No More Learning

home altogether. Crossing the Aegaean with only
2. A very ancient poet of Corcyra, mentioned five ships, they effected the revoli first of Chios,
by Demetrius of Phalerus (up. Tzetz. Prolegom, ad Erythrae, and Clazomenae ; then, with the Chian
Lycophr. ; see Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vi. p. 361. ) fleet, of 'Teos; and finally, of Miletus, upon which
3. A grammarian (father of APOLLONIUS, No. ensued the first treaty with Tissaphernes. From
10), who is quoted several times in the Scholia on this time Chalcideus seems to have remained at
Homer, Pindar, and Aristophanes. He was pro- Miletus, watched by an Athenian force at Lade.
bably contemporary with Diodorus of Tarsus. Meanwhile, the Athenians were beginning to exert
(Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. i. p. 508, ii. pp. 84, 396, iv. I themselves actively, and from the small number of
pp. 275, 380, vi. p. 361. )
[E. E. ] Chalcideus' ships, they were able to confine him to
CHAERON (Xaipwv), a son of Apollo and Miletus, and cut off his communication with the
Thero, the daughter of Phydas, is the mythical disaffected towns; and before he could be joined
founder of Chaeroneia in Boeotia. (Paus. ix. 40. by the high-admiral Astyochus (who was engaged
$ 3; Steph. Byz. s. r. Xaspávera ; Plut. Sulla, at Chios and Lesbos on his first arrival in lonia),
17. )
[L. S. ) Chalcideus was killed in a skirmish with the Athe-
CHAERON (Xalpwr), or, according to another nian troops at Lade in the summer of the same
reading, CHARON, a Lacedaemonian, who ap- year (412 B. c. ) in which he had left Greece.
pears to have belonged to the party of Nabis; for (Thuc. viii. 6, 8, 11, 17, 24. ) [A. H. C. )
we find him at Rome in B. C. 183 as the represen- CHALCI'DIUS, styled in MSS. Vir Claris-
tative of those who had been banished or con simus, a designation altogether indefinite, but very
demned to death by the Achaeans when they took frequently applied to grammarians, was a Platonic
Sparta in B. C. 188, and restored the exiled philosopher, who lived probably during the sixth
enemies of the tyrant. On this occasion the ob-century of the Christian aera, although many place
ject of Chaeron's mission was obtained. (Polyb. him as early as the fourth. He wrote an “ In-
xxiv. 4; Liv. xxxix. 48 ; comp. Plut. Philop. 17. ) terpretatio Latina partis prioris Timaei Platonici,”
He was again one of the ambassadors sent to to which is appended a voluminous and learned
Roine in B. c. 181, to inform the senate of the commentary inscribed to a certain Osius or Hosius,
recent admission of Lacedaemon for the second whom Barth and others have asserted, upon no
time into the Achaean league and of the terms of sure grounds, to be Osius bishop of Cordova, who
the union. (See p. 569, a. ; Polyb. xxv. 2; Liv. xl. took a prominent part in the proceedings of the
2, 20. ) Polybius represents him as a clever young great council of Nicaea, held in A. D. 325. The
man, but a profligate demagogue; and accordingly writer of these annotations refers occasionally with
we find him in the ensuing year wielding a sort respect to the Mosaic dispensation, and speaks, as
of brief tyranny at Sparta, squandering the public a believer might, of the star which heralded the
money, and dividing lands, unjustly seized, among nativity of our Lord, but expresses himself
the lowest of the people. Apollonides and other throughout with so much ambiguity or so much
commissioners were appointed to check these pro- caution, that he has been claimed by men of all
ceedings and examine the public accounts; but creeds. Some have not scrupled to maintain, that
Chaeron had Apollonides assassinated, for which he was a deacon or archdeacon of the church at
he was brought to trial by the Achaeans and cast Carthage; Fulgentius Planciades dedicates his
into prison. (Polyb. xxv. 8. ) (E. E. )
Allegoria librorum Virgilii” and “ De
CHAERON (Xalpwr), a man of Megalopolis, prisco Sermone” to a Chalcidius, who may be the
m
tracts


## p. 680 (#700) ############################################

a
660 CIIALCOCONDYLES.
CHALCOCONDYLES.
person whom we are now discussing, and calls him of the Turks and of the later period of the Byzan-
6. Levitarum Sanctissimus ;" but in reality it is tine empire, which begins with the year 1298,
impossible to discover from internal evidence whe- and goes down to the conquest of Corinth and the
ther the author of the translation froin I'lato was invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Turks in 1463,
Christian, Jew, or Hlenthen, or, as Moshein has thus including the capture of Constantinople by
very plausibly conjectured, a sort of nondescript the Turks in 1453. Chaicocondyles, a slitesman
combination of all three. He certainly gives no of great experience and of extensive learning, is a
hint that the individual to whom the book is ad trustworthy historian, whose style is interesting
dressed was a dignified ecclesiastic or even and attractive, and whose work is one of the most
member of the church. This translation was first important sources for the history of the decline and
printed under the inspection of Augustinus Jus fall of the Greek empire. His work, however,
tinianus, bishop of Nebio in Corsica, by Badius which is divided into ten books, is not very
Ascensius, Paris, fol. 1520, illustrated by numerous well arranged, presenting in several instances the
mathematical diagrams very unskilfully executed; aspect of a book composed of difierent essays,
a second edition, containing also the fragments of notes, and other materials, written occasionally,
Cicero's version of the same dialogue, appeared at and afterwards put together with too little care for
Paris, 4to. 1563; a third at Leyden, 4to. 1617, their logical and chronological order. Another
with the notes and corrections of Jo. Meursius ; defect of the author is his display of matters which
the most recent and best is that of J. A. Fabricius, very often have nothing to do with the chief sub
Hamburg. fol. 1718, placed at the end of the ject, and which he apparently inserted in order to
second volume of the works of Saint Hippolytus. shew the variety of his knowledge. But if they
The text was improved by the collation of a are extraneous to his historical object, they are
Bodleian MS. , and the notes of Meursius are given valuable to us, as they give us an idea of the
entire. (Cave, Histor. Liter. Eccles. Script. vol. i. knowledge of the Greeks of his time, espe-
p. 199, ed. Basil. ; Barthius, Adv. xxii. 16, xlviii. cially with regard to history, geography, and
& ; Funccius, De inerti ac decrepita Linguae la ethnography. Among these episodes there is a
tinae Senectute, c. ix. § 5; Brucker, Histor. Crit. most interesting description of the greater part of
Philos. vol. iii. p. 546, iv. p. 1322. ) [W. R. ] Europe, which had been disclosed to the eyes of
CHALCIOECUS (Xanxioukos)," the goddess the Greeks by the political travels of several of
of the brazen house," a surname of Athena at their emperors in the fourteenth and fifteenth cen-
Sparta, derived from the brazen temple which the turies. (ii. pp. 36–50, ed. Paris. ) He says that
goddess had in that city, and which also contained Germany stretches from Vienna to the ocean, and
her statue in brass. This temple, which continued from Prague to the river Tartessus (! ) in the Py-
to exist in the time of Pausanias, was believed to renees (! ! ); but he observes with great justness,
have been commenced by Tyndareus, but was not
that if the Germans were united under one head,
completed till many years later by the Spartan they would be the most powerful nation ; that
artist Gitiadas. (Paus. iii. 17. $ 3, x. 5. $ 5; C. there are more than two hundred free towns
Nep. Puus. 5; Polyb. iv. 22. ) Respecting the flourishing by trade and industry ; that the
festival of the Chalcioecia celebrated at Sparta, mechanical arts are cultivated by them with great
see Dict. of Ant. s. v. Xankiolikta. [L. S. ] success; that they have invented gun-powder, and
CHALČI'OPE (Xalkióan)1. A daughter of that they are fond of duelling. The passage treat-
Rhexenor, or according to others of Chalcodon, ing of Germany is given with a Latin translation
was the second wife of Aegeus. (Apollod. iii. 15. and notes in Freherus “Corpus Script. Rer. Germ. ”
§ 6; Athen. xiii. p. 556. )
As to England, he says that it lies opposite to
2. A daughter of king Eurypylus in the island Flanders-a country but too well known to the
of Cos, and mother of Thessalus. (Hon. Il. ii. Greeks--and is composed of three islands united
679 ; Apollod. ii. 7. 8 8. ) There is a third mythical under one government; he mentions the fertility
personage of this name. (Apollod. i. 9. & 1. ) (L. S. ) of the soil, the mildness of the climate, the manu-
CHALCIS (Xankis), one of the daughters of ; facture of woollen cloth, and the flourishing trade
Asopus and Metope, from whom the town of of the great metropolis, London (Auvõúvn). His
Chalcis in Enboea was said to have derived its description of her bold and active inhabitants is
name. (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 279. ).
According to correct, and he was informed of their being the
others, Chalcis was the mother of the Curetes and first bowmen in the world ; but when he says
Corybantes, the former of whom were among the that their language has no affinity with that of any
earliest inhabitants of Chalcis. (Schol. Vict. ad other nation, he perhaps confounded the English
Hom. Il. xiv. 291; Strab. x. p. 447. ) [L. S. ] language with the Irish. He states that their
CHALCOCONDYLES, or, by contraction, manners and habits were exactly like those of the
CHALCONDYLES, LAO'NICUS or NICO- French, which was an error as to the nation at
LAUS (Λαόνικος or Νικολάος Χαλκοκονδύλης or large, but tolerably correct if applied to the nobles ;
Xankovdúns), a Byzantine historian of the fif the great power and turbulence of the aristocracy
teenth century of the Christian aera, of whose life were well known to him. At that time strangers
little is known, except that he was sent by the and visitors were welcomed by the ladies in England
emperor John VII. Palaeologus, as ambassador to with a kiss, a custom which one hundred years later
the camp of Sultan Murad 11. during the siege of moved the sympathizing heart of the learned Eras-
Constantinople in A. D. 1446. Hamberger (Gelehrte mus Roterodamus, and caused him to express liis
Nuchrichten von berühmten Männern, dc. vol. iv. delight in his charming epistle to Faustus An-
p. 764) shews, that he was still living in 1402, drelinus : the Greek, brought up among depraved
but it is scarcely credible that he should have been men, and accustomed to witness but probably to
alive in 1490, and even later, as Vossius thinks abhor disgraceful usages, draws scandalous and
(De Historicis Graecis, ii. 30). Chalcocondyles, revolting conclusions froin that token of kindness.
who was a native of Athens, has written a history The principal MSS. of Chaicocondyles are those


## p. 681 (#701) ############################################

CHALCON.
681
CHARAX.
:
in the Bodleian, in the libraries of the Escurial, CHALCO'STHENES. 1. A statuary in bronze,
and of Naples, in the Bibl. Laurentiana at Flo- who made statues of comoedians and athletes.
rence, several in the royal library at Munich and (Plin. 11. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. $ 27. )
in the royal library at Paris, and that of the for- 2. A statuary at Athens, who made statues in
mer Coislin library now united with the royal unburnt clay (cruda opera, Plin. H. N. xxxv. 12.
library at Paris. The history of Chalcocondyles was 6. 45). The statement of Pliny, that the Cera-
first published in Latin translations, the first of meicus was so called from his place of work haring
which is that of Conradus Clauscrus of Zürich, been in it, though incorrect, seems however to point
Basel, 1556, fol. ; the same corrected and compared out the great antiquity of the artist. It is possi-
with an unedited translation of Philippus Gunde- | ble, but not very probable, that the two passages
lius appended to the edition of Nicephorus Grego- i of Pliny refer to the same person. [P. S. )
ras, ibid. 1562, fol. ; the same together with Latin CHALINI'TIS (Xaliitis ), the tamer of
translations of Zonaras, Nicetas, and Nicephorus horses by means of the bridle (xalıvós), a sur-
Gregoras, Frankfort on-the-Main, 1568, fol. The name of Athena, under which she had a temple at
Greek text was first published, with the transla- Corinth. In order to account for the name, it is
tion and notes of Clauserus, and the works of related, that she tamed Pegasus and gave him to
Nicephorus Gregoras and Georgius Acropolita, at Bellerophontes, although the general character of
Geneva, 1615, fol. Fabrot perused this edition the goddess is sufficient to explain the surname.
for his own, which belongs to the Paris collection (Paus. ii. 4. & 1; comp. Athena. ) (L. S. )
of the Byzantine historians (1650, fol); be collated CHAMAE'LEON (Xamaidéwv), a Peripatetic
two MSS. of the royal library at Paris, and cor- philosopher of Heracleia on the Pontus, was one of
rected both the text and the translation of the the immediate disciples of Aristotle. He wrote
Geneva edition; he added the history of Ducas, a works on several of the ancient Greek poets,
glossary, and a Latin translation of the German | namely, περί 'Ανακρέοντος, περί Σαπφούς, περί
version, by John Gaudier, called Spiegel, of a | Σιμωνίδου, περί Θεσπίδος, περί Αισχύλου, περί
Turkish MS. work on the earlier Turkish history. Adoov, tepi Nuvodpov, nepi Etnoixópou. He also
The French translation of Chalcocondyles by Blaise wrote on the Iliad, and on Comedy (Tepi Kwuwbías).
de Vigenere, was edited and continued at first by | In this last work he treated, among other subjects,
Artus Thomas, a dull writer and an equivocal of the dances of comedy. (Athen. xiv. p. 628, e. )
scholar, and after him by Mézerai, who continued This work is quoted by Athenaeus (ix. p. 374, a. )
the work down to the year 1661. This latter by the title nepi tñs åpxalas Kwugiðías, which is
edition, which is in the library of the British Mu- also the title of a work by the Peripatetic philoso-
seum, is a useful book. None of these editions is pher Eumelus. (Meineke, as quoted below. ) It
satisfactory : the text is still susceptible of correc- would seem also that he wrote on Hesiod, for
tions, and there is a chance of getting important Diogenes says, that Chamaeleon accused Heracleides
additions, as the different MSS. bave not all been Ponticus of having stolen from him his work con-
collated. Besides, we want a good commentary, cerning Homer and Hesiod. (v. 6. & 92. ) The
which will present the less difficulties, as the ma- abore works were probably both biographical and
terials of it are already given in the excellent notes critical. He also wrote works entitled tepi Dewv,
of Baron von Hammer-Purgstall to the first and and repl oatúpwv, and some moral treatises, hepi
second volumes of his work cited below. From nidovñs (which was also ascribed to Theophrastus),
these notes and other remarks of the learned i potpetrikov, and repl méons. Of all his works
Baron we learn, that he considers Chalcocondyles only a few fragments are preserved by Athenaeus
as a trustworthy historian, and that the reproach and other ancient writers. (Ionsius, Script. Hist.
of credulity with which he has been charged Philos. i. 17; Voss. de Hist. Gruec. p. 413, ed.
should be confined to his geographical and histo- Westermann; Böckh, Praef. ad Pind. Schol. P.
rical knowledge of Western Europe. We venture Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. [P. S. ]
to hope that the editors of the Bonn collection of CHAMYNE (Xauúvn), a surname of Demeter
the Byzantines will furnish us with such a com- in Elis, which was derived either from the earth
mentary. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vii. pp. 793—795; having opened (xaive. v) at that place to receive
Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte des Osmanischen Pluto, or from one Chamynus, to whom the build-
Reiches, vol. i. p. 469, ii. p. 83. ) [W. P. ] ing of a temple of Demeter at Elis was ascribed.
CHALCO'DON (Xankcswv). 1. A son of (Paus. vi. 21. o 1. )
[L. S. ]
Abas, king of the Chalcidians in Euboea. He was CHAOS (Xáos), the vacant and infinite space
elain by Amphitryon in a battle against the Thebans, which existed according to the ancient cosmogonies
and his tomb was seen as late as the time of Pan- previous to the creation of the world (Hes. Theog.
sanias. (viii. 15. $ 3; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 281. ) 116), and out of which the gods, men, and all
2. A Coan who wounded Heracles in a fight' at things arose. A different definition of Chaos is
night. (Apollod. i. 7. $ 1. ) Theocritus (vii. 6) given by Ovid (Met. i. 1, &c. ), who describes it as
calls him Chalcon. There are four other mythical the confused mass containing the elements of all
personages of this name. (Apollod. ii. 1. $ 5, iii. things that were forined out of it. According to
5. Ø 15; Paus. vi. 21. Ø 7, viii. 15. ^ 3; Hom. Hesiod, Chaos was the mother of Erebos and
Il. ii. 741, iv. 463. )
(L. S. ) Nyx. Some of the later poets use the word Chaos
CHALCON (Xáhrwv). 1. [CHALCODON, No. 2. ] in the general sense of the airy realms, of darkness,
2. A wealthy Myrmidon, and father of Ba- or the lower world.
(L. S. )
thycles. (Hom. Il. xvi. 594, &c. )
CHARAX (Xápas), of Pergamus, an historian
3. Of Cyparissus, the shield-bearer of Antilo- and priest, who wrote two large works, the one, in
chus. He was in love with the Amazon Penthe forty books, called 'Exinuirá, the other named
sileia, but on hastening to her assistance he was Xpoviná, of which the sixteenth book is quoted
killed by Achilles, and the Greeks nailed his body by Stephanus Byzantinus (s. v. 'n peós).