No More Learning

But now I shall, I
think, because of this chance, get leave this next week to come
home and see you, and then shall we further devise together
upon all things, what order shall be best to take.
And thus as heartily fare-you-well, with all our children, as
ye can wish. At Woodstock, the third day of September [1528],
by the hand of your loving husband,
THOMAS MORE, Knight.
LIFE IN UTOPIA
From 'Utopia'
THE
HERE are fifty-four cities in the island, all large and well built,
the manners, customs, and laws of which are the same, and
they are all contrived as near in the same manner as the
ground on which they stand will allow. The nearest lie at least
twenty-four miles' distance from one another, and the most remote


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SIR THOMAS MORE
10299
are not so far distant but that a man can go on foot in one
day from it to that which lies next it. Every city sends three of
their wisest senators once a year to Amaurot, to consult about
their common concerns; for that is the chief town of the island,
being situated near the centre of it, so that it is the most con-
venient place for their assemblies. The jurisdiction of every city
extends at least twenty miles; and where the towns lie wider,
they have much more ground. No town desires to enlarge its
bounds, for the people consider themselves rather as tenants than
landlords.
They have built, over all the country, farm-houses for hus-
bandmen; which are well contrived, and furnished with all things
necessary for country labor. Inhabitants are sent, by turns, from
the cities to dwell in them; no country family has fewer than
forty men and women in it, besides two slaves. There is a mas-
ter and a mistress set over every family, and over thirty fam-
ilies there is a magistrate. Every year twenty of this family
come back to the town after they have stayed two years in the
country, and in their room there are other twenty sent from the
town, that they may learn country work from those that have
been already one year in the country, as they must teach those
that come to them the next from the town. By this means such
as dwell in those country farms are never ignorant of agricult-
ure, and so commit no errors which might otherwise be fatal and
bring them under a scarcity of corn. But though there is every
year such a shifting of the husbandmen, to prevent any man
being forced against his will to follow that hard course of life.
too long, yet many among them take such pleasure in it that
they desire leave to continue in it many years.
These husbandmen till the ground, breed cattle, hew wood
and convey it to the towns either by land or water, as is most
convenient. They breed an infinite multitude of chickens in a
very curious manner: for the hens do not sit and hatch them,
but a vast number of eggs are laid in a gentle and equal heat
in order to be hatched; and they are no sooner out of the shell,
and able to stir about, but they seem to consider those that feed
them as their mothers, and follow them as other chickens do
the hen that hatched them. They breed very few horses, but
those they have are full of mettle, and are kept only for exercis-
ing their youth in the art of sitting and riding them; for they
do not put them to any work, either of plowing or carriage, in


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10300
SIR THOMAS MORE
which they employ oxen. For though their horses are stronger,
yet they find oxen can hold out longer; and as they are not sub-
ject to so many diseases, so they are kept upon a less charge and
with less trouble. And even when they are so worn out that
they are no more fit for labor, they are good meat at last. They
sow no corn but that which is to be their bread: for they drink
either wine, cider, or perry, and often water, sometimes boiled
with honey or liquorice, with which they abound; and though
they know exactly how much corn will serve every town and
all that tract of country which belongs to it, yet they sow much
more, and breed more cattle, than are necessary for their con-
sumption, and they give that overplus of which they make no
use to their neighbors.
When they want anything in the country which it does not
produce, they fetch that from the town, without carrying any-
thing in exchange for it. And the magistrates of the town take
care to see it given them; for they meet generally in the town.
once a month, upon a festival day. When the time of harvest
comes, the magistrates in the country send to those in the towns,
and let them know how many hands they will need for reaping.
the harvest; and the number they call for being sent to them,
they commonly dispatch it all in one day.
HE THAT knows one of their towns knows them all- they
are so like one another, except where the situation makes some
difference. I shall therefore describe one of them, and none
is so proper as Amaurot; for as none is more eminent (all the
rest yielding in precedence to this, because it is the seat of their
supreme council), so there was none of them better known to
me, I having lived five years all together in it.
It lies upon the side of a hill, or rather a rising ground. Its
figure is almost square: for from the one side of it, which shoots
up almost to the top of the hill, it runs down in a descent for
two miles, to the river Anider; but it is a little broader the
other way that runs along by the bank of that river. The Anider
rises about eighty miles above Amaurot, in a small spring at first.
But other brooks falling into it, of which two are more consider-
able than the rest, as it runs by Amaurot it is grown half a mile
broad; but it still grows larger and larger, till after sixty miles'
course below it, it is lost in the ocean. Between the town and
the sea, and for some miles above the town, it ebbs and flows


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SIR THOMAS MORE
10301
every six hours with a strong current. The tide comes up about
thirty miles so full that there is nothing but salt water in the
river, the fresh water being driven back with its force; and above
that, for some miles, the water is brackish; but a little higher,
as it runs by the town, it is quite fresh; and when the tide ebbs,
it continues fresh all along to the sea. There is a bridge cast
over the river, not of timber, but of fair stone, consisting of
many stately arches; it lies at that part of the town which is
farthest from the sea, so that the ships, without any hindrance,
lie all along the side of the town.
There is likewise another river that runs by it, which, though
it is not great, yet it runs pleasantly, for it rises out of the same
hill on which the town stands, and so runs down through it and
falls into the Anider. The inhabitants have fortified the fountain-
head of this river, which springs a little without the towns; that
so, if they should happen to be besieged, the enemy might not
be able to stop or divert the course of the water, nor poison it;
from thence it is carried in earthen pipes to the lower streets.
And for those places of the town to which the water of that
small river cannot be conveyed, they have great cisterns for
receiving the rain-water, which supplies the want of the other.
The town is compassed with a high and thick wall, in which
there are many towers and forts; there is also a broad and deep
dry ditch, set thick with thorns, cast round three sides of the
town, and the river is instead of a ditch on the fourth side. The
streets are very convenient for all carriage, and are well shel-
tered from the winds. Their buildings are good, and are so uni-
form that a whole side of a street looks like one house. The
streets are twenty feet broad. There lie gardens behind all
their houses; these are large, but inclosed with buildings, that
on all hands face the streets, so that every house has both a door
to the street and a back door to the garden. Their doors have
all two leaves, which, as they are easily opened, so they shut of
their own accord; and there being no property among them, every
man may freely enter into any house whatsoever. At every ten
years' end they shift their houses by lots. They cultivate their
gardens with great care, so that they have both vines, fruits,
herbs, and flowers in them; and all is so well ordered and so
finely kept that I never saw gardens anywhere that were both so
fruitful and so beautiful as theirs. And this humor of ordering
their gardens so well is not only kept up by the pleasure they


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10302
SIR THOMAS MORE
find in it, but also by an emulation between the inhabitants of the
several streets, who vie with each other. And there is, indeed,
nothing belonging to the whole town that is both more useful
and more pleasant. So that he who founded the town seems
to have taken care of nothing more than of their gardens; for
they say the whole scheme of the town was designed at first
by Utopus, but he left all that belonged to the ornament and
improvement of it to be added by those that should come after
him, that being too much for one man to bring to perfection.
Their records, that contain the history of their town and State,
are preserved with an exact care, and run backwards seventeen
hundred and sixty years. From these it appears that their houses
were at first low and mean, like cottages, made of any sort of
timber, and were built with mud walls and thatched with straw.
But now their houses are three stories high; the fronts of them
are faced either with stone, plastering, or brick, and between the
facings of their walls they throw in their rubbish. Their roofs
are flat; and on them they lay a sort of plaster, which costs very
little, and yet is so tempered that it is not apt to take fire, and
yet resists the weather more than lead. They have great quan-
tities of glass among them, with which they glaze their windows;
they use also in their windows a thin linen cloth, that is so oiled
or gummed that it both keeps out the wind and gives free admis-
sion to the light.
SLAVERY AND PUNISHMENTS FOR CRIME
From Utopia'
THE
HEY do not make slaves of prisoners of war, except those
that are taken in battle; nor of the sons of their slaves,
nor of those of other nations: the slaves among them are
only such as are condemned to that state of life for the commis-
sion of some crime, or, which is more common, such as their mer-
chants find condemned to die in those parts to which they trade,
whom they sometimes redeem at low rates; and in other places.
have them for nothing. They are kept at perpetual labor, and are
always chained, but with this difference, that their own natives
are treated much worse than others; they are considered as more
profligate than the rest, and since they could not be restrained by
the advantages of so excellent an education, are judged worthy


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SIR THOMAS MORE
10303
of harder usage. Another sort of slaves are the poor of the
neighboring countries, who offer of their own accord to come and
serve them; they treat these better, and use them in all other
respects as well as their own countrymen, except their impos-
ing more labor upon them, which is no hard task to those that
have been accustomed to it: and if any of these have a mind
to go
back to their own country,-which indeed falls out but
seldom, as they do not force them to stay, so they do not send
them away empty-handed.
·
Their law does not determine the punishment for other crimes;
but that is left to the Senate, to temper it according to the cir-
cumstances of the fact. Husbands have power to correct their
wives, and parents to chastise their children, unless the fault is
so great that a public punishment is thought necessary for strik-
ing terror into others. For the most part slavery is the punish-
ment even of the greatest crimes; for as that is no less terrible
to the criminals themselves than death, so they think the pre-
serving them in a state of servitude is more for the interest
of the commonwealth than killing them; since as their labor is
a greater benefit to the public than their death could be, so the
sight of their misery is a more lasting terror to other men
than that which would be given by their death. If their slaves
rebel, and will not bear their yoke and submit to the labor that
is enjoined them, they are treated as wild beasts, that cannot
be kept in order neither by a prison nor by their chains; and
are at last put to death. But those who bear their punishment
patiently, and are so much wrought on by that pressure that lies
so hard on them that it appears they are really more troubled for
the crimes they have committed than for the miseries they suffer,
are not out of hope but that at last either the Prince will by his
prerogative, or the people by their intercession, restore them again
to their liberty, or at least very much mitigate their slavery.


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10304
JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
(1780-1849)
AJJI BABA, one of the most delightful of all the disreputable
rascals in literature, was invented, or rather discovered,
in Persia by James Justinian Morier, about the year 1808.
In that year Mr. Morier went to Tehrân as private secretary of the
English minister to the Persian court. He was born in Constantino-
ple, where his father held the position of British consul; brought up
in an Oriental atmosphere, although he passed some years at Harrow;
and was dedicated to the Oriental diplomatic or consular service. At
the age of twenty-eight he had his first Persian experience. From
1811 to 1815 he was again in Persia as secretary and chargé d'affaires.
He wrote two works on Persia, which were greatly valued in Eng-
land for their historical information and keen insight into Persian
character. In 1824 appeared 'Hajji Baba,' the ripened product of
his observation and experience. It became at once a favorite of the
intelligent reading public, and speedily passed through several edi-
tions. This popularity it has never lost, and new editions have con-
stantly been in demand. The latest (Macmillan & Co. ) was published
in 1895 with a biographical introduction by the Hon. George Cur-
zon, and with the original illustrations made from drawings by the
author. 'Hajji Baba in England,' a narrative which followed this
classic, gives the droll experiences of Mirza Firouz, Persian envoy to
the court of St. James, whither he is supposed to have been accom-
panied by Hajji.
Mr. Morier seems to have been saturated with the Oriental feeling;
and his knowledge of the Persian character, in all grades of society,
is so comprehensive, his acquaintance with Persian literature so sym-
pathetic, and his study of its religion, morals and manners, and way
of regarding life, is so deep, that the narrative put into the mouth of
the barber of Ispahan strikes no false note. The story has no com-
panion for verisimilitude in all those written by foreigners of another
age and another race; including all the romances of Greek and Roman
life, which invariably smell of erudition and of archæology. Hajji
tells his story like a Persian, and his tale is worthy to rank with the
'Arabian Nights. ' Hajji is as unconscious of his cheerful rascality,
and of the revelations he is making of his people, as the story-tellers
of the 'Nights' are of the Occidental view of the moral law.
As a


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JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
10305
picture of Oriental life his narrative fits in well with the 'Arabian
Nights'; but it has also kinship to Benvenuto Cellini and to Gil
Blas. ' But there is a great difference between the 'Arabian Nights'
and 'Hajji Baba. ' The latter is a satire, and was bitterly resented
by the Persians as a satire; whereas the same sort of revelations in
the 'Tales' seem to them genial and natural. To them this satire is
particularly offensive in the exposure of the pillars of the church,-
the dervishes and the mollahs,—and Hajji's apparently unconscious
admission of the natural vices of cowardice, lying, and deceit. As a
keen piece of satire it has never been surpassed; and it is heightened
by coming from the mouth of a good-natured adventurer and thief.
The reader will not go amiss of entertainment on any page of this
curious book; but we have selected from it the following account of
the Persian physician and how the Shah took physic, as fairly repre-
sentative of its humor, and complete in itself.
HAJJI AS A QUACK
From The Adventures of Hajji Baba'
T LENGTH one morning Asker called me to him and said:-
A "Hajji my friend, you know how thankful I have always
expressed myself for your kindness to me when we were
prisoners together in the hands of the Turcomans, and now I
will prove my gratitude. I have recommended you strongly to
Mirza Ahmak, the king's Hakîm bashi, or chief physician, who
is in want of a servant; and I make no doubt that if you give
him satisfaction, he will teach you his art, and put you in the
way of making your fortune. You have only to present yourself
before him, saying that you come from me, and he will imme-
diately assign you an employment. "
I had no turn for the practice of physic, and recollecting the
story which had been related to me by the dervish, I held the
profession in contempt: but my case was desperate; I had spent
my last dînar, and therefore I had nothing left me but to ac-
cept of the doctor's place. Accordingly, the next morning I pro-
ceeded to his house, which was situated in the neighborhood of
the palace; and as I entered a dull, neglected court-yard, I there
found several sick persons, some squatted against the wall, others
supported by their friends, and others again with bottles in their
hands, waiting the moment when the physician should leave the
women's apartments to transact business in public. I proceeded
XVIII-645


## p. 10306 (#130) ##########################################

10306
JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
to an open window, where those who were not privileged to
enter the room stood, and there I took my station until I should
be called in. Within the room were several persons, who came
to pay their court to the doctor (for every man who is an offi-
cer of the court has his levee); and from remarking them I learnt
how necessary it was, in order to advance in life, to make much
of everything, even the dog or the cat if they came in my
way, of him who can have access to the ear of men in power. I
made my reflections upon the miseries I had already undergone,
and was calculating how long it would take me to go through a
course of cringing and flattery to be entitled to the same sorts
of attention myself, when I perceived, by the bows of those near
me, that the doctor had seated himself at the window, and that
the business of the day had commenced.
The Hakim was an old man, with an eye sunk deep into his
head, high cheek-bones, and a scanty beard. He had a consider-
able bend in his back; and his usual attitude, when seated, was
that of a projecting chin, his head reclining back between his
shoulders, and his hands resting on his girdle, whilst his elbows
formed two triangles on each side of his body. He made short
snappish questions, gave little hums at the answers, and seemed
to be thinking of anything but the subject before him. When
he heard the account of the ailments of those who had come to
consult him, and had said a few words to his little circle of para-
sites, he looked at me; and after I had told him that I was the
person of whom the poet had spoken, he fixed his little sharp
eyes upon me for a second or two, and then desired me to wait,
for that he wished to speak to me in private. Accordingly, he
soon after got up and went out of the room; and I was called
upon to attend him in a small separate court, closely walled on
all sides, except on the one where was situated the khelwet, or
private room, in which the doctor was seated.
As soon as I appeared, the doctor invited me into the room,
and requested me to be seated; which I did with all the humil-
ity which it is the etiquette for an inferior to show towards his
superior, for so great an honor.
He informed me that the poet had spoken very favorably
of me, and had said that I was a person to be depended upon,
particularly on account of my discretion and prudence; that I
had seen a great deal of life; that I was fertile in expedients;
and that if any business in which circumspection and secrecy


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JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
10307
were necessary was intrusted to me, I should conduct it with all
the ability required. I bowed repeatedly as he spoke, and kept
my hands respectfully before me, covered with the border of my
sleeve, whilst I took care that my feet were also completely hid.
He then continued, and said: "I have occasion for a person
of your description precisely at this moment, and as I put great
confidence in the recommendation of my friend Asker, it is my
intention to make use of your good offices; and if you succeed
according to my expectations, you may rest assured that it will
be well for you, and that I shall not remain unmindful of your
services. "
Then requesting me to approach nearer to him, and in a low
and confidential tone of voice, he said, looking over his shoulders
as if afraid of being overheard:-
"Hajji, you must know that an ambassador from the Franks
is lately arrived at this court, in whose suite there is a doctor.
This infidel has already acquired considerable reputation here.
He treats his patients in a manner quite new to us, and has
arrived with a chest full of medicines, of which we do not even
know the names. He pretends to the knowledge of a great
many things of which we have never yet heard in Persia. He
makes no distinction between hot and cold diseases, and hot and
cold remedies, as Galenus and Avicenna have ordained, but gives
mercury by way of a cooling medicine; stabs the belly with a
sharp instrument for wind in the stomach; and what is worse
than all, pretends to do away with the small-pox altogether, by
infusing into our nature a certain extract of cow, a discovery
which one of their philosophers has lately made. Now this will
never do, Hajji. The small-pox has always been a comfortable
source of revenue to me; I cannot afford to lose it because an
infidel chooses to come here and treat us like cattle.
We can-
not allow him to take the bread out of our mouths. But the
reason why I particularly want your help proceeds from the fol-
lowing cause. The grand vizier was taken ill, two days ago,
of a strange uneasiness, after having eaten more than his usual
quantity of raw lettuce and cucumber, steeped in vinegar and
sugar. This came to the Frank ambassador's ears, who in fact
was present at the eating of the lettuce; and he immediately sent
his doctor to him, with a request that he might be permitted
to administer relief. The grand vizier and the ambassador, it
seems, had not been upon good terms for some time, because the
-


## p. 10308 (#132) ##########################################

10308
JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
latter was very urgent that some demand of a political nature
might be conceded to him, which the vizier, out of consideration
for the interests of Persia, was obliged to deny; and therefore,
thinking that this might be a good opportunity of conciliating
the infidel, and of coming to a compromise, he agreed to accept
of the doctor's services. Had I been apprised of the circum-
stance in time, I should easily have managed to put a stop to
the proceeding; but the doctor did not lose an instant in adminis-
tering his medicine, which, I hear, only consisted of one little
white and tasteless pill From all accounts, and as ill luck
would have it, the effect it has produced is something quite mar-
velous. The grand vizier has received such relief that he can
talk of nothing else; he says that he felt the pill drawing the
damp from the very tips of his fingers'; and that now he has
discovered in himself such newness of strength and energy that
he laughs at his old age, and even talks of making up the com-
plement of wives permitted to him by our blessed Prophet. But
the mischief has not stopped here: the fame of this medicine,
and of the Frank doctor, has gone throughout the court; and
the first thing which the King talked of at the selam (the audi-
ence) this morning was of its miraculous properties. He called
upon the grand vizier to repeat to him all that he had before
said upon the subject; and as he talked of the wonders that it
had produced upon his person, a general murmur of applause and
admiration was heard throughout the assembly. His Majesty then
turned to me and requested me to explain the reason why such
great effects should proceed from so small a cause; when I was
obliged to answer, stooping as low as I could to hide my con-
fusion, and kissing the earth:-'I am your sacrifice: O King of
kings, I have not yet seen the drug which the infidel doctor has
given to your Majesty's servant, the grand vizier; but as soon as
I have, I will inform your Majesty of what it consists. In the
mean while, your humble slave beseeches the Centre of the Uni-
verse to recollect that the principal agent, on this occasion, must
be an evil spirit, an enemy to the true faith, since he is an
instrument in the hands of an infidel,—of one who calls our holy
Prophet a cheat, and who disowns the all-powerful decrees of
predestination. '
"Having said this, in order to shake his growing reputation,
retired in deep cogitation how I might get at the secrets of the
infidel, and particularly inquire into the nature of his prescription,


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JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
10309
which has performed such miracles; and you are come most
opportunely to my assistance. You must immediately become
acquainted with him: and I shall leave it to your address to pick
his brain and worm his knowledge out of him; but as I wish
to procure a specimen of the very medicine which he adminis-
tered to the grand vizier, being obliged to give an account of it
to-morrow to the Shah, you must begin your services to me by
eating much of lettuce and raw cucumber, and of making your-
self as sick to the full as his Highness the vizier. You may then
apply to the Frank, who will doubtless give you a duplicate of
the celebrated pill, which you will deliver over to me. "
"But," said I, who had rather taken fright of this extraor-
dinary proposal, "how shall I present myself before a man whom
I do not know? Besides, such marvelous stories are related of
the Europeans, that I should be puzzled in what manner to be-
have. Pray give me some instructions how to act. "
"Their manners and customs are totally different from ours,
that is true," replied Mirza Ahmak: "and you may form some
idea of them, when I tell you that instead of shaving their heads
and letting their beards grów, as we do, they do the very con-
trary; for not a vestige of hair is to be seen on their chins, and
their hair is as thick on their heads as if they had made a vow
never to cut it off: then they sit on little platforms, whilst we
squat on the ground; they take up their food with claws made.
of iron, whilst we use our fingers; they are always walking about,
we keep seated; they wear tight clothes, we loose ones; they
write from left to right, we from right to left; they never pray,
we five times a day; in short, there is no end to what might be
related of them: but most certain it is, that they are the most
filthy people on the earth, for they hold nothing to be unclean;
they eat all sorts of animals, from a pig to a tortoise, without the
least scruple, and that without first cutting their throats; they will
dissect a dead body without requiring any purification after it. ”
"And is it true," said I, "that they are so irascible, that if
perchance their word is doubted, and they are called liars, they
will fight on such an occasion till they die? "
"That is also said of them," answered the doctor; "but the
case has not happened to me yet: however, I must warn you of
one thing, which is, that if they happen to admire anything
that you possess, you must not say to them, as you would to one
of us, 'It is a present to you, it is your property,' lest they should


## p. 10310 (#134) ##########################################

10310
JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
take you at your word and keep it, which you know would be
inconvenient, and not what you intended; but you must endeavor
as much as possible to speak what you think, for that is what
they like. "
"But then, if such is the case," said I, "do not you think
that the Frank doctor will find me out with a lie in my mouth,—
pretending to be sick when I am well, asking medicine from him
for myself when I want it for another? "
"No, no," said the Mirza: "you are to be sick, really sick,
you know, and then it will be no lie. Go, Hajji my friend,” said
he, putting his arm round my neck: "go, eat your cucumbers
immediately, and let me have the pill by this evening. " And
then coaxing me, and preventing me from making any further
objections to his unexpected request, he gently pushed me out
of the room; and I left him, scarcely knowing whether to laugh
or to cry at the new posture which my affairs had taken. To
sicken without any stipulated reward was what I could not
consent to do, so I retraced my steps with a determination of
making a bargain with my patron: but when I got to the room,
he was no longer there, having apparently retreated into his
harem; and therefore I was obliged to proceed on my errand.
I inquired my way to the ambassador's house, and actually
set off with the intention of putting the doctor's wishes into exe-
cution, and getting, if possible, a writhing disorder on the road;
but upon more mature reflection I recollected that a stomach-
ache was not a marketable commodity, which might be pur-
chased at a moment's notice; for although lettuce and cucumber
might disagree with an old grand vizier, yet it was a hundred
to one but they would find an easy digestion in a young person
like me. However, I determined to obtain the pill by stratagem,
if I could not procure it in a more direct manner. I consid-
ered that if I feigned to be ill, the doctor would very probably
detect me, and turn me out of his house for a cheat; so I pre-
ferred the easier mode of passing myself off for one of the serv-
ants of the royal harem, and then making out some story by
which I might attain my end. I accordingly stepped into one of
the old-clothes shops in the bazaar, and hired a cloak for myself
such as the scribes wear; and then substituting a roll of paper
in my girdle instead of a dagger, I flattered myself that I might
pass for something more than a common servant.
I soon found out where the ambassador dwelt. Bearing in
mind all that Mirza Ahmak had told me, I rather approached the


## p. 10311 (#135) ##########################################

JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
10311
door of the doctor's residence with fear and hesitation. I found
the avenues to it crowded with poor women bearing infants in
their arms, who, I was told, came to receive the new-fashioned
preservative against the small-pox. This, it was supposed for
political reasons, the Franks were anxious to promote; and as the
doctor performed the operation gratis, he had no lack of patients,
- particularly of the poorer sort, who could not approach a Per-
sian doctor without a present or a good fee in their hand.
On entering, I found a man seated in the middle of the room,
near an elevated wooden platform, upon which were piled boxes,
books, and a variety of instruments and utensils, the uses of
which were unknown to me. He was in dress and appearance
the most extraordinary-looking infidel I had ever seen. His
chin and upper lip were without the vestige of a hair upon them,
as like a eunuch as possible. He kept his head most disrespect-
fully uncovered, and wore a tight bandage round his neck, with
other contrivances on the sides of his cheeks, as if he were anx-
ious to conceal some wound or disease. His clothes were fitted
so tight to his body, and his outward coat in particular was cut
off at such sharp angles, that it was evident cloth was a scarce
and dear commodity in his country. The lower part of his dress
was particularly improper; and he kept his boots on in his room,
without any consideration for the carpet he was treading upon,
which struck me as a custom subversive of all decorum.
I found that he talked our language; for as soon as he saw
me, he asked me how I did, and then immediately remarked that
it was a fine day, which was so self-evident a truth that I imme-
diately agreed to it. I then thought it necessary to make him
some fine speeches, and flattered him to the best of my abilities,
informing him of the great reputation he had already acquired
in Persia; that Locman was a fool when compared to one of his
wisdom; and that as for his contemporaries, the Persian physi-
cians, they were not fit to handle his pestle for him. To all this
he said nothing. I then told him that the King himself, having
heard of the wonderful effects of his medicine upon the person
of his grand vizier, had ordered his historian to insert the circum-
stance in the annals of the empire as one of the most extraordi-
nary events of his reign; that a considerable sensation had been
produced in his Majesty's seraglio, for many of the ladies had
immediately been taken ill, and were longing to make a trial
of his skill; that the King's favorite Georgian slave was in fact
at this moment in great pain; that I had been deputed by the


## p. 10312 (#136) ##########################################

10312
JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
chief eunuch, owing to a special order from his Majesty, to pro-
cure medicine similar to that which the first minister had taken;
and I concluded my speech by requesting the doctor immediately
to furnish me with some.
He seemed to ponder over what I had told him; and after
reflecting a short time, said that it was not his custom to admin-
ister medicine to his patients without first seeing them, for by
so doing he would probably do more harm than good; but that
if he found that the slave was in want of his aid, he should be
very happy to attend her.
I answered to this, that as to seeing the face of the Georgian
slave, that was totally out of the question; for no man ever was
allowed that liberty in Persia, excepting her husband. In cases of
extreme necessity, perhaps a doctor might be permitted to feel a
woman's pulse; but then it must be done when a veil covers the
hand.
To which the Frank replied: "In order to judge of my pa-
tient's case I must not only feel the pulse, but see the tongue
also. "
"Looking at the tongue is totally new in Persia," said I; "and
I am sure you could never be indulged with such a sight in the
seraglio without a special order from the King himself: a eunuch
would rather cut out his own tongue first. ”
"Well, then," said the doctor, "recollect that if I deliver my
medicine to you, I do so without taking any responsibility upon
myself for its effects; for if it does not cure, it may perhaps kill. ”
When I had assured him that no harm or prejudice could
possibly accrue to him, he opened a large chest, which appeared
to be full of drugs, and taking therefrom the smallest quantity
of a certain white powder, he mixed it up with some bread into
the form of pill, and putting it into paper gave it me, with
proper directions how it should be administered. Seeing that
he made no mystery of his knowledge, I began to question him
upon the nature and properties of this particular medicine, and
upon his practice in general. He answered me without any re-
serve; not like our Persian doctors, who only make a parade of
fine words, and who adjust every ailment that comes before them
to what they read in their Galen, their Hippocrates, and their
Abou Avicenna.
When I had learned all I could, I left him with great demon-
stration of friendship and thankfulness, and immediately returned
to Mirza Ahmak, who doubtless was waiting for me with great


## p. 10313 (#137) ##########################################

JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
10313
impatience. Having divested myself of my borrowed cloak and
resumed my own dress, I appeared before him with a face made
up for the occasion; for I wished to make him believe that the
lettuce and cucumbers had done their duty. At every word I
pretended to receive a violent twitch; and acted my part so true
to life, that the stern and inflexible nature of Mirza Ahmak him-
self was moved into somewhat like pity for me.
"There! there! " said I, as I entered his apartment, "in the
name of Allah take your prize:" and then pretending to be
bent double, I made the most horrid grimaces, and uttered deep
groans: "there! I have followed your orders, and now throw my-
self upon your generosity. " He endeavored to take the object of
his search from me, but I kept it fast; and whilst I gave him to
understand that I expected prompt reward, I made indications
of an intention to swallow it, unless he actually gave me some-
thing in hand. So fearful was he of not being able to answer
the King's interrogatories concerning the pill, so anxious to get
it into his possession, that he actually pressed a gold piece upon
me. No lover could sue his mistress with more earnestness to
grant him a favor than the doctor did me for my pill. I should
very probably have continued the deceit a little longer, and have
endeavored to extract another piece from him: but when I saw
him preparing a dose of his own mixture to ease my pain, I
thought it high time to finish; and pretending all of a sudden to
have received relief, I gave up my prize.
When once he had got possession, he looked at it with intense
eagerness, and turned it over and over on his palm, without
appearing one whit more advanced in his knowledge than before.
At length, after permitting him fully to exhaust his conjectures,
I told him that the Frank doctor had made no secret in saying
that it was composed of jivch, or mercury. "Mercury, indeed! »
exclaimed Mirza Ahmak, "just as if I did not know that. And
so, because this infidel, this dog of an Isauvi, chooses to poison
us with mercury, I am to lose my reputation, and my prescrip-
tions (such as his father never even saw in a dream) are to be
turned into ridicule. Who ever heard of mercury as a medicine?
Mercury is cold, and lettuce and cucumber are cold also. You
would not apply ice to dissolve ice?
The ass does not know the
first rudiments of his profession. No, Hajji, this will never do:
we must not permit our beards to be laughed at in this manner. "
He continued to inveigh for a considerable time against his
rival; and would no doubt have continued to do so much longer,


## p. 10314 (#138) ##########################################

10314
JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
but he was stopped by a message from the King, who ordered
him to repair forthwith to his presence. In the greatest trepida-
tion he immediately put himself into his court dress, exchanged
his common black lambskin cap for one wound about with a
shawl, huddled on his red-cloth stockings, called for his horse,
and taking the pill with him, went off in a great hurry, and full
of the greatest apprehension at what might be the result of the
audience.
་་
The doctor's visit to the King had taken place late in the
evening; and as soon as he returned from it he called for me.
I found him apparently in great agitation, and full of anxiety.
Hajji," said he, when I appeared, "come close to me;" and
having sent every one else out of the room, he said in a whis-
per, "This infidel doctor must be disposed of somehow or other.
What do you think has happened? The Shah has consulted him;
he had him in private conference for an hour this morning, with-
out my being apprised of it. His Majesty sent for me to tell
me its result; and I perceive that the Frank has already gained
great influence. It seems that the King gave him the history
of his complaints,- of his debility, of his old asthma, and of
his imperfect digestion,- but talked in raptures of the wretch's
sagacity and penetration: for merely by looking at the tongue
and feeling the pulse, before the infidel was told what was the
state of the case, he asked whether his Majesty did not use the
hot-baths very frequently; whether, when he smoked, he did not
immediately bring on a fit of coughing; and whether, in his
food, he was not particularly addicted to pickles, sweetmeats, and
rice swimming in butter? The King has given him three days
to consider his case, to consult his books, and to gather the opin-
ions of the Frank sages on subjects so important to the State of
Persia, and to compose such a medicine as will entirely restore
and renovate his constitution. The Centre of the Universe then
asked my opinion, and requested me to speak boldly upon the
natures and properties of Franks in general, and of their medi-
cines. I did not lose this opportunity of giving utterance to my
sentiments; so, after the usual preface to my speech, I said, 'that
as to their natures, the Shah, in his profound wisdom, must know
that they were an unbelieving and an unclean race: for that they
treated our Prophet as a cheat, and ate pork and drank wine.
without any scruple; that they were women in looks, and in man-
ners bears; that they ought to be held in the greatest suspicion,
for their ultimate object (see what they had done in India) was


## p. 10315 (#139) ##########################################

JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
10315
to take kingdoms, and to make Shahs and Nabobs their humble
servants. As to their medicines,' I exclaimed, 'Heaven preserve
your Majesty from them! they are just as treacherous in their
effects as the Franks are in their politics: with what we give to
procure death, they pretend to work their cures. Their principal
ingredient is mercury' (and here I produced my pill); and they
use their instruments and knives so freely, that I have heard it
said they will cut off a man's limbs to save his life. ' I then
drew such a picture of the fatal effects likely to proceed from the
foreign prescription, that I made the Shah promise that he would
not take it without using every precaution that his prudence and
wisdom might suggest. To this he consented; and as soon as
the Frank shall have sent in the medicine which he is preparing,
I shall be summoned to another interview. Now, Hajji," added
the doctor, "the Shah must not touch the infidel's physic; for if
perchance it were to do good, I am a lost man. Who will ever
consult Mirza Ahmak again? No: we must avert the occurrence
of such an event, even if I were obliged to take all his drugs
myself. "
We parted with mutual promises of doing everything in our
power to thwart the infidel doctor; and three days after, Mirza
Ahmak was again called before the King in order to inspect
the promised ordonnance, and which consisted of a box of pills.
He of course created all sorts of suspicions against their effi-
cacy, threw out some dark hints about the danger of receiving
any drug from the agent of a foreign power, and finally left the
Shah in the determination of referring the case to his ministers.
The next day, at the usual public audience, when the Shah was
seated on his throne, and surrounded by his prime vizier, his
lord high treasurer, his minister for the interior, his principal
secretary of state, his lord chamberlain, his master of the horse,
his principal master of the ceremonies, his doctor in chief, and
many other of the great officers of his household,― addressing
himself to his grand vizier, he stated the negotiations which he
had entered into with the foreign physician, now resident at his
court, for the restoration and the renovation of the royal person;
that at the first conference, the said foreign physician, after a due
inspection of the royal person, had reported that there existed
several symptoms of debility; that at the second, after assuring
the Shah that he had for three whole days employed himself
in consulting his books and records, and gathering from them
the opinions of his own country sages on the subject, he had


## p. 10316 (#140) ##########################################

10316
JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
combined the properties of the various drugs into one whole,
which, if taken interiorly, would produce effects so wonderful that
no talisman could come in competition with it. His Majesty then
said that he had called into his councils his Hakîm bashi, or head
physician, who, in his anxiety for the weal of the Persian mon-
archy, had deeply pondered over the ordonnances of the foreigner,
and had set his face against them, owing to certain doubts and
apprehensions that had crept into his mind, which consisted, first,
whether it were politic to deliver over the internal administration
of the royal person to foreign regulations and ordonnances; and sec-
ond, whether in the remedy prescribed there might not exist such
latent and destructive effects as would endanger, undermine, and
finally overthrow that royal person and constitution which it was
supposed to be intended to restore and renovate. "Under these
circumstances," said the Centre of the Universe, raising his voice
at the time, "I have thought it advisable to pause before I pro-
ceeded in this business; and have resolved to lay the case before
you, in order that you may, in your united wisdom, frame such
an opinion as may be fitting to be placed before the King; and
in order that you may go into the subject with a complete knowl-
edge of the case, I have resolved, as a preparatory act, that each
of you, in your own persons, shall partake of this medicine, in
order that both you and I may judge of its various effects. "
To this most gracious speech the grand vizier and all the
courtiers made exclamations: "May the King live for ever! May
the royal shadow never be less! We are happy not only to take
physic, but to lay down our lives in your Majesty's service! We
are your sacrifice, your slaves! May God give the Shah health,
and a victory over all his enemies! " Upon which the chief of
the valets was ordered to bring the foreign physician's box of
pills from the harem, and delivered it to the Shah in a golden
salver. His Majesty then ordered the Hakim bashi to approach,
and delivering the box to him, ordered him to go round to all
present, beginning with the prime vizier, and then to every man
according to his rank, administering to each a pill.
This being done, the whole assembly took the prescribed
gulp; after which ensued a general pause, during which the King
looked carefully into each man's face to mark the first effects
of the medicine. When the wry faces had subsided, the con-
versation took a turn upon the affairs of Europe; upon which
his Majesty asked a variety of questions, which were answered


## p. 10317 (#141) ##########################################

JAMES JUSTINIAN MORIER
10317
by the different persons present in the best manner they were
able.
The medicine now gradually began to show its effects. The
lord high treasurer first a large, coarse man, who to this mo-
ment had stood immovable, merely saying belli, belli, yes, yes,
whenever his Majesty opened his mouth to speak-now appeared
uneasy; for what he had swallowed had brought into action a store
of old complaints which were before lying dormant.
The eyes
of all had been directed towards him, which had much increased.
his perturbed state; when the chief secretary of state, a tall, thin,
lathy man, turned deadly pale, and began to stream from every
pore. He was followed by the minister for the interior, whose
unhappy looks seemed to supplicate a permission from his Maj-
esty to quit his august presence. All the rest in succession were
moved in various ways, except the prime vizier, a little old man,
famous for a hard and unyielding nature, and who appeared to
be laughing in his sleeve at the misery which his compeers in
office were undergoing.
As soon as the Shah perceived that the medicine had taken
effect, he dismissed the assembly, ordering Mirza Ahmak, as soon
as he could ascertain the history of each pill, to give him an
official report of the whole transaction; and then retired into his
harem.
me.
The crafty old doctor had now his rival within his power; of
course he set the matter in such a light before the King that his
Majesty was deterred from making the experiment of the foreign
physician's ordonnance, and it was forthwith consigned to oblivion.
When he next saw me, and after he had made me acquainted
with the preceding narrative, he could not restrain his joy and
exultation. "We have conquered, friend Hajji," would he say to
"The infidel thought that we were fools; but we will teach
him what Persians are. Whose dog is he, that he should aspire
to so high an honor as prescribing for a king of kings? No:
that is left to such men as I. What do we care about his new
discoveries? As our fathers did, so are we contented to do.
The prescription that cured our ancestors shall cure us; and what
Locman and Abou Avicenna ordained, we may be satisfied to
ordain after them. " He then dismissed me, to make fresh plans
for destroying any influence or credit that the new physician
might acquire, and for preserving his own consequence and rep-
utation at court.


## p. 10318 (#142) ##########################################

10318
1
EDUARD MÖRIKE
EDUARD MÖRIKE
(1804-1875)
ENTLEST and sweetest of all the Suabian poets was Eduard
Mörike. He was born on September 8th, 1804, at Ludwigs-
burg, the birthplace also of Justinus Kerner, David Strauss,
and Friedrich Theodor Vischer, with all of whom Mörike subse-
quently formed friendships. He was destined for the ministry, and
studied theology at Tübingen. The gentleness of his character and
his quiet winning manners seemed to have marked him for this
career. He served as curate in several places in Würtemberg, and
in 1834 secured an independent pastorate at
Cleversulzbach, near Weinsberg. Here he
remained until in 1843 the state of his
health obliged him to resign. For several
years he earned his livelihood as a pri-
vate teacher; and in 1851, having married
the daughter of the lady with whom he
and his sister had been living, he went to
Stuttgart, where he had been appointed
to a tutorship in St. Katharine's Institute.
In 1866 he was forced to retire altogether
from active labors. The remaining years of
his life were rendered happy by the com-
forts of a congenial home, and by inter-
course with the steadily increasing number
of friends and admirers who sought the poet out. He died on June
4th, 1875. This was the simple outward life of the man, without stir-
ring adventure or event, and without heart-breaking grief. But his
inner life was as rich as it was sunny. This contented him. From
the quiet beauties of his mental world he dreaded to go forth into
the actualities of life. Few poets have been able in the same degree
to make the circumstances of their career conform so well to their
intellectual needs. The simple character and customs of his Suabian
countrymen were sufficient for him; the Suabian landscapes satisfied
him. He felt no desire to study men under other conditions, or to
seek new emotions under strange skies. He lived in his own poet's
heart: the unaccustomed and the sublime left his simple spirit un-
touched. His life was that of a poet, without the storm and stress
and without the world-woe.



## p. 10319 (#143) ##########################################

EDUARD MÖRIKE
10319
His first important work was a novel in two volumes, published
in 1832, and entitled 'Maler Nolten' (Nolten the Painter). In its first
form much was obscure; but in the revision which Mörike undertook
late in life, the underlying design of the work came out more clearly,
and the early crudities were polished away by the maturer hand.
The story is full of finely poetic fancy; it is one of the best exam-
ples of that perfectly naïve blending of the realistic and fantastic,
of the natural and the supernatural, which is one of Mörike's char-
acteristic charms. But the novel is now outlived. It had its roots
in the soil of Romanticism, where the mysterious "blue flower" still
bloomed in the vesper light of a departing day. Its intense subject-
ivity transcends all psychological interest, and by losing its foothold
in reality deprives the book of a lasting place in literature.
But Maler Nolten' was an undoubted success, and won for its
author a host of friends. In 1838, however, appeared a book which
still remains his most important contribution to literature,-the first
edition of his collected poems. Whether these lyrics have the fresh-
ness of the folk-song, the solemnity of the hymn, or the pathos and
humor of the idyl, their tone is always true. A convincing proof
of Mörike's lyric quality is his popularity with the great song com-
posers. The perfect form of the simple song, which charms with
its naïve grace and thrills with its restrained emotion, is attained
in his poetry as in that of no other German bard except Goethe
and Uhland. Clearness, harmony, and limpid flow distinguished his
diction, which is free from all "patchwork" and useless phrases;
while sincerity of feeling and tenderness of sympathy characterize
his conceptions. In his delicate fancy no sharp boundary separates
the real world from the fairy realms of the imagination; and in the
midst of scenes from actual life there suddenly appear elves and
gnomes and nixies, which seem to have their being by the same
right of reality as the men and women of coarser mold. This is the
privilege only of the naïve and unspoiled poet, to whom fancy is as
real as fact. It is only from such a mind that the true folk-song and
the true fairy tale can spring.
And Mörike has enriched German literature with one of its most
charming fairy tales, 'Das Hutzelmännlein' (The Little Dried-up Man),
published in 1852. Four years later came the idyllic tale 'Mozart
auf der Reise nach Prag' (Mozart on the Way to Prague). His 'Die
Regenbrüder' (Rain Brothers) was taken by Ignaz Lachner as the
text of his opera.
Translations from Theocritus and Anacreon-for
Mörike was a close student of the Greeks-and several compilations
complete the list of the poet's literary works.
General recognition came to Mörike slowly. Nevertheless his
poems passed through five editions during his lifetime; and as he


## p. 10320 (#144) ##########################################

10320
EDUARD MÖRIKE
added poem after poem to his lyric treasury, leaf after leaf was
added to the chaplet of his fame. Before he died, Mörike had come
to be recognized as one of the chief lyric poets of his time; and the
succeeding generation has sustained this judgment. He was the last
great poet of the Suabian group.
MY RIVER
IVER! my river in the young sunshine!
Oh, clasp afresh in thine embrace
This longing, burning frame of mine,
And kiss my breast, and kiss my face!
So there! -Ha, ha! — already in thine arms!
I feel thy love—I shout -I shiver;
But thou outlaughest loud a flouting song, proud river,
And now again my bosom warms!
-
R
The droplets of the golden sunlight glide.
Over and off me, sparkling, as I swim
Hither and thither down thy mellow tide,
Or loll amid its crypts with outstretched limb;
I fling abroad my arms, and lo!
Thy wanton waves curl slyly round me;
But ere their loose chains have well bound me,
Again they burst away and let me go!
O sun-loved river! wherefore dost thou hum,
Hum, hum alway, thy strange, deep, mystic song
Unto the rocks and strands? -for they are dumb,
And answer nothing as thou flowest along.
Why singest so all hours of night and day?
Ah, river! my best river! thou, I guess, art seeking
Some land where souls have still the gift of speaking
With nature in her own old wondrous way!
Lo! highest heaven looms far below me here;
I see it in thy waters, as they roll,
So beautiful, so blue, so clear,
'Twould seem, O river mine, to be thy very soul!
Oh, could I hence dive down to such a sky,
Might I but bathe my spirit in that glory,
So far outshining all in ancient fairy story,
I would indeed have joy to die!


## p. 10321 (#145) ##########################################

EDUARD MÖRIKE
What on cold earth is deep as thou? Is aught?
Love is as deep, love only is as deep:
Love lavisheth all, yet loseth, lacketh naught;
Like thee, too, love can neither pause nor sleep.
Roll on, thou loving river, thou! Lift up
Thy waves, those eyes bright with a riotous laughing!
Thou makest me immortal! I am quaffing
The wine of rapture from no earthly cup!
XVIII-646
At last thou bearest me, with soothing tone,
Back to thy bank of rosy flowers:
Thanks, then, and fare thee well! Enjoy thy bliss alone!
And through the year's melodious hours
Echo forever from thy bosom broad
All glorious tales that sun and moon be telling;
And woo down to their soundless fountain dwelling
The holy stars of God!
A
TWO LOVERS
SKIFF swam down the Danube's tide;
Therein a bridegroom sate, and bride,—
He one side, she the other.
"Tell me, my dearest heart," said she,
"What present shall I make to thee? "
And back her little sleeve she stripped,
And deeply down her arm she dipped.
And so did he, the other side,
And laughed and jested with his bride:
"Fair lady Danube, give me here
Some pretty gift to please my dear. "
She drew a sparkling sword aloft,
Just such the boy had longed for, oft.
The boy, what holds he in his hand?
Of milk-white pearls a costly band.
He binds it round her jet-black hair;
She looks a princess, sitting there.
10321
"Fair lady Danube, give me here,
Some pretty gift to please my dear! "


## p. 10322 (#146) ##########################################

:
10322
EDUARD MÖRIKE
Once more she'll try what she can feel;
She grasps a helmet of light steel.
On his part, terrified with joy,
Fished up a golden comb the boy.
A third time clutching in the tide,
Woe! she falls headlong o'er the side.
The boy leaps after, clasps her tight;
Dame Danube snatches both from sight.
Dame Danube grudged the gifts she gave:
They must atone for't in the wave.
An empty skiff glides down the stream,
The mountains hide the sunset gleam.
And when the moon in heaven did stand,
The lovers floated dead to land,
He one side, she the other.
AN HOUR ERE BREAK OF DAY
From Lyrics and Ballads of Heine and other German Poets': G. P. Putnam's
Sons, publishers. Translated by Frances Hellman. Copyright 1892, by
Frances Hellman.
s I once sleeping lay,
An hour ere break of day,
As
Sang near the window, on a tree,
A little bird, scarce heard by me
An hour ere break of day.
"Give heed to what I say:
Thy sweetheart false doth play
Whilst I am singing this to thee,
He hugs a maiden, cozily,
An hour ere break of day. "
"Alas! no further say!
Hush! I'll not hear thy lay!
Fly off, away fly from my tree,-
Ah! love and faith are mockery
An hour ere break of day. "


## p. 10323 (#147) ##########################################

10323
JOHN MORLEY
(1838-)
HE not infrequent union in English public life of the man of
letters with the politician, is illustrated in the career of John
Morley. In an address on the study of literature, deliv-
ered by him in 1887 to the students of the London Society for the
Extension of University Teaching, he refers to the fact that he has
strayed from literature into the region of politics, adding that he is
"not at all sure that such a journey conduces to the aptness of one's
judgment on literary subjects. " Had Mr. Morley's essays in criticism
been concerned exclusively with literature,
his political life might not have been of
profit to him as a man of letters. As it
is, his Miscellanies'- studies of men and
their times-and his biographies witness to
the fruitful influence of actual contact with
present-day affairs upon the critical spirit.
Mr. Morley has enriched his literary products
through his public life. The biographer of
Richard Cobden, of Edmund Burke, and of
Horace Walpole was certainly aided in his
estimates of these statesmen by his own
political experience; and in his estimates of
Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot, by contact
with the social-philosophic and humanita-
rian spirit of the extreme Gladstone party. It is significant that Mr.
Morley chose as subjects of political biography, men identified with.
the more liberal tendencies of modern English statesmanship. He
himself is a radical and a scientific idealist, who places his reliance
upon the future rather than upon the past. His political career did
not open, however, until he was well established as a writer and
editor. Born at Blackburn, Lancashire, in 1838, he was educated at
Cheltenham, and at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he obtained his
B. A. in 1859. Ten years later he was an unsuccessful candidate to
Parliament for his native place. In the mean time he had undertaken
the editorship of the Fortnightly Review, a position which he held
from 1867 to 1882. Mr. Morley's sound literary sense, and his well-
developed critical faculty, were put to valuable use in the conduct of
JOHN MORLEY



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10324
JOHN MORLEY
this important periodical. He drew to his aid men like George Henry
Lewes, Bagehot, and Cairnes. The apparently insignificant innovation
of signing articles was due to his influence. His editorial qualifica-
tions were further exhibited in his conduct of the Pall Mall Gazette
from 1880 to 1883, and of Macmillan's Magazine from 1883 to 1885.
From 1883, however, he was drawn more and more into a purely
political career. In that year he had been a successful candidate for
Newcastle-on-Tyne; and in 1886 he was appointed chief secretary for
Ireland, an office to which he was reappointed in 1892.
In Morley's essays and biographies he exhibits the same spirit
of radicalism which has governed his political career. He is drawn
naturally to a consideration of those writers, thinkers, and statesmen
whose influence upon their times has been in the direction of essen-
tially modern ideals of government and social constitution, or who
have stood as representatives of a new order in opposition to the old.
For this reason Mr. Morley has found congenial subjects of critical
biography in the French philosophers and thinkers of the eighteenth
century. His studies of Vauvenargues, of Turgot, of Condorcet, of
Diderot, are written in a spirit of sympathetic criticism which wit-
nesses to his divination of the dominating social and political forces
of a given era, and to his recognition of the concrete expression of
these forces in the individual. In this sense his life of Rousseau is
a study of French politics in the eighteenth century. The author of
the Social Contract,' although more of a vaporist and dreamer than
a politician, exerted a strong influence upon the political temper of
his own and later times. Mr.