 296-8:
relations with Emperor Frederick, 276; and St. Louis' Crusade, 284-7;
his troops capture Sidon, 287; correspondence with Louis, 300-1; serious illness, 285, 287;
death (1249), 277, 285, 288
Al-Malik az-Zafir, son of Saladin, 103
Al-Malik az-Za? hir, see Baibars
Al-Malik az-Za? hir, Prince of Aleppo, son of Saladin, 90, 103, 108, 212:
at siege of Tyre, 179;
at siege of Acre, 192
Al-Maqrizi, see Maqrizi
Al-Marqab, besieged and taken by Qalawu? n (1285), 334-8 Al-Mustarshid bi-lla? h, Caliph, 55
Al-Mustazhar bi-lla? h, Caliph, 29
Alunta? sh al-Abarri, Ami? r, 23
Amari, Michele, xx, xxxiii
An-Nawadir (Baha? ' ad-Din's biography of Saladin), xxix An-Nuju? m (Abu l-Mahasin), xxxvi
Antioch:
seized by the Franks (1098), 3-9;
besieged and captured by Baibars (1268), 308 Aqsiya? n, Ami? r, 23
Arna? t of al-Karak (Reynald of Cha^tillon), 120:
breaks truce (1186-7), 112, 115-17;
captured and put to death by Saladin, 112, 123-4, 133-4, 143 Arsla? n Burgha? , 193
Arsla? n Tash of Sanja? r, 7
Artuq, Ami? r, 10
Artuqids of Mardi? n, xiii
Asad ad-Din Shirku? h, Kurdish general, 65 Asad ad-Din Shirku? h the younger, 221 Ascalon, conquered by Saladin, 139 Ash-Shuyu? kh, Shaikh, 267, 280
Assassins, the, xxxi, 16n. , 238, 241-5, 319,
see also Isma'ilite sect
As-Suhrawardi, philosopher and mystic, put to death by Saladin, 90 Atsiz, Seljuqid general, 4
Ayyubid princes, xiii, xviii, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxv; Part III passim
Badr ad-Din, Grand Qadi, 293
Badr ad-Din Bakta? sh an-Najmi, 341 Badr ad-Din Maudu? d, 249
Badr ad-Din Yildiri? m, 221, 233 Badra? n ibn Sa? daqa, 23
Baha? ' ad-Din ibn Shaddad, xxvii, xxx:
biography of Saladin, xv, xviii, xxix, 114, 182, 200-4, 208-9 212-34, 238, 246-52;
all-round portrait of Saladin, 87-113
Baha? ad-Din Zuha? ir, poet, secretary to the Ayyubids, 288, 301
Bahr ad-Din ibn Razi? n, 331
Baibars, Mamlu? k Sultan, xix, xxxi, xxxiii, 268, 277, 307-23, 325, 326, 334, 339:
attacks Tripoli, 307-8;
besieges and captures Antioch (1268), 308;
letter to Bohemond on fall of the city, 307-12; negotiations with Hugh III, 312-16;
truce signed, 315-16;
besieges and captures Hisn al-Akra? d (1271), 317-19; attempt on his life by Assassins, 319;
unsuccessful attack on Cyprus, 319-22; correspondence with King of Cyprus, 321-2
Baibars, chronicler, 320-2
Bakta? sh an-Nahawandi, 23
Bala? t, battle of (1119), 37-9
Baldwin II (Baldwin of Le Bourg), xix, 8, 81 Baldwin III, King of the Franks, 66, 75 Baldwin IV, 114
Baldwin V, 114, 115
Baldwin of Edessa (King of Jerusalem), 14, 24, 25:
defeated by Egyptians near Ascalon (1102), 16-17; captured by the Muslims (1104), 19-20;
freed (1108), 20-1;
pays ransom, 22;
assists Jawali? against Tancred, 22-3; flees after battle of Tall Bashir, 23;
Index 213
214 Index
blockades and captures Beiru? t (1109-10), 26-7; siege and capture of Sidon (1110), 27-8; besieges Tyre (1111-12), 30-1;
death (1131), 40
Baldwin (Bardawi? l) mythical King of the Franks, 3-4
Balia? n ibn Barza? n (Balia? n II of Ibeli? n), 98, 139, 147, 239, 242:
negotiates surrender of Jerusalem, 141-3, 156-8;
and peace negotiations (1192), 232, 233 Bali? kh, river, battle of (1104), 19
Baniya? s:
surrenders to Mu'i? n ad-Din and handed over to the Franks (1140), 47;
captured by Nur-ad-Din (1157), 65-6
Banna? , governor of Acre (1103-4), 17
Ba'ri? n, besieged and taken by Zangi (1137), 42-3
Barq ash-Shami (Lightning of Syria), (Ima? d-ad-Din), xxx Bartholomew, Frankish general, fortifies Maraqiyya, 339 Batinite sect, 16 and n.
Beirut:
blockaded by Franks (1109-10), 26;
Egyptian fleet arrives and defeats Frankish fleet, 26-7; Genoese fleet comes to Franks' assistance, 27;
fall of the city, 27
Bibliothe`que des Croisades (Michaud), xx Bibliothe`que du Roi, xx
Bohemond of Antioch, 8, 19, 22:
taken prisoner (1100), 13;
released on payment of ransom (1102), 15-16 Bohemond VI:
holds Tripoli, 307;
letter from Baibars on fall of Antioch, 307-12
Bughyat at-Talab (The Students Desire), (Kama? l ad-Din), xxviii Byzantine Rumi, xiv
Caesarea taken by the Franks (1100), 14 Caliphate, the, xviii
Cerdagne, Count of, 24
Charles of Anjou, 278, 280, 314 Chekermish, 23:
defeats Franks on river Bali? kh (1104), 19-20;
occupies Harra? n, 20 Christianity:
Muslim historians on, xvii, 83-4;
Christian and Muslim piety, 83-4;
the Church of the Resurrection, 148-51, 174; churches in Jerusalem closed, 174
Chroniques Arabes (Reinaud), xx
Conrad, Emperor, 277
Conrad of Montferrat ('the Marquis'), xxxi, 208-9, 222, 223:
and siege of Tyre, 176-8, 182; rift with the Frankish kings, 228;
and peace negotiations, 228-32; assassinated (1192), xix, 238-41
Daifa Khatu? n, Princess, 298 Damascus:
Zangi prepares to besiege it (1139-40), 44; his victory outside the city, 45; negotiations for agreement, 44-5; authorities decide to continue fight, 45; assistance from the Franks, 45-6;
battle outside the city, 47;
ineffective siege by the Franks (1148), 56-63;
Nur-ad-Din and its defence, 64-5;
grief in Damascus at loss of Jerusalem to Emperor, 272-4; besieged by al-Kamil and al-Ashraf, 274
Damietta:
besieged and captured by the Franks (1218-19), 256-9;
fortified by the Franks, 259-60, 264;
battles outside the city, 261;
unsuccessful peace negotiations, 262;
Damietta cut off, 262-3;
peace made and Damietta yielded to the Muslims (1221), 263-5; falls to King Louis after being abandoned (1249), 285-6; surrendered to the Muslims (1250), 299-300
Dawu? d ibn Suqma? n of Hisn Kaifa, 55
de Meynard, Barbier, xx
Dhail ta'ri? kh Dimashq (Appendix to the History of Damascus), (Ibn al-Qala? nisi), xxvi Duqa? q ibn Tutu? sh, Seljuqid Lord of Damascus, 7:
defeats the Franks (1100), 14; and siege of Tripoli, 15
Edessa, 18, 21-2:
captured by Zangi (1144), 49-53
Fakhr ad-Din al-Muqri al-Hajib, Ami? r, 337
Fakhr ad-Din Aya? z, 331
Fakhr ad-Din ibn ash-Shaikh, Ami? r, 267, 279-80:
negotiations with Emperor Frederick over Jerusalem, 270; letters from the Emperor, 280-3;
and St. Louis' Crusade, 285, 286;
sends letter to Cairo calling people to join Holy War, 288; killed at Mansura (1250), 290
Fakhr ad-Din ibn Luqma? n, 294, 304
Fakhr al-Mulk ibn 'Amma? r, Ami? r of Tripoli, 14-15, 25 Faris ad-Din, Ata-beg, 309
Faris ad-Din Aqtay, 297
Fatimids:
Caliphs of Egypt, xii, xxviii, 4; commanders in Palestine, xii
Index 215
216 Index
Fifth Crusade, xiii, xxxii, 255-66 First Crusade, xvii-xviii, xxvi, 3-55 Fourth Crusade, 255
Franks, the:
and marital jealousy, 77-8; arrival of women, 204-7; cavalry, 73-4;
medicine, 76-7; orientalized, 78-9;
piracy, 74-6
Frederick Barbarossa, 208;
his Crusade and death (1190), 209-10;
adventures of remainder of his army, 209-10 Frederick II, Emperor, xiii, xix, xxxii, xxxiii, 267-83:
arrives and settles at Acre (1228), 267-9; negotiations with al-Kamil, 269-71; Jerusalem yielded to him on terms, 269-70; visits Jerusalem, 271-2, 274-5;
returns home, 273;
later relations with Ayyubids, 276-7;
and the Pope, 278-83;
two Arabic letters written by him, 280-3; death (1250), 277
Fulk, Count of Anjou, King of Jerusalem, 40, 42, 73-4, 80-3
Gerard of Ridfort, Grand Master of the Temple, 123, 133, 139, 189 Godfrey of Bouillon, 8:
killed before Acre (1100), 13 Guy de Lusignan, 213, 228, 240:
marries Queen Sibylla, 115;
she abdicates in his favour, 115; captured at Hittin, 123-4, 133-4; imprisoned, 139, 143
Haifa taken by the Franks (1100), 14 Harra? n:
Frankish drive on, 18;
occupied by Chekermish (1104), 20 Henry, Count of Champagne, 232:
governor of Tyre, 239-41;
marries Conrad de Montferrat's widow, 240, 241; conciliation with Saladin, 242
Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 139, 147, 158, 182; removes treasures from the city, 144, 162
Hila? l as-Sabi, xxvi
Hisn al-Akra? d ('Krak des Chevaliers'):
besieged by Saint-Gilles (1102), 16, 316; taken by Tancred (1109-10), 26;
history of, 316-17;
besieged and captured by Baibers (1271), 317-19, 339
Hittin, battle of (1187), xiii, xvi, 112, 114, 121-5, 131-3, 135-7, 140:
capture of the 'True Cross', 122, 136-7 Hohenstaufens, the, xiv, 267-83
Honfroi of Baniya? s, see Humphrey of Toron Hospitallers, 334, 339, 348:
in fighting near Acre (1187), 116-17; at battle of Hittin, 123, 124, 133; slaughtered by Saladin, 138-9
Hugh II, King of Cyprus, 312-13 Hugh III, King of Cyprus, 313:
invited to Acre, 313;
negotiations with Baibars, 313-16; truce signed, 315-16
Hugh of Brienne, 313
Hugh of Juba? il, 123, 133, 139
Hugh of Revel, Grand Master of the Hospital, 318 Hulagu, King of the Mongols, 308
Humphrey of Toron, 66, 123, 133, 139, 143, 159, 229, 232 Husa? m ad-Din Abu l'-Haija? the Fat, 186
Husa? m ad-Din Bishara, 226:
takes oath to al-Abdal, 249
Husa? m ad-Din ibn Laji? n, 192
Husa? m ad-Din Lu'lu' al-Hajib, see Lu'lu'
Husa? m ad-Din Muhammad ibn Abi 'Ali, governor and vizier of Cairo, 291, 293, 297;
negotiations with King Louis, 298-9
Ibn 'Abd az-Zahir, biographies of Mamlu? k sultans, xv, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxvi, 307-12, 314-16, 323-31
Ibn Abi t-Tayy, Shi'ite historian of Aleppo, xxxi, xxxiv, 87, 316
Ibn ad-Danishma? nd Tailu? , Prince of Malatia:
captures Bohemond (1100), 13;
defeats the Franks and captures Malatia, 13; releases Bohemond on payment of ransom, 14-15
Ibn al-'Arid, 15
Ibn al-Athi? r, xv, xx, xxvii-xxviii, xxx, 3-23, 41-3, 49-55, 59-62, 64, 87, 114-25, 139-46, 176-91, 209-12, 238, 241-2, 255-64:
true historian, xix-xx
Ibn al-Fura? t, xv, xxiv, 307, 312-14, 316-19, 331-3
Ibn al-Janzi, xxxii
Ibn al-Jawali, 219
Ibn al-Muqaddam of Shaizir, 23 3
Ibn al-Qala? nisi, xvi, xxvi-xxviii, xxx, 3, 24-35, 38-9, 41, 44-50, 56-9, 64-8:
chronicle of Northern Syria, xv, xxvi;
first-hand experience of First and Second Crusades, xxvi Ibn an-Nahha? l, 225
Ibn 'Asakir, 316, 317
Ibn az-Zaki, Qadi of Damascus, 250
Ibn Hassu? n, Baibers' admiral, 320 Ibn Kathir, 319
Index 217
218 Index
Ibn Munqidh, see Usama
Ibn Suqma? n of Khila? t, 55
Ibn Wasil, xv, xix, xxxi-xxxii, xxxiv, 255, 264-73, 276-80
Ibrahim ibn Turghu? t, defeated and killed by Raymond of Antioch (1140), 46-7 Iftikha? r ad-Daula, Egyptian governor of Jerusalem, 10
Ilghazi, Ami? r of Mardi? n:
musters army against Franks (1119), 36; raids Frankish territory, 36;
surprises Franks at Bala? t, 37-8
'Ima? d ad-Din, xvii, xxvii, xxix-xxx:
biography of Saladin, xv, xviii, xxx, 87, 114, 125-39, 140-75, 182, 204-7, 225, 234-40
'Ima? d ad-Din Zangi ibn Maudu? d ibn Zangi, 200 'Iqd al-Juma? n (Al-'Aini), xxxv
Isa, governor of Jerusalem, 188:
at siege of Acre, 193, 195
Isma'i? l al-Mukabbis, killed in siege of Acre, 193 Isma 'ilite sect (Assassins), xxxi, 238, 241, 318, 319,
see also Batinite sect
Ispahba? d Sabau, 23
'Izz ad-Din Arsil, 219
'Izz ad-Din ad-Dubaisi, Ami? r, 54
'Izz ad-Din Aibek the Turcoman, military commander under Shajar ad-Durr, 298 'Izz ad-Din al-Aqram, 319
'Izz ad-Din ibn Maudu? d ibn Zangi, 200 'Izz ad-Din ibn al-Muqaddam, 105, 226 'Izz ad-Din ibn Jurdi? k, 92, 219-20:
commander of Acre, 181
'Izz ad-Din Isa ibn Malik, 141
'Izz ad-Din Ma'n, Ami? r, killed in siege of Tripoli, 343
Jala? l ad-Din ibn 'Ala? 'ad-Din Khwarizimsha? h, 268 Jama? l ad-Daula Iqba? l, 248
Jama? l ad-Din Ami? r of Damascus:
defeated by Zangi (1139-40), 44; negotiations for agreement, 44-8, 80-2; illness and death (1140), 45
Jama? l ad-Din ibn al-Jauzi, 272
Jama? l ad-Din ibn Yaghmu? r, 302
Jama? l ad-Din ibn Yahya ibn Matru? h, 294-5 Jama? l ad-Din Muhsin as-Sa? lihi, 294
Jana? h ad-Daula of Hims, 7-9:
makes treaty with the Franks, 9; defeats Franks (1100), 14;
and siege of Tripoli, 15; murdered, 16, 316
Jawali? , Turkish Ami? r, 20-3:
frees Baldwin and Joscelin (1108), 20-1; receives ransom from Baldwin, 22;
plot against Aleppo, 22;
defeated by Tancred at Tall Bashir, 22-3
Jerusalem:
capitulates to Egyptians (1096), 10;
besieged by the Franks, 10-11;
captured (1099), 11;
inhabitants slaughtered, 11;
Dome of the Rock stripped, 11;
the Templars at Jerusalem, 80;
reconquered by Saladin, 139-61;
siege of the city, 140-1, 154-6;
negotiations and surrender, 141-3, 156-8, 160-1; treasures removed, 144;
Saladin restores the city, 144-5, 164-75, 178;
the Church of the Resurrection, 148-51; description of the city, 151-4;
condition of Franks on their departure, 161-3 5 Dome of the Rock restored, 168-72;
Oratory of David, 173-4;
closure of Christian churches, 174;
madrasas instituted, 174;
yielded to Emperor Frederick on terms, 269-70; Muslims leave the city, 270-1;
Frederick's visit, 271-2, 274-5;
grief in Damascus at loss of Jerusalem, 272-4
John, King of Brienne, 282, 284
Joscelin, Prince of Tall Bashir, Frankish knight:
hostage for Baldwin of Edessa, 21; released (1108), 21;
captures Manbij, 21;
at battle of Tall Bashir, 23;
flees, 23;
and siege of Beiru? t, 26
Joscelin II, Prince of Edessa, 49, 51
Kama? l ad-Din, chronicle of Mesopotamia, xv, xxviii, 36-8
Kama? l ad-Din ibn Shith, 314, 315
Kamil at-Tawarikh (Ibn al-Athi? r), xxvii
Kawasi? l, Armenian ally of Baldwin of Edessa, 22
Kerbuqa? , Ami? r of Mosul, defeated by the Franks outside Antioch (1098), 7-8 Khali? l al-Hakkari, killed at siege of Acre, 188
Khushtari? n Husa? in al-Hakkari, 249
Kita? b al-'Asa (The Book of the Stick) (Usama), xxix
Kita? b al-Bulda? n (Usama), 317
Kita? b al-I'biba? r (Usama's autobiography), xv, xvii, xxviii-xxix, 73-83 Kita? b ar-Randata? in (The Book of the Two Gardens), (Abu Shama), xxx, 87 Kita? b as-sulu? k (al-Maqrizi), xxxiv
'Krak des Chevaliers', see Hisn el-Akra? d
Leo, King of Lesser Armenia, 210 Louis, Duke of Bavaria, 263
Index 219
220 Index
Louis IX (St. Louis), King of France, xix, xxxii, 280, 314: Crusade (1249-50), 276-8, 284-302;
arrives in Egypt, 284, 301;
correspondence with as-Salih, 300-1;
takes Damietta, 285-6;
advances against the Muslims, 288;
battles at Mansura and ultimate Muslim victory, 289-92; Frankish fleet attacked and crippled by Muslim fleet, 292-3; Franks routed by Muslims, 293-4;
Louis surrenders and is imprisoned at Mansura, 294; negotiations with Husa? m-ad-Din, 298-9;
Damietta surrendered and Louis freed, 299-300;
leaves for home, 300;
in Tunisia (1270), 303-4;
dies there, 303
Lu'lu', Ami? r, 191, 192
Madrasas instituted in Jerusalem, 174
Maimu? n al-Qasri, 249
Majd ad-Dinibu 'Izz ad-Din Farruksha? h, ruler of Baalbek, 212 Malatia taken from the Franks (1100), 13
Maliksha? h, Sultan, 18, 23n. :
and situation in Syria (1110-11), 28-30
Mallaha, battle of (1157), 66-8
Mamlu? k Sultans, xiii, xviii, xxxi-xxxvi, Part IV passim:
biographies of, xv, xxxiii
Manaqib Rashid ad-Din, xxxi, 242-5 Manfred, Emperor, 267, 268, 276, 277:
excommunicated by the Pope for Muslim leanings, 278;
captured and put to death, 280 Mansura:
battles between Muslims and King Louis and ultimate Muslim victory, 289-92;
letter of Sultan Turansha? h after victory, 302
Maqrizi, xv, xxxiv, 284, 300-4, 307, 323, 342-3
Maraqiyya, besieged and captured by Qalawu? n, 338-41
Marital jealousy, the Franks and, 77-8
Mas'u? d, Seljuqid Sultan of Iconium, 55, 75
Maudu? d, Ami? r of Mosul, 55
Medicine, Frankish, 76-7
Michaud, xx
Mir'a? t az-zama? n (The Mirror of the Times), (Sibt Ibn al-Jauzi), xxxii Mufarrij al-Kuru? b (Ibn Wasil), xxxi-xxxii
Muhammad al-Isfahani, 18
Muhammad ibn Laji? n, nephew of Saladin, 117
Muhammad ibn Maliksha? h, see Maliksha? h
Muhyi ad-Din ibn 'Abd az-Zahir, see Ibn 'Abd az-Zahir
Muhyi ad-Din ibn az-Zahi, qadi of Damascus, no, 144-5, 169, 252 Mu'i? n ad-Daula Suqma? n, see Suqma? n
Mu'i? n ad-Din Unur, Ami? r, 41, 80, 81, 83, 84;
besieges and takes Baniya? s (1140), 47;
and siege of Damascus (1148), 56-8, 60-1 Mujahid ad-Din Baranqash, 192
Mujalli ibn Marwa? n, 192:
killed in siege of Acre, 187, 195
Muji? r ad-Din Abaq, see Abaq
Mukhtasar ta'ri? kh al-Bashar (Abu l-Fida? ), xxxv Munqidh, ruler of Shaizar, 9
Muslim historians xiv-xxi, xxvi-xxxvii:
and Christianity, xvii;
biographies, xv;
chronicles of cities and regions, xv; compared with Christian counterparts, xix; descriptions of warfare, xvi;
faithful characterization, xix;
general histories, xv;
on Muslim heroes, xvii-xix
Muslim, use of term, xiv
Muzaffar ad-Din ibn Zain ad-Din, Prince of Harra? n and Edessa, 117:
at siege of Acre, 185, 192-3 Muzaffar ad-Din of Arbela, 268
Najm ad-Din, see Ilghazi
Najm ad-Din, Grand Master of the Isma'ilites, 318, 319
Najm ad-Din ibn Isra'i? l, 302
Najm ad-Din ibn Shaikh al-Isla? m, 284
Nasir ad-Din of Sahyu? n, 249
Nicholas Lorgue, Grand Master of the Hospital, 326
Nur ad-Din (Norandin), Ata-beg of Mosul and Sultan of Aleppo (1117-74), xiii, xviii, xix, xxvii, 49, 61, 74-5, 145, 181, 317:
and defence of Damascus (1157), 64-5; capture of Baniya? s, 65-6;
battle of Mallaha, 66-8;
death, 68-70;
appearance and characteristics, 70-1; his justice, 71;
as warrior, 71-2;
public works, 72
Nushirwa? n az-Zarzari, 249
Odo Poilechien, bailli of Acre, 326
Old Man of the Mountain, the, 238, 241-5
Pelagius, 284
Philip II Augustus, King of France, 242:
arrival at Acre, 182, 207, 212-13;
negotiations for surrender of Acre, 218-19 Philip of Alsace, Count of Flanders, 213 Philip of Milly, 159
Index 221
222 Index
Qaimaz an-Najmi, 117, 138: at siege of Acre, 192, 219
Qalawu? n, Mamlu? k sultan, xvi, xxxiii, 307, 316, 323-44: treaty with Templars in Tortosa (1282), 323-6; treaty with Acre (1283), 326-33;
oaths taken by the Sultan and the Franks, 331-3; besieges and takes al-Marqab (1285), 334-8;
siege and capture of Maraqiyya, 338-41; siege and capture of Tripoli (1289), 341-3; death, 344
Qara Arslan, 96
Qaraja, governor of Harra? n, 18
Qaraqu? sh, commander and governor of Acre, 199, 217
Qilij Arsla? n ibn Qutlumi? sh ibn Selju? q, and Barbarossa's Crusade, 209-11 Qilij Arsla? n ibn Sulaima? n ibn Qutlumi?