No More Learning

Meibom. ) He became the founder of
another name for the Evboéwv Toitela of the great a sect or school of musicians, called, after him,
philosopher Aristotle. But there is no reason for Aristoxeneans, who were opposed to the Pytha-
such a supposition.
goreans on the question whether reason or sense
Ancient writers make mention of many more should furnish the principles of musical science
and the criterion of the truth of its proposi-
The abore article was written in German br tions. Pythagoras had discovered the connexion
Prof. Stahr, expressly for this work, and has been between musical intervals and numerical ratios;
translated into English by Mr. C. P. Mason. and it had been found that the principal concords


## p. 345 (#365) ############################################

ARISTOXENUS.
345
ARIUS.
*+2)
same name.
were defined by simple ratios which were either | Moró. Acul. iii. 16, p. 233), who was a pupil of
superparticular (of the form or multiple
Alexander Philalethes (Galen. De Differ. Puls. iv.
10, vol. viii. p. 746), and must therefore have lived
(of the form 1). From this fact, Be or his followers about the beginning of the
Christian era. He was
a follower of Herophilus (ibid. c. 7. p. 734), and
inferred, that no interval could be consonant which studied at the celebrated Herophilean school of
was defined by a ratio of a different kind; and medicine, established in Phrygia, at the village of
hence they were obliged to maintain (contrary to Men-Carus, between Laodicea and Carura. Ho
the evidence of the senses), that such intervals as wrote a work Περί της Ηροφίλου Αιρέσεως, De
the octave and fourth (the eleventh), for example, Herophili Secta, of which the thirteenth book is
were dissonant. Aristoxenus justly blamed them quoted by Galen (ibid. c. 10. p. 746), and which
for their contempt of facts, but went into the oppo is not now extant. (Mahne, “ Diatribe de Aris-
site extreme of allowing too much authority to the toxeno,” Amstel. 1793, 8vo. ) (W. A. G. )
decisions of the ear, though without denying the ex- ARISTUS ("APOTOS), of Salamis in Cyprus, a
istence of a certain truth in the arithmetical theory Greek historian, who wrote a history of Alexander
(p. 33). He maintains, for instance, not only that the Great, in which he mentioned the embassy of
every consonant interval added to the octave produces the Romans to Alexander at Babylon. (Arrian,
another consonance, which is true ; but also that Anað, vii. 15; Athen. X. p. 436 ; Clemens Alex.
the fourth is equal to two tones and a half (p. 56), Protrept. p. 16; Strab. xiv. p. 682. ) That he
the falsity of which proposition is not directly ap- lived a considerable time later than Alexander,
parent to the ear, but indirectly would become may be inferred from Strabo (xv. p. 730), although
evident by means of the very experiment which he it is impossible to determine the exact time at
suggests for the confirmation of it. (See Porphyr. which he lived. Some writers are inclined to be-
Comm. in Plol. Hurm. in Wallis, Op. vol. iii. p. lieve that Aristus, the historian, is the same per-
211, and Wallis's appendix, pp. 159, 169; Burney, son as Aristus the academic philosopher, who was
vol. i. chap. V. ; Theon Smyrn. p. 83, ed. Bulliald. a contemporary and friend of Cicero, who taught
and not. p. 202. ) The titles of a good many other philosophy at Athens, and by whom M. Brutus
works of Aristoxenus have been collected from was instructed. This philosopher moreover was a
various sources by Meursius and others. (See brother of the celebrated Antiochus of Ascalon.
Fabric. Bibl. Grucc. vol. ii. p. 257; Clinton, F. H. But the opinion wbich identifies the historian and
Fol. ii. appendix, c. 12. ) Among them are lives of philopher, is a mere hypothesis, supported by
Pythagoras, Archytas, Socrates, Plato, and other nothing but the circumstance that both bore the
distinguished persons; and several treatises on
(Cic. Brut. 97, de Finib. v. 5,
subjects connected with music, including one lepl Academ. j. 3, ii. 4, Tuscul. Quaest. v. 8, ad Alt. v.
Τραγικής Ορχήσεως, and one Περί Αυλών Tρή- 10; Ρlut. Brut. 2. )
(L. S. )
σεως. A fragment of “Ρυθμικά στοιχεία was edited ARISTYLLUS ('Apiotud dos), a Greek astro-
by Morelli, Ven. 1785. A collection of fragments nomer, who appears to have lived about B. C. 233.
of the other works is given in the essay by Mahne (Plut. de Pyth Orac. 18. ) He wrote a work on
referred to below.
the fixed stars (Topňous åndavwv), which was used
The three books of 'Apuovikà otoixeia were first by Hipparchus and Prolemy (Magn. Synt. vii. 2),
edited in Latin, with the Harmonics of Ptolemy, and he is undoubtedly one of the two persons of
by Ant. Gogavinus, Ven. 1562. The Greek text, this name who wrote commentaries on Aratus,
with Alypius and Nicomachus, by Meursius (Lugd. which are now lost.
[L. S. ]
Bat. 1616), who, like his predecessor, seems not ARIUS or AREIUS ("Apelos), the celebrated
to have had sufficient musical knowledge for the heretic, is said to have been a native of Libya,
task. The last and best edition is at present that and must bave been born shortly after the middle
of Meibomius, printed (with a Latin version) in of the third century after Christ. His father's
the Antiquae Musicae Auctores Septem, Amst. 1652. name appears to have been Ammonius. In the
(Mahne, Diatribe de Aristoxeno philosopho Peri- religious disputes which broke out at Alexandria
patetico, Amst. 1793. )
(W. F. D. ] in A. D. 306, Arius at first took the part of Mele-
ARISTO'XENUS ('Aplombtevos). 1. Of Setius, but afterwards became reconciled to Peter,
linus in Sicily, a Greek poet, who is said to have bishop of Alexandria, and the opponent of Mele
been the first who wrote in ana paestic metres. tius, who made Arius deacon. (Sozom. H. E. i.
Respecting the time at which he lived, it is ex- | 15. ) After this Arius again opposed Peter for
pressly stated that he was older than Epicbarmus, i his treatment of Meletius and his followers, and
from about B. c. 540 to 445. (Schol. ad Aristoph. was in consequence excommunicated by Peter.
Pluk 487 ; Hephaestion, Enchirid. p. 45, ed. Gaisf. ) After the death of the latter, Achillas, his succes-
p
Eusebius (Chron. p. 333, ed. Mai) places him in sor in the see of Alexandria, not only forgave
Ol. 29 (B. C. 664), but this statement requires Arius his offence and admitted him deacon again,
some explanation. If he was born in that year, but ordained him presbyter, a. D. 313, and gave
he can not have been a Selinuntian, as Selinus was him the charge of the church called Baucalis at
not founded till about B. C. 628. But Aristoxenus Alexandria. (Epiphan. Haeres. 68. 4. ) The
may perhaps have been among the first settlers at opinion that, after the death of Achillas, Arius
Selinus, and thus have come to be regarded as a himself wanted to become bishop of Alexandria,
Selinuntian.
and that for this reason he was hostile to Alexan-
2. A Cyrenaic philosopher, who appears not to der, who became the successor of Achillas, is a
have been distinguished for anything except his mere conjecture, based upon the fact, that Theodo-
gluttony, whence he derived the sumame of kwanv. ret (H. E. i. 2) accuses Arius of envy against
Athen. i. p. 7 ; Suid. s. v. 'Ap. otótevos. ) (L. S. ] Alexander.
The official position of Arius at Alex-
ARISTÓXENUS ('Ap1076evos ), 'a Greek andria, by virtue of which he interpreted the
physicician, quoted by Cuelius Aurelianus (Dc Scriptures, had undoubtedly gained for him already


## p. 346 (#366) ############################################

346
ARIUS.
ARIUS.
:
a considerable number of followers, when in A. D. was signed by the clergy who had been excom-
318, the celebrated dispute with bishop Alexan-municated with him. Of his Thaleia we possess
der broke out. This dispute had a greater and only some abstracts made by his enemy Atha-
more lasting influence upon the development of nasius, which are written in a philosophical and
the Christian religion than any other controversy. earnest tone; but they contain statements, which
The accounts respecting the immediate occasion of could not but be offensive to a believer in the
the dispute differ (Epiphan. Haeres. 09. 3; So- divinity of Christ. These things, when compared
crat. H. E. i. 5 ; Sozom. H. E. i. 15; Philostnrg. with the spirit of Arius's letters, might' lead
i. 4), but all agree in stating that Alexander after to the belief that Athanasius in his epitome ex-
having heard some reports respecting Arius's nove? aggerated the statements of Arius; bui we must
views about the Trinity, attacked them in a public remember that Arius in his letters was always
assembly of presbyters. Hereupon Arius charged prudent and moderate, to avoid giving offence,
the bishop with being guilty of the errors of Sa- by not showing how far his theory might
bellius, and endeavoured to defend his own opi- be carried. On the whole, the controversy be-
nions. He maintained that the Son of God had tween Arius and Alexander presents no fea-
been created by God, previous to the existence of tures of noble generosity or impartiality ; each
the world and of time, by an act of God's own free is ambitious and obstinate. Arius was as zeal-
will and out of nothing; that therefore the Son ous in endeavouring to acquire new followers
had not existed from all eternity; and that conse- as Alexander was fierce and stubborn in his per-
quently in this respect the Son was not perfectly secution. At last, in A. D. 323, Eusebius and the
equal to the Father, although he was raised far other bishops who were in favour of Arianism, as-
above all men. This first dispute was followed by sembled in council in Bithynia, and issued a cir-
a circular letter from Alexander to his clergy, and cular to all the bishops, requesting them to con-
by a second conference, but all had no effect. As inue their ecclesiastical communion with Arius,
in the meantime the number of Arius's followers and to use their influence with Alexander on his
was rapidly increasing, and as both the clergy and behalf. But neither this step nor the permission
laity of Egypt, as well as several bishops of Syria granted by several bishops to Arius to resume his
and Asia Minor, were favourabls disposed towards functions, as presbyter, so far as it could be done
Arius, partly because his doctrines resembled those without encroachment upon the rights of Alexan-
of Lucian, who had died a martyr about ten years der, was calculated to restore peace; on the con-
before, and partly because they were captivated by trary, the disputes for and against Arianism spread
Arius's insinuating letters addressed to them, Alex- so much both among the laiiy and clergy of Egypt,
ander, in A. D. 321, convened at Alexandria a Syria, and Asia Minor, that in A. D. 324, the em-
synod of nearly one hundred Egyptian and Libyan peror Constantine thought it necessary to write a
bishops. The influence of Alexander, of course, letter to Arius and Alexander in common, in
prevailed at this synod : Arius was deposed, and which he declared the controverted point of little
he and his followers were excommunicated. In importance, exhorted the disputants to a speedy
order to insure the proper effect of this verdict, reconciliation, and left it to each to hold his own
Alexander addressed numerous letters to foreign opinions, provided he did not disturb the outward
bishops, in which he announced to them the judg- union of the church. (Euseb. De Vit. Const. M.
ment passed upon Arius, endeavoured to refute his ii. 64, &c) This letter was carried to Alexandria,
doctrines, and urged them to adopt his own views whither Arius bad returned in the meantime, by
of the case, and not to afford any protection to the Hosius, bishop of Corduba, who was also to act as
heretic. Two of these letters are still extant. mediator. But Hosius soon adopted the views of
(ALEXANDER, p. 111, b. )
Alexander, and his mission had no effect.
It was owing to these letters and to the exten- The disputes became more vehement from day
sive exertions of Arius to defend his doctrines to day, and Constantine at last saw himself obliged
and to win more followers, that the possibility of to convoke a general council at Nicaea, A. D. 325,
an amicable settlement of the question diminished at which upwards of 300 bishops were present,
more and more every day. At Alexandria the principally from the eastern part of the empire,
Arians regularly withdrew from the church, and and among them Arius, Alexander, and his friend
had their separate places of worship; and in Athanasius. Fach defended his own opinions;
Palestine, whither Arius had fled from Egypt, he but Arius being the accused party was in a disad-
found a favourable reception. Here he addressed vantageous position, and a confession of faith,
a letter, still extant (Epiphan. Haeres. 69. 6; which he presented to the council, was torn to
Theodoret. H. E. i. 5), to his friend, Eusebius, pieces in his presence. Athanasius was the most
bishop of Nicomedeia, the most influential bishop vehement opponent of Arius, and after long de-
of the time, and who himself bore a grudge against bates the council came to the resolution, that the
Alexander of Alexandria. Eusebius in his an- Son of God was begotten, not made, of the same
swer, as well as in a letter he addressed to Pau- substance with the Father, and of the same essence
linus, bishop of Tyre, expressed his perfect agree with him (ouoouonos). Arius was condemned
ment with the views of Arius (Athanas. de Sunod. with his writings and followers. This verdict was
$ 17; Theodoret. H. E. i. 6), and even received signed by nearly all the bishops present. Euse-
Arius into his own house. During his stay at bius and three others, who refused to sign, were
Nicomedeia, Arius wrote a theological work compelled by the threats of the emperor to follow
called Thaleia (Oánera), which is said to have been the example of the rest: only two bishops, Theonas
composed in the effeminate style of Sotades, and of Marinarica and Secundus of Ptolemais, bad
to have been written in part in the so-called Sot-courage enough to share the fate of Arius and ac-
sdic metre. [SOTADES. ) He also addressed a companied him to Illyricum whither he was exiled.
letter to bishop Alexander, in which he entered At the same time an edict was issued, command-
into an explanation of his doctrines, and which ing every one, under the penalty of death, to sur


## p. 347 (#367) ############################################

ARIUS.
347
ARMINIUS.
-
render the books of Arius, which were to be dest manners. The excellence of his moral cha-
burnt, and stigmatizing the Arians with the name racter secms to be sufficiently attested by the
of Porphyrians - (from Porphyrius, a heathen silence of his enemies to the contrary. That
opponent of Christianity, who had nothing to do he was of a covetous and sensual disposition, is
with the Arian question). The Arians at Alex- an opinion unsupported by any historical evidence.
andria, however, remained in a state of insurrec- Besides the works already referred to in this arti-
tion, and began to make common cause with the cle, Arius is said to have written songs for sailors,
Meletians, a sect which had likewise been con- millers, and travellers ; but no specimen or frag-
demned by the council of Nicaea, for both had to ment of them is now extant. (Q. M. Travasa,
regard Alexander, and his successor Athanasius, Storia critica della Vilu di Ario, Venice, 1746 ;
as their common encmies.
Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. ix. 214, &c. ; Walch, llis-
Arius remained in Illyricum till A. D. 328, when torie der Ketzereien; and the church histories of
Eusebius of Nicomedeia and his friends used their Mosheim, Neander, and Gjeseler. ) [L. S. )
influence at the court of Constantine, to persuade ARME'NIDAS or ARME'NIDES ('Apuevi-
the emperor that the creed of Arius did not in das or Apuevidns), a Greck author, who wrote a
reality differ from that established by the council work on Thebes (Onbaixa), which is referred to
of Nicaea. In consequence of this Arius was re- by the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (i. 55))
called from his exile by very gracious letters from and Stephanus Byzantius. (s. v. 'Anlaptos. ) But
the emperor, and in A. d. 330, had an audience whether his work was written in prose or in verse,
with Constantine, to whom he presented a confes- and at what time the author lived, cannot be as-
sion of faith, which consisted almost entirely of certained.
[L. S. ]
passages of the scriptures, and apparently confirm- ARMEÄNIUS ('Apuévios or "Apuevos), one of
ed the representation which Eusebius had given of the Argonauts, who was believed to have been a
his opinions. The emperor thus deceived, granted native of Rhodes or of Armenion in Thessaly, and
to Arius the permission to return to Alexandria. to have settled in the country which was called,
(Socrat. H. E. i. 25; Rufin. H. E. i. 5. ) On the after him, Armenia. (Strab. xi. p. 530,&c. ; Justin,
arrival of Arius in Alexandria, A. D. 331, Athana- xlii. 2; Steph. Byz. s. v. 'Apuevia. ) [L. S. )
sius, notwithstanding the threats of Eusebius and ARME'NIUS ('Apuerios), a Christian, who
the strict orders of the emperor, refused to receive wrote in Greek an account of the martyrdom of
him into the communion of the church ; for new Chrysanthus and Daria, whose contemporary he
outbreaks took place at Alexandria, and the Me- appears to have been. The Greek original has
letians openly joined the Arians. (Athanas. never been published, but a Latin translation is
Apolog. $ 59. ) Eusebius, who was still the main printed in Surius, Act. Sanct. v. under the 25th of
supporter of the Arian party, had secured its as- October. (Fabric. Bill. Gr. x. p. 210. ) [L. S. ]
cendancy in Syria, and caused the synod of Tyre, ARM'INIUS, or Hermann," the chieftain," was
in A. D. 335, to depose Athanasius, and another the son of Sigimer, " the conqueror," and chief of
synod held in the same year at Jerusalem, to re the tribe of the Cherusci, who inhabited the coun-
voke the sentence of excommunication against try to the north of the Hartz mountains, now
Arius and his friends. The attempt of Arius forming the south of Hanover and Brunswick. He
to re-establish himself at Alexandria failed not- was born in the year 18 B. C. , and in his youth he
withstanding, and in A. D. 336, he travelled to led the warriors of his tribe as auxiliaries of the
Constantinople to have a second interview with Roman legions in Germany (Tac. Ann. ii. 10),
the emperor. He again presented his confession where he learnt the language and military discipline
of faith, which was apparently orthodox. Here of Rome, and was admitted to the freedom of the
upon Alexander, bishop of Constantinople, who city, and enrolled amongst the equites. (Vell. Pat.
had hitherto refused recognising Arius as a mem- ii. 118. )
ber of the orthodox church, received orders from the He appears in history at a crisis which is one of
emperor to administer to Arius, on the Sunday fol- the most remarkable in the history of Europe. In
lowing, the holy communion. When the day the year A. D. 9, the Romans had forts along the
came, Arius accompanied by Eusebius and other Danube, the Rhine, on the Elbe and the Weser.
friends, went in a sort of triumph through the Tiberius Nero had twice (Vell. Pat. ii. 107) over-
streets of Constantinople to the church. On his run the interior of Germany, and had left Varus
way thither he went aside for a moment to relieve with three legions to complete the conquest of the
a physical want, but he never returned: he was country, which now seemed destined to become, like
seized by a fainting fit and suddenly died, and his Gaul, a Roman province. But Varus was a man
corpse was found by his friends and buried. (So whose licentiousness and extortion (Dion Cass. Ivi.
crat. H. E. i. 38; Epiphan. Haeres. 69. 10; Ru- | 18; Vell. ii. 117) made the yoke of Rome into-
fin. H. E. i. 13. ) His sudden death in such a lerable to the Germans. Arminius, who was now
place and at such a moment, naturally gave rise to twenty-seven years old, and had succeeded his fa-
a number of strange suspicions and surmises ; the ther as chief of his tribe, persuaded the other chiefs
orthodox regarded it as a direct judgment from who were with him in the camp of Varus, to join
heaven, while his friends supposed that he had him in the attempt to free his country. He amused
been poisoned by his enemies.