, emperor of Germany;
few years afterwards Manuel set out for Asia, and and his second Maria (Xene), daughter of Ray-
in an interview with king Amalric, who had just mond, prince of Antioch.
few years afterwards Manuel set out for Asia, and and his second Maria (Xene), daughter of Ray-
in an interview with king Amalric, who had just mond, prince of Antioch.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
) | the ambassadors sent from Athens to Dareius ; but
;
Others, however, represented Mannus, who was he and his colleagues were delivered, on their way
worshipped as a god, as the father of more than through Asia Minor, by Pharnabazus to Cyrus,
three sons. Mannus is perhaps the same being as who had come down with instructions from his
Irmin who is mentioned by other authors among father to aid the Lacedaemonians ; and it was three
the German gods (Witechind of Corv. i. ; J. Grimm, years before they were released. (Xen. Hell. i.
Irmenstrasse und Irmensaüle, p. 41), and seems to 3. $ 13, 4. $$ 4—7. )
[E. E. )
have been a kind of German Mars; though some MA'NTIUS (Mártios), a son of Melampus, and
believe that Irmin was the deified Arminius. It brother of Antiphates. (Hom. Od. xv. 242 ; Paus.
is not impossible that in later times Irmin and Ar vi. 17. 4; comp. MELAMPUS. ) (L. S. ]
minius may have become identified in the ima- MANTO (Marta). 1. A daughter of the
gination of the people.
[L. S. ] Theban soothsayer Teiresias. She herself was a
MANNUS (Márvos). 1. A king of some part prophetess, first of the Ismenian Apollo at Thebes,
of Arabia bordering upon Mesopotamia, who sub- where monuments of her existed (Paus. ix. 10. Ś
mitted to Trajan on his expedition against the 3), and subsequently of the Delphian and Clarian
Parthians. (Dion Cass. lxviii. 21, 22. )
A pollo. After the taking of Thebes by the Epi-
2. A son or grandson of the preceding, who goni, she, with other captives, was dedicated to
lived in the reign of M. Aurelius, and several of Apollo at Delphi. The god sent the captives to
whose coins are extant, bearing the effigies of M. Asia, where they founded the sanctuary of Apollo
Aurelius and his wife Faustina, and of L. Verus not far from the place where afterwards the town
and his wife Lucilla. The one annexed bears the of, Colophon was built. Rhacius, a Cretan, who
head of Faustina, having for its legend, on the had settled there before, married Manto, and be-
obverse, PA VCTINA CEBACTH, and on the re- came by her the father of Mopsus. (Apollod. iii.
verse, BACIAE VC MANNOC PIAOP (NMAIOC). | 7. Ø 4Paus. vii. 3. § 1, ix. 33. $ 1 ; Strab. ix.
(Spanheim, De Praest. et Usu Numism. vol. ii. p. p. 443 ; Schol. ad Apollon. i. 908. ) According to
578; Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 513. )
Euripides, she had previously become the mother
of Amphilochus and Tisiphone, by Alcmaeon, the
leader of the Epigoni. (Apollod. iii. 7. $ 7. )
Being a prophetess of Apollo, she is also called
Daphne, i. e. the laurel virgin. (Diod. iv. 66 ;
comp. Athen. vii. p. 298. )
2. daughter of the soothsayer Polyeidus, and
sister of Astycrateia. The tombs of these two
sisters were shown at Megara, near the entrance of
COIN OF MANNUS,
the sanctuary of Dionysus. (Paus. i. 43. § 5. )
3. A daughter of Heracles, is likewise described
MANTIAS (Martelas, or rather Martlas), a as a prophetess, and as the personage from whom
physician, who was the tutor of Heracleides of the town of Mantua received its name. (Serv. ad
Tarentum (Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. Aen. x. 198. )
(L S. ]
ji
. 15, vol. xiii
. p. 462, 502), and one of the fol- MA'NUEL I. , COMNE'NUS (Mavouria ó
lowers of Herophilus (Id. De Compor. Medicam. Kournvós), emperor of Constantinople A. D. 1143
sec. Gen. vi. 9, vol. xii. p. 989); and who lived -- 1181, the fourth child and son of the emperor
therefore most probably in the third century B. C. Calo-Joannes (Joannes II. ), was born about A. D.
Galen says he was no ordinary physician (De 1120, and succeeded his father in 1143. Of
Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, ii. 1, vol. xi. p. 534), his three elder brothers, Alexis and Andronicus
and that he was the first who wrote a regular work had both died before their father ; but the third,
on pharmacy (De Compos. Medicam, sec. Gen. ii. Isaac Sebastocrator, was still alive, and would have
1, vol
. xiii. p. 462). His works on this subject, had better claims to the crown than Manuel, but
which are several times quoted by Galen, are lost, for a special declaration of the late emperor, who
but the titles of some of them have been preserved. preferred the younger to the elder on account of his
(De Simplic. Malicam. Temper, ac Facult. vi. praef. I martial qualities. Manuel was with his father
## p. 922 (#938) ############################################
922
MANUEL.
MANUEL
when the latter lost his life through an accident in of Corfu yielded to him after an obstinate and pro
Cilicia ; and fears were entertained that Isaac, who tracted siege, signalised by the death of his brother-
was then in Constantinople, would seize the supreme in-law, Stephanus Contostephanus, Magnus Dux,
power. But no sooner had John expired than the who was succeeded in the command by the faithful
faithful minister, Axuch, hastened to the capital, Axuch. The surrender of that important fortress
seized Isaac, confined him in a prison, and suc- was delayed by a bloody quarrel which broke out
ceeded in causing Manuel to be recognised in Con between the Greeks and the Venetians. In this.
stantinople, where he met with a brilliant reception, siege Manuel was foremost among those who
on his arrival from Cilicia, a short time afterwards. storined the town; and his fleet having one day
Manuel was scarcely seated on his throne, when made several fruitless attempts to drive the Sici-
he was involved in an uninterrupted series of wars lians from some outworks near the sea, he put hm
with the nations of the East as well as the West, self on the poop of a galley, and cheered his men
in which, though not always successful, he distin- on while showers of arrows and other missiles came
guished himself so much by his undaunted courage down upon the spot where he stood. His boldness
and heroic deeds as to deserve the name of the excited the admiration of the Sicilians, who ceased
greatest hero of a time when there was no lack of for a moment to make him the ains of their wea-
extraordinary achievements in the field. The dis- pons. They would, however, soon have despatched
covery that his brother Isanc secmed not to enter- hiin but for the voice of their commander, who
tain ambitious designs, and the re-establishment of cried out that it would be dishonourable to kill an
a good understanding between the two brothers, hero like Manuel. The emperor intended to attack
allowed Manuel to devote himself entirely to the Roger within his own dominions, but the crafty
conduct of his wars and to those endless in- Norman enticed the Servians and Hungarians to
trigues and negotiations in which he found him- make a diversion on the Danube. The former were
self involved. As early as 1144 his general, vanquished in two campaigns, when they begged
Demetrius Branas, forced Raymond, the Latin for peace ; and the Hungarian war lasted till 1152,
prince of Antioch, who had shaken off his allegi- when their king, Geisa, after having been beaten
ance towards the emperor, to submit to Greek in many pitched battles, promised to desist from
valour, and to renew, in Constantinople, the bonds molesting the empire. The peace, however, was of
of his vassalship. In the following year Manuel short duration. In the same year, 1152, Manuel
set out against the Turks, who had invaded Isauria, experienced a repulse in a war with the Turks in
defeated them in several pitched battles, and cast Cilicia ; but in Italy his armies met with glorious
such a terror among the Turkish soldiers, that they success. The Greeks having landed in Italy, took
would no longer keep the field ; whereupon peace Brundusium, Bari, and other places of importance ;
was concluded to the advantage of the victor. the fleet of the Sicilians was defeated in several
About this time Manuel found reason to distrust decisive engagements; and it seemed that John
his brother Isarc, who was deprived of his title of Ducas, the gallant commander-in-chief of the
Sebastocrator ; but as there was no direct evidence Greeks, would find no more obstacles in re-uniting
of treason against him, he was allowed to live on Southern Italy with the Byzantine empire. The
condition of retiring into a convent, where he spent sanguine hopes of Manuel were blighted by Wil-
the rest of his life. In the same year, 1147, liam, the successor of king Roger, who fell upon
Manuel received information from king Louis VII. Alexis Comnenus, the successor of John Ducas; and
of France, that the Western princes, headed by the after a severe struggle, routed the Greeks. At the
king and the emperor Conrad III. of Germany, same time the Greek fleet was defeated off Negro
had resolved upon a new crusade, and desired his pont; and Maius, the Sicilian admiral, sailed with-
alliance. Manuel promised it, but gave secret in- out loss of time for Constantinople, where he landed
forniation of the approaching storin to the Turks a considerable force. The inhabitants were thrown
Nevertheless he allowed Conrad to pass through into the utmost consternation ; but their fears soon
liis dominions with a vast army, and subsequently ceased, since Maius was not strong enough to
the French king also.
attempt any thing of importance, and consequently
While the Crusaders were fighting with the sailed home, satisfied with some booty and captives.
Turks, Manuel was involved in a war with Roger, These checks produced a great effect upon the
the Norman king of Sicily, who possessed likewise mind of Manuel, who, having received a very
a large portion of Southern Italy, and who, think-noble letter from king William, with offers of an
ing that the new crusade would prevent the Greek honourable peace, accepted the proposition, and
emperor from maintaining great forces in Europe, thus this memorable war terminated in 1155.
prepared for an invasion of Greece. This war, The conquests on both sides were given back, as
which broke out in 1148, is by far the most re- well as all the captives, except those Greeks taken
markable in the history of Manuel, who, however, by the Sicilians who were silk-weavers, and who
did not engage in it alone, but found an ally in the were to remain in Italy, where they laid the foun-
republic of Venice. Marching at the head of bis dation of the flourishing state of Italian silk manu-
veterans towards Macedonia, he was informed, factures. The following years were signalised by
while at Philippopolis, that the Patzenegnes had hostilities with Raymond, prince of Antioch, who
crossed the Danube, probably excited by king was soon brought to obedience ; and Az-ed-din,
Roger. Without hesitating a moment, Manuel the Turkish Sultan, who met with no better suc-
wheeled to the right, fell upon the barbarians, cess, and went to Constantinople to sue for peace.
drove them back into the Dacian wildernesses ; The tranquillity of Asia was no sooner settled,
and after receiving hostages for their future good than a new and terrible war broke out in the north
behaviour, returned with rapid marches towards King Geisa of Hungary fancied that the forces of
Macedonia, embarked at Thessalonici, and landed the empire were exhausted by protracted warfare,
his host in Corfu before the end of the year. There and accordingly crossed the Danube. Manuel
be was joined by a Venetian army. The fortress intended to lead his arınies in person, but he
## p. 923 (#939) ############################################
MANUEL
923
MANUEL
ܪ
sielded to the entreaties of his subjects and his painful and long illness, be died on the 24th of
ministers, wbo wanted a firm head in the capital September following, at the age of sixty. The
during the approaching storm ; and the command reign of Manuel was glorious, yet presents nothing
of the army was consequently entrusted to Andro- but an uninterrupted series of bloodshed and de
nicus Contostephanus. Under Andronicus were vastation. Manuel was perhaps the greatest war-
Andronicus Lampados, Andronicus Comnenus, and rior of his time, but lie was far from being a great
Demetrius and Georgius Branas. The armies niet general. When young he
was virtuous, but
not far from Zeugminum, the present Semlin ; and after he had ascended the throne he plunged into
after one of the most bloody and obstinate contests all those vices by which the Greeks, and espe-
recorded in history, in which Demetrius Branas cially the Comnenian family, disgraced themselves.
was slain, and the left wing of the Greeks com- He oppressed his subjects by heavy war-taxes, yet
pletely routed, Andronicus Contostephanus at last he did not pay his troops, though he gave large
carried the day. So ternble was the loss of the pensions to ministers or other men of influence at
llungarians, that king Geisa sued for immediate foreign courts, where he was constantly intriguing.
peace, which was granted to him ; and during a He is said to have been deeply verscd in thcology,
considerable period the Byzantine influence was so but was certainly rather a great talker than a great
great in Hungary as to cause to its inhabitants thinker on religion. His first wife was Bertha
great uneasiness for their further independence. A (Irene), niece of Conrad III.
, emperor of Germany;
few years afterwards Manuel set out for Asia, and and his second Maria (Xene), daughter of Ray-
in an interview with king Amalric, who had just mond, prince of Antioch. His concubinage with
come to the throne, and intended to persuade his niece, Theodora Comnena, was a great disgrace
Manuel to send him some auxiliaries for an expedi- to him. He was succeeded by his only son,
tion into Egypt, Manuel accepted the proposition Alexis II. (Cinnam. lib. i. iv. ; Nicet. lib. ii. ii. ;
with joy ; but instead of a subordinate force, he Guill. Tyrensis, lib. xvi. We have more Latin or
equipped a fleet of 220 large ships, with a sufficient Western than Byzantine sources on the history of
army on board, under the command of Andronicus the time. )
(W. P. ]
Contostephanus (1169). When this powerful MA'NUEL II. , PALAEOʻLOGUS (Mavour'a
armament appeared off Ascalon it excited the jea- Nalalonúgos), emperor of Constantinople a. D.
lousy of Amalric, who was justly afraid that his 1391–1425, was the son of the emperor John VI. ,
share in the projected conquests would not answer in whose life is related the history of Manuel pre-
his expectation; and this jealousy gradually in- vious to his sole accession, which took place on the
stilling itself into the minds of all the party, be- death of John, in A. D. 1391. Manuel was then
came the cause of the final failure of the whole an hostage at the court of sultan Bayazid, but no
undertaking. The combined Latin and Greek sooner was he informed of the death of his father,
forces marched by land upon Damietta, where the than he escaped from Nicaea, and hastened to Con-
fleet appeared soon afterwards. The siege was stantinople, fearing lest his brother Andronicus
long ; but the town was at last reduced to such should seize the crown. His flight enraged the
extremity, that everybody expected its hourly sur- sultan, who, without declaring war, advanced with
render, when the treachery of either Amalric him his main army against Constantinople, and laid
self or one of his generals obliged the assailants to siege to it, swearing he would not retire till he had
raise the siege and retreat into Palestine. In order taken the city, and put the emperor to death. In
to clear himself from any blame, Amalric went to this extremity Manuel implored the assistance of
Constantinople, where he met with a splendid re- the Western princes, with whom he had constant
ception from Manuel, who was ready to join him negotiations: his efforts were crowned with success,
in a second expedition, when he was unexpectedly inasmuch as a powerful army, composed of
involved in two wars, with the Venetians and the Hungarians, Germans, and French, headed by the
Turks. In 1176 Manuel suffered a dreadful defeat flower of European chivalry and nobility, appeared
near Myriocephalus from Sultan Az-ed-din, in on the Turkish frontier, and obliged Bayazid to
spite of his almost incredible personal valour, and raise the siege, and defend his own kingdom. The
completely surrounded by superior forces, was com- unfortunate battle of Nicopolis, in 1396, where the
pelled to make a dishonourable peace, promising, allies were routed, and 10,000 of them, who were
among other conditions, to raze the fortresses of taken prisoners, massacred by the victors on the
Sableium and Dorylaeum (1176). • Anxious to field of battle, seemed to be the signal for the final
revenge himself for such unexpected disgrace, destruction of the Greek empire, for no sooner had
Manuel broke the peace, and the war was renewed Bayazid obtained that decisive victory on the
this time with better success for the Greeks, who banks of the Danube, than he changed the blockade
routed Az-ed-din in Lydia, and finally obtained an of Constantinople into a close siege. The obstinate
bonourable peace (1177). Manuel now proposed resistance of the inhabitants, and the attention
to the emperor Frederic an alliance against king which the sultan was obliged to pay to the ap-
Henry of Sicily, whom he intended to deprive of proaching danger arising from the conquests of
all his dominions; but the negotiations to that Timur, delayed the surrender of the Greek capital;
effect were carried on slowly; and it seemed that and after a blockade and siege of nearly six years,
Manuel had lost his former energy. In fact, the the belligerent parties came to terms. Manuel
defeat at Myriocephalus preyed upon his mind; turned the friendship of Bayazid for John, the son
his strength was undermined by a slow fever ; and of the blinded Andronicus, to his own advantage.
in the spring of 1180 he was compelled to keep to He gave his nephew the government Constanti-
his bed, from which he never rose again. After a nople, reserving for himself the Peloponnesus,
whither he proceeded with his family, and then set
Roger de Hoveden, the English historian, was out for Europe, to beg succour from the Western
present at this battle, serving as a volunteer in the princes. Italy, France, and Germany, received
the imperial suppliant with all tbe honours due to
3
.
Greek army.
## p. 924 (#940) ############################################
924
MANUEL
MANUEL.
1933. The dura
by Nicephorus C
eieres pearsbet
Labbe assi, as to
1241 6124 W
authorities is po
para teate, a L
the Byzantines
reputed a man
marted," and
by no means
oder of the
Graeco-Romani
trarch, not to
sexcord of the
expressly date
Constant =
ereciais a le
Patriarcha CF
of this artic
51, 52, 53. P
107. 110, i
Dess. Vatatz
TI 8972; D
quen, One
Oldin as in
P. 66&)
& Kolor
his rank ; but his prayers for assistance were in came one of the principal causes of the destruction
vain, and he returned to Constantinople in 1402, of the Greek empire. Manuel died in 1425, at
at a moment when a great political crisis made his the age of 77, and was succeeded by his eldest son
presence most necessary. During his absence, John John (VII. ), whom he had by his wife Irene,
reigned with absolute power, having obtained his daughter of Constantine Dragas, and whom he
recognition from Bayazid, on conditions which show created co-emperor in 1419. (Laonic. i. 2 ; Ducas,
the state of helpless weakness into which the small c. 12–15; Phranza, i. 16, &c. ) [W. P. )
remnant of the Byzantine empire was sunk. At MANUEL (Mavouha), literary and ecclesias
that period there were already three mosques in tical.
Constantinople, where a numerous Mohammedan 1. Of BYZANTIUM. Among the writers enu-
population enjoyed the free exercise of their reli- merated by Joannes Scylitzes Curopalates, who
gion. To these John was compelled to add a lived in the latter part of the eleventh century, in
fourth ; and besides, the sultan obtained the privi- the commenceinent of his Lúvoyıs (otopiwv, ns
lege of establishing in the capital a “ mehkeme," having written on historical subjects, but in a very
or court of justice, where a Turkish kadi,” or imperfect manner, after Theophanes, is Manuel of
judge, administered justice in the name of the Byzantium. It is probable that he was of very
sultan, who incrensed the number of Mohammedans inferior reputation even in the days of Scylitzes, as
by settling a numerous colony of Turkmans at Cedrenus (p. 2, ed. Paris, vol. i. p. 2, ed. Bonn),
Kiniki, a borough in the immediate vicinity of in transcribing the passage, does not mention his
Constantinople. A yearly tribute of 10,000 ducats name, but comprehends him under the somewhat
was added as another condition.
contemptuous terrm οι λοιποί Βυζάντιοι, “ the other
Considering Constantinople a prey which he Byzantines. ”
could seize at the first opportunity, Bayazid re- 2. BRYENNIUS. [BRYENNIUS. )
solved, first to subdue Greece, the greater part of 3. CALECAS. (CALECAS. ]
which was then governed by Latin princes, among 4. CHARITOPULUS (6 Xapitonovios), or SARAN-
whom the dukes of Delphi and Athens were the TENUS (• Eapavtnvós), or the PhiLOSOPHER, a
principal. Greece was an easy conquest, and Greek ecclesiastic of the twelfth and thirteenth
Athens, which the Turks still called the city of centuries, acquired a high reputation by his phi-
philosophers, became for some time the seat of a losophical attainments
. He was appointed patriarch
Turkish pasha. The fall of Constantinople now of Constantinople on the death of Maximus II. ,
seemed to be inevitable, and Bayazid had already which occurred in a. D. 1215, and held the patri-
assembled an army for its speedy reduction, when archate for five years and seven months, dying
the great Timur invaded Asia Minor with a count- about the middle of A. D. 1221. Three synodal
less host. At Angora (1402) the Turkish army decrees of a Manuel, patriarch of Constantinople,
was annihilated by the Tatar; and Bayazid, with are given in the Jus Graeco-Romanum of Leun-
his son Musa, fell into the hands of the victor. clavius (lib. iii. p. 238, &c. ), who assigns them to
This unexpected event saved Manuel. Bayazid Charitopulus, and is followed by Cave and Oudin,
died soon after his captivity ; and Timur, who left who have confounded Charitopulus with another
Asia Minor for the purpose of conquering China, Manuel (No. 7). Le Quien objects to this judg-
died in 1405. Meanwhile, the sons of Bayazid ment of Leunclavius, as not founded on eridence;
seized each a portion of their father's empire; and and with better reason adjudges them to Manuel II.
the Tatar having withdrawn from Asia Minor, a Ephraem of Constantinople celebrates Charitopulus
civil war broke out between the Turkish princes, as φύλαξ ακριβής και νόμων και κανόνων, “ an exact
which ended in the undisputed government of observer of the laws and canons. " (Georg. Acro-
prince Mohammed, the first of the sultans of that polit. Annal. c. 19, p. 17, ed. Paris, p. 35, ed.
name (1415). During these disturbances Manuel Bonn ; Ephraem. de Patriarchis CP. vs. 10251,
ructed with diplomatic skill: he first removed his ed. Bonn ; Anonymus (supposed by some to be
nephew, John, from the government; and per- Niceph. Callist. ), de Patriarchis CPolitanis Car-
ceiving the rising fortune of Mohammed, joined men lambicum, and Patriarchae CPoleos, apud
him ; and in 1413 he contributed to the defeat and Labbe, de Histor. Byzant. Scriptorib. IpotpettiKÓv;
death of prince Musa, who had succeeded his Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. i. col. 273 ; Cave,
brother Suleiman, in 1410, in the government of Hist. Litt. ad ann. 1240, vol. ii. p. 297, ed. Ox-
European Turkey. In reward for his assistance, ford, 1740—42 ; Oudin, Comment. de Scriptorib.
Manuel received from Mohammed several places on et Scriptis Eccles. vol. iii. col. 177. )
the Euxine, Thessalonica and its territory, and 5. CHRYSOLORAS. (CHRYSOLORAS. ]
several districts in the Peloponnesus. The latter 6. Of CONSTANTINOPLE, 1. [No. 4. ]
part of the reign of Manuel was quiet. Still 7. Of CONSTANTINOPLE, 2. There were two
hoping that the Western princes would finally Manuels patriarchs of Constantinople, Manuel I.
unite for the purpose of putting an end to the Charitopulus (No. 4. ) and Manuel II. , the subject
Turkish dominion and restoring the Greek empire, of the present article. Cave, Oudin, and others,
he sent ambassadors to the Council of Constance seem to have confounded the two, for they state
with seeming instructions to effect a union of the that Manuel Charitopulus succeeded Germanus II.
Latin and Greek churches. But his real intentions (GERMANUS, No. 8) in a. d. 1240. Charitopulus
were quite different ; he never earnestly wished was the predecessor of Germanus, not his successor;
for such an union ; and Phranza (ii. 13) was wit- Manuel II. was his successor, though not imme
ness when the emperor openly said that he nego- diately, for the brief patriarchate of Methodius II.
tiated with the Western princes for no other and a vacancy in the see, of considerable but un-
purpose but causing fear to the Turks. This certain length, intervened. Manuel's death is
was well known in Europe; and while Greek distinctly fixed as having occurred two months
fickleness and duplicity prevented a cordial under- before that of the emperor Joannes Ducas Vatatzes
standing between the East and the West, it be- | (JOANNES III. ), which occurred 30th Oct. A. D.
of the larut
the ambiti
VIII. der
Lascaris ja
in the empa
AD. 1. 261
cing his
of Michaela
he had ex
poung emp
to the nora
there har
tunity, be
that the
nople (GE
tension to
bn to be
instructior
upon the
alow him
2. co conie
meu, te
ad show
pete fort
Greek ar
the socie
Н.
1
teartily i
by asist
sides, an
& synod
i
me ape
proach ;
tunt an
being tor
the en
church,
to the
1973.
starting
Fations
## p. 925 (#941) ############################################
MANUEL
925
MARCELLA.
1255. The duration of his patriarchate is fixed streets. In A. p. 1283, after the accession of Andro-
by Nicephorus Callisti, according to Le Quien, at nicus II. Palacologus, son of Michael, who pursued
eleven years, but the table in the Protrozticon of with respect to the union of the churches an oppo-
Labbe assigns to him fourteen years ; so that A. D. site policy to that of his father, Holobolus appeared
1241 or 1244 will be assumed as the year of his in the synod of Constintinople, in which Joannes
accession, according as one or the other of these Veccus (VeccUS) was deposed from the patriarchate
authorities is preferred. Manuel held, before his of Constantinople, and he took part in the subse-
patriarchate, a high place among the ecclesiastics of quent disputations with that chief of the Latinizing
the Byzantine court then fixed at Nice, and was party. Little else is known of Holobulus (Georg.
reputed a man of piety and holiness“ though Pachym. de Mich. Pulucol. iii. 11, iv. 14, v. 12,
married," and of mild and gentle disposition, but 20 ; De Andron. Palueol. i. 8, 34, 35. )
by no means learned. The threc Sententiae Sy- Holobolus wrote Versus Politici in Michaclem
nodales of the patriarch Manuel, given in the Jus Palaeoloyum, cited in the Glossurium in Scriptores
Gracco-Romanum, undoubtedly belong to this pa-Med. et Infim.
;
Others, however, represented Mannus, who was he and his colleagues were delivered, on their way
worshipped as a god, as the father of more than through Asia Minor, by Pharnabazus to Cyrus,
three sons. Mannus is perhaps the same being as who had come down with instructions from his
Irmin who is mentioned by other authors among father to aid the Lacedaemonians ; and it was three
the German gods (Witechind of Corv. i. ; J. Grimm, years before they were released. (Xen. Hell. i.
Irmenstrasse und Irmensaüle, p. 41), and seems to 3. $ 13, 4. $$ 4—7. )
[E. E. )
have been a kind of German Mars; though some MA'NTIUS (Mártios), a son of Melampus, and
believe that Irmin was the deified Arminius. It brother of Antiphates. (Hom. Od. xv. 242 ; Paus.
is not impossible that in later times Irmin and Ar vi. 17. 4; comp. MELAMPUS. ) (L. S. ]
minius may have become identified in the ima- MANTO (Marta). 1. A daughter of the
gination of the people.
[L. S. ] Theban soothsayer Teiresias. She herself was a
MANNUS (Márvos). 1. A king of some part prophetess, first of the Ismenian Apollo at Thebes,
of Arabia bordering upon Mesopotamia, who sub- where monuments of her existed (Paus. ix. 10. Ś
mitted to Trajan on his expedition against the 3), and subsequently of the Delphian and Clarian
Parthians. (Dion Cass. lxviii. 21, 22. )
A pollo. After the taking of Thebes by the Epi-
2. A son or grandson of the preceding, who goni, she, with other captives, was dedicated to
lived in the reign of M. Aurelius, and several of Apollo at Delphi. The god sent the captives to
whose coins are extant, bearing the effigies of M. Asia, where they founded the sanctuary of Apollo
Aurelius and his wife Faustina, and of L. Verus not far from the place where afterwards the town
and his wife Lucilla. The one annexed bears the of, Colophon was built. Rhacius, a Cretan, who
head of Faustina, having for its legend, on the had settled there before, married Manto, and be-
obverse, PA VCTINA CEBACTH, and on the re- came by her the father of Mopsus. (Apollod. iii.
verse, BACIAE VC MANNOC PIAOP (NMAIOC). | 7. Ø 4Paus. vii. 3. § 1, ix. 33. $ 1 ; Strab. ix.
(Spanheim, De Praest. et Usu Numism. vol. ii. p. p. 443 ; Schol. ad Apollon. i. 908. ) According to
578; Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 513. )
Euripides, she had previously become the mother
of Amphilochus and Tisiphone, by Alcmaeon, the
leader of the Epigoni. (Apollod. iii. 7. $ 7. )
Being a prophetess of Apollo, she is also called
Daphne, i. e. the laurel virgin. (Diod. iv. 66 ;
comp. Athen. vii. p. 298. )
2. daughter of the soothsayer Polyeidus, and
sister of Astycrateia. The tombs of these two
sisters were shown at Megara, near the entrance of
COIN OF MANNUS,
the sanctuary of Dionysus. (Paus. i. 43. § 5. )
3. A daughter of Heracles, is likewise described
MANTIAS (Martelas, or rather Martlas), a as a prophetess, and as the personage from whom
physician, who was the tutor of Heracleides of the town of Mantua received its name. (Serv. ad
Tarentum (Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. Aen. x. 198. )
(L S. ]
ji
. 15, vol. xiii
. p. 462, 502), and one of the fol- MA'NUEL I. , COMNE'NUS (Mavouria ó
lowers of Herophilus (Id. De Compor. Medicam. Kournvós), emperor of Constantinople A. D. 1143
sec. Gen. vi. 9, vol. xii. p. 989); and who lived -- 1181, the fourth child and son of the emperor
therefore most probably in the third century B. C. Calo-Joannes (Joannes II. ), was born about A. D.
Galen says he was no ordinary physician (De 1120, and succeeded his father in 1143. Of
Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, ii. 1, vol. xi. p. 534), his three elder brothers, Alexis and Andronicus
and that he was the first who wrote a regular work had both died before their father ; but the third,
on pharmacy (De Compos. Medicam, sec. Gen. ii. Isaac Sebastocrator, was still alive, and would have
1, vol
. xiii. p. 462). His works on this subject, had better claims to the crown than Manuel, but
which are several times quoted by Galen, are lost, for a special declaration of the late emperor, who
but the titles of some of them have been preserved. preferred the younger to the elder on account of his
(De Simplic. Malicam. Temper, ac Facult. vi. praef. I martial qualities. Manuel was with his father
## p. 922 (#938) ############################################
922
MANUEL.
MANUEL
when the latter lost his life through an accident in of Corfu yielded to him after an obstinate and pro
Cilicia ; and fears were entertained that Isaac, who tracted siege, signalised by the death of his brother-
was then in Constantinople, would seize the supreme in-law, Stephanus Contostephanus, Magnus Dux,
power. But no sooner had John expired than the who was succeeded in the command by the faithful
faithful minister, Axuch, hastened to the capital, Axuch. The surrender of that important fortress
seized Isaac, confined him in a prison, and suc- was delayed by a bloody quarrel which broke out
ceeded in causing Manuel to be recognised in Con between the Greeks and the Venetians. In this.
stantinople, where he met with a brilliant reception, siege Manuel was foremost among those who
on his arrival from Cilicia, a short time afterwards. storined the town; and his fleet having one day
Manuel was scarcely seated on his throne, when made several fruitless attempts to drive the Sici-
he was involved in an uninterrupted series of wars lians from some outworks near the sea, he put hm
with the nations of the East as well as the West, self on the poop of a galley, and cheered his men
in which, though not always successful, he distin- on while showers of arrows and other missiles came
guished himself so much by his undaunted courage down upon the spot where he stood. His boldness
and heroic deeds as to deserve the name of the excited the admiration of the Sicilians, who ceased
greatest hero of a time when there was no lack of for a moment to make him the ains of their wea-
extraordinary achievements in the field. The dis- pons. They would, however, soon have despatched
covery that his brother Isanc secmed not to enter- hiin but for the voice of their commander, who
tain ambitious designs, and the re-establishment of cried out that it would be dishonourable to kill an
a good understanding between the two brothers, hero like Manuel. The emperor intended to attack
allowed Manuel to devote himself entirely to the Roger within his own dominions, but the crafty
conduct of his wars and to those endless in- Norman enticed the Servians and Hungarians to
trigues and negotiations in which he found him- make a diversion on the Danube. The former were
self involved. As early as 1144 his general, vanquished in two campaigns, when they begged
Demetrius Branas, forced Raymond, the Latin for peace ; and the Hungarian war lasted till 1152,
prince of Antioch, who had shaken off his allegi- when their king, Geisa, after having been beaten
ance towards the emperor, to submit to Greek in many pitched battles, promised to desist from
valour, and to renew, in Constantinople, the bonds molesting the empire. The peace, however, was of
of his vassalship. In the following year Manuel short duration. In the same year, 1152, Manuel
set out against the Turks, who had invaded Isauria, experienced a repulse in a war with the Turks in
defeated them in several pitched battles, and cast Cilicia ; but in Italy his armies met with glorious
such a terror among the Turkish soldiers, that they success. The Greeks having landed in Italy, took
would no longer keep the field ; whereupon peace Brundusium, Bari, and other places of importance ;
was concluded to the advantage of the victor. the fleet of the Sicilians was defeated in several
About this time Manuel found reason to distrust decisive engagements; and it seemed that John
his brother Isarc, who was deprived of his title of Ducas, the gallant commander-in-chief of the
Sebastocrator ; but as there was no direct evidence Greeks, would find no more obstacles in re-uniting
of treason against him, he was allowed to live on Southern Italy with the Byzantine empire. The
condition of retiring into a convent, where he spent sanguine hopes of Manuel were blighted by Wil-
the rest of his life. In the same year, 1147, liam, the successor of king Roger, who fell upon
Manuel received information from king Louis VII. Alexis Comnenus, the successor of John Ducas; and
of France, that the Western princes, headed by the after a severe struggle, routed the Greeks. At the
king and the emperor Conrad III. of Germany, same time the Greek fleet was defeated off Negro
had resolved upon a new crusade, and desired his pont; and Maius, the Sicilian admiral, sailed with-
alliance. Manuel promised it, but gave secret in- out loss of time for Constantinople, where he landed
forniation of the approaching storin to the Turks a considerable force. The inhabitants were thrown
Nevertheless he allowed Conrad to pass through into the utmost consternation ; but their fears soon
liis dominions with a vast army, and subsequently ceased, since Maius was not strong enough to
the French king also.
attempt any thing of importance, and consequently
While the Crusaders were fighting with the sailed home, satisfied with some booty and captives.
Turks, Manuel was involved in a war with Roger, These checks produced a great effect upon the
the Norman king of Sicily, who possessed likewise mind of Manuel, who, having received a very
a large portion of Southern Italy, and who, think-noble letter from king William, with offers of an
ing that the new crusade would prevent the Greek honourable peace, accepted the proposition, and
emperor from maintaining great forces in Europe, thus this memorable war terminated in 1155.
prepared for an invasion of Greece. This war, The conquests on both sides were given back, as
which broke out in 1148, is by far the most re- well as all the captives, except those Greeks taken
markable in the history of Manuel, who, however, by the Sicilians who were silk-weavers, and who
did not engage in it alone, but found an ally in the were to remain in Italy, where they laid the foun-
republic of Venice. Marching at the head of bis dation of the flourishing state of Italian silk manu-
veterans towards Macedonia, he was informed, factures. The following years were signalised by
while at Philippopolis, that the Patzenegnes had hostilities with Raymond, prince of Antioch, who
crossed the Danube, probably excited by king was soon brought to obedience ; and Az-ed-din,
Roger. Without hesitating a moment, Manuel the Turkish Sultan, who met with no better suc-
wheeled to the right, fell upon the barbarians, cess, and went to Constantinople to sue for peace.
drove them back into the Dacian wildernesses ; The tranquillity of Asia was no sooner settled,
and after receiving hostages for their future good than a new and terrible war broke out in the north
behaviour, returned with rapid marches towards King Geisa of Hungary fancied that the forces of
Macedonia, embarked at Thessalonici, and landed the empire were exhausted by protracted warfare,
his host in Corfu before the end of the year. There and accordingly crossed the Danube. Manuel
be was joined by a Venetian army. The fortress intended to lead his arınies in person, but he
## p. 923 (#939) ############################################
MANUEL
923
MANUEL
ܪ
sielded to the entreaties of his subjects and his painful and long illness, be died on the 24th of
ministers, wbo wanted a firm head in the capital September following, at the age of sixty. The
during the approaching storm ; and the command reign of Manuel was glorious, yet presents nothing
of the army was consequently entrusted to Andro- but an uninterrupted series of bloodshed and de
nicus Contostephanus. Under Andronicus were vastation. Manuel was perhaps the greatest war-
Andronicus Lampados, Andronicus Comnenus, and rior of his time, but lie was far from being a great
Demetrius and Georgius Branas. The armies niet general. When young he
was virtuous, but
not far from Zeugminum, the present Semlin ; and after he had ascended the throne he plunged into
after one of the most bloody and obstinate contests all those vices by which the Greeks, and espe-
recorded in history, in which Demetrius Branas cially the Comnenian family, disgraced themselves.
was slain, and the left wing of the Greeks com- He oppressed his subjects by heavy war-taxes, yet
pletely routed, Andronicus Contostephanus at last he did not pay his troops, though he gave large
carried the day. So ternble was the loss of the pensions to ministers or other men of influence at
llungarians, that king Geisa sued for immediate foreign courts, where he was constantly intriguing.
peace, which was granted to him ; and during a He is said to have been deeply verscd in thcology,
considerable period the Byzantine influence was so but was certainly rather a great talker than a great
great in Hungary as to cause to its inhabitants thinker on religion. His first wife was Bertha
great uneasiness for their further independence. A (Irene), niece of Conrad III.
, emperor of Germany;
few years afterwards Manuel set out for Asia, and and his second Maria (Xene), daughter of Ray-
in an interview with king Amalric, who had just mond, prince of Antioch. His concubinage with
come to the throne, and intended to persuade his niece, Theodora Comnena, was a great disgrace
Manuel to send him some auxiliaries for an expedi- to him. He was succeeded by his only son,
tion into Egypt, Manuel accepted the proposition Alexis II. (Cinnam. lib. i. iv. ; Nicet. lib. ii. ii. ;
with joy ; but instead of a subordinate force, he Guill. Tyrensis, lib. xvi. We have more Latin or
equipped a fleet of 220 large ships, with a sufficient Western than Byzantine sources on the history of
army on board, under the command of Andronicus the time. )
(W. P. ]
Contostephanus (1169). When this powerful MA'NUEL II. , PALAEOʻLOGUS (Mavour'a
armament appeared off Ascalon it excited the jea- Nalalonúgos), emperor of Constantinople a. D.
lousy of Amalric, who was justly afraid that his 1391–1425, was the son of the emperor John VI. ,
share in the projected conquests would not answer in whose life is related the history of Manuel pre-
his expectation; and this jealousy gradually in- vious to his sole accession, which took place on the
stilling itself into the minds of all the party, be- death of John, in A. D. 1391. Manuel was then
came the cause of the final failure of the whole an hostage at the court of sultan Bayazid, but no
undertaking. The combined Latin and Greek sooner was he informed of the death of his father,
forces marched by land upon Damietta, where the than he escaped from Nicaea, and hastened to Con-
fleet appeared soon afterwards. The siege was stantinople, fearing lest his brother Andronicus
long ; but the town was at last reduced to such should seize the crown. His flight enraged the
extremity, that everybody expected its hourly sur- sultan, who, without declaring war, advanced with
render, when the treachery of either Amalric him his main army against Constantinople, and laid
self or one of his generals obliged the assailants to siege to it, swearing he would not retire till he had
raise the siege and retreat into Palestine. In order taken the city, and put the emperor to death. In
to clear himself from any blame, Amalric went to this extremity Manuel implored the assistance of
Constantinople, where he met with a splendid re- the Western princes, with whom he had constant
ception from Manuel, who was ready to join him negotiations: his efforts were crowned with success,
in a second expedition, when he was unexpectedly inasmuch as a powerful army, composed of
involved in two wars, with the Venetians and the Hungarians, Germans, and French, headed by the
Turks. In 1176 Manuel suffered a dreadful defeat flower of European chivalry and nobility, appeared
near Myriocephalus from Sultan Az-ed-din, in on the Turkish frontier, and obliged Bayazid to
spite of his almost incredible personal valour, and raise the siege, and defend his own kingdom. The
completely surrounded by superior forces, was com- unfortunate battle of Nicopolis, in 1396, where the
pelled to make a dishonourable peace, promising, allies were routed, and 10,000 of them, who were
among other conditions, to raze the fortresses of taken prisoners, massacred by the victors on the
Sableium and Dorylaeum (1176). • Anxious to field of battle, seemed to be the signal for the final
revenge himself for such unexpected disgrace, destruction of the Greek empire, for no sooner had
Manuel broke the peace, and the war was renewed Bayazid obtained that decisive victory on the
this time with better success for the Greeks, who banks of the Danube, than he changed the blockade
routed Az-ed-din in Lydia, and finally obtained an of Constantinople into a close siege. The obstinate
bonourable peace (1177). Manuel now proposed resistance of the inhabitants, and the attention
to the emperor Frederic an alliance against king which the sultan was obliged to pay to the ap-
Henry of Sicily, whom he intended to deprive of proaching danger arising from the conquests of
all his dominions; but the negotiations to that Timur, delayed the surrender of the Greek capital;
effect were carried on slowly; and it seemed that and after a blockade and siege of nearly six years,
Manuel had lost his former energy. In fact, the the belligerent parties came to terms. Manuel
defeat at Myriocephalus preyed upon his mind; turned the friendship of Bayazid for John, the son
his strength was undermined by a slow fever ; and of the blinded Andronicus, to his own advantage.
in the spring of 1180 he was compelled to keep to He gave his nephew the government Constanti-
his bed, from which he never rose again. After a nople, reserving for himself the Peloponnesus,
whither he proceeded with his family, and then set
Roger de Hoveden, the English historian, was out for Europe, to beg succour from the Western
present at this battle, serving as a volunteer in the princes. Italy, France, and Germany, received
the imperial suppliant with all tbe honours due to
3
.
Greek army.
## p. 924 (#940) ############################################
924
MANUEL
MANUEL.
1933. The dura
by Nicephorus C
eieres pearsbet
Labbe assi, as to
1241 6124 W
authorities is po
para teate, a L
the Byzantines
reputed a man
marted," and
by no means
oder of the
Graeco-Romani
trarch, not to
sexcord of the
expressly date
Constant =
ereciais a le
Patriarcha CF
of this artic
51, 52, 53. P
107. 110, i
Dess. Vatatz
TI 8972; D
quen, One
Oldin as in
P. 66&)
& Kolor
his rank ; but his prayers for assistance were in came one of the principal causes of the destruction
vain, and he returned to Constantinople in 1402, of the Greek empire. Manuel died in 1425, at
at a moment when a great political crisis made his the age of 77, and was succeeded by his eldest son
presence most necessary. During his absence, John John (VII. ), whom he had by his wife Irene,
reigned with absolute power, having obtained his daughter of Constantine Dragas, and whom he
recognition from Bayazid, on conditions which show created co-emperor in 1419. (Laonic. i. 2 ; Ducas,
the state of helpless weakness into which the small c. 12–15; Phranza, i. 16, &c. ) [W. P. )
remnant of the Byzantine empire was sunk. At MANUEL (Mavouha), literary and ecclesias
that period there were already three mosques in tical.
Constantinople, where a numerous Mohammedan 1. Of BYZANTIUM. Among the writers enu-
population enjoyed the free exercise of their reli- merated by Joannes Scylitzes Curopalates, who
gion. To these John was compelled to add a lived in the latter part of the eleventh century, in
fourth ; and besides, the sultan obtained the privi- the commenceinent of his Lúvoyıs (otopiwv, ns
lege of establishing in the capital a “ mehkeme," having written on historical subjects, but in a very
or court of justice, where a Turkish kadi,” or imperfect manner, after Theophanes, is Manuel of
judge, administered justice in the name of the Byzantium. It is probable that he was of very
sultan, who incrensed the number of Mohammedans inferior reputation even in the days of Scylitzes, as
by settling a numerous colony of Turkmans at Cedrenus (p. 2, ed. Paris, vol. i. p. 2, ed. Bonn),
Kiniki, a borough in the immediate vicinity of in transcribing the passage, does not mention his
Constantinople. A yearly tribute of 10,000 ducats name, but comprehends him under the somewhat
was added as another condition.
contemptuous terrm οι λοιποί Βυζάντιοι, “ the other
Considering Constantinople a prey which he Byzantines. ”
could seize at the first opportunity, Bayazid re- 2. BRYENNIUS. [BRYENNIUS. )
solved, first to subdue Greece, the greater part of 3. CALECAS. (CALECAS. ]
which was then governed by Latin princes, among 4. CHARITOPULUS (6 Xapitonovios), or SARAN-
whom the dukes of Delphi and Athens were the TENUS (• Eapavtnvós), or the PhiLOSOPHER, a
principal. Greece was an easy conquest, and Greek ecclesiastic of the twelfth and thirteenth
Athens, which the Turks still called the city of centuries, acquired a high reputation by his phi-
philosophers, became for some time the seat of a losophical attainments
. He was appointed patriarch
Turkish pasha. The fall of Constantinople now of Constantinople on the death of Maximus II. ,
seemed to be inevitable, and Bayazid had already which occurred in a. D. 1215, and held the patri-
assembled an army for its speedy reduction, when archate for five years and seven months, dying
the great Timur invaded Asia Minor with a count- about the middle of A. D. 1221. Three synodal
less host. At Angora (1402) the Turkish army decrees of a Manuel, patriarch of Constantinople,
was annihilated by the Tatar; and Bayazid, with are given in the Jus Graeco-Romanum of Leun-
his son Musa, fell into the hands of the victor. clavius (lib. iii. p. 238, &c. ), who assigns them to
This unexpected event saved Manuel. Bayazid Charitopulus, and is followed by Cave and Oudin,
died soon after his captivity ; and Timur, who left who have confounded Charitopulus with another
Asia Minor for the purpose of conquering China, Manuel (No. 7). Le Quien objects to this judg-
died in 1405. Meanwhile, the sons of Bayazid ment of Leunclavius, as not founded on eridence;
seized each a portion of their father's empire; and and with better reason adjudges them to Manuel II.
the Tatar having withdrawn from Asia Minor, a Ephraem of Constantinople celebrates Charitopulus
civil war broke out between the Turkish princes, as φύλαξ ακριβής και νόμων και κανόνων, “ an exact
which ended in the undisputed government of observer of the laws and canons. " (Georg. Acro-
prince Mohammed, the first of the sultans of that polit. Annal. c. 19, p. 17, ed. Paris, p. 35, ed.
name (1415). During these disturbances Manuel Bonn ; Ephraem. de Patriarchis CP. vs. 10251,
ructed with diplomatic skill: he first removed his ed. Bonn ; Anonymus (supposed by some to be
nephew, John, from the government; and per- Niceph. Callist. ), de Patriarchis CPolitanis Car-
ceiving the rising fortune of Mohammed, joined men lambicum, and Patriarchae CPoleos, apud
him ; and in 1413 he contributed to the defeat and Labbe, de Histor. Byzant. Scriptorib. IpotpettiKÓv;
death of prince Musa, who had succeeded his Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. i. col. 273 ; Cave,
brother Suleiman, in 1410, in the government of Hist. Litt. ad ann. 1240, vol. ii. p. 297, ed. Ox-
European Turkey. In reward for his assistance, ford, 1740—42 ; Oudin, Comment. de Scriptorib.
Manuel received from Mohammed several places on et Scriptis Eccles. vol. iii. col. 177. )
the Euxine, Thessalonica and its territory, and 5. CHRYSOLORAS. (CHRYSOLORAS. ]
several districts in the Peloponnesus. The latter 6. Of CONSTANTINOPLE, 1. [No. 4. ]
part of the reign of Manuel was quiet. Still 7. Of CONSTANTINOPLE, 2. There were two
hoping that the Western princes would finally Manuels patriarchs of Constantinople, Manuel I.
unite for the purpose of putting an end to the Charitopulus (No. 4. ) and Manuel II. , the subject
Turkish dominion and restoring the Greek empire, of the present article. Cave, Oudin, and others,
he sent ambassadors to the Council of Constance seem to have confounded the two, for they state
with seeming instructions to effect a union of the that Manuel Charitopulus succeeded Germanus II.
Latin and Greek churches. But his real intentions (GERMANUS, No. 8) in a. d. 1240. Charitopulus
were quite different ; he never earnestly wished was the predecessor of Germanus, not his successor;
for such an union ; and Phranza (ii. 13) was wit- Manuel II. was his successor, though not imme
ness when the emperor openly said that he nego- diately, for the brief patriarchate of Methodius II.
tiated with the Western princes for no other and a vacancy in the see, of considerable but un-
purpose but causing fear to the Turks. This certain length, intervened. Manuel's death is
was well known in Europe; and while Greek distinctly fixed as having occurred two months
fickleness and duplicity prevented a cordial under- before that of the emperor Joannes Ducas Vatatzes
standing between the East and the West, it be- | (JOANNES III. ), which occurred 30th Oct. A. D.
of the larut
the ambiti
VIII. der
Lascaris ja
in the empa
AD. 1. 261
cing his
of Michaela
he had ex
poung emp
to the nora
there har
tunity, be
that the
nople (GE
tension to
bn to be
instructior
upon the
alow him
2. co conie
meu, te
ad show
pete fort
Greek ar
the socie
Н.
1
teartily i
by asist
sides, an
& synod
i
me ape
proach ;
tunt an
being tor
the en
church,
to the
1973.
starting
Fations
## p. 925 (#941) ############################################
MANUEL
925
MARCELLA.
1255. The duration of his patriarchate is fixed streets. In A. p. 1283, after the accession of Andro-
by Nicephorus Callisti, according to Le Quien, at nicus II. Palacologus, son of Michael, who pursued
eleven years, but the table in the Protrozticon of with respect to the union of the churches an oppo-
Labbe assigns to him fourteen years ; so that A. D. site policy to that of his father, Holobolus appeared
1241 or 1244 will be assumed as the year of his in the synod of Constintinople, in which Joannes
accession, according as one or the other of these Veccus (VeccUS) was deposed from the patriarchate
authorities is preferred. Manuel held, before his of Constantinople, and he took part in the subse-
patriarchate, a high place among the ecclesiastics of quent disputations with that chief of the Latinizing
the Byzantine court then fixed at Nice, and was party. Little else is known of Holobulus (Georg.
reputed a man of piety and holiness“ though Pachym. de Mich. Pulucol. iii. 11, iv. 14, v. 12,
married," and of mild and gentle disposition, but 20 ; De Andron. Palueol. i. 8, 34, 35. )
by no means learned. The threc Sententiae Sy- Holobolus wrote Versus Politici in Michaclem
nodales of the patriarch Manuel, given in the Jus Palaeoloyum, cited in the Glossurium in Scriptores
Gracco-Romanum, undoubtedly belong to this pa-Med. et Infim.
